Chapter VIII

.

In this, the concluding chapter, Schopenhauer sums up his results. Necessity has no meaning other than that of the irresistible sequence of the effect where the cause is given. All necessity is thus conditioned, and absolute or unconditioned necessity is a contradiction in terms. And there is a fourfold necessity corresponding to the four forms of the principle of sufficient reason:—(1.) The logical form, according to the principle of the ground of knowledge; on account of which, if the premisses are given, the conclusion follows. (2.) The physical form, according to the law of causality; on account of which, if the cause is given, the effect must follow. (3.) The mathematical form, according to the law of being; on account of which every relation expressed by a true geometrical proposition is what it is affirmed to be, and every correct calculation is irrefutable. (4.) The moral form, on account of which every human being and every brute must, when the motive appears, perform the only act which accords with the inborn and unalterable character. A consequence of this is, that every department of science has one or other of the forms of the principle of sufficient reason as its basis. In conclusion, Schopenhauer points out that just because the principle of sufficient reason belongs to the _a priori_ element in intelligence, it cannot be applied to the entirety of things, to the universe as inclusive of intelligence. Such a universe is mere phenomenon, and what is only true because it belongs to the form of intelligence can have no application to intelligence itself. Thus it is that it cannot be said that the universe and all things in it exist because of something else. In other words, the cosmological proof of the existence of God is inadmissible.

INDEX.(55)

Aboriginals, interference with, iii. 411.

Absolute, conception of, has reality only in matter, ii. 94; how not to be conceived, ii. 94; misuse of, ii. 94, 215, 216, 393.

Abstract, idea, knowledge, dependent on idea of perception, i. 45, 52, 53, ii. 258; insufficiency of, i. 72, ii. 248‐251; opposite of idea of perception, i. 7; philosophy must not start from, ii. 261 _seq._; relation to intuitive knowledge, ii. 54, 55, 91; use of, ii. 235, 238.

Absurd, sphere of, ii. 242; supremacy of, i. 418.

Academies, relation of, to great men, ii. 496.

Accident. See _Substance_.

Actors, why madness common among, iii. 168.

Adultery, iii. 351, 364, 365.

Æschylus, iii. 213, 378.

Æsthetic mode of contemplation, i. 253 _seq._, iii. 127 _seq._

Agamemnon, i. 199, iii. 213.

Alemann, Matteo, iii. 363.

Alfieri, i. 247.

Allegory, nature of, use and abuse in art, i. 305‐313.

America, compared with Old World in physical regard, iii. 57, 58.

Ampere, iii. 44.

Anacreon, iii. 377.

Analytical method, ii. 309.

Anatomy, what it teaches, iii. 38; value of comparative anatomy, i. 187, iii. 84.

Anaxagoras, iii. 2, 34, 73, 390.

Ancients, the, their architecture, iii. 185, 188, 190; defects in religion, iii. 452; freedom of thought, ii. 394; inferiority of tragedy, iii. 213, 214; historians, i. 317, 318; philosophy, ii. 400; sculpture, i. 269, 291.

Angelus Silesius, i. 167, 492, iii. 432.

Anger, evidence of primacy of will, ii. 442; psychological effect of, ii. 429.

Animals, lower, distinctive characteristics of animal life, i. 25, ii. 228, 232; essential identity with man, i. 192; difference from man, i. 45, 47, 112, see _Man_; do not laugh, ii. 280; nor weep, i. 486; naïveté of, i. 204; no passions proper, iii. 16; no knowledge of death, iii. 249; yet fear death, iii. 251; right of man over, i. 481 n.

Animal magnetism, iii. 76, 418, 419.

Anselm of Canterbury, ii. 125, 126.

Anticipation in art, i. 287, 288; in nature, iii. 103, 104.

Antinomies, criticism of Kantian, i, 39, ii. 107 _seq._; the two of natural science, i. 37 _seq._

Antisthenes, i. 115, ii. 357.

Anwari Soheili, ii. 283.

Απαγωγη and επαγωγη, ii. 290.

Apollo Belvedere, i. 230.

Apperception, transcendental unity of, ii. 333.

_A priori_ knowledge, meaning and explanation of, ii. 33; directness, necessity, and universality of, i. 88; table of _prædicabilia a priori_, ii. 221; the basis of ontology, ii. 220.

Apuleius, ii. 352.

Architecture, its problem as a fine art, i. 276; solution of problem, i. 277 _seq._, iii. 182 _seq._; beauty and grace in, i. 277, iii. 188, 189; combines beauty with usefulness, i. 280; its relation to light, i. 279, 280; to music, iii. 239 _seq._; to plastic arts and poetry, i. 280; its effects dynamical as well as mathematical, i. 279; comparison of antique and Gothic, iii. 189‐192.

Aristippus, ii. 319, 363.

Aristo of Chios, ii. 319.

Aristocracy of intellect, ii. 342.

Aristotle, his logic, i. 62; on scientific knowledge, i. 95; his _forma substantialis_, i. 186; on essential conflict in nature, i. 192; his method, i. 239; on Platonic Ideas, i. 273, iii. 124; on derivation of ηθη, i. 378; his style, ii. 21; denies reciprocity, ii. 66; on the necessary and contingent, ii. 70; contented with abstract conceptions, ii. 71; on quality and quantity, ii. 76; his categories, ii. 85; on existence as subject, ii. 101; on infinity of world in space, ii. 110; atomism not necessary, ii. 111; infinity _potentia_ not _actu_, ii. 115; refutation of ontological proof, ii. 129; νους πρακτικος of, ii. 133; the seat of the virtues, ii. 137; treatment of art, ii. 153; an infinitely large body immovable, ii. 203; relation of number and time, ii. 205; Topi of, ii. 212; division of causes, ii. 217; on pure matter, ii. 219; on origin of things, ii. 220; real things and conceptions, ii. 244; meaning of his _nihil est in intellectu nisi quod ante fuerit in sensu_, ii. 258; eight spheres of, ii. 265; rhetorics of, ii. 285; his επαγωγη and απαγωγη, ii. 290; his syllogistic figures, ii. 297; analysis of syllogisms, ii. 303; on the prudent man, ii. 347; his ethics eudæmonistic, ii. 349; wonder the origin of philosophy, ii. 360; view of the Sophists, ii. 362; necessity of metaphysics, ii. 379; on invertebrate animals, ii. 481; on plants, iii. 34; difference between efficient and final cause, iii. 82; his freedom from physico‐theology, iii. 94; merits of his teaching as to organised and unorganised nature, iii. 95; nature a demon, iii. 106; music a cathartic of the feelings, iii. 174; poetry better than history, iii. 220.

Arithmetic, depends on _a priori_ intuition of time, i. 99, ii. 204.

Arrian, ii. 355 _seq._

Art, source and aim of, i. 238, 239, 286 _seq._, iii. 126, 179; object of, see _Idea_; subject of, see _Genius_; relation to and difference from philosophy, iii. 176, 177, 178; contrasted with history, i. 298, 315, iii. 224; inborn and acquired, i. 252; the two extremes in series of, i. 274 _seq._, 280; value and importance of, i. 345, 346, iii. 132; opposition between useful and fine, iii. 181.

Art, works of, tendency of, iii. 177; relation of conception to execution of, iii. 180; the abstract concept barren in, i. 303, 304, iii. 179, 180; why Idea more easily comprehended in than in nature, i. 252, iii. 132; co‐operation of the beholder required for enjoyment of, iii. 177; why they do not give all to the senses, iii. 178 _seq._; superiority of those dashed off in moment of conception, iii. 178, 180.

Asceticism, its source, i, 490 _seq._; its way of manifesting itself, i. 492, 493, 506, iii. 425; identity of its spirit in different countries and religions, i. 502, 503, iii. 433; difference of spirit of cynicism, ii. 352, 353.

Assertion, definition of, ii. 308.

Association of ideas, its root, ii. 324; kinds of, ii. 324; apparent exceptions to law of, ii. 327; the will secretly controls the law of, ii. 328.

Astronomy, what it teaches, iii. 37; source of its certainty and comprehensibility, i. 86; its method, i. 87; Ptolemaic, i. 64.

Athanasius, iii. 439.

Atheism, what strengthens the reproach of, ii. 379; not necessarily materialism, ii. 131, 132.

Atom, assumption of, not necessary, iii. 44 _seq._; has no reality, ii. 223; defence of, from porosity refuted, iii. 47.

Attraction and repulsion, forces of, constitute space‐occupation, ii. 224.

Augustine, recognises identity of all things with will, i. 165; cause of beauty of vegetable world, i. 260 n.; on original sin, i. 524; the will not free, i. 525; dogmatics of, i. 525 n.; beginner of Scholasticism, ii. 12; on moral systems of ancients, ii. 349; spirit of his anti‐Pelagianism, ii. 368, iii. 421; on affections of will, ii. 412 n.; his _de civit. Dei_, iii. 117 n.

Autobiography. See _Biography_.

Avarice, the vice of old age, iii. 465

Avatar, iii. 426.

Axiom, definition, ii. 308.

Bacon, his conception of philosophy, i. 109; all movement preceded by perception, i. 137 n.; on atheism, ii. 131; his philosophical method, ii. 212; on the intellect, ii. 433; his moral character, ii. 447; influence of climate upon intellect, iii. 18; rejected teleology, iii. 91; on final causes, iii. 93; on Democritus, iii. 95; on rarity of genius, iii. 158.

Basilidians, iii. 305.

Bass. See _Music_.

Baumgarten, his æsthetics, ii. 153.

Beard, its efficient and final cause in man, iii. 88.

Beauty, the beautiful, two elements of, i. 270; source of pleasure in, i. 253 _seq._; everything beautiful, i. 271; why one thing more beautiful than another, i. 272; distinguished from grace, i. 289; distinguished from the sublime, i. 270; effect of natural beauty, i. 255, iii. 173, 174; beauty in art. See _Painting_, _Sculpture_, &c.

Beccaria, iii. 413.

Being, as the most general conception, ii. 236; in the professorial philosophy, ii. 288; relation of thought to. See _Thing in itself_; limitation of individual being the cause of philosophy, i. 135; contrast of seeing and being, iii. 392.

Bell, Sir Ch., i. 133, iii. 6.

Benedict, iii. 450.

Berkeley, on rareness of thought, i. 50; his idealism, ii. 15, 29, 41, 163, 165, 175, iii. 59, 261.

Bhagavad‐gita, i. 366, iii. 75, 262.

Bible, one metaphysical truth in Old Testament, iii. 423; ascetic spirit of New Testament, iii. 437, 458 _seq._; opposition of Old and New Testaments, i. 420, iii. 281, 441, 445; its historical material unsuited for paintings, i. 300.

Bichat, “_Sur la vie et la mort_,” ii. 470, 488; on circulation of blood, ii. 478; on organic and animal life, ii. 489; only animal life can be educated, ii. 491; Flourens’ attack on, ii. 494 _seq._; nervous and muscular systems in children, iii. 161; effect of emotions on organism, iii. 296.

Bio, on relation of science and philosophy, ii. 319.

Biography, superiority to history, i. 319 _seq._; difficulty of dissimulating in autobiographies, i. 320.

Biot, on colour rings, ii. 338.

Blood, the primitive fluid of organism, ii. 478‐481.

Body, the, an object among objects, i. 5, 14, 23, 25, 129, ii. 167; its identity with will, i. 129 _seq._; 137‐142, ii. 428, 468, 471‐493; relation of physiological and metaphysical explanations of, i. 139 _seq._, ii. 492, 493; its design, i. 140 _seq._; knowledge of, key to nature of things, i. 136, 141 _seq._; criticism of antithesis of body and soul as two substances, ii. 101‐104, 378, iii. 11.

