Chapter 8 of 9 · 3051 words · ~15 min read

CHAPTER I

GENERAL TABLE OF SPECIES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND THE EPOCH OF THEIR EARLIEST CULTIVATION.

The following table includes a few species of which a detailed account has not been given, because their origin is well known, and they are of little importance.

Explanation of the signs used in the table: (1) annual, (2) biennial, [Z] perennial, ['5] small shrub, [/5] shrub, [5] small tree, [F5] tree. The letters indicate the certain or probable date of earliest cultivation. For the species of the old world: A, a species cultivated for more than four thousand years (according to ancient historians, the monuments of ancient Egypt, Chinese works, and botanical and philological indications); B, cultivated for more than two thousand years (indicated in Theophrastus, found among lacustrine remains, or presenting various signs, such as possessing Hebrew or Sanskrit names); C, cultivated for less than two thousand years (mentioned by Dioscorides and not by Theophrastus, seen in the frescoes at Pompeii, introduced at a known date, etc.). For American species: D, cultivation very ancient in America (from its wide area and number of varieties); E, species cultivated before the discovery of America, without showing signs of a great antiquity of culture; F, species only cultivated since the discovery of America.

GENERAL TABLE OF SPECIES.

SPECIES NATIVE TO THE OLD WORLD.

CULTIVATED FOR THE SUBTERRANEAN PARTS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Radish+—Raphanus sativus (1). │ B. │ Temperate Asia.[2177] +Horse-Radish+—Cochlearia Armoracia, │ C. │ Eastern temperate Europe, [Z]. │ │ +Turnip+—Brassica Rapa (2). │ A. │ Europe, western Siberia (?). +Rape+—Brassica Napus (2). │ A. │ Europe, western Siberia (?). +Carrot+—Daucus Carota (2). │ B. │ Europe, western temperate │ │ Asia (?). +Parsnip+—Pastinaca sativa (2). │ C. │ Central and southern Europe. +Tuberous Chervil+—Chærophyllum │ C. │ Central Europe, Caucasus. bulbosum (2). │ │ +Skirret+—Sium Sisarum, [Z]. │ C. │ Altaic Siberia, northern │ │ Persia. +Madder+—Rubia tinctorum, [Z] │ B. │ Western temperate Asia, │ │ south-east of Europe. +Salsify+—Tragopogon porrifolium (2). │C.(?) │ South-east of Europe, │ │ Algeria. +Scorzonera+—Scorzonera hispanica. │ C. │ South-west of Europe, south │ │ of the Caucasus. +Rampion+—Campanula Rapunculus (2). │ C. │ Temperate and southern │ │ Europe. {Vegetable.│ B. │ Canaries, Mediterranean { │ │ basin, western temperate +Beet+—Beta vulg. (2), [Z].{ │ │ Asia. {Root. │ B. │ A result of cultivation. +Garlic+—Allium sativum, [Z]. │ B. │ Desert of the Kirghis, in │ │ western temperate Asia. +Onion+—Allium Cepa (2). │ A. │ Persia, Afghanistan, │ │ Beluchistan, Palestine (?). +Welsh Onion+—Allium fistulosum, [Z]. │ C. │ Siberia (from the land of │ │ the Kirghis to Baikal). +Shallot+—Allium ascalonicum, [Z]. │ C. │ Modification of A. cepa (?), │ │ unknown wild. +Rocambole+—Allium Scorodopra sum [Z].│ C. │ Temperate Europe. +Chives+—Allium Schænoprasum, [Z]. │C. (?)│ Temperate and northern │ │ Europe, Siberia, │ │ Khamschatka, North America │ │ (Lake Huron). +Taro+—Colocasia antiquorum, │ B. │ India, Malay Archipelago, [Z]. │ │ Polynesia. +Apé+—Alocasia macrorrhiza, [Z]. │ (?) │Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, │ │ Polynesia +Konjak+—Amorphophallus Konjak, [Z]. │ (?) │Japan (?). {Dioscorea sativa, [Z]. │B. (?)│Southern Asia [especially { │ │ Malabar (?), Ceylon (?), { │ │ [Java (?)]. +Ya+—{Dioscorea Batatas, [Z]. │B. (?)│ China (?). {Dioscorea japonica, [Z]. │ (?)│ Japan (?). {Dioscorea alata, [Z]. │ (?)│ East of the Asiatic Archipelago.

