Part 55

§ 212.6. =Russian Nihilism.=--In Russia, too, notwithstanding a strictly exercised censorship, the philosophico-scientific gospel of materialism and atheism found entrance through the writings of Moleschott, Feuerbach, Büchner, Darwin, etc. (§ 174, 3), especially among the students. In 1860, Nihilism, springing from this seed, first assumed the character of a philosophical and literary movement. It sought the overthrow of all religious institutions. Then came the women’s question, claiming emancipation for the wife. The example of the Paris Commune of 1871 contributed largely to the development of Nihilistic idealism, its political revolutionary socialism. The Nihilist propaganda, like an epidemic, now seized upon the academic youth, male and female, was spread in aristocratic families by tutors and governesses, won secret disciples among civil servants as well as officers of the army and navy, and was enthusiastically supported by ladies in the most cultured and exalted ranks. In order to spread its views among the people, young men and women disguised in peasant’s dress went out among the peasants and artisans, lived and wrought like them, and preached their gospel to them in their hours of rest. But their efforts failed through the antipathy and apathy of the lower orders, and the energetic interference of the government by imprisonment and banishment thinned the ranks of the propagandists. But all the more closely did those left bind themselves together under their central leaders as the “Society for Country and Freedom,” and strove with redoubled eagerness to spread revolutionary principles by secretly printing their proclamations and other incendiary productions, and scattering them in the streets and houses. On January 24th, 1878, the female Nihilist _Vera Sassulitsch_ from personal revenge dangerously wounded with a revolver General Trepoff, the dreaded head of the St. Petersburg police. Although she openly avowed the deed before the court and gloried in it, she was amid the acclamations of the public acquitted. This was the hour when Nihilism exercised its fellest terrorism. The fair, peaceful phrase, “To work, fight, suffer, and die for the people,” was silenced; it was now, sword and fire, dagger and revolver, dynamite and mines for all oppressors of the people, but above all for the agents of the police, for their spies, for all informers and apostates. An “executive committee,” unknown to most of the conspirators themselves, issued the death sentence; the lot determined the executioner, who himself suffered death if he failed to accomplish it. What was now aimed at was the assassination of higher state officials; then the sacred person of the emperor. Three bold attempts at assassination miscarried; the revolver shot of Solowjews on April 14th, 1879; the mine on the railway near Moscow that exploded too late on November 30th, 1879; the horrible attempt to blow up the Winter Palace with the emperor and his family on February 17th, 1880; but the fourth, a dynamite bomb thrown between the feet of the emperor on March 13th, 1881, destroyed the life of this noble and humane monarch, who in 1861-1863 had freed his people from the yoke of serfdom. As for years nothing more had been heard of Nihilist attempts, it was hoped that the government had succeeded in putting down this diabolical rebellion, but in 1887 the news spread that an equally horrible attempt had been planned for the sixth anniversary of the assassination of Alexander II., but fortunately timely precautions were taken against it.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

FIRST CENTURY.

A.D. 14-37. The Emperor Tiberius, § 22, 1. 41-54. The Emperor Claudius, § 22, 1. 44. Execution of James the Elder, § 16. 51. The Council at Jerusalem, § 18, 1. 54-68. The Emperor Nero, § 23, 1. 61. Paul’s Arrival at Rome, § 15. 63. Stoning of James the Just, § 16, 3. 64. Persecution of Christians in Rome, § 22, 1. 66-70. Jewish War, § 16. 81-96. The Emperor Domitian, § 22, 1.

SECOND CENTURY.

98-117. The Emperor Trajan, § 22, 2. 115. (?) Ignatius of Antioch, Martyr, § 22, 2. 117-138. The Emperor Hadrian, § 22, 2. Basilides, Valentinus, § 22, 2, 4. 132-135. Revolt of Barcochba [Bar-Cochba], § 25. Abt. 150. Celsus, § 23, 3. Marcion, § 27, 11. 138-161. The Emperor Antoninus Pius, § 22, 2. 155. Paschal Controversy between Polycarp and Amicetus [Anicetus], § 37, 2. 161-180. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius, § 22, 3. 165. Justin Martyr, § 30, 9. 166. (155?) Martyrdom of Polycarp, § 22, 3. 172. (156?) Montanus appears as a Prophet, § 40, 1. 177. Persecution of Christians at Lyons and Vienne, § 22, 3. 178. Irenæus made Bishop of Lyons, § 31, 2. 180-192. The Emperor Commodus, § 22, 3. 196. Paschal Controversy between Victor and Polycrates, § 37, 2.