Böhm, Jakob, everything half dead, i. 191; “_De signatura rerum_,” i. 284 n., iii. 432.

Bolingbroke, iii. 397.

Books, not so instructive as reality, ii. 244, 245; why they cannot take the place of experience, ii. 248, 249.

Boswell, his Life of Johnson, ii. 446.

Boureguon, Antoinette, iii. 435.

Brahmanism, recognises no beginning of world, ii. 94, 95, 108, 109; teaches metempsychosis, iii. 303.

Brain, metaphysically considered, ii. 468, 485, 486; physiologically considered, its origin and function, ii. 411, 462, 463, 470, iii. 9; its share in perception, ii. 185; its relation to the ganglia, ii. 483; the seat of motives, ii. 473; develops with organism, ii. 416, iii. 13, 14; as necessary for thought as stomach for digestion, ii. 237; the regulator of the will, ii. 470; the condition of self‐consciousness, iii. 12 _seq._; influence of its development upon intellect at different periods of life, ii. 425, 454 _seq._; necessity of sleep for, ii. 464; effect of over‐work on, ii. 255, 256; its variation in man the cause of individual character, i. 171; its activity in dreams, ii. 464; the brain of genius, iii. 159, 160; influence on agility of limbs, iii. 21; influence of noise on, ii. 196, 197.

Brandis, Ch. A., ii. 264.

Brandis, J. D., ii. 488.

Bridgewater Treatise Men, iii. 91.

Brougham, Lord, iii. 91.

Brown, Thomas, “On Cause and Effect,” ii. 207, iii. 92.

Bruno, Giordano, started from real in his philosophy, i. 33; his view of life, i. 366; lonely position in his age, ii. 13 n.; on finiteness of world, ii. 110; infinitely large body immovable, ii. 203; matter incorporeal, ii. 208, iii. 51, 54; no space beyond the world, ii. 265; his death, iii. 106; his motto, iii. 144.

Buddhism, its pre‐eminence over all religions, ii. 371; superiority to Brahmanism, i. 460, iii. 430; compared with Christianity, iii. 445 _seq._; its pessimism, i. 372, iii. 397; its mysticism, iii. 435; teaches that nature expects salvation from man, i. 492; its doctrine of metempsychosis, iii. 302; doctrine of Nirvana, iii. 308, 427.

Buffon, on intelligence of animals, i. 29; on style, ii. 247.

Bunyan, John, iii. 435.

Bundahish, iii. 391.

Burdach, sleep the original state, ii. 463; formation of muscles from blood, ii. 478; heart independent of nervous system and sensibility, ii. 479; reciprocal support of vegetable and insect world, iii. 90; on bees, iii. 100; on the burrying beetle, iii. 102; on _cercaria ephemera_, iii. 269; on maternal affection of animals, iii. 317.

Bürger, his place in German poetry, iii. 327; his parents, iii. 327; on love, iii. 336.

Burke, on the beautiful, ii. 153; on the apprehension of words, ii. 239.

Byron, an instance of connection of genius and madness, i. 247; brain weighed 6 lbs., iii. 160; quoted, i. 234, 324, 258, 342, 432, 458, iii. 379, 398, 400.

Cabanis, on arterial and venous systems, ii. 257; his materialism, ii. 378; on passions of children, ii. 424; “_Des rapports du physique au moral_,” iii. 6.

Cæsar, Jul., on Druids, iii. 304.

Calderon, life a dream, i. 22; steadfast prince, i. 327; a crime to be born, i. 328, 458, iii. 420; his Semiramis, iii. 343; “Zenobia the Great,” iii. 364.

Camerarius, J., collection of emblems, i. 309.

Cannibalism, most palpable example of wrong, i. 431; hereditary, iii. 322.

Canisius, iii. 440.

Canova, iii. 195.

Caravaggio, iii. 197.

Caricature, character of species annulled by that of individual, i. 291.

Carové, iii. 440.

Carracci, Hannibal, his allegorical paintings, i. 306, 308.

Casper, on length of human life, iii. 301.

Castration, its significance, iii. 310; its use as a punishment, iii. 331.

Categories, criticism of the Kantian, ii. 48‐51.

Catholicism, compared with Protestantism in an ethical regard, iii. 448, 449.

Catullus, iii. 318.

Caucasian, an original race, iii. 58.

Cause, Causality, law of, ii. 214; _a priori_ nature of law of, i. 154 _seq._, ii. 206 _seq._; corollary from it the permanence of substance, ii. 79; difference of cause and force, i. 144, 145; mysteriousness of connection between cause and effect, i. 174; temporal relation between cause and effect, ii. 209, 210; three kinds of causes, i. 149, 150; truth of doctrine of occasional causes, i. 178 _seq._; falseness of proposition “the effect cannot contain more than the cause,” ii. 213; a “first cause” inconceivable, ii. 214; to determine the cause of an effect, ii. 154.

Celibacy, from Christian and ethical point of view, iii. 425, 437, 438, 449, 450, 451.

Cellini, Benvenuto, his conversion, i. 510.

Celsus, on generation, iii. 310.

Certainty, distinguished from scientific completeness of knowledge, i. 83; superiority of immediate to indirect, i. 89, 90.

Cervantes, i. 311; ii. 246.

Chamfort, iii., 157, 158, 365.

Champollion, i. 313.

Change, nature of, i. 11; always conditioned by a cause, i. 170, ii. 211 _seq._

Character, as a force of nature, i. 370; difference between that of man and brutes, i. 170, 386, 387; that of man individual, i. 290; empirical, ii. 407; constant, i. 378, ii. 441, 491; inherited from father, iii. 320 _seq._; relation of intelligible to empirical, i. 203, 207, 373 _seq._; a false inference from unalterableness of, i. 389; the acquired, i. 391‐397; explanation of inharmonious nature of, iii. 330; abolition of, i. 520 _seq._

Chatham, Lord, iii. 324.

Chateaubriand, iii. 435.

Chemistry, what it teaches, iii. 38; antinomy of, i. 37 _seq._

Chevreul, experiments on light, iii. 62.

Childhood, character of, iii. 161 _seq._

Chiliasts, ii. 243.

Chinese, philosophy, i. 187, 188, 343; garden, iii. 157.

Chladni, i. 344.

Choice, man larger sphere of, than brutes, i. 388; not freedom of individual volition, _loc. cit._

Christianity, different constituent parts of, i. 500, 501, iii. 422; its connection with Brahmanism and Buddhism, iii. 391, 421, 459; pessimistic spirit of, ii. 372, iii. 397, 436; kernel of, i. 424, 523‐524, ii. 149, iii. 421, 452; symbol of, iii. 462.

Chrysippus, i. 116, 118, 389, ii. 72, 349.

Cicero, i. 116 n., 117, 247, 389, ii. 72, 137, 138, 140, 141, 270, 272, 348, 356, 358, 444, iii. 147, 253 n., 452.

Circle, the symbol of nature, iii. 267.

Classics, advantage of studying, ii. 239.

Classical poetry, distinguished from romantic, iii. 209.

Cleanthes, i. 118, ii. 128.

Clemens Alexandrinus, “Stromata” referred to, i. 425, ii. 98, iii. 427, 438, 442, 443.

Clouds, illustration of opposition between Idea and phenomenon, i. 235.

Colebrooke, i. 491, 494 n., 281, 304, 307, 308 n.

Comedy, distinguished from tragedy, iii. 218.

Composer, musical, i. 336.

Concept, conception, see _Abstract_; their construction the function of reason, i. 7, 50, ii. 235 _seq._; content and extent of, ii. 236; spheres, i. 55, 64; representatives of, i. 51; relation to word, i. 51; ii. 234, 238; relation to Idea, i. 301, 302; simple, ii. 236; distinct, ii. 237; abstract and concrete, i. 53; pure, ii. 385; advantages and disadvantages of, i. 45, 47 _seq._, 68‐75, ii. 234‐243, 345 _seq._

Concrete, union of form and matter, ii. 215.

Condillac, his materialism, ii. 175, 187. iii. 45.

Condorcet, ii. 187.

Connections among men, foundation of, ii. 450.

Conscience, presupposes intelligible character, i. 474; is only affected by deeds, i. 387; anguish of, i. 471 _seq._; the good, i. 482.

Consciousness, only a property of animal beings, ii. 336, 337, 414; origin, aim, and seat of, ii. 475; what common to all, and what distinguishes one from another, ii. 414, iii. 17 _seq._; self‐consciousness and that of other things, ii. 259, 412, 468, iii. 126; limited to phenomena, i. 358 n., iii. 74, 285 _seq._; as opposed to unconsciousness, ii. 328; fragmentary nature of, ii. 330 _seq._; what gives it unity and connection, iii. 333; extinguished in death, iii. 255 _seq._

Considering things, ways of, i. 239; 121 _seq._

Contingent, contingency, conception of, ii. 67; misuse of word by pre‐Kantian dogmatists, ii. 70.

Conversation, ii. 343.

Copula, ii. 287, 288.

Coriolanus, ii. 136.

Corneille, iii. 203.

Correct, distinguished from true, real, &c., ii. 208.

Correggio, i. 300, 306, 307, 531.

Cosmogony, of Laplace, iii. 71, 72.

Cosmological proof, Kant’s refutation of, ii. 130.

Cousin, M., iii. 45.

Cramp, ii. 484.

Crime, chief cause of, iii. 412. See _Punishment_.

Criticism, the Kantian, ii. 6‐11.

Crystal, its one manifestation of life, i. 202; its individuality, i. 171; becomes rigid in the moment of movement, iii. 37.

Culture, cannot make up for want of understanding, ii. 253 _seq._, 343

Cuvier, ii. 204, 318, 479, iii. 98, 160, 165.

Cynicism, spirit and fundamental thought of, ii. 350 _seq._, iii. 388.

_Da Capo_, i. 342.

Daemon, i. 349, iii. 99.

Dante, i. 258, 419, ii. 315.

Davis, iii. 207.

Death, i. 356 _seq._, 506‐509, iii. 249‐308, 312, 389, 463; sudden death, why prayed against, iii, 428.

Decameron, iii. 365.

Deductive method, ii. 310.

Delamark, ii. 318, 378.

Delirium, distinguished from madness, i. 248.

Democritus, i. 33, 159, 160, ii. 131 140, 177, 378, iii. 61, 62, 64, 95.

Denial. See _Will_.

Descartes, vortex of, i. 159; identifies will with judgment, 377, 385; his thought not free, ii. 13; on repetition, ii. 21, 25; ontological proof, ii. 126; made philosophy start from self‐consciousness, ii. 164, 165, 201, 400, iii. 59; the quantity of a motion, ii. 226; opinion of mathematics, ii. 323; slept a great deal, ii. 465; criticism of his doctrines, ii. 494‐496; relation to Spinoza, iii. 475.

Desire, the universal nature of things, i. 165, iii. 34; in a psychological regard, ii. 429.

Determinism, iii. 67‐69.

Δευτερος πλους, the second way of the denial of the will, i. 506, iii. 454, 465.

Dialectic, definition of, ii. 285.

Diderot, ii. 341, iii. 233, 272.

Diodorus the Megaric, ii. 72.

Diogenes the Cynic, i. 151, ii. 351, 352, iii. 388.

Diogenes, Laertius, i. 118, 151, 169, ii. 319, 351, 355, 363, iii. 255.

Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. 264.

Discovery, the work of understanding, i. 26, 27.

Disease, its nature, ii. 487.

Disgusting, the, i. 269.

Dissimulation, i. 47, iii. 231.

Divisibility, infinite, of time, i. 13, ii. 221; of matter, iii. 46.