CULTIVATED FOR THE STEMS OR LEAVES.

+1.+ _Vegetables._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Cabbage+—Brassica oleracea (1), │ A. │Europe. (2), [5]. │ │ │ │ +Chinese Cabbage+—Brassica chinensis │ (?) │China (?), Japan (?). (2). │ │ +Water-Cress+—Nasturtium officinale, │ (?) │Europe, northern Asia. [Z]. │ │ +Garden-Cress+—Lepidium sativum (1). │ B. │Persia (?). +Sea Kale+—Crambe maritima, [Z]. │ C. │Western temperate Europe. +Purslane+—Portulaca oleracea (1). │ A. │From the western Himalayas │ │ to southern Russia │ │ and Greece. +New Zealand Spinach+—Tetragonia │ C. │New Zealand and New Holland. expansa (1). │ │ +Garden Celery+—Apium graveolens │ B. │Temperate and southern (2). │ │ Europe, northern Africa, │ │ western Asia. +Chervil+—Anthriscus cerefolium (1). │ C. │South-east of Russia, western │ │ temperate Asia. +Parsley+—Petroselinum sativum (2). │ C. │Southern Europe, Algeria, │ │ Lebanon. +Alexanders+—Smyrnium Olus-atrum │ C. │Southern Europe, Algeria (2). │ │ western temperate Asia. +Corn Salad+—Valerianella olitoria │ C. │Sardinia, Sicily. (1). │ │ +Artichoke+—Cynara {Cardoon. │ C. │Southern Europe, northern Cardunculus(2), [Z]. { Artichoke. │ │ Africa, Canaries, Madeira. │ C. │Derived from the cardoon. +Lettuce+—Latuca Scariola (1), (2). │ B. │Southern Europe, northern │ │ Africa, western Asia. +Wild Chicory+—Cichorium Intybus, [Z].│ C. │Europe, northern Africa, │ │ western temperate Asia. +Endive+—Cichorium Endivia (1). │ C. │Mediterranean basin, Caucasus, │ │ Turkestan. +Spinach+—Spinacia oleracea (1). │ C. │Persia (?). +Orach+—Atriplex hortensis (1). │ C. │Northern Europe and Siberia +Amaranth+—Amarantus gangeticus (1). │ (?) │Tropical Africa, India (?). +Sorrel+—Rumex acetosa, [Z]. (1). │ (?) │Europe, northern Asia, │ │ mountains of India. +Patience Dock+—Rumex patientia, [Z]. │ (?) │Turkey in Europe, Persia. +Asparagus+—Asparagus officinalis, │ B. │Europe, western temperate [Z]. │ │ Asia. +Leek+—Allium ampeloprasum, [Z]. │ B. │Mediterranean basin.