THIRD CENTURY.

202. Tertullian becomes Montanist, § 40, 2. Pantænus dies, § 31, 4. 220. Clement of Alexandria dies, § 31, 4. 235. Settlement of the Schism of Hippolytus, § 41, 1. 235-238. The Emperor Maximinus Thrax, § 22, 4. 243. Ammonius Saccus [Saccas] dies, § 25, 2. 244. Arabian Synod against Beryllus, § 33, 7. 249-251. The Emperor Decius, § 22, 5. 250. The Schism of Felicissimus, § 41, 2. 251. The Novatian Schism, § 41, 3. 253-260. The Emperor Valerian, § 22, 5. 254. Origen dies, § 31, 5. 255-256. Controversy about Heretics’ Baptism, § 35, 5. 258. Cyprian dies, § 31, 11. 260-268. The Emperor Gallienus. The Toleration Edict, § 22, 5. 262. Synod at Rome against Sabellius and Dionysius of Alexandria, § 33, 7. 269. Third Synod of Antioch against Paul of Samosata, § 33, 8. 276. Mani dies, § 29, 1. 284-305. The Emperor Diocletian, § 22, 6.

FOURTH CENTURY.

303. Beginning of Diocletian Persecution, § 22, 6. 306. Synod of Elvira, § 38, 3; 45, 2. Meletian Schism in Egypt, § 41, 4. Constantius Chlorus dies, § 22, 7. 311. Galerius dies, § 22, 6. 312. Constantine’s Expedition against Maxentius, § 22, 7. Donatist Schism in Africa, § 63, 1. 313. Edict of Milan, § 22, 7. 318. Arius is Accused, § 50, 1. 323-337. Constantine the Great, Sole Ruler, § 42, 2. 325. First Œcumenical Council at Nicæa, § 50, 1. 330-415. Meletian Schism at Antioch, § 50, 8. 335. Synod at Tyre, § 50, 2. 336. Athanasius Exiled. Arius dies, § 50, 2. 341. Council at Antioch, § 50, 2. 343. Persecution of Christians under Shapur [Sapor] II., § 64, 2. 344. Synod at Sardica, § 46, 3; 50, 2. 346. Council at Milan against Photinus, § 50, 2. 348. Ulfilas, Bishop of the Goths, § 76, 1. 350-361. Constantius, Sole Ruler, § 42, 2. 351. First Council at Sirmium against Marcellus, § 50, 2. 357. Second Council at Sirmium, Homoians, § 50, 3. 358. Third Council at Sirmium, § 50, 3. 359. Synods at Seleucia and Rimini, § 50, 3. 361-363. Emperor Julian the Apostate, § 42, 3. 362. Synod at Alexandria against Athanasius, § 50, 4. 366-384. Damasus I., Bishop of Rome, § 46, 4. 368. Hilary of Poitiers dies, § 47, 14. 373. Athanasius dies, § 47, 3. 379. Basil the Great dies, § 47, 4. 379-395. Theodosius the Great, Emperor, § 42, 4. 380. Synod at Saragossa, § 54, 2. 381. Second Œcumenical Council at Constantinople, § 50, 4. Ulfilas dies, § 76, 1. 384-398. Siricius, Bishop of Rome, § 46, 4. 385. Priscillian beheaded at Treves, § 54, 2. 390. Gregory Nazianzen dies, § 47, 4. 391. Destruction of the Serapeion at Alexandria, § 42, 6. 393. Council at Hippo Rhegius, § 59, 1. 397. Ambrose dies, § 47, 15. 399. Rufinus Condemned at Rome as an Origenist, § 51, 2. 400. Martin of Tours dies, § 47, 15.

FIFTH CENTURY.