Dog, intelligence of, ii. 230‐232; wags its tail, ii. 280.

Dogmas, their relation to virtue and morality, i. 475 _seq._

Dogmatism, philosophical, opposed to criticism, ii. 10, 11; its fundamental error, iii. 27.

Domenichino, iii. 193.

Donatello, iii. 193.

Don Quixote, i. 311.

Drama, the, i. 321‐330, iii. 211‐219.

Drapery in sculpture, i. 296.

Dreams, distinguished from real life, i. 20 _seq._

Duns Scotus, i. 111, ii. 237.

Dutch paintings, i. 269.

Ebionites, iii. 458.

Eckermann, “Conversations of Goethe,” i. 362, iii. 240.

Eckhard, Meister, i. 492, 500, iii. 432, 435, 467.

Edda, the, iii. 304.

Ego, conception of, i. 132, 324, ii. 413, 487, iii. 3, 13, 284, 285; the logical ego, ii. 333.

Egoism, origin, nature, and scope of, i. 427, iii. 416, 417; theoretical egoism, i. 135.

Egyptians, gospel of, iii. 436, 444.

Eleatics, i. 33, 61, 93, ii. 85, 113, iii. 271.

Election, doctrine of, i. 378, ii. 149.

Elephant, intelligence of, i. 29, ii. 232, 233.

Eloquence, ii. 305, 306.

Emblems, i. 312, 313.

Emotion, its origin and effect, ii. 346, iii. 407, 408.

Empedocles, i. 192, 288, 530, iii. 8, 34, 95, 271.

Encratites, iii. 438.

English, the, their faults, ii. 131, iii. 92.

ἑν και παν, iii. 65, 471.

Ennui, i. 402, 404, iii. 413.

_Ens realissimum_, ii. 125‐127.

Envy, iii, 389.

επαγωγη and απαγωγη, ii. 290.

Epic poetry, i. 324, 413, iii. 211.

Epicurus, Epicureans, i. 33, 37, ii. 181, 145, 177, 378, iii. 255, 261.

Epictetus, i. 115, 116 n., 386, ii. 354, 356.

Epiphanias, iii. 446.

Equivocation, i. 79.

Erigena, Scotus, ii. 319, iii. 432, 470, 471.

Error, definition of, i. 30, 103‐105; difference between man and brutes with regard to, ii. 243, _seq._; pernicious nature of, i. 45, ii. 241 _seq._; tragic and comic side of, ii. 243; how perpetuated, ii. 243, 341.

Esquirol, iii. 117, 328.

Essenes, iii. 437, 451.

_Essentia_ and _existentia_, their relation, ii. 129, 130; their union in pure matter, ii. 218.

Eternity, conception of, i. 228, 360 _seq._, iii. 276.

Ethics, i. 441‐443, 474 _seq._, iii. 402‐409; criticism of Kantian, ii. 133 _seq._; of ancients, ii. 348, iii. 213, 214, 452.

Ethiopian, an original race, iii. 58.

Etiology, subject and scope of, i. 124 _seq._; its relation to the philosophy of nature, i. 182 _seq._

Euchel, Isaak, his “Prayers of the Jews,” ii. 98.

Euclid, criticism of his method, i. 90‐100, ii. 33, 164, 321‐323.

Eudæmonism, ii. 348 _seq._

ευκολος and δυσκολος, i. 407.

Euler, i. 55, 165, ii. 172 n., 187‐189, 192, 341.

Euripides, i. 328, 453, iii. 214, 218, 400, 406, 443.

Evidence, distinction between empirical and _a priori_, i. 85; the predicate “evident” defined, ii. 308.

Evil, meaning of word, i. 426; the _punctum pruriens_ of metaphysics, ii. 375. See _Pessimism_.

Existence, vanity of, iii. 382 _seq._; the end of, ii. 695.

Experience, ii. 234 _seq._, 388 _seq._

Experiment, ii. 268.

Explanation, i. 105 _seq._, 125.

Extension. See _Matter_.

Eye, i. 301, ii. 194, iii. 162.

Fame, i. 305, iii. 151.

Fanaticism, i. 466 n.

Fate, Fatalism, i. 389, 390, iii. 475.

Fear, effect of, ii. 429 _seq._; origin of belief in God, ii. 130.

Feeling, as sense of touch, ii. 195; as opposite of knowing, i. 66‐68.

Fénélon, i. 499.

Fernow, i. 293.

Fichte, i. 16, 33, 40‐43, ii. 22, 31, 176, iii. 13.

Fit Arari, ii. 444.

Flagellants, ii. 243.

Flourens, ii. 133, 416, 417, 479, 494‐496, iii. 165, 326.

Folly, a species of the ludicrous, i. 77 _seq._, ii. 277; a characteristic of genius, iii. 153.

Force, distinguished from cause, i. 144, 145, 174‐178, ii. 217; inseparable from matter, iii. 54 _seq._

Form and matter. i. 162, 168, ii. 215, iii. 26, 53‐57.

Forms of thought, 86 _seq._; their relation to parts of speech, ii. 85, 86.

Francis, St., i. 496, iii. 434, 459.

Frauenstädt, ii. 225.

Frederick the Great, ii. 133.

Freedom, as a metaphysical quality, i. 369 _seq._; intellectual, iii. 407; of the will, i. 376 _seq._, 388, 389, 520 _seq._; criticism of Kant’s doctrine, ii. 117 _seq._

French, national character of, i. 510; philosophy of, ii. 18, iii. 44, 45; poetry, iii. 209; music, iii. 244.

Friendship, i. 485.

Fright, effect of, ii. 429.

Froriep, ii. 209.

Future. See _Present_.

Gall, ii. 469, 494, 495.

Galenus, ii. 297.

Gallows, iii. 456, 457.

Ganglia, their function in organism, ii. 484 _seq._

Gardening, landscape, i. 282; difference between English and old French, iii. 175.

Garrick, ii. 279, iii. 21.

_Gemüth_, distinguished from mind, ii. 458, 459.

_Generatio æquivoca_, i. 184 _seq._; iii. 54‐56.

Generation, and death essential moments in life of species, i. 365, iii. 270‐273; instinctive nature of act, iii. 309;

## act viewed subjectively and objectively, iii. 292, 293;

inner significance of act, i. 423 _seq._, iii. 379; reason of shame connected with, i. 423, 378; existence a paraphrase of, iii. 377.

Genius, i. 238‐247, 251‐253, ii. 245‐249, iii. 138‐166.

Genital organs, the opposite pole of the brain, i. 425, iii. 87, 310; independence of knowledge, i. 150, 426; difference of plants, animals, and man in respect of, i. 204, iii. 35; shame connected with, iii. 379; symbolical language of, iii. 380.

Genus, distinguished from species, iii. 123 _seq._; construction of logical genus, ii. 103, 104.

Geometry, content of, i. 9; method of, i. 90 _seq._; ii. 321 _seq._

Genre painting, i. 298.

Gichtel, iii. 434, 435.

Gilbert, ii. 196.

Giordano, Luca, iii. 198.

Given, the, ii. 23, 84.

Gnostics, iii. 305, 432, 438, 442,

γνωθι σαυτον, ii. 423.

God, origin of the word, iii. 446; egotistical origin of belief in, ii. 130; an asserted “consciousness of God,” ii. 129, 141, 142; criticism of proofs for existence of, ii. 128‐133.

Goethe, his theory of colours, i. 26, 160, 245, ii. 433; on genius, i. 247, iii. 19, 147, 151, 153, 156; on effect of human beauty, i. 285; on Laocoon, i. 293; on painting of music, i. 295; on fable of Proserpine and pomegranate, i. 311, 424; his songs, i. 323, 210; on indestructibility of human spirit, i. 362 n.; “Confessions of beautiful soul,” i. 497; power of sight of suffering, i. 512; on persistency of error, ii. 4, 8; unknown to Kant, ii. 152; sensitive to noise, ii. 198; metamorphosis of plants, ii. 225, iii. 85; on skeletons of rodents, ii. 318; on Kant, ii. 340; never over‐worked, ii, 427; example of folly of childhood, ii. 456; on sleep, ii. 466; “_Wahlverwandtschaften_,” iii. 37, 151, 164; his love of natural sciences, iii. 39; his height, iii. 160; his childishness, iii. 163; his mother, iii. 327; quoted, i. 314, 366, ii. 14, 22, 294, iii. 132, 136, 369.

Good, the conception, i. 464 _seq._; nature of the good man, 465, 480, iii. 306, 307.

Gorgias, ii. 281, 286.

Gothic architecture compared with antique, iii. 189‐192.

Gozzi, Carlo, i. 237, ii. 276, iii. 169.

Grace, distinguished from beauty, i. 289; Christian doctrine of, i. 522 _seq._, 528, ii. 149.

Gracian, Balthasar, i. 311, ii. 250, iii. 401.

Grammar, relation to Logic, ii. 85‐87, 89.

_Gravitas_, iii. 152.

Gravitation, i. 13, 26, 195, 212, 213, 398, ii. 225, 226, iii. 52, 394.

Greatness in spiritual sense, iii. 150.

Guicciardini, ii. 447.

Guido Reni, iii. 191.

Guilt, i. 204, 454, iii. 390, 415, 418, 420 _seq._, 448.

Guion, Mme. de, i. 497, 505, iii. 432, 434, 435.

Hall, Marshall, i. 151, ii. 133, 433, 484, iii. 6.

Haller, ii. 479, 488, iii. 328.

Hamilton, Sir W., ii. 323.

Happiness, is negative, i. 411‐413; from standpoint of higher knowledge, i. 456; impossible in an existence like ours, iii. 382, 383; and virtue, i. 466, iii. 420 _seq._

Hardy, Spence, i. 497, iii. 301, 303, 308 n., 434.

Hauz, iii. 45.

Haydn, i. 304.

Head, relation of, to trunk in brutes and man, i. 230; opposite pole of genitals, i. 425, iii. 87, 310; and heart, ii. 450 _seq._

Health, i. 190 _seq._, iii. 385.

Hearing, sense of, ii. 195‐199.

Heart, the centre and _primum mobile_ of life, ii. 428, 479‐481; opposition between head and heart, ii. 450 _seq._; why love affairs are called affairs of the heart, iii. 373.

Heathen, ii. 97.

Heavens, sublime effect of, i. 266, 267.

Hegel, ii. 8, 22, 31, 171, 243, 261, 266, iii. 45, 224, 225, 394, 404, 436.

Heine, Heinrich, ii. 283.

Hell, i. 419, iii. 387, 388, 392.

Helvetius, i. 288 n., ii. 256, 444 446, iii. 8.

Heraclitus, i. 8, ii. 256, iii. 399.

Herder, i. 52, ii. 153, iii. 163.

Heredity, iii. 318‐335.

Hermaphrodism, iii. 356.

Herodotus, ii. 347, iii. 303, 398.

Hesiod, i. 425.

History and science, i. 82, iii. 220, 221; and philosophy, iii. 223; and poetry, i. 315 _seq._, iii. 224; and biography, i. 319; the philosophy of, i. 236, 237, iii. 224‐226; true value of, iii. 227 _seq._ untrustworthiness of, i. 238, 316, 317, iii. 223; history of world and history of the saints, i. 497, 498.

Hobbes, i. 21, 361 n., 441, 446, 451 ii. 263, 453.

Holberg, ii. 379.

Holiness, inner nature of, i. 494, 495; its independence of dogmas, i. 495, 509.

Hollbach, ii. 176.

Home, ii. 153, 270.

Homer, i. 236, 295, 311, 314, 324, iii. 400.

Hooke, i. 26, ii. 225, 226.

Hope, ii. 431.

Horace, ii. 139, 140, 274, iii. 181.

