Chapter XXXIV
) investigated:
yen Crops 451.66 Wages earned 61.33 Horses 20.09 Poultry and eggs .96 Pigs .85 Manure (animal, 35 _kwan_; human, 14 _koku_) 24.50 Other income 29.64 ------ 589.03 yen Cultivation, etc. 206.32 Cost of living 303.33 ------ 509.65 ------ Profit 79.38 ======
The returns of capital yielded the following averages:
yen Tenant right in respect of 5-16 _chō_ 750.82 Buildings (32.2 _tsubo_) 195.95 Clothing 162.82 Horse (average 1.23) 108.48 Furniture 58.47 Implements 51.23 Poultry (average 2.58) 1.15 Pigs (average .12) .87 -------- Total 1,329.79 ========
VALUE OF NEW PADDY [XIV]. More delicious rice could be got, I was told, from well-fertilised barren land than from naturally fertile land. The first year the new paddy yielded per _tan_ an average of 1.2 _koku_, the second 1.6, the third 2, and this fourth year the yield would have been 2.3 had it not been for damage by storm.
AREAS AND CROPS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF RICE [XV]. In 1919 there was grown of paddy rice 2,984,750 _chō_ (2,729,639 ordinary, 255,111 glutinous) and of upland rice 141,365 _chō_. Total, 3,126,115 _chō_. The yield (husked, uncleaned) was of paddy 61,343,403 _koku_ (ordinary, 56,438,005; glutinous, 4,905,398); of upland, 1,839,312. Total, 63,182,715 _koku_; value, 2,352,145,519 yen.
In 1877 the area is reputed to have been 1,940,000 _chō_ with a yield of 24,450,000 _koku_ and in 1882 2,580,000 _chō_ with a yield of 30,692,000 _koku_. The average of the five years 1910-14 was 3,033,000 _chō_ with a yield of 57,006,000 _koku_; of the five years 1915-19, 3,081,867 _chō_ with a yield of 94,817,431 _koku_.
In a prefecture in south-western Japan I found that 2 _koku_ 5 _to_ (or 2-1/2 _koku_, there being 10 _to_ in a _koku_) per _tan_ was common and that from 3 _koku_ to 3 _koku_ 5 _to_ was reached. "A good yield for 1 _tan_," says an eminent authority, "is 3 _koku_, or on the best fields even 4 _koku_." The average yield in _koku_ per _tan_ for the whole country has been (paddy-field rice only): 1882, 1.19; 1894-8, 1.38; 1899-1903, 1.44; 1904-8, 1.57; 1909-13, 1.63; 1914-18, 1.86; 1919, 1.99; 1920, 2.05 (ordinary, 2.06; glutinous, 1.92). Upland rice in 1920, 1.30 as against 1.02 in 1909. All these figures are for husked, uncleaned rice.
BARLEY AND WHEAT CROPS [XVI]. The following table (average of five years, 1913-17) shows the yields per _tan_ of the two sorts of barley and of wheat and the average yield all three together in comparison with the rice yield (all quantities husked):
_go_ _go_ Barley 1,672 | All three together 1,307 Naked barley 1,172 | Rice 1,808 Wheat 1,073 |
Naked barley is grown as an upland crop, as are ordinary barley and wheat; but it is more largely grown as a second crop in paddies than either barley or wheat. The barleys are chiefly used for human food with or without rice. Wheat is eaten in macaroni, sweetstuffs and bread. It is also used in considerable quantities in the manufacture of soy, the chief ingredient of which is beans. There was imported in the year 1920 wheat to the value of 28-1/2 million yen, and flour to the value of 3-1/4 million yen. Macaroni is largely made of buckwheat as well as of wheat. The other grain crop is millet, which is eaten by the poorest farmers. In 1918, as against 60 million _koku_ of rice, there were grown 5 million _koku_ of beans and peas. The crops of barley were 17 million, of wheat 6 million, of millet 3-1/4 million, and of buckwheat 3/4 million. More than a million _kwan_ of sweet potatoes were produced and nearly half a million of "Irish" potatoes. (The figures for barley and wheat are for 1919.)