402-417. Innocent I. of Rome, § 46, 5. 403. _Synodus ad Quercum_, § 51, 3. Epiphanius dies, § 47, 10. 407. Chrysostom dies, § 47, 8. 408-450. Theodosius II. in the East, § 52, 3. 411. _Collatio cum Donatistis_, § 63, 1. 412. Synod at Carthage against Cœlestius, § 53, 4. 415. Synods at Jerusalem and Diospolis against Pelagius, § 53, 4. 416. Synods at Mileve and Carthage against Pelagius, § 53, 4. 418. General Assembly at Carthage, § 53, 4. Roman Schism of Eulalius and Bonifacius, § 46, 6. 420. Jerome dies, § 47, 16. Persecution of Christians under Behram [Bahram] V., § 64, 2. 422-432. Cœlestine I., Bishop of Rome, § 46, 6. 428. Nestorius is made Patriarch of Constantinople, § 52, 3. 429. Theodore of Mopsuestia dies, § 47, 9. The Vandals in North Africa, § 76, 3. 430. Cyril’s Anathemas, § 52, 3. Augustine dies, § 47, 18. 431. Third Œcumenical Council at Ephesus, § 52, 3. 432. St. Patrick in Ireland, § 77, 1. John Cassianus dies, § 47, 21. 440-461. Leo I., the Great, § 46, 7; 47, 22. 444. Cyril of Alexandria dies, § 47, 6. Dioscurus succeeds Cyril, § 52, 4. 445. Rescript of Valentinian III., § 46, 7. 448. Eutyches excommunicated at Constantinople, § 52, 4. 449. Robber Synod at Ephesus, § 52, 4. Attack of Angles and Saxons upon Britain, § 77, 4. 451. Fourth Œcumenical Synod at Chalcedon, § 52, 4. 457. Theodoret dies, § 47, 9. 475. Semipelagian Synods at Arles and Lyons, § 53, 5. 476. Overthrow of the West Roman Empire, § 46, 8; 76, 6. Monophysite Encyclical of Basiliscus, § 52, 5. 482. Henoticon of the Emperor Zeno, § 52, 5. Severinus dies, § 76, 6. 484-519. The Thirty-five Years’ Schism between the East and West, § 52, 5. 492-496. Gelasius I., Bishop of Rome, § 46, 8; 47, 22. 496. Battle of Zülpich. Clovis baptized, § 76, 9.

SIXTH CENTURY.

502. _Synodus Palmaris_, § 46, 8. 517. Council at Epaon, § 76, 5. 527-565. Justinian I., Emperor, § 46, 9; 52, 6. 529. Synods at Oranges and Valence, § 53, 5. Monastic Rule of Benedict of Nursia, § 85. Suppression of the University of Athens, § 42, 4. 533. The Theopaschite Controversy, § 52, 6. Overthrow of the Vandal Empire, § 76, 3. 544. Condemnation of the “Three Chapters,” § 52, 6. 553. Fifth Œcumenical Council at Constantinople, § 52, 6. 554. Overthrow of the Ostrogoth Empire in Italy, § 76, 7. 563. Council at Braga, § 54, 2. St. Columba among the Picts and Scots. § 77, 2. 567. Founding of the Exarchate of Ravenna, § 46, 9. 568. The Longobards under Alboin in Italy, § 76, 8. 589. Council at Toledo under Reccared, § 76, 2. Columbanus and Gallus in the Vosges Country, § 77, 7. 590-604. Gregory I., the Great, § 46, 10; 47, 22. 595. Gregory of Tours dies, § 90, 2. 596. Augustine goes as Missionary to the Anglo-Saxons, § 77, 4. 597. St. Columba dies, § 77, 2. Ethelbert baptized, § 77, 4.

SEVENTH CENTURY.

606. Emperor Phocas recognises the Roman Primacy, § 46, 10. 611-641. Heraclius, Emperor, § 52, 8. 615. Columbanus dies, § 77, 7. 622. Hejira, § 65. 625-638. Honorius I., Pope, § 46, 11. 636. Isidore of Seville dies, § 90, 2. 637. Omar conquers Jerusalem, § 65. 638. Monothelite Ecthesis of Heraclius, § 52, 8. 640. Omar conquers Egypt, § 65. 642-668. Constans II., Emperor, § 52, 8. 646. St. Gallus dies, § 78, 1. 648. The Typus of Constans II., § 52, 8. 649-653. Martin I., Pope, § 46, 11. 649. First Lateran Council under Martin I., § 52, 8. 652. Emmeran at Regensburg, § 78, 2. 657. Constantine of Mananalis, § 71, 1. 662. Maximus Confessor, dies, § 47, 13. 664. Synod at Streoneshalch (_Syn. Pharensis_), § 77, 6. 668-685. Constantinus Pogonnatus, § 52, 8; 71, 1. 677. Wilfrid among the Frisians, § 78, 3. 678-682. Agatho, Pope, § 46, 11. 680. Sixth Œcumenical Council at Constantinople (Trullanum I.), § 52, 8. 690. Wilibrord among the Frisians, § 78, 3. 692. Concilium Quinisextum (Trullanum II.), § 63, 2. 696. Rupert in Bavaria (Salzburg), § 78, 2.