Horizon, mental, ii. 338.

Huber, iii. 101.

Human race. See _Man_.

Humboldt, Alex. von, ii. 64, iii. 112.

Hume, David, i. 15, 52, 89, ii. 8, 129, 130, 156, 157, 173, 207, 209 iii. 92, 92 n., 305, 327, 393, 394, 395.

Humour, ii. 282‐284.

Hutcheson, ii. 270.

Hydraulics, science, of iii. 38; as a fine art, i. 281, 282.

Hypothesis, correct, ii. 309; effect of, on mind, ii. 432.

I. See _Ego_.

Idea (_Vorstellung_), what it is, ii. 400; common form of all classes of, i. 3; form of combination of all classes of, i. 5; chief distinction among, i. 7; idea of perception, i. 7‐45, ii. 163‐227; abstract, i. 45‐120, ii. 228‐395; subjective correlative of, i. 13 (Cf. _Object_ and _World_); the Platonic Idea (_Idee_) defined, i. 168, iii. 122; distinguished from thing in itself, i. 209, 226 _seq._, 232, iii. 122 _seq._; empirical correlative of, iii. 123.; relation to individual things, i. 227, 233, iii. 275; knowledge of, i. 220‐228, 271, ii. 335‐336, iii. 122, 126 _seq._; grades of, in nature, i. 195‐199, 202; the object of art, see _Art_; misuse of word, i. 168, ii. 99, 100; association of, see _Association_; Kant’s Ideas of reason, ii. 23 _seq._

Ideal, in art, i. 287, 288; opposition between ideal and real, ii. 400 _seq._

Idealism, as opposed to realism, i. 3 _seq._, ii. 28 _seq._, 163, 167; difference between empirical and transcendental, ii. 170, 184; absolute, i. 134, 135.

Identity, law of, ii. 86‐88; philosophy of, i. 32, ii. 8, 400.

Idyll, the, why it must be short, i. 413.

Iffland, ii. 426.

Illusion distinguished from error, i. 28, 103, 104.

Imagination, an instrument of thought, ii. 240, 245; an essential element of genius, i. 241 _seq._, iii. 141, 142.

Imitation, in art, i. 304; of idiosyncrasies of others, i. 395.

Immanent knowledge, opposed to transcendent and transcendental, i. 224, ii. 387, iii. 430 n., 468.

Immortality, iii. 75. See _Indestructibility_.

Impenetrability of matter, i, 13, ii. 103, 223 _seq._, iii. 52.

Inclination, definition, iii. 406.

Indestructibility, of our true nature by death, Ch. 41 _passim_, iii. 249‐308.

Indian, mysticism, 432; sculpture, i. 309; philosophy, iii. 281, 282; caste i. 459, 460 (Cf. _Buddhism_ and _Brahmanism_).

Individuality, as phenomenon rooted in the thing in itself, i. 147, 219, 354, 357, 358, iii. 74, 428, 469; at the different grades of nature, i. 170‐172; language of nature with reference to, i. 355, 356, iii. 108 _seq._, 416, 417; destruction of, by death, iii. 286, 298 _seq._

Induction, ii. 310.

Infinite, true conception of, ii. 115.

Inquisition, i. 466 n.

Innocence, of plants, i. 204.

Insects, fertilisation of plants by, iii. 90; life of severed parts of, ii. 483; ephemeral nature of, iii. 267. See _Instinct_.

Instinct, an act directed to an unknown end, i. 148, 150, 197, iii. 96, 346 _seq._; relation of, to guidance by motives, iii. 96 _seq._; relation to somnambulism, iii. 98; throws light on organising work of nature, iii. 96‐100, 103; in man, iii. 346 _seq._

Intellect, pure, ii. 179, 180; empirical, secondary nature of, ii. 411‐467, iii. 3 _seq._, 291; end of, i. 199, 228, ii. 336, 485, iii. 21 _seq._; degrees of, in series of animals and in man, iii. 29, 30; parsimony of nature in imparting, iii. 20; limitation of, to phenomena, iii. 21‐29; imperfections of, ii. 330‐344.

Interesting, distinguished from beautiful, i. 229.

Ionic school, i. 33.

Irritability as objectification of will, ii. 472 _seq._; its connection with blood, ii. 478.

Isaiah ii. 437.

Islamism, iii. 423, 446.

Jacobi, i. 225 n., ii. 169.

Jealousy, iii. 364.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, i. 328.

Jones, Sir W., i. 8, 501 n.

Joy, i. 410, ii. 429 _seq._

Judaism, i. 300, iii. 305, 446.

Judgment, faculty of, i. 30, 84 _seq._, ii. 152 _seq._, 266 _seq._

Julian, Emperor, ii. 350.

Jung Stilling, ii. 243.

Justinius, 305.

Justice, as a virtue, i. 478, 479, iii. 424; retributive, i. 452; eternal, i. 427, 452‐458, 461, iii. 405, 421; poetical, i. 328.

Kant, abstract and perceptible knowledge, ii. 25, 32, 80, 213; æsthetic, ii. 32, 33, 189; amphiboly, ii. 38; analytic, ii. 33‐89; antinomy, i. 39, ii. 104‐125, iii. 45; _a priori_ nature of space and time, i. 6, 8, 154, 155, ii. 169, 201, 202, iii. 276 _seq._; on the beautiful, iii. 189; categories, i. 57, ii. 43‐47, 403; causality, i. 16, ii. 58 _seq._, 173, 208, 209, 217, 385, 386, iii. 469; character, empirical and intelligible, i. 138, 203, 349, 373; chief result of Kantian philosophy, ii. 405; childish in old age, ii. 427; conceptions, philosophy a science of, ii. 259, 384; cosmological proof, ii. 130; cosmology, i. 194, ii. 225, 72; critical philosophy, ii. 6‐11; criticism of functions of the brain, ii. 174, 185; critique of judgment, ii. 152‐159; critique of practical reason, ii. 133‐150; critique of pure reason, ii. 3‐133 (fundamental thought of, ii. 18‐20), 237, 377; dialectic, 89‐133; “_Die Falsche Spitzfindigkeit_,” ii. 300; dreams distinguished from reality, i. 20, 21; editions of Critique, ii. 29; error, source of, i. 103; ethics, i. 79, 110, 140, ii. 12, 133‐150; freedom and necessity, ii. 377; God, ii. 129, 130; laws of homogeneity and specification, i. 83; idealism of, ii. 29, 163, 164, 400 _seq._; infinity, ii. 115; judgment, reflective and subsuming, i. 85; judgments, table of, ii. 56‐78; philosophy of law, i. 433, ii. 150‐152; logic, transcendental, ii. 33‐133; on love, 338; theory of ludicrous, ii. 270; influence of Kantian doctrine on mathematics, i. 94, 385; explanation of matter, i. 12 n., iii. 54; “Metaphysical First Principles of Natural Science,” i. 88, ii. 111, 219, 224, 225; metaphysics, impossibility of, ii. 386 _seq._; method of, ii. 53‐55, iii. 5; Kant’s mother, iii. 327; negative result of philosophy, ii. 17; _nihil privativum_, i. 528; sensitive to noise, ii. 198; ontological proof, ii. 129, 130; object of perception, ii. 33‐43; permanence of substance, ii. 78‐81; phenomenon and thing in itself, i. 9, 41, 155, 220, 6‐12, 28, 181, 379, 389, 399, 486; physico‐theological proof, ii. 130; relation to Plato, i. 223 _seq._; psychology, refutation of rational, ii. 100‐104; reason, conception of, i. 49; ideas of, i. 169, ii. 96‐100; ideal of, ii. 125‐133; principle of, ii. 90‐96; reciprocity, category of, ii. 61 _seq._; schematism of categories, 48‐51; Scholastic dogmatism overthrown by, ii. 12‐16, iii. 27; Schopenhauer gone further than, iii. 28, 59; his sleep, ii. 465; speculative theology, refutation of, ii. 128‐133, 473; spiritualism, refutation of, ii. 177; style of, ii. 20, 21, 340; subject, system starts from, i. 42; theory of, sublime, i. 265; love of symmetry, ii. 22, 47, 69, 76, 78, 106, 133; synthetic unity of apperception, ii. 51, 52, 333, 476, iii. 12; thing in itself, ii. 3, 31, 169, 381, 407; transcendent, transcendental and immanent, i. 124, ii. 3, 87, iii. 24; _das Vernünfteln_ ii. 263; weight an _a priori_ quality of matter, i. 13.

Kemble, i. 295.

Kepler, i. 87, 94, 137 n., iii. 41.

Kerner, Justinus, ii. 481.

Kielmayer, 318.

Kicser, ii. 326, iii. 99.

Kirby, iii. 91, 101, 103.

Kleist, i. 311.

Klettenberg, Fr. von, i. 497.

Knowledge, whence the need of, iii. 7, 8; physiological and metaphysical view of, ii. 486, iii. 290, 291, 470; aim of, ii. 475; kinds of, i. 199, 230; degrees of, iii. 29, 30; why no knowledge of knowing, ii. 487; influence of will upon, iii. 134; influence of, on degree of sensibility and suffering, i. 400, iii. 16.

Köppen, iii. 301.

Koran, ii. 361.

Körösi, Csoma, ii. 371.

Kosack, i. 96.

Krishna, iii. 262.

Lactantius, ii. 98.

Lalita‐Vistara, iii. 168.

Lamarck, i. 185.

Lambert, i. 55, ii. 303.

Landscape painting, i. 282.

Language, the first production and tool of reason, i. 47, 48, 51; connection of conception with word, ii. 238; capacity for, depends on association of ideas, ii. 325; the acquisition of several an important mental culture, ii. 238, 239; against the modern habit of curtailing words, ii. 310 _seq._

Laocoon, i. 292, iii. 198.

Laplace, i. 194, ii. 225, iii. 72, 73.

Latin, as universal language of scientific literature, ii. 310 _seq._

La Trappe, i. 510, iii. 455.

Laughter, as a psychical act, i. 76 _seq._, ii. 270; peculiar to man, ii. 280; why pleasant, ii. 279; insulting and bitter, ii. 281; a test of moral worth, ii. 281.

Lavater, i. 312.

Law, philosophy of, i. 442, 452, ii. 150‐152, iii. 409‐414.

Learning, on the subordinate value of, ii. 253 _seq._

Lee, Anne, iii. 449.

Legislation, i. 446, 447.

Leibnitz, i. 49, 111, 342, ii. 11, 81 _seq._, 141, 237, 391, iii. 91, 394 _seq._

Leibnitz‐Wolfian philosophy, i. 64, ii. 8, 127, 129, 141, iii. 394.

Leopardi, iii. 401.

Lessing, i. 292, ii. 16, 153, 169, iii. 305.

Leszczynski, iii. 203 n.

Leucippus, ii. 177, 378, iii. 61, 64.

Lichtenberg, ii. 113, 172 n., 198, 445. iii. 21, 203 n., 305, 332 n.

Lie, the, origin and end of, i. 434 _seq._

Liebig, iii. 42.

Life, nature of, iii. 36; conflict with mechanical and chemical forces, i. 190; opposition between organic and animal, ii. 489‐492; blind striving, iii. 105‐118; relation to dreams, i. 20, 415; tragic and comic side of, i. 415, 416; misery of, i. 401‐407, 417, iii. 114, 382‐401; aim of, iii. 376, 384‐391.

Light, mechanical explanations of, iii. 44 _seq._; relation to heat, i. 262, 263; explanation of pleasure given by, i. 258, iii. 137; connection with architecture, i. 279, 280.

Locke, i. 49, ii. 6, 7, 45, 81 _seq._, 141, 173 _seq._, 185 _seq._, 212, 213, 258, 259, 402, iii. 5, 23, 59, 394.