COST AND PRICE OF RICE [XVII]. The annual figures (from Aichi) for the years 1894 to 1915 (page 384) show the cost of producing a _tan_ of rice, that is the summer crop. The amounts per _tan_ are calculated on the basis of the expenses of a tenant who is cropping 8 _tan_. The totals for the winter crop are also given. The figures which appear on the opposite page were described to me by the farmer concerned as "compiled on the basis of investigations by the chairman of the village agricultural association and by its managers and still further proved and quite trustworthy." It will be seen that the value of the winter crop is low; a secondary employment is usually a better thing for the farmer. In one or two places there is a sen or so difference in the additions which may have been made by the transcriber from the Japanese original. The difference in amounts of rent is due to difference in fields rented and also to reduction allowed owing to bad crops. The difference in the income from crops is usually due to destruction by hail or wind.
COST AND PRICE OF RICE (see page 383)
|Year | |Yield in | |_koku_ | | |Reserved for Rent | | |and Seeds (_koku_) | | | |Market Price per | | | |_koku_ (yen) | | | | |Gross Income including | | | | |Straw and Chaff, | | | | |not usually sold (yen) | | | | | |Manures (yen) | | | | | | |Taxes and Amortisation | | | | | | |of Implements (sen) | | | | | | | |Total Outlay (yen) | | | | | | | | |Net Income from Summer | | | | | | | | |Crop of Rice (yen) | | | | | | | | | |Days of Labour on | | | | | | | | | |Summer Crop of Rice | | | | | | | | | | |Net Income from | | | | | | | | | | |Winter Crop (?Barley) | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Net | | | | | | | | | | | |Income from | | | | | | | | | | | |both Crops. |------|------|------|-------|-------|-----|----|------|-------|------|-------|-------| | 1894 | 2.23 | 1.05 | 7.66 | 9.81 | 2 | 21 | 2.21 | 7.60 | 2.5 | 2.51 | 10.11 | | 1895 | 2.13 | 1.05 | 8.09 | 8.71 | 2 | 21 | 2.26 | 6.45 | 21.5 | 2.48 | 8.92 | | 1896 | 1.53 | .80 | 8.67 | 6.89 | 2.4 | 22 | 2.58 | 4.31 | 21.5 | 3.38 | 7.69 | | 1897 | 1.88 | 1.05 | 11.53 | 10.63 | 2.9 | 23 | 3.13 | 7.50 | 21.5 | 5.22 | 12.72 | | 1898 | 2.39 | 1.05 | 14.62 | 21.13 | 3.2 | 25 | 3.40 | 17.73 | 21.5 | 5.50 | 23.23 | | 1899 | 1.75 | .88 | 12.05 | 11.48 | 3.8 | 30 | 4.11 | 7.37 | 21 | 2.22 | 9.99 | | 1900 | 2.14 | 1.05 | 11.11 | 13.24 | 4.1 | 31 | 4.40 | 8.84 | 21 | 4.22 | 13.06 | | 1901 | 2.10 | 1.05 | 10.53 | 12.06 | 4 | 32 | 4.35 | 7.71 | 21 | 3.87 | 11.58 | | 1902 | 1.86 | .99 | 12.99 | 12.40 | 3.1 | 38 | 3.51 | 8.89 | 21 | 4.11 | 13 | | 1903 | 2.06 | 1.04 | 12.50 | 13.85 | 3.4 | 49 | 3.79 | 10.05 | 21 | 6 | 16.85 | | 1904 | 2.24 | 1.03 | 12.20 | 16 | 2.6 | 53 | 3.11 | 9.89 | 21 | 6.06 | 15.95 | | 1905 | 1.77 | .99 | 13.42 | 11.60 | 2.1 | 46 | 2.55 | 9.05 | 21 | 6.67 | 15.71 | | 1906 | 1.96 | 1.05 | 15.15 | 15 09 | 4 | 56 | 4.61 | 10.49 | 21 | 5.79 | 16.27 | | 1907 | 1.98 | 1.14 | 16.39 | 16.69 | 4.4 | 42 | 4.83 | 11.84 | 21 | 8.60 | 20.43 | | 1908 | 2.21 | 1.14 | 14.29 | 16.80 | 5.1 | 42 | 5.54 | 11.26 | 21 | 10.79 | 22.05 | | 1909 | 2.27 | 1.14 | 11.63 | 14.39 | 3.7 | 99 | 4.64 | 9.75 | 21 | 11.49 | 21.24 | | 1910 | 2.02 | 1.14 | 14.09 | 13.37 | 4.5 | 80 | 5.27 | 8.51 | 21 | 12.41 | 20.91 | | 1911 | 2.22 | 1.14 | 16.67 | 19.72 | 4.4 | 78 | 5.13 | 14.59 | 21 | 13.49 | 28.08 | | 1912 | 2.02 | .90 | 21.74 | 26.48 | 5.9 | 75 | 6.60 | 19.88 | 21.5 | 3.73 | 23.6 | | 1913 | 2.31 | 1.14 | 20.83 | 24.67 | 6.5 | 79 | 7.30 | 17.37 | 21.5 | 12.62 | 30 | | 1914 | 2.48 | 1.14 | 12.50 | 18.29 | 5.8 | 78 | 6.53 | 11.75 | 21.5 | 11.54 | 23.30 | | 1915 | 2.36 | 1.20 | 11.77 | 14.91 | 5.8 | 82 | 6.67 | 8.24 | 21.5 | 9.67 | 18.91 |
This table may be supplemented by the following prices for (unpolished) rice in Tokyo: 1916, 13 yen 76 sen; 1917, 19 yen 84 sen; 1918, 32 yen 75 sen; 1919, 45 yen 99 sen.