EIGHTH CENTURY.

711. The Saracens conquer Spain, § 81. 715-731. Pope Gregory II., § 66, 1; 78, 4. 716. Winifrid goes to the Frisians, § 78, 4. 717-741. Leo III., the Isaurian, Emperor, § 66, 1. 718. Winifrid in Rome, § 78, 4. 722. Winifrid in Thuringia and Hesse, § 78, 4. 723. Winifrid a second time at Rome, consecrated Bishop, etc., § 78, 4. 724. Destruction of the Wonder-working Oak at Geismar, § 78, 4. 726. Leo’s First Edict against Image Worship, § 66, 1. 730. Leo’s Second Edict against Image Worship, § 66, 1. 731. Gregory III., Pope, § 66, 1; 78, 4; 82, 1. 732. Boniface, Archbishop and Apostolic Vicar, § 78, 4. Battle at Poitiers, § 81. Separation of Illyria from the Roman See by Leo the Isaurian, § 66, 1. 735. The Venerable Bede dies, § 90, 2. 739. Wilibrord dies, § 78, 3. 741. Charles Martel dies, § 78, 5. Gregory III. dies. Leo the Isaurian dies. 741-752. Pope Zacharias, § 78, 5, 7; 82, 1. 741-775. Constantinus Copronymus, Emperor, § 66, 2. 742. Concilium Germanicum, § 78, 5. 743. Synod at Liptinä, § 78, 5; 86, 2. 744. Synod at Soissons, § 78, 5. 745. Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, § 78, 5. 752. Childeric III. deposed, Pepin the Short, King, § 78, 5; 82, 1. 754. Iconoclastic Council at Constantinople, § 66, 2. Pepin’s donation to the Chair of St. Peter, § 82, 1. 755. Boniface dies, § 78, 7. Abt. 760. Rule of St. Chrodegang of Metz, § 84, 4. 767. Synod at Gentilliacum, § 91, 2; 92, 1. 768-814. Charlemagne, § 82, 2, 4; 90, 1, etc. 772-795. Pope Hadrian I., § 82, 2. 772. Destruction of Eresburg, § 78, 9. 774. Charlemagne’s donation to the Chair of St. Peter, § 82, 2. 785. Wittekind and Alboin are baptized, § 78, 9. 787. Seventh Œcumenical Council at Nicæa, § 66, 3. Founding of Cloister and Cathedral Schools, § 90, 1. 790. _Libri Carolini_, § 92, 1. 792. Synod at Regensburg, § 91, 1. 794. General Synod at Frankfort, § 91, 1; 92, 1. 795-816. Leo III., Pope, § 82, 3. 799. Alcuin’s disputation with Felix at Aachen, § 91, 1. 800. Leo III. crowns Charlemagne, § 82, 3.

NINTH CENTURY.