Logic, definition of, i. 58, ii. 285; value of, i. 57‐59, ii. 286; on what its certainty depends, ii. 268.

Love, nature of all true and pure, i. 484 _seq._; root and significance of sexual love, iii, 419, 339‐343, 360; degrees of it, iii. 344‐361; the _rôle_ of instinct in it, iii. 345‐349, 350‐360; independence of friendship, iii. 345; sublime and comic sides of, iii. 366 _seq._

Lucretius, i. 403, 411, 412, iii. 91, 93, 313.

Lully, Raymond, i. 510, iii. 455.

Lupus, Rutilius, ii. 286.

Luther, i. 500, 525, ii. 145, 368, iii. 392, 421, 448‐451.

Lyric, subjectivity of, i. 321; nature of the song, i. 322‐324.

Machiavelli, ii. 135, iii. 158.

Macrocosm, i. 212, iii. 404.

Madness, nature of, i. 30, 248 _seq._, iii. 167; criterion of, iii. 167 _seq._; relation of knowledge of madman to that of the brutes, i. 249, ii. 243; relation of, to genius, i. 246, 247; prevalence among actors, iii. 168; origin of, i. 249 _seq._, iii. 169, 170; _mania sine delirio_, iii. 171, 172.

Magnetism, animal, ii. 466, 467, iii. 76, 419.

Maine de Biran, ii. 206, 507, 217.

Malebranche, i. 178, 179, 522, ii. 15.

Man, the human race, connection with rest of nature, i. 200 _seq._, 403, ii. 377; identity of essence of man and the brutes, i. 192; difference between man and brutes, i. 46‐48, 110‐112, 170, 171, 230, 384, 385, ii. 228‐233, 358, iii. 14‐17, 380, 381; transcendent unity of human race, iii. 75, 76; turning‐point of will to live, i. 491 _seq._, iii. 381, 426; origin of, iii. 358; gradual degradation of, ii. 362.

Manichæans, iii. 305.

Mannerists, i. 304, 305.

Manzoni, ii. 352.

Marcionists, iii. 305, 438, 442, 443.

Marcus Aurelius, ii. 356, iii. 323.

Marriage, iii. 333, 334, 336‐375.

Materialism, i. 34 _seq._, ii. 175 _seq._, iii. 60‐64, 261, 262.

Mathematics, scientific nature of, i. 81, 82; ground of certainty of, i. 157, ii. 268; and genius, i. 246, 247; method of, i. 95 _seq._; and logic, ii. 202; value of, ii. 323.

Matter, i. 10‐13, 175, 275, 276, ii. 79, 103, 104, 218‐224, iii. 48‐54.

Maupertius, ii. 225.

Maximus of Tyre, ii. 264.

Maxwell, iii. 450.

Mâyâ, i. 9, 21, 425, 454, 455, 471, 478, 481, 482, 489, 490, 514, 515, ii. 8, 10, 108 n., iii. 69, 418.

Mechanics, iii. 37, 39, 43 _seq._

Medwin, iii. 160 n.

Meister, J. C. F., ii. 152.

Melancholy, i. 512.

Melissus, ii. 264.

Memnon, ii. 198.

Memory, as a function of intellect, ii. 335, iii. 300; difference between that of men and brutes, ii. 229, 230; the influences acting upon, i. 30, 248‐251, ii. 200, 334, 438 _seq._

Menenius Agrippa, i. 311.

_Mens_ as opposed to _animus_, ii. 458.

Menu, laws of, i. 433, 501 n., iii. 465.

Merck, ii. 446, iii. 200.

Metaphysics, i. 107, ii. 20, 359‐395 iii. 40.

Metempsychosis, doctrine of, i. 458‐460, iii. 300‐306, 417, 418.

Method, i. 100, 108, ii. 53, 210, 259, 309, 310, 393.

Metre, i. 314, ii. 205‐207.

Mind, presence of, ii. 430.

Minor key, i. 337, iii. 243, 244.

Missionaries, i. 460.

Mnemonics, ii. 325.

Modality, categories of, ii. 66‐75.

Modesty, i. 303, iii. 202, 203.

Mohammedanism, ii. 361, 362, iii. 423, 433, 472.

Molinos, iii. 434, 435, 435 n.

Molock, ii. 243.

Monarchy, i. 443, iii. 410.

Monasticism, i. 499, iii. 448.

Mongolian race, iii. 58.

Montaigne, i. 463 n., ii. 315, 465, iii. 378.

Montalembert, iii. 435.

Montanists, iii. 438.

Monuments, value of historical, iii. 229.

Moon, æsthetic effect of, iii. 136.

Morality, i. 343, 477, iii. 405, 415, 423‐428 (Cf. _Ethics_).

Morphology, i. 124, 125, 183.

Mortality, iii. 301‐302.

Motives, Motivation, what they determine, i. 138, 212, 213, iii. 115; what imparts power to, iii. 97; intellectual condition of action of, i. 380, 381; influence of nearness upon strength of, ii. 346; influence upon intellect, ii. 436; distinguished from instinct, iii. 97; intellect as medium of, i. 199, ii. 336, 485, iii. 21 _seq._

Movement, i. 194, ii. 226, 227, 483, 484, iii. 39.

Mozart, iii. 163.

Müller, ii. 479.

Multiplicity, i. 145, 146, 166, 167, iii. 69 _seq._, 274, 275.

Münchhausen, Baron, i. 34, ii. 278.

Murder, i. 432, iii. 413, 414.

Music, metaphysics of, i. 330‐346, iii. 231‐248.

Mysteries essential to religion, ii. 367, 368, iii. 430.

Mysticism, Mystics, i. 499, 500, iii. 430 n., 430‐434.

Nakedness, i. 296.

Nature, what it means, iii. 1; works of nature and works of art, iii. 1, 69, 70, 79; inner nature of, i. 140 _seq._, 148, 152 _seq._, iii. 32, 33, 39; perfection of works of, iii. 69, 70; the circle of, iii. 267; grades of, i. 195 _seq._, 202‐206; continuity of, ii. 232, iii. 36, 85; the conflict in, i. 191, 210, 211; design of, i. 201‐211, 77 _seq._, 95; relation to species and individual, i. 356, 425, 426, iii. 194, 277, 278, 396; æsthetic effect of, i. 255, iii. 173, 174; naïveté of, i. 203, 204, 356, 362, 423, 491, iii. 380; moral quality of, i. 518, iii. 106; laws of, i. 126, 172, 175 _seq._., 183; forces of, i. 126, 162, 169‐182, 202, ii. 217, 218, iii. 73, 259; investigator of, ii. 318, 319, 383.

Necessity, origin and meaning of conception, i. 97; relation to the actual and possible, ii. 72 _seq._; relation to contingent, ii. 67, 68; as opposed to freedom, iii. 67, 69; absolute necessity, 70.

Nerves, i. 131, ii. 173, 185, 481‐485.

Newton, Isaac, i. 26, 64, 160, 165, 245, ii. 226, 268, 338.

Nirvana, i. 460, iii. 308 n., 374, 427, 428.

Nitzsch, iii. 269.

Noise, ii. 198, 199, iii. 450.

Nominalism, ii. 85, iii. 125.

νοουμενον and Φαινομενον, i. 93, ii. 85.

Nothing, relativity of conception, i. 528, iii. 272.

Nourishment, i. 357.

Numenius, ii. 98.

νους, ii. 459, iii. 390.

_Nunc stans_, the, i. 227, 361 n., iii. 381.

Object, conditioned by subject, i. 3, 6, 16, _seq._, 123, 124, ii. 166‐169, 170, 173, 179, 381.

Objectification, i. 130, 166‐163, ii. 468.

Objectivity, of genius and in art, i. 240, 321, 324, ii. 417, iii. 144, 210.

Obscurantism, iii. 328, 329.

Obry, iii. 303, 308 n.

Ocelius Lucanus, 113.

Opera, iii. 92, 233, 234.

Optimism, i. 420, ii. 391, iii. 390‐397, 436, 443, 449, 471 _seq._

Organism, ii. 468, iii. 77 _seq._

Original sin, iii. 306, 421 _seq._, 426.

Orpheus, iii. 303, 427, 433, 443.

Osiander, i. 151.

Ossian, i. 324.

Ought, the absolute, i. 350, ii. 144.

Oum, iii. 430, 430 n.

Oupnekhat, i. 459, 501, iii. 425 n. 432, 433.

Ovid, 1. 396, 410.

Owen, R., ii. 131, 203 n., iii. 82, 86, 91.

Pæstum, iii. 185.

Pain, i. 386, 410, 412, 413, iii. 384, 385.

Paine, T., i. 231.

Painting, i. 282‐292, 297‐301, 306‐310, iii. 193, 196‐198.

Palingenesis, iii. 300, 301.

Pander, ii. 318.

Pantheism, iii. 106, 114, 403, 404, 471‐475.

Paracelsus, Theophrastus, iii. 280, 362.

Parmenides, i. 141, 425.

Parody, ii. 275, 276.

## Particles, logical, ii. 288, 315.

Pascal, i. 476, iii. 435.

Passions, ii. 216, iii. 406, 407.

Past, the, i. 359, 360.

Pedantry, i. 78, ii. 250 _seq._

Pelagianism, i. 525, ii. 368, 369, iii. 422, 448.

Penitentiary system, i. 404, iii. 412.

Perception, intellectuality of, i. 14‐16, ii. 40, 174, 185, 192; share of senses and brain in, ii. 185; object of, i. 7, ii. 40; relation to thing in itself, ii. 174, 401; significance for knowledge, science, art, philosophy, and virtue, ii. 244‐269, iii. 131, 141 _seq._

Perfection, ii. 15.

Peripatetics, ii. 137, 145.

Permanence of substance, ii. 78.

Perpetual motion, ii. 65, iii. 395.

Pessimism, can be demonstrated, iii. 395; the ground of distinction among religions, ii. 372 _seq._; of the most significant religions, i. 420, iii. 423; of great men of all ages, iii. 398 _seq._

_Petitio principii_, definition of, ii. 308.

Petit‐Thouars, Admiral, iii. 55.

Petrarch, i. 487, 512, ii. 313, iii. 210, 363, 369, 370, 386.

Petronius, ii. 130.

Pettigrew, i. 178 n.

Phidias, iii. 195.

Philosopher, the, nature of, i. 21, 109, ii. 319, 359, 360, iii. 146, 147; distinguished from poet, iii. 146, 147; distinguished from sophist, ii. 362, 363.

Philosophy, source of, 1. 135, ii. 359‐361, 374; task of, i. 107, 168, 350, 352, 495; distinguished from science, i. 107, ii. 317; as opposed to theology, ii. 367, 395, iii. 431, 453; relation to art, iii. 176, 177; relation to history, iii. 223; method of, ii. 53, 210, 259, 393; division of, i. 349; cause of small progress of, ii. 395; limits of, ii. 362, 363, 27, 405; professors of, ii. 362, 363.

Phlegmatic temperament, iii. 18, 161.

Physics, subject of, ii. 375; relation to metaphysics, ii. 376‐384, iii. 40.

Physiognomy, i. 74, 74 n.

Physiology, i. 125, ii. 317, iii. 38.

Pico de Mirandula, ii. 240.

Pictet, iii. 304.

Picturesque, iii. 130.

Pindar, i. 21.

Pitt, iii. 324.

Plagiarism, ii. 225, 226.

Plants, chief characteristics of, i. 357, ii. 29; inner nature of, i. 152, iii. 34‐36; distinguished from animals, i. 25, 150, iii. 13; form and physiognomy of, i. 203, 204; metamorphosis of, iii. 85; æsthetic effect of, i. 260, 288, 289.