+2.+ _Fodder._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Lucern+—Medicago sativa, [Z]. │ B. │Western temperate Asia. +Sainfoin+—Onobrychis sativa, [Z]. │ C. │Temperate Europe, south of │ │ the Caucasus. +French Honeysuckle+—Hedysarum │ C. │Centre and west of the +coronarium+, [Z]. │ │ Mediterranean basin. +Purple Clover+—Trifolium pratense, │ C. │Europe, Algeria, western [Z]. │ │ temperate Asia. +Alsike Clover+—Trifolium hybridum │ C. │Temperate Europe. (1). │ │ +Italian Clover+—Trifolium incarnatum │ C. │Southern Europe. (1). │ │ +Egyptian Clover+—Trifolium alexandri-│ C. │Syria, Anatolia. num (1). │ │ +Ervilla+—Ervum Ervilia (1). │ B. │Mediterranean basin. +Vetch+—Vicia sativa (1). │ B. │Europe, Algeria, south of the │ │ Caucasus. +Flat-podded Pea+—Lathyrus Cicera (1).│ B. │From Spain and Algeria | | to Greece. +Chickling Vetch+—Lathyrus sativus │ B. │South of the Caucasus. (1). │ │ +Ochrus+—Lathyrus ochrus (1). │ B. │Italy, Spain. +Fenugreek+—Trigonella fœnum- │ B. │North-east of India and græcum (1). │ │ western temperate Asia. +Bird’s-Foot+—Ornithopus sativus (1). │B. (?)│Portugal, south of Spain, │ │ Algeria. +Nonsuch+—Medicago lupulina (1), (2). │ C. │Europe, north of Africa (?), │ │ temperate Asia. Corn Spurry+—Spergula arvensis (1). │B. (?)│Europe. +Guinea Grass+—Panicum maximum, [Z]. │C. (?)│Tropical Africa.