804. End of the Saxon War, § 78, 9. Alcuin dies, § 90, 3. 809. Council at Aachen, on the _Filioque_, § 91, 2. 813-820. Leo the Armenian, Emperor, § 66, 4. 814-840. Louis the Pious, § 82, 4. 817. Reformation of Monasticism by Benedict of Aniane, § 85, 2. 820-829. Michael Balbus, Emperor, § 66, 4. 825. Synod at Paris against Image Worship, § 92, 1. 826. Theodorus Studita dies, § 66, 4. Ansgar in Denmark, § 80, 1. 827. Establishment of Saracen Sovereignty in Sicily, § 81. 829-842. Theophilus, Emperor, § 66, 4. 833. Founding of the Archbishopric of Hamburg, § 80, 1. 835. Synod at Didenhofen, § 82, 4. 839. Claudius of Turin dies. Agobard of Lyons dies, § 90, 4. 840-877. Charles the Bald, § 90, 1. 842. Feast of Orthodoxy, § 66, 4. Theodora recommends the out-rooting of the Paulicians, § 71, 1. 843. Compact of Verdun, § 82, 5. 844. Eucharist Controversy of Paschasius Radbertus, § 91, 3. 845-882. Hincmar of Rheims, § 83, 2; 90, 5. 847. Archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen, § 80, 1. 848. Synod of Mainz against Gottschalk, § 91, 5. 850-859. Persecution of Christians in Spain, § 81, 1. 851-852. The Decretals of the Pseudo-Isidore, § 87, 2, 3. 853. Synod of Quiersy. _Capitula Carisiaca_, § 91, 5. 855. Synod at Valence in favour of Gottschalk, § 91, 5. 856. Rabanus Maurus dies, § 90, 4. 858-867. Pope Nicholas I., § 82, 7. 858. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, § 67, 1. 859. Synod of Savonnières, § 91, 5. 861. Methodius goes to the Bulgarians, § 73, 3. 863. Cyril and Methodius go to Moravia, § 79, 2. 865. Ansgar dies, § 80, 1. 866. Encyclical of Photius, § 67, 1. 867-886. Basil the Macedonian, Emperor, § 67, 1. 867-872. Hadrian II., Pope, § 82, 7. 869. Eighth Œcumenical Council of the Latins at Constantinople § 67, 1. 870. Treaty of Mersen, § 82, 5. 871. Basil the Macedonian puts down the Paulicians, § 71, 1. Borziwoi and Ludmilla baptized, § 79, 3. 871-901. Alfred the Great, § 90, 9. 875. John VIII. crowns Charles the Bald Emperor, § 82, 8. 879. Eighth Œcumenical Council of the Greeks at Constantinople, § 67, 1. 886-911. Leo the Philosopher, Emperor, § 67, 2. 891. Photius dies, § 67, 1.

TENTH CENTURY.

910. Abbot Berno founds Clugny, § 98, 1. 911. The German Carolingians die out, § 82, 8. 911-918. Conrad I., King of the Germans. § 96, 1. 914-928. Pope John X., § 96, 1. 919-936. Henry I., King of the Germans, § 96, 1. 934. Henry I. enforced toleration of Christianity in Denmark, § 93, 2. 936-973. Otto I., Emperor, § 96, 1. 942. Odo of Clugny founds the Clugniac Congregation, § 98, 1. 950. Gylas of Hungary baptized, § 93, 8. 955. Olga baptized in Constantinople, § 73, 4. 960. Atto of Vercelli dies, § 100, 2. 962. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, § 96, 1. 963. Synod at Rome deposes John XII., § 96, 1. 966. Miecislaw of Poland baptized, § 93, 7. 968. Founding of Archbishopric of Magdeburg, § 93, 9. 970. Migration of Paulicians to Thrace, § 71, 1. 973-983. Otto II., Emperor, § 96, 2. 974. Ratherius of Verona dies, § 100, 2. 983-1002. Otto III., Emperor, § 96, 2, 3. 983. Mistewoi destroys all Christian establishments among the Wends, § 93, 9. 987. Hugh Capet is made King of France, § 96, 2. 988. Wladimir Christianizes Russia, § 73, 4. 992-1025. Boleslaw Chrobry of Poland, § 93, 7. 996-999. Pope Gregory V., § 96, 2. 997-1038. Stephen the Saint, § 93, 8. 997. Adalbert of Prague, Apostle of Prussia, dies, § 93, 13. 999-1003. Pope Sylvester II., § 96, 3. 1000. Olaf Tryggvason dies, § 93, 4. Christianity introduced into Iceland and Greenland, § 93, 5. Stephen of Hungary secures the throne, § 93, 8.

ELEVENTH CENTURY.