Platner, ii. 270.

Plato, on _a priori_ knowledge, ii. 201; on being and becoming, i. 9; relation to Giordano Bruno, ii. 114 n.; figure of the cave, i. 311, ii. 8; improper use of conceptions, ii. 211, 261, 264; his Dæmon, i. 349; his dialectic, ii. 309; source of error, i. 103; errors in syllogistic reasoning, i. 93; his ethics, i. 114, ii. 145, 149, 348; ευκολος and δυσκολος, i. 407; hope the dream of waking, ii. 431; his Ideas, i. 168, 220, 273, ii. 85, 99, 322, iii. 123, 274, 275; on love, iii. 338; on materialism, ii. 176; on mathematics, 323; on metempsychosis, 303; his method, i. 239; on music, i. 336; on nature of nothing, i. 529; on the nature of the philosopher, i. 21, 41, 109, 143; ii. 369, 374; on plants, iii. 34; on punishment, i. 451; on reason, ii. 141; on science, i. 83; on sensual pleasure, iii. 349, 369; his world of shadows, ii. 10; on existence of soul, ii. 102; his theism, ii. 98.

Pliny, iii. 378, 400, 451.

Plotinus, ii. 218, iii. 51, 54, 432.

Plouquet, i. 55.

Plutarch, ii. 98, 319, iii. 124, 271 399.

Poaching, a positive, not a moral fault, iii. 411, 412.

Poet, the, grade; of, iii. 202; marks of genuine, iii. 207; bad influence of mediocre, i. 317 n.; distinguished from philosopher, iii. 146, 147.

Poetical justice, i. 328

Poetry, i. 313‐330, iii. 38, 200‐219.

Point, extensionless, ii. 223; immovable, ii. 219.

Polarity, i. 187.

Polier, Mme. de, i. 492, 501 n., ii 109.

Position, i. 9.

Possibility, ii. 69, 72.

Pouchet, iii. 56.

Poussin, i. 306.

Praxiteles, iii. 195.

Predestination, i. 378, ii. 149.

Pre‐existence, iii. 253, 254.

Prejudice, ii. 268.

Preller, ii. 357.

Present, the, i. 358‐360, iii. 271, 271 n.

Priestley, i. 373, ii. 111, 224, 225, iii. 46.

Priests, i. 466 n., ii. 362.

_Principium individuationis_, i. 145, 146, 166, 454 _seq._, 481, iii. 274, 417, 418.

Principle of sufficient reason, is _a priori_, i. preface xi., 6, iii. 469; sphere of validity of, i. 7, 16, 17, 41, 106, iii. 405, 469; importance of, i. 96, 107, ii. 316; indemonstrable nature of, i. 96, 106; fourfold root of, i. 7 (Cf. _Appendix_ to vol. iii.)

Property, right of, i. 432, 433 n., iii. 411.

Prose, as distinguished from poetry, i, 313, iii. 204‐206.

Protestantism. See _Catholicism_.

Prudence, i. 27, 245, 456.

Psychology, ii. 412‐467.

Punishment, distinguished from revenge, i. 449; end of, i. 448‐450, iii. 412, 413; measure of, iii. 413, 414.

Pyramids, i. 267, iii. 229.

Pythagoras, iii. 303.

Pythagoreans, i. 33, 86, 92, 95, 188, 343, ii. 319, iii. 95, 124, 427, 442, 452.

Quality, of judgments ii. 57, 87; as determination of matter, iii. 54; natural forces as _qualitates occultæ_, i. 126, 162, 170, 182, ii. 376.

_Quid pro quo_, i. 79.

Quieter of will, i. 301, 326, 327, 367, 396, 489, 490.

Quietism, iii. 433‐435,

Rabelais, iii. 437.

Radius, Justus, ii. 191.

Rameau, i. 58.

Rancé, Abbé, i. 510, iii. 455.

Raphael, i. 295, 300, 531, iii. 162.

Rationalism in theology, ii. 369.

Reading, disadvantage of much, ii. 253‐255.

Realism, ii. 85, iii. 125.

Reality, definition, i. 30; the present is the form of, i. 359, 360, iii. 271 n.; of external world, i. 22, 23, ii. 169, 184.

Reason, the word, i. 48, ii. 141, 241; function of, i. 50, ii. 137; theoretical and practical, i. 30, 113, ii. 138, 139, 345; iii. 408; prerogative of man, i. 46‐48, 110‐112, 384, 385, ii. 228‐233, iii. 380, 381; relation of language to, i. 47‐51, ii. 238; advantages and disadvantages, i. 45, 47, 68‐75, ii. 234‐243, 345 _seq._; compatible with want of understanding and with moral badness, ii. 136; opposed to revelation, ii. 142; Kant’s Ideas of, i. 169, ii. 96‐100; ideal of, ii. 125‐133; principle of, ii. 90‐96.

Reflection, definition, i. 46; relation to perceptive knowledge, ii. 54 _seq._

Reflex movements, ii. 483‐484.

Reid, Dr. Thomas, ii. 189, 191, 207, 240.

Reil, i. 140, 159.

Religion, significance of, ii. 367 _seq._; value of, ii. 370; fundamental distinction between, ii. 372 _seq._; mysteries essential to, ii. 367; demoralising influence of, i. 466 n.; conflict with culture and science, ii. 370; philosophy of, ii. 370 (Cf. _Buddhism_, _Brahmanism_, _Christianity_, _Judaism_, and _Mohammedanism_).

Repentance, i. 382, iii. 406, 407.

Reproduction. See _Generation_.

Republics tend to anarchy, i. 443.

Resignation. See _Will, denial of_.

Resolve, i. 387.

Revenge, distinguished from punishment, i. 449; relation to wickedness, i. 470; a characteristic of human nature which is not to be confounded with revenge, i. 462.

Rhetoric, i. 63, ii. 285, 286, 305, 306.

Rhyme. See _Poetry_.

Rhythm, in music, i. 339 _seq._ See _Poetry_.

Richter, Jean Paul, ii. 22, 198, 270, 283, iii. 141, 143, 145.

Right, negative nature of conception, i. 437, 444; independent of State, i. 439, iii. 409; positive i. 444, 446; of property, i. 432 433 n., iii. 411.

Ritter, ii. 357.

Romantic, distinguished from classical, iii. 209.

Rösch, ii. 478, 480.

Rosenkranz, i. 203 n., ii. 29, 36, 117, 120, 121, 146‐148, 204 n., 212, 217, 225, 377.

Rosini, ii. 447.

Rousseau, i. 247, 343, ii. 136, 353, iii. 106, 325, 338, 397.

Ruins, sublime effect of, i. 267; analogous to _cadenza_ in music, iii. 241.

Ruisdael, i. 255.

St. Hilaire, August, iii. 55.

St. Hilaire, Geoffroi, ii. 318, iii. 82.

Sakya Muni, iii. 168, 434.

Salvation, the way of, iii. 460‐467.

Sangermano, iii. 301, 308 n.

Sannyasis, i. 496, ii. 352.

Saphir, ii. 274.

Sceptics, i. 123, 124.

Schelling, i. 187, ii. 22, 31, 116, 169, 176, 236, 261, iii. 62, 471.

Schiller, i. 79, 318, ii. 148, 276, 321, iii. 215, 217.

Schleiermacher, i. 67, 262, iii. 394.

Schlegel, iii. 75.

Schmidt, J. J., ii. 371, iii. 308 n.

Schnürrer, iii. 301.

Scholastics, Scholasticism, i. 82, 146, 162, 198 n., ii. 12, 13, 35, 100, 125, 126, iii. 125.

Scholiast, ii. 319.

Schultz, ii. 480.

Schulze, ii. 312.

Science, nature of, i. 36, 58, 80‐90, 105, 106, 229, 238, ii. 53, 252, 267.

Scott, Sir Walter, ii. 427, 457, iii. 328, 386, 399.

Scopas, iii. 195.

Sculpture, as opposed to painting, i. 292, iii. 193; æsthetic effect of, iii. 200, 201; significance of drapery in, i. 296; antique, i. 309, iii. 194, 195; modern, iii. 195.

Secundus, Johannes, iii. 195.

Selfishness. See _Egoism_.

Self‐knowledge, ii. 423.

Self‐renunciation, meaning of, iii. 423; the appearance of freedom in the phenomenon, i. 388, 389.

Seneca, i. 75, 246, 379, ii. 149, 234, 347, 350, 355‐358, 458.

Sensation, ii. 186‐191.

Senses, ii. 193‐200.

Sensibility, i. 13.

Sentimentality, i. 512, 513.

Serenity, i. 422, iii. 376.

Seriousness, as the opposite of laughter, ii. 280; as determining the tendency of life, iii. 149.

Sex, degree of, iii. 356.

Sextus Empiricus, i. 62, 93, 343, ii. 127.

Sexual impulse, difference between man and brute with reference to, i. 171, iii. 309; significance and power of, i. 423, 425, 310, 312‐314, 376; physiological correlative of, iii. 314; its relation to happiness of life, iii. 376; voluntary renunciation of satisfaction of, i. 430, iii. 376.

Shaftesbury, iii. 397.

Shakers, iii. 449.

Shakspeare, i. 21, 268, 511, ii. 239, 254, 306, 315, iii. 210, 214, 216, 321, 363, 369, 400, 457.

Shame, i. 424, iii. 379.

Shenstone, ii. 275.

Siècle, iii. 112 n.

Sight, sense of, ii. 193 _seq._

Simonists, iii. 305.

Simplicius, ii. 157.

Sirach, Jesus, iii. 352.

Sketches, value of, iii. 178.

Skull, explained from vertebræ iii. 85.

Slavery, as a wrong, i. 432.

Sleep, necessity of, ii. 337, 428, 462, 463, 466;

## action of vital force in, ii. 463, 466;

positive character of, ii. 464; relation to brain life, ii. 465; relation to death, i. 358, iii. 267 _seq._

Socialists, iii. 250.

Socrates, i. 288, 343, ii. 107, 281, 363, iii. 299, 249, 252, 405.

Somnambulism, ii. 467, iii. 98 _seq._

Sömmering, iii. 21.

Sophist, distinguished from philosopher, ii. 362, 363.

Sophistry, i. 63, ii. 263, 264.

Sophocles, i. 21, 295, 328, iii. 214.

Soul, historical, iii. 2, 3, 13; opposition between soul and body, ii. 102‐104, 378; in what sense the word should be used, iii. 105; a motive which has led to the assumption of, ii. 409; theoretical and practical results of assumption, ii. 77, 409, 494.

Southey, ii. 427.

Space, ideality of, ii. 201‐204, 221; opposition between space and time with reference to abstract knowledge, i. 69, 70; union of space and time the condition of duration and matter, i. 10‐13, ii. 78; the framework of the phenomenal world, i. 187, 188; whether the world is limited in space, ii. 109 (Cf. _Principium individuationis_).

Spallanzani, ii. 469.

Species, iii. 123.

_Spectator_, ii. 233.

Spinal cord, ii. 483‐484.

Spinoza, on benevolence, i. 486; biography of, i. 497; explanation and use of concepts, i. 111, ii. 241, 266; ethical teaching of, i. 114, 367, iii. 403; God of, iii. 106; on knowledge of Ideas, i. 231, 232 n.; on immortality, iii. 280, 291; on love, iii. 338; method of, i. 100 n., 108, ii. 212; his place in western philosophy, ii. 13 n.; rejection of spiritualism, ii. 177; conception of substance, i. 33, ii. 373, 391; rejection of teleology, iii. 91, 93, 94; on will, i. 164, 377, 385, ii. 120.