+3.+ _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Tea+—Thea sinensis, [/5]. │ A. │Assam, China, Mantschuria. +Flax anciently cultivated+—Linum │ A. │Mediterranean basin. +angustifolium+, [Z] (2), (1). │ │ +Flax now cultivated+—Linum usitatis- │A. (?)│Western Asia (?), derived simum (1). │ │ from the preceding (?). +Jute+—Corchorus capsularis (1). │C. (?)│Java, Ceylon. +Jute+—Corchorus olitorius (1). │C. (?)│North-west of India, Ceylon. +Sumach+—Rhus coriaria, [5]. │ C. │Mediterranean basin, western │ │ temperate Asia. +Khât+—Celastrus edulis, [/5] │ (?) │Abyssinia, Arabia (?). +Indigo+—Indigofera tinctoria, [/5] │ B. │India (?). +Silver Indigo+—Indigofera argentea, │ (?) │Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan, [/5]. │ │ Senaar, India (?). +Henna+—Lawsonia alba, [/5] │ A. │Western tropical Asia, │ │ Nubia (?). +Blue Gum+—Eucalyptus globulus, [F5]. │ C. │New Holland. +Cinnamon+—Cinnamonum zeylanicum, [5].│ C. │Ceylon, India, +China Grass+—Bœhmeria nivea, [Z], │ (?) │China, Japan. [/5]. │ │ +Hemp+—Cannabis sativa (1). │ A. │Dahuria, Siberia. +White Mulberry+—Morus alba, [5]. │A. (?)│India, Mongolia. +Black Mulberry+—Morus nigra, [5]. │B. (?)│Armenia, northern Persia. +Sugar-Cane+—Saccharum officinaram, │ B. │Cochin-China (?), south-west [Z]. │ │ of China.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FLOWERS OR THEIR ENVELOPES.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Clove+—Carophyllus aromaticus, [5]. │ (?) │Moluccas. +Hop+—Humulus lupulus, [Z]. │ C. │Europe, western temperate │ │ Asia, Siberia. +Carthamine+—Carthamus tinctorius (1).│ A. │Arabia (?). +Saffron+—Crocus sativus, [Z]. │ A. │Southern Italy, Greece, Asia │ │ Minor.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FRUITS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Shaddock+—Citrus decumana, [F5]. │ B. │Pacific Islands, to the east │ │ of Java. +Citron, Lemon+—Citrus medica, [5]. │ B. │India. +Bitter Orange+—Citrus Aurantium Big- │ B. │East of India. aradia, [5]. │ │ +Sweet Orange+—Citrus Aurantium sinen-│ C. │China and Cochin-China. se, [5]. │ │ +Mandarin+—Citrus nobilis, [5]. │ (?) │China and Cochin-China. +Mangosteen+—Garcinia mangostana, [5].│ (?) │Sunda Islands, | | Malay Peninsula. +Ochro+—Hibiscus esculentus (1). │ C. │Tropical Africa. +Vine+—Vitis vinifera, [/5] │ A. │Western temperate Asia, │ │ Mediterranean basin. +Common Jujube+—Zizyphus vulgaris, [5]│ B. │China. +Lotus Jujube+—Zizyphus lotus, [5] │ (?) │Egypt to Marocco. +Indian Jujube+—Zizyphus Jujuba, [5]. │A. (?)│Burmah, India. +Mango+—Mangifera indica, [5]. │A. (?)│India. +Tahiti Apple+—Spondias dulcis, [5]. │ (?) │Society, Friendly, and Fiji │ │ Isles. +Raspberry+—Rubus idæus, [/5]. │ C. │Temperate Europe and Asia. +Strawberry+—Fragaria vesca, [Z]. │ C. │Temperate Europe and western │ │ Asia, east of North │ │ America. +Bird-Cherry+—Prunus avium, [F5]. │ B. │Western temperate Asia, │ │ temperate Europe. +Common Cherry+—Prunus cerasus, [5]. │ B. │From the Caspian to western │ │ Anatolia. +Plum+—Prunus domestica, [5]. │ B. │Anatolia, south of the │ │ Caucasus, north of Persia. +Plum+—Prunus insititia, [/5] │ (?) │Southern Europe, Armenia, │ │ south of the Caucasus, │ │ Talysch. +Apricot+—Prunus Armeniaca, [5] │ A. │China. +Almond+—Amygdalus communis, [5]. │ A. │Mediterranean basin, western │ │ temperate Asia. +Peach+—Amygdalus Persica, [5]. │ A. │China. +Common Pear+—Pyrus communis, [F5]. │ A. │Temperate Europe and Asia. +Chinese Pear+—Pyrus sinensis, [5]. │ (?) │Mongolia, Mantschuria. +Apple+—Pyrus Malus, [5]. │ A. │Europe, Anatolia, south of │ │ the Caucasus. +Quince+—Cydonia vulgaris, [5]. │ A. │North of Persia, south of the │ │ Caucasus, Anatolia. +Loquat+—Eriobotrya japonica, [5]. │ (?) │Japan. +Pomegranate+—Punica granatum, [F5]. │ A. │Persia, Afghanistan, │ │ Beluchistan. +Rose Apple+—Jambosa vulgaris, [5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago, │ │ Cochin-China, Burmah, │ │ north-east of India. +Malay Apple+—Jambosa malaccensis, │ B. │Malay Archipelago, Malacca. [5]. │ │ +Bottle Gourd+—Cucurbita lagenaria │ C. │India, Moluccas, Abyssinia. (1). │ │ +Spanish Gourd+—C. maxima (1). │C. (?)│Guinea. +Melon+—Cucumis Melo (1). │ C. │India, Beluchistan, Guinea. +Water-Melon+—Citrullus vulgaris (1). │ A. │Tropical Africa. +Cucumber+—Cucumis sativus (1). │ A. │India. +West Indian Gherkin+—Cucumis Anguria │C. (?)│Tropical Africa (?). (1). │ │ +White Gourd-Melon+—Benincasa hispida │ (?) │Japan, Java. (1). │ │ +Towel Gourd+—Luffa cylindrica (1). │ C. │India. +Angular Luffa+—Luffa acutangula (1). │ C. │India, Malay Archipelago. +Snake Gourd+—Trichosanthes anguina │ C. │India (?). (1). │ │ +Gooseberry+—Ribes grossularia, ['5]. │ C. │Temperate Europe, north of │ │ Africa, Caucasus, western │ │ Himalayas. +Red Currant+—Ribes rubrum, ['5] │ C. │Northern and temperate │ │ Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, │ │ Himalayas, north-east of │ │ the United States. +Black Currant+—Ribes nigrum, ['5]. │ C. │Northern and central │ │ Europe, Armenia, Siberia, │ │ Mantschuria, western │ │ Himalayas. +Kaki+—Diospyros Kaki, [5]. │ (?) │Japan, northern China. +Date Plum+—Diospyros lotos, [5]. │ (?) │China, India, Afghanistan, │ │ Persia, Armenia, Anatolia. +Olive+—Olea europea, [5]. │ A. │Syria, southern Anatolia and │ │ neighbouring islands. +Aubergine+—Solanum melongena (1). │ A. │India. +Fig+—Ficus Carica, [5]. │ A. │Centre and south of the │ │ Mediterranean basin, from │ │ Syria to the Canaries. +Bread-Fruit+—Artocarpus incisa, [F5].│ (?) │Sunda Isles. +Jack-Fruit+—Artocarpus integrifolia, │B. (?)│India. [F5]. │ │ +Date-Palm+—Phœnix dactylifera, │ A. │Western Asia and Africa, [F5]. │ │ from the Euphrates to the │ │ Canaries. +Banana+—Musa sapientum, [5]. │ A. │Southern Asia. +Oil Palm+—Elæis guineensis, [F5]. │ (?) │Guinea.