1002-1024. Henry II., Emperor, § 96, 4. 1008. Olaf Skautkoning of Sweden baptized, § 93, 3. 1009. Bruno martyred, § 93, 13. 1012-1024. Pope Benedict VIII., § 96, 4. 1014-1036. Canute the Great, § 93, 2. 1018. Romuald founds the Camaldulensian Congregation, § 98, 1. 1024-1039. Conrad II., Emperor, § 96, 4. 1030. Olaf the Thick of Norway dies, § 93, 4. 1031. Overthrow of the Ommaides in Spain, § 95, 2. 1039-1056. Henry II., Emperor, § 96, 4, 5. 1041. Treuga Dei, § 105, 1. 1046. Synod at Sutri, § 96, 4. 1049-1054. Pope Leo IX., § 96, 5. 1050. Synods at Rome and Vercelli against Berengar, § 101, 2. 1053. Epistle of Michael Cærularius, § 67, 3. 1054. Excommunication of Greek Church by Papal Legates, § 67, 3. 1056-1106. Henry IV., Emperor, § 96, 6-11. 1059. Pope Nicholas II. assigns the choice of Pope to the College of Cardinals, § 96, 6. 1060. Robert Guiscard founds the Norman Sovereignty in Italy, § 95, 1. 1066. Murder of Gottschalk, King of the Wends, § 93, 9. 1073-1085. Pope Gregory VII., § 96, 7-9. 1075. Gregory’s third Investiture Enactment, § 96, 7. 1077. Henry IV. as a Penitent at Canossa, § 96, 8. 1079. Berengar subscribes at Rome the doctrine of Transubstantiation, § 101, 2. 1086. Bruno of Cologne founds the Carthusian Order, § 98, 2. 1088-1099. Pope Urban II., § 96, 10. 1095. Synod at Clermont, § 94. 1096. First Crusade. Godfrey of Boulogne, § 94, 1. 1098. Synod at Bari. Anselm of Canterbury, § 67, 4. Robert of Citeaux founds the Cistercian Order, § 98, 1. 1099. Conquest of Jerusalem, § 94, 1. 1099-1118. Pope Paschalis II., § 96, 11.

TWELFTH CENTURY.

1106-1125. Henry V., Emperor, § 96, 11. 1106. Michael Psellus dies, § 68, 5. 1109. Anselm of Canterbury dies, § 101, 1, 3. 1113. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux, § 98, 1; 102, 3. 1118. Founding of the Order of Knights Templar. Knights of St. John, § 98, 7. Basil, head of Bogomili, sent to the stake, § 71, 4. 1119-1124. Calixtus II., Pope, § 96, 11. 1121. Norbert founds the Præmonstratensian Order, § 98, 2. 1122. Concordat of Worms, § 96, 11. 1123. Ninth Œcumenical Council (First Lateran), § 96, 11. 1124. First Missionary Journey of Otto of Bamberg, § 93, 10. 1126. Peter of Bruys burnt, § 108, 7. 1128. Second Missionary Journey of Otto of Bamberg, § 93, 10. 1130-1143. Pope Innocent II., § 96, 13. 1135. Rupert of Deutz dies, § 102, 8. 1139. Tenth Œcumenical Council (Second Lateran), § 96, 13. 1141. Synod at Sens condemns Abælard’s writings, § 102, 2. Hugo St. Victor dies, § 102, 4. 1142. Abælard dies, § 102, 2. 1143. Founding of the Roman Commune, § 96, 13. 1145-1153. Pope Eugenius III., § 96, 13. 1146. Fall of Edessa, § 94, 2. 1147. Second Crusade. Conrad III. Louis VII., § 94, 2. 1149. Henry of Lausanne dies, § 108, 7. 1150. _Decretum Gratiani_, § 99, 5. 1152-1190. Frederick I., Barbarossa, § 96, 14. 1153. Bernard of Clairvaux dies, § 102, 3. 1154. Vicelin [Vicelinus] dies, § 93, 9. 1154-1159. Hadrian IV., Pope, § 96, 14. 1155. Arnold of Brescia put to death, § 96, 14. 1156. Peter the Venerable dies, § 98, 1. Founding of Carmelite Order, § 98, 3. 1157. Introduction of Christianity into Finland, § 93, 11. 1159-1181. Pope Alexander III., § 96, 15, 16. 1164. Peter the Lombard dies, § 102, 5. Council of Clarendon, § 96, 16. 1167. Council at Toulouse (Cathari), § 108, 2. 1168. Christianity of the Island of Rügen, § 93, 10. 1169. Gerhoch of Reichersberg dies, § 102, 6, 7. 1170. Thomas Becket murdered, § 96, 16. Founding of the Waldensian sect, § 108, 10. 1176. Battle of Legnano, § 96, 15. 1179. Eleventh Œcumenical Council (Third Lateran), § 96, 15. 1180. John of Salisbury dies, § 102, 9. 1182. Maronites are attached to Rome, § 73, 3. 1184. Meinhart in Livonia, § 93, 12. 1187. Saladin conquers Jerusalem, § 94, 3. 1189. Third Crusade. Frederick Barbarossa, § 94, 3. 1190-1197. Henry VI., Emperor, § 96, 16. 1190. Founding of Order of Teutonic Knights, § 98, 8. 1194. Eustathius of Thessalonica dies, § 68, 5. 1198-1216. Pope Innocent III., § 96, 17, 18.

THIRTEENTH CENTURY.