Spiritualism, ii, 177.

Stahl, i. 64.

State, the, i. 442‐448, 451, iii. 409‐411.

Statics, ii. 226.

Stewart, Dugald, ii. 226, 240.

Stobæus, i. 114, 117, 118, 378, 506 n., ii. 137, 319, 350.

Stoics, Stoicism, i. 113‐120, ii. 453.

Strauss, D. F., iii. 437, 457.

Stupidity, i. 30.

Style, ii. 44, 246, 247.

Suarez, i. 146, 162, 198 n., ii. 13, 89, 100.

Subject, the, has two parts, i. 132; of will, iii. 126; of knowing, i. 3, 6, 16, 123, 124, ii. 166‐169, 170 _seq._; pure, will‐less subject of knowing, i. 253 _seq._, iii. 128 _seq._

Sublime, the, i. 259‐268.

Substance, origin and content of concept, ii. 103, 104; principle of permanence of, ii. 78 _seq._; and accident, i. 12 _seq._, ii. 79, 80.

Succession, i. 9.

Suetonius, iii. 321.

Suffering, universality of, i. 399 _seq._; sanctifying power of, i. 511; of life, i. 401‐407, 417, iii. 114.

Sufism, iii. 423, 432.

Suicide, i. 408, 514‐520, iii. 117.

Suidas, ii. 98.

Sulzer, ii. 141.

Supernaturalism, ii. 369

Swift, iii. 399.

Swoon, the twin‐brother of death, iii. 256.

Sybarites, ii. 199.

Syllogism, ii. 292‐304.

Symbolism, i. 308 _seq._

Symmetry, analogy with rhythm iii. 240, 241.

Sympathy, definition and division, iii. 419.

Systems, philosophical, ground of interest in, ii. 360, 361; contrast between Schopenhauer’s and others, i. 32, ii. 180, 393; division of those starting from object, i. 33; error of those which proceed historically, i. 352; criteria of truth of, ii. 391.

Tatianites, iii. 439.

Tauler, iii. 434, 435.

Teleology, i. 201‐210, iii. 77‐95.

Tennemann, i. 67, ii. 12.

_Termini technici_, iii. 312.

Tersteegen, i. 496.

Tertullian, ii. 368, iii. 305, 439.

Thales, i. 33.

Theodicy, iii. 394, 404.

Theon of Smyrna, iii. 313.

Thilo, iii. 158.

Thing in itself, as opposed to phenomenon, i. 40, 44, 128, 142 145, 157, 166, ii. 31, 168, 169, 402, 403, iii. 292; how knowledge of it can be attained, i. 41, 128, ii. 31, 174, 175, 404, 405; in what sense it is the _will_, i. 142, ii. 407; why our knowledge of it is not exhaustive, i. 157, ii. 406, iii. 9, 24, 25, 27, 286 _seq._; in history of philosophy, i. 220, ii. 30, 117, 174, 185, 380, 390, iii. 45.

Tholuk, iii. 432.

Thorwaldsen, iii. 195.

Thracians, iii. 398.

Tiedemann, ii. 470.

Tien, ii. 97.

Time, nature of, i. 9, 44, ii. 205, iii. 12; ideality of, ii. 201, 204; _prædicabilia a priori_ of, 121 _seq._ (Cf. _Space_).

_Times_, the, i. 178 n., ii. 459, iii. 304, 450.

Tourtual, ii. 187.

Tragedy, i., 326‐330, iii. 212‐216. 454.

Transcendent, ii. 387.

Transcendental knowledge, i. 224; philosophy, ii. 11.

Travelling, æsthetic effect of, iii. 131.

Trent, decrees of Council of, iii. 441.

Treviranus, ii. 470, iii. 35.

Truth, definition, i. 30, ii. 308; foundation of, i. 100‐103; difference between conceivability and truth, ii. 278; relation to proof, i. 83, 84; power of, i. 45, 179.

Understanding, function of, i. 13, 14; identity of nature at different grades, i. 26, 28, 29; why sensibility is everywhere accompanied by, i. 30, 31, 228; misuse of word, ii. 241; defects and advantages of knowledge of, ii. 253; keenness of, i. 27, 245.

Ungewitter, iii. 304.

Universal, two kinds of, i. 301‐303, iii. 124, 125; knowledge of, ii. 335, 336; universal truths, ii. 308.

Upham, iii. 282.

Utopias, i. 451, iii. 331.

Valentinians, iii. 305, 438.

Vaninus, Jul. Cæsar, iii. 32, 106.

Vauvenarque, ii. 251.

Vedas, 9, 21, 114, 234, 266, 364 n., 458, 501, ii. 108 n., 362, iii. 303, 307, 426, 427, 433, 467.

Velocity, ii. 226, 227.

Virgil, i. 293, 295.

Virtue, source of genuine, i. 475, 477, ii. 149, 252; cannot be taught, i. 475, ii. 149; relation to happiness, i. 466, iii. 420; distinguished from reasonableness, ii. 134; transition to asceticism, iii. 424, 425.

Voltaire, i. 327, 329, ii. 157, 277, 428, 469, iii. 178, 252, 368, 395. 398, 404.

Vyaso, iii. 282.

Weeping, i. 486‐488, iii. 406.

Weighing, two ways of, ii. 227.

Whewell, ii. 323.

Wieland, i. 246, ii. 427, iii. 200.

Will, subject of, iii. 126; identity of subject of will and knowledge, 132; as the thing in itself, i. 142, ii. 407; contrast between will and its phenomenal appearance, i. 145, 166, 213‐215, iii. 69‐71; objectification of, i. 130, 166‐168, ii. 468; assertion of, i. 421‐427, iii. 376‐381; denial of, i. 488‐514, iii. 420‐459.

Windischmann, iii. 307, 425 n.

Winkelmann, i. 289, 290, 292, 295, 309, 318, ii. 153.

Winkelried, Arnold von, ii. 134.

_Wirklichkeit_, i. 10.

Wit, i. 77, ii. 268, 277.

Wolf, i. 111, ii. 70 n., 90, 97, 102, 127, 225, 479, iii. 85.

Wordsworth, ii. 427.

Wrong, conception of, i. 431‐437.

Xenophanes, ii. 220, iii. 8.

Xenophon, i. 288.

Yama, iii. 258.

Yang, i. 187.

Yin, i. 187.

Y‐King, i. 188, 343.

Youth, i. 324, iii. 304.

Yunghahn, iii. 112.

Zaccaria, Abbé, iii. 441.

Zend Avesta, 111. 391, 446.

Zeno, i. 117 118.

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA IN VOL. I.

Page xxxii. _insert_

Preface to the Third Edition.

What is true and genuine would more easily gain room in the world if it were not that those who are incapable of producing it are also sworn to prevent it from succeeding. This fact has already hindered and retarded, when indeed it has not choked, many a work that should have been of benefit to the world. For me the consequence of this has been, that although I was only thirty years old when the first edition of this work appeared, I live to see this third edition not earlier than my seventy‐ second year. Yet for this I find comfort in the words of Petrarch: _Si quis tota die currens, pervenit ad vesperam satis est_ (_de vera Sapientia_, p. 140). If I also have at last arrived, and have the satisfaction at the end of my course of seeing the beginning of my influence, it is with the hope that, according to an old rule it will endure long in proportion to the lateness of its beginning.

In this third edition the reader will miss nothing that was contained in the second, but will receive considerably more, for, on account of the additions that have been made in it, it has, with the same type, 136 pages more than the second.

Seven years after the appearance of the second edition I published two volumes of “Parerga and Paralipomena.” What is included under the latter name consists of additions to the systematic exposition of my philosophy, and would have found its right place in these volumes, but I was obliged to find a place for it then where I could, as it was very doubtful whether I would live to see this third edition. It will be found in the second volume of the said “Parerga,” and will be easily recognised from the headings of the chapters.

FRANKFORT‐ON‐THE‐MAINE, _September 1859_.

Page xiv. line 9, _for_ “pancorum” _read_ “paucorum.” " xix. " 17, _for_ “alchemists” _read_ “adepts.” " xx. " 10, _after_ “there” _insert_ “unanimous.” " xxi. " 3, _for_ “will appeal to any thinking mind no matter when it comprehends it” _read_ “will also some time be comprehended by another thinking mind.” " xxii. last line, _after_ “not” _insert_ “in this case.” " xxiii. line 26, _for_ “conceptions” _read_ “conception.” " " " 32, _for_ “origin” _read_ “stem.” " xxiv. " 20, _for_ “a chromatic” _read_ “an achromatic.” " 6, line 15, _for_ “universality” _read_ “common or reciprocal nature.” " 21, " 31, _for_ “Σιδωλ” _read_ “Ειδωλ.” " 31, " 7, _for_ “micrometre” _read_ “micrometer.” " 41, " 11, _for_ “θαυμαξειν” _read_ “θαυμαζειν.” " 45, " 22, _after_ “its” _insert_ “iron.” " 45, " 23, _for_ “extend to” _read_ “quench.” " 48, " 31, _for_ “λογιμον” _read_ “λογικον.” " 49, " 22, _after_ “to” _insert_ “abstract”. " 50, " 14, _after_ “function” _insert_ “the construction of the concept.” " 62, " 26, _for_ “Kallisthenes” _read_ “Callisthenes.” " 75, " 1, _for_ “fictum” _read_ “fictam.” " 91, " 18, _for_ “latter” _read_ “former.” " 93, lines 8 and 33, _for_ “νουμενον” _read_ “νοουμενον.” " 99, line 17, _for_ “42” _read_ “32.” " 114, " 7, _for_ “ευδαι μονειν” _read_ “ενδαιμονειν.” " 116 note, _for_ “εφαρμοεξειν” _read_ “εφαρμοζειν.” " 117, line, 30, _for_ “ψνχης” _read_ “ψυχης.” " 118, lines 10, 12, _for_ “Kleanthes” _read_ “Cleanthes.” " 119, line 7, _for_ “philospher” _read_ “philosopher.” " 141, " 18, _for_ “Σστιν” _read_ “Εστιν.” " 146, " 23, _for_ “became” _read_ “become.” " 157, line 4, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 166, " 3, _insert_ § 25. " 169, " 5, _for_ “Laertes” _read_ “Laertius.” " 172, " 32, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 182, " 8, _for_ “quidities” _read_ “quiddities.” " 184, " 30, _for_ “this” _read_ “thus.” " 205, " 35, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 220, " 32, _for_ “ειδη” _read_ “ειδη.” " 222, " 24, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 223, lines 4 and 33, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 224, line 8, _for_ “casuality” _read_ “causality.” " 230, " 19, _for_ “Apollo of Belvedere” _read_ “Apollo Belvedere.” " 231, last line, _for_ “Meus” _read_ “Mens.”

Page 247, line 17, _for_ “Great wits to madness sure are near allied” _read_ “Great wits are sure to madness near allied.” The lines are not from Pope, as Schopenhauer says, but from Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel,” Pt. i., l. 163. " 251, " 15, _for_ “appear” _read_ “appears.” " 258, " 18, _for_ “Ahrimines” _read_ “Ahriman.” " 276, lines 9 and 11, _for_ “casuality” and “casual” _read_ “causality” and “causal;” line 23, _for_ “Timaus” _read_ “Timæus.” " 382, line 32, _for_ “as” _read_ “but.” " 396, " 5, _for_ “αναγκη” _read_ “αναγκῃ.” " 423, " 35, _for_ “principiu mindividuationis” _read_ “principium individuationis.” " 425, " 7, _no comma after_ “βασιλειαν.” " 429, " 25, _after_ “chapter” _insert_ “of his.” " 445, last line, _for_ “ζην” _read_ “ζῃν.” " 453, lines 4 and 5, _for_ “παρ” _read_ “πας.” " 455, line 10, _for_ “prineipium” _read_ “principium.” " 463, " 27, _for_ “ever” _read_ “every.” " 467, " 5, _for_ “πρως” _read_ “προς.” " 496, " 25, _for_ “Wiedergeborennen” _read_ “Wiedergeborenen.” " 520, " 9, _for_ “though this is hard to find out” _read_ “which is certainly hard to explain.” " 531, " 16, _for_ “wish to fruition” _read_ “desire to aversion.”