CULTIVATED FOR THE SEEDS.

1. _Nutritive._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Litchi+—Nephelium Litchi, [5]. │ (?) │Southern China, Cochin-China. +Longan+—Nephelium longana, [5]. │ (?) │India, Pegu. +Rambutan+—Nephelium lappaceum, [5] │ (?) │India, Pegu. +Pistachio+—Pistacia vera, [/5] │ C. │Syria. +Bean+—Faba vulgaris (1). │ A. │South of the Caspian (?). +Lentil+—Ervum lens (1). │ A. │Western temperate Asia, │ │ Greece, Italy. +Chick-Pea+—Cicer arietinum (1). │ A. │South of the Caucasus and │ │ of the Caspian. +Lupin+—Lupinus albus (1). │ B. │Sicily, Macedonia, south of │ │ the Caucasus. +Egyptian Lupin+—Lupinus termis (1). │ A. │From Corsica to Syria. +Field-Pea+—Pisum arvense (1). │C. (?)│Italy. +Garden-Pea+—Pisum sativum (1). │ B. │From the south of the │ │ Caucasus to Persia (?) │ │ northern India (?). +Soy+—Dolichos soja (1). │ A. │Cochin-China, Japan, Java. +Pigeon-Pea+—Cajanus indicus, [/5]. │ C. │Equatorial Africa. +Carob+—Ceratonia siliqua, [F5]. │A. (?)│Southern coast of Anatolia, │ │ Syria, Cyrenaica (?). +Moth+—Phaseolus aconitifolius (1). │ C. │India. +Three-lobed Kidney Bean+—Phaseolus │ B. │India, tropical Africa. trilobus, [Z] (1). │ │ +Green Gram+—Phaseolus Mungo (1). │B. (?)│India. +Wall+—Phaseolus Lablab, [Z] (1). │ B. │India. +Lubia+—Phaseolus Lubia (1). │ C. │Western Asia (?). +Bambarra Ground Nut+—Voandzeia │ (?) │Intertropical Africa, subterranea (1). │ │ +Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum esculentum (1). │ C. │Mantschuria, central Siberia. +Tartary Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum │ C. │Tartary, Siberia to Dahuria. tartaricum (1). │ │ +Notch-seeded Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum │ (?) │Western China, eastern emarginatum (1). │ │ Himalayas. +Kiery+—Amarantus frumentaceus (1). │ (?) │India. +Chestnut+—Castanea vulgaris, [F5] │ (?) │From Portugal to the Caspian │ │ Sea, eastern Algeria. │ │ Varieties: Japan, North │ │ America. +Wheat+—Triticum vulgare and │ A. │Region of the Euphrates. varieties (?), (1). │ │ +Spelt+—Triticum spelta (1). │ A. │Derived from the preceding │ │ (?). +One-grained Wheat+—Triticum │ (?) │Servia, Greece, Anatolia monococcum (1). │ │ (if the identity with the │ │ _Triticum bœoticum_ │ │ be admitted). +Two-rowed Barley+—Hordeum distichon │ A. │Western temperate Asia. (1). │ │ +Common Barley+—Hordeum vulgare (1). │ (?) │Derived from the preceding │ │ (?). +Six-rowed Barley+—Hordeum │ A. │Derived from the preceding hexastichon (1). │ │ (?). +Rye+—Secale cereale (1). │ B. │Eastern temperate Europe (?). +Common Oats+—Avena sativa (1). │ B. │Eastern temperate Europe (?). +Eastern Oats+—Avena orientalis (1). │C. (?)│Western Asia (?). +Common Millet+—Panicum miliaceum (1).│ A. │Egypt, Arabia. +Italian Millet+—Panicum italicum (1).│ A. │China, Japan, Indian │ │ Archipelago (?). +Sorghum+—Holcus sorghum (1). │ A. │Tropical Africa (?). +Sweet Sorghum+—Holcus │ (?) │Tropical Africa (?). saccharatus (1). │ │ +Coracan+—Eleusine coracana (1). │ B. │India. +Rice+—Oryza sativa (1). │ A. │India, southern China (?).