FOOTNOTES

1 This chapter is connected with the last half of § 27 of the first volume.

2 _De Augm. Scient._, L. vi. c. 3.

3 This chapter is connected with § 23 of the first volume.

4 This chapter and the following one are connected with § 28 of the first volume.

5 Let me here remark in passing that, judging from the German literature since Kant, one would necessarily believe that Hume’s whole wisdom had consisted in his obviously false scepticism with regard to the law of causality, for this alone is everywhere referred to. In order to know Hume one must read his “Natural History of Religion” and his “Dialogues on Natural Religion.” There one sees him in his greatness, and these, together with Essay 21 “Of National Characters,” are the writings on account of which—I know of nothing that says more for his fame—even to the present day, he is everywhere hated by the English clergy.

6 This chapter is connected with § 29 of the first volume.

7 In the _Siècle_, 10th April 1859, there appears, very beautifully written, the story of a squirrel that was magically drawn by a serpent into its very jaws: “Un voyageur qui vient de parcourir plusieurs provinces de l’ile de Java cite un exemple remarqueable du pouvoir facinateur des serpens. Le voyageur dont il est question commençait à gravir Junjind, un des monts appelés par les Hollandais Pepergebergte. Après avoir pénétré dans une épaisse forêt, il aperçut sur les branches d’un kijatile un écureuil de Java à tête blanche, folâtrant avec la grâce et l’agilité qui distinguent cette charmante espèce de rongeurs. Un nid sphérique, formé de brins flexible et de mousse, placé dans les parties les plus élevées de l’arbre, a l’enfourchure de deux branches, et une cavité dans le tronc, semblaient les points de mire de ses jeux. A peine s’en était‐il éloigné qu’il y revenait avec une ardeur extrême. On était dans le mois de Juillet, et probablement l’écureuil avait en haut ses petits, et dans le bas le magasin à fruits. Bientôt il fut comme saisi d’effroi, ces mouvemens devinrent désordonnés, on eut dit qu’il cherchait toujours à mettre un obstacle entre lui et certaines

## parties de l’arbre: puis il se tapit et resta immobile entre deux

branches. Le voyageur eut le sentiment d’un danger pour l’innocente bête, mais il ne pouvait deviner lequel. Il approcha, et un examen attentif lui fit découvrir dans un creux du tronc une couleuvre lieu, dardant ses yeux fixes dans la direction de l’écureuil. Notre voyageur trembla pour le pauvre écureuil. La couleuvre était si attentive à sa proie qu’elle ne semblait nullement remarquer la présence d’un homme. Notre voyageur, qui était armé, aurait donc prevenir en aide à l’infortuné rongeur en tuant le serpent. Mais la science l’emporta sur la pitié, et il voulut voir quelle issue aurait le drame. Le dénoûment fut tragique. L’écureuil ne tarda point à pousser un cri plaintif qui, pour tous ceux qui le connaissent, dénote le voisinage d’un serpent. Il avança un peu, essaya de reculer, revint encore en avant, tâche de retourner en arrière. Mais s’approcha toujours plus du reptile. La couleuvre, roulée en spirale, la tête au dessus des anneaux, et immobile comme un morceau de bois, ne le quittait pas du regard. L’écureuil, de branche en branche, et descendant toujours plus bas, arriva jusqu’à la partie nue du tronc. Alors le pauvre animal ne tenta même plus de fuir le danger. Attiré par une puissance invincible, et comme poussé par le vertige, il se précipita dans la gueule du serpent, qui s’ouvrit tout à coup démesurément pour le recevoir. Autant la couleuvre avait été inerte jusque là autant elle devint active dès qu’elle fut en possession de sa proie. Déroulant ses anneaux et prenant sa course de bas en haut avec une agilité inconcevable, sa reptation la porta en un clin d’œil au sommet de l’arbre, où elle alla sans doute digérer et dormir.”

In this example we see what spirit animates nature, for it reveals itself in it, and how very true is the saying of Aristotle quoted above (p. 106). This story is not only important with regard to fascination, but also as an argument for pessimism. That an animal is surprised and attacked by another is bad; still we can console ourselves for that; but that such a poor innocent squirrel sitting beside its nest with its young is compelled, step by step, reluctantly, battling with itself and lamenting, to approach the wide, open jaws of the serpent and consciously throw itself into them is revolting and atrocious. What monstrous kind of nature is this to which we belong!

8 “_Augustini de civit. Dei_,” L. xi. c. 27, deserves to be compared as an interesting commentary on what is said here.

9 This chapter is connected with §§ 30‐32 of the first volume.

10 This chapter is connected with §§ 33‐34 of the first volume.

11 This chapter is connected with § 36 of the first volume.

12 There is nothing else in the world but the vulgar.

13 In Medwin’s “Conversations of Lord Byron,” p. 333.

14 This chapter is connected with the second half of § 36 of the first volume.

15 _Rgya Tcher Rol Pa, Hist. de Bouddha Chakya Mouni, trad. du Tibétain_, p. _Foucaux_, 1848, p. 91 et 99.

16 In German inferiors are sometimes addressed as _Er_ instead of _Sie_.—_Trs._

17 This chapter is connected with § 38 of the first volume.

18 This chapter is connected with § 49 of the first volume.

19 This chapter is connected with § 43 of the first volume.

20 This chapter is connected with §§ 44‐50 of the first volume.

21 This chapter is connected with § 51 of the first volume.

22 Lichtenberg (“_Vermischte Schriften_,” new edition, Göttingen, 1884, vol. iii. p. 19) quotes Stanislaus Leszczynski as having said, “_La modestie devroit être la vertu de ceux, a qui les autres manquent_.”

23 This chapter is connected with § 51 of the first volume.

24 Let me remark in passing that from this opposition of ποιησις and ἱστορια the origin, and also the peculiar significance, of the first word comes out with more than ordinary distinctness; it signifies that which is made, invented, in opposition to what is discovered.

25 This chapter is connected with § 52 of the first volume.

26 It would be a false objection that sculpture and painting are also merely in space; for their works are connected, not directly, but yet indirectly, with time, for they represent life, movement,

## action. And it would be just as false to say that poetry, as speech,

belongs to time alone: this is also true only indirectly of the words; its matter is all existent, thus spatial.

27 This chapter is connected with § 54 of the first volume.

28 _In gladiatoriis pugnis timidos et supplices, et, ut vivere liceat, obsecrantes etiam odisse solemus; fortes et animosos, et se acriter ipsos morti offerentes servare cupimus_ (_Cic. pro Milone_, c. 34).

29 The suspension of the _animal_ functions is sleep, that of the _organic_ functions is death.

30 There is only _one present_, and this is always: for it is the sole form of actual existence. One must attain to the insight that the _past_ is not _in itself_ different from the present, but only in our apprehension, which has time as its form, on account of which alone the present exhibits itself as different from the past. To assist this insight, imagine all the events and scenes of human life, bad and good, fortunate and unfortunate, pleasing and terrible, as they successively present themselves in the course of time and difference of places, in the most checkered multifariousness and variety, as _at once and together_, and always present in the _Nunc stans_, while it is only apparently that now this and now that is; then what the objectification of the will to live really means will be understood. Our pleasure also in _genre_ painting depends principally upon the fact that it fixes the fleeting scenes of life. The dogma of metempsychosis has proceeded from the feeling of the truth which has just been expressed.

31 This posthumous essay is to be found in the “Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul” by the late David Hume, Basil, 1799, sold by James Decker. By this reprint at Bâle these two works of one of the greatest thinkers and writers of England were rescued from destruction, when in their own land, in consequence of the stupid and utterly contemptible bigotry which prevailed, they had been suppressed through the influence of a powerful and insolent priesthood, to the lasting shame of England. They are entirely passionless, coldly rational investigations of the two subjects named.

32 Death says: Thou art the product of an act which should not have been; therefore to expiate it thou must die.

33 _Sancara, s. de theologumenis Vedanticorum_, ed. F. H. H. Windischmann, p. 37; “_Oupnekhat_,” vol. i. p. 387 _et_ p. 78; Colebrooke’s “Miscellaneous Essays,” vol. i. p. 363.

34 The etymology of the word Nirvana is variously given. According to Colebrooke (“Transact. of the Royal Asiat. Soc.,” vol. i. p. 566) it comes from _va_, “to blow,” like the wind, and the prefixed negative _nir_, and thus signifies a calm, but as an adjective “extinguished.” Obry, also, _Du Nirvana Indien_, p. 3, says: “_Nirvanam en sanscrit signifie à la lettre extinction, telle que celle d’un feu_.” According to the “Asiatic Journal,” vol. xxiv. p. 735, the word is really Neravana, from _nera_, “without,” and _vana_, “life,” and the meaning would be _annihilatio_. In “Eastern Monachism,” by Spence Hardy, p. 295, Nirvana is derived from _vana_, “sinful desires,” with the negative _nir_. J. J. Schmidt, in his translation of the history of the Eastern Mongolians, says that the Sanscrit word Nirvana is translated into Mongolian by a phrase which signifies “departed from misery,” “escaped from misery.” According to the learned lectures of the same in the St. Petersburg Academy, Nirvana is the opposite of Sanfara, which is the world of constant re‐birth, of longings and desires, of illusion of the senses and changing forms, of being born, growing old, becoming sick, and dying. In the Burmese language the word Nirvana, according to the analogy of other Sanscrit words, becomes transformed into Nieban, and is translated by “complete vanishing.” See Sangermano’s “Description of the Burmese Empire,” translated by Tandy, Rome, 1833, § 27. In the first edition of 1819 I also wrote Nieban, because we then knew Buddhism only from meagre accounts of the Burmese.

35 “_Disputatio de corporum habitudine, animæ, hujusque virium indice._” _Harderov._, 1789, § 9.

36 Lichtenberg says in his miscellaneous writings (Göttingen, 1801, vol. ii. p. 447): “In England it was proposed to castrate thieves. The proposal is not bad: the punishment is very severe; it makes persons contemptible, and yet leaves them still fit for trades; and if stealing is hereditary, in this way it is not propagated. Moreover, the courage ceases, and since the sexual passion so frequently leads to thefts, this cause would also disappear. The remark that women would so much the more eagerly restrain their husbands from stealing is roguish, for as things are at present they risk losing them altogether.”

37 I have not ventured to express myself distinctly here: the courteous reader must therefore translate the phrase into Aristophanic language.

38 The fuller discussion of this subject will be found in the “Parerga,” vol. ii. § 92 of the first edition (second edition, pp. 167‐170).

39 [The appendix to this chapter was added only in the third edition of the German, and is meant to explain, in consistency with Schopenhauer’s general principles, the wide prevalence of the practice of pederasty, among different nations and in different ages. It is omitted.—_Trs._]

40 This chapter is connected with § 60 of the first volume.

41 This chapter is connected with §§ 56‐59 of the first volume. Also chapters 11 and 12 of the second volume of the “Parerga and Paralipomena” should be compared with it.

42 All that we lay hold of resists us because it has its own will, which must be overcome.

43 This chapter is connected with §§ 55, 62, 67 of the first volume.

44 This chapter is connected with § 68 of the first volume.