2. _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Poppy+—Papaver somniferum (1). │ B. │Derived from _P. setiferum_ of │ │ the Mediterranean basin. +White Mustard+—Sinapis alba (1). │ B. │Temperate and southern +Black Mustard+—Sinapis nigra (1). │ B. │ Europe, north of Africa, │ │ western temperate Asia. +Gold of Pleasure+—Camelina sativa │B. (?)│Temperate Europe, Caucasus, (1). │ │ Siberia. +Herbaceous Cotton+—Gossypium │ B. │India. herbaceum, ['5] (1). │ │ +Tree Cotton+—Gossypium arboreum, │B. (?)│Upper Egypt. [/5]. │ │ +Arabian Coffee+—Coffea arabica, [5]. │ C. │Tropical Africa, Mozambique, │ │Abyssinia, Guinea. +Liberian Coffee+—Coffea liberica, │ C. │Guinea Angola. [F5]. │ │ +Sesame+—Sesamum indicum (1). │ A. │Sunda Isles. +Nutmeg+—Myristica fragrans, [5]. │ B. │Moluccas. +Castor-Oil Plant+—Ricinus communis, │ A. │Abyssinia, Sennaar, Kordofan. [/5]. │ │ +Walnut+—Juglans regia, [F5]. │ (?) │Eastern temperate Europe, │ │temperate Asia. +Black Pepper+—Piper nigrum, [/5]. │ B. │India. +Long Pepper+—Piper longum, ['5]. │ B. │India. +Medicinal Pepper+—Piper officinalis, │ B. │Malay Archipelago. ['5]. │ │ +Betel Pepper+—Piper Betle, [/5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago. +Areca Nut+—Areca Catechu, [5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago. +Cocoa Nut+—Cocos nucifera, [F5]. │ (?) │Malay Archipelago (?), │ │ Polynesia (?).

SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORIGIN.

CULTIVATED FOR THE UNDERGROUND PARTS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Arracacha+—Arracacha esculenta, │ E. │New Granada (?). [Z] (1). │ │ +Jerusalem Artichoke+—Helianthus │E. (?)│North America (Indiana). tuberosus, [Z]. │ │ +Potato+—Solanum tuberosum, [Z]. │ E. │Chili, Peru (?). +Sweet Potato+—Convolvulus batatas, │ D. │Tropical America (where ?). [Z]. │ │ +Manioc+—Manihot utilissima, [/5]. │ E. │East of tropical Brazil. +Arrowroot+—Maranta arundinacea, [Z]. │ (?) │Tropical (continental?) │ │ America.

CULTIVATED FOR THE STEMS OR LEAVES.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Maté+—Ilex paraguariensis, [5]. │ D. │Paraguay and western │ │ Brazil. +Coca+—Erythroxylon Coca, [5]. │ D. │East of Peru and Bolivia. +Quinine+—Cinchona Calisaya, [5]. │ F. │Bolivia, southern Peru. +Crown Bark+—Cinchona officinalis, │ F. │Ecuador (province of Loxa). [5]. │ │ +Red Cinchona Bark+—Cinchona │ F. │Ecuador (province of succirubra, [5]. │ │ Cuenca). { Nicotiana Tabacum (1). │ D. │Ecuador and neighbouring +Tobacco+—{ │ │ countries. { Nicotiana rustica (1). │ E. │Mexico(?), Texas(?), │ │ California(?). +American Aloe+—Agave americana, [5]. │ E. │Mexico.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FRUITS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Sweet Sop+—Anona squamosa, [5]. │ (?) │West India Isles. +Sour Sop+—Anona muricata, [5]. │ (?) │West India Isles. +Custard Apple+—Anona reticulata, [5].│ (?) │West India Isles, New │ │ Granada. +Chirimoya+—Anona Cherimolia, [5]. │ E. │Ecuador, Peru (?). +Mammee Apple+—Mammea americana, [F5].│ (?) │West India Isles. +Cashew Nut+—Anacardium occidentale, │ (?) │Tropical America. [F5]. │ │ +Virginian Strawberry+—Fragaria │ F. │Temperate North America. virginiana, [Z]. │ │ +Chili Strawberry+—Fragaria │ F. │Chili. chiloensis, [Z]. │ │ +Guava+—Psidium guayava, [5]. │ E. │Continental tropical America. +Pumpkin and Squash+—Cucurbita │ E. │Temperate North America. Pepo and Melopepo (1). │ │ +Prickly Pear+—Opuntia ficus indica, │ E. │Mexico. [5]. │ │ +Chocho+—Sechium edule (1). │ E. │Mexico (?), Central America. +Star-Apple+—Chrysophyllum Caïnito, │ E. │West India Isles, Panama. [5]. │ │ +Caïmito+—Lucuma Caïmito, [5]. │ E. │Peru. +Marmalade Plum+—Lucuma mammosa, [5]. │ E. │Valley of the Orinoco. +Sapodilla+—Sapota achras, [5]. │ E. │Campeachy, Isthmus of │ │ Panama, Venezuela. +Persimmon+—Diospyros virginiana, [5].│ F. │Eastern States of America. +Annual Capsicum+—Capsicum annuum │ E. │Brazil (?). (1). │ │ +Shrubby Capsicum+—Capsicum │ E. │From the east of Peru to frutescens, [/5]. │ │ Bahia. +Tomato+—Lycopersicum esculentum │ E. │Peru. (1). │ │ +Avocado Pear+—Persea gratissima, │ E. │Mexico. [F5]. │ │ +Papaw+—Papaya vulgaris, [5]. │ E. │West Indies, Central America. +Pine-Apple+—Ananassa sativa, [Z]. │ E. │Mexico, Central America, │ │ Panama, New Granada, │ │ Guiana (?), Bahia (?).

CULTIVATED FOR THE SEEDS.

1. _Nutritious._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Cacao+—Theobroma Cacao, [5]. │ D. │Amazon and Orinoco Valley, │ │ Panama (?), Yucatan (?). +Sugar Bean+—Phaseolus lunatus, [Z]. │ E. │Brazil. +Quinoa+—Chenopodium quinoa (1). │ E. │New Granada, Peru (?), │ │ Chili (?). +Maize+—Zea mays (1). │ D. │New Granada (?).

2. _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬─────────────────────────────────── Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin. ──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼─────────────────────────────────── +Arnotto+—Bixa orellana. │ D. │Tropical America. +Barbados Cotton+—Gossypium │ (?) │New Granada (?), Mexico (?), barbadense, [F5]. │ │ West Indies. +Earth Nuts+—Arachis hypogæa (1). │ E. │Brazil (?). +Madia+—Madia sativa (1). │ E. │Chili, California.

CRYPTOGAM CULTIVATED FOR THE WHOLE PLANT.

SPECIES OF UNKNOWN OR ENTIRELY UNCERTAIN ORIGIN.

+Common Haricot+—Phaseolus vulgaris (1). +Musk Gourd+—Cucurbita moschata (1). +Fig-leaved Gourd+—Cucurbita ficifolia, [Z].