In the spring of 1921 the League for the Prevention of Sales of Rice at a Sacrifice proposed that rice should not be sold under 35 yen per _koku_. The price passed the figure of 35 yen in July 1918. At the time the League's proposals were made the Ministry of Agriculture was quoted as stating that the cost of producing rice "is now 40 yen per _koku_." The accuracy of the figures on which the Ministry's estimates are made is frequently called in question.
CULTIVATED AREA IN JAPAN AND GREAT BRITAIN [XVIII]. In 1919 there were in Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) 15,808,000 acres of arable, 15,910,000 of pasture and 13,647,000 of grazing, or a total of 45,365,000 acres out of a total area of 56,990,000 acres. In Japan there were 15,044,202 acres of paddy and of cultivated upland, 46,958,000 acres of forest and 8,773,000 acres of waste; total 70,775,000, out of 90,880,000 acres. The area of the United Kingdom without Ireland is 56,990,080 acres; that of Japan Proper, 75,988,378 acres. The population of the United Kingdom without Ireland (in 1911) was 41,126,000, and of Japan Proper (in 1911) 51,435,000. (See also Appendix XXX.)
HUMAN LABOUR _v_. CATTLE POWER [XIX]. The Department of Agriculture stated in 1921 that "from 200 to 300, sometimes more than 500 days' labour [of one man] are required to grow a _chō_ of rice." The area of paddy which is ploughed by horse or cattle power was 61.89 per cent. The area of upland so cultivated was only 38.97 per cent. The "average year's work of the ordinary adult farmer" was put at 200 days. The Department estimated an average man's day's work (10 hours) as follows:
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Nature of Work | Tools used |Output by one | | Man per Day --------------------------------------------------------------------- | |hectare Tillage of paddy |_Kuwa_ (mattock) | 0.06 " " " |_Fumi-guwa_ (heavy spade) | 0.1-0.15 Transplanting rice |Hand work | 0.07-0.1 Weeding |Sickle and weeding tools | 0.1 Cutting the rice crop |Sickle | 0.1-0.15 Mowing grass |Sickle (long handle) | 0.5 " " |Scythe | 0.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
But I have never seen a scythe in use in Japan!
MANURE [XX]. The value of the manure used in Japan in a year has been estimated at about 220 million yen, but for the three years ending 1916 it averaged 241 millions, as follows:
Produced or obtained by the Farmer | Purchased yen | yen Compost 63,500,000 | Bean cake 32,000,000 Human waste 54,000,000 | Mixed 17,000,000 Green manure 9,600,000 | Miscellaneous 16,000,000 Rice chaff 5,000,000 | Sulphate of ammonia 15,000,000 | Superphosphate 12,000,000 | Fish waste 12,000,000
Dr. Sato puts the artificial manure used per _tan_ at a sixth of that of Belgium and a quarter of that of Great Britain and Germany. See also Appendix IV. An agricultural expert once said to me, "Japanese farmer he keep five head of stock, his own family."
SOWING OF RICE [XXI]. A common seeding time is the eighty-eighth day of the year according to the old calendar, say May 1 or 2. Transplanting is very usual at the end of May or early in June. In Kagawa, Shikoku, I found that rice was sown at the beginning of May or even at the end of April, the transplanting being done in mid-June. The harvest was obtained 10 per cent. about September 10th, 30 per cent. in October and 60 per cent. about the beginning of November. The winter crop of naked barley was sown in the first quarter of December and was harvested late in May or early in June, so there was just time for the rice planting in mid-June.
In Kochi the first crop is sown about March 15, the seedlings are put out in mid-May and the harvest is ready about August 10. The second crop, which has been sown in June, is ready with its seedlings from August 13 to August 15, and the harvest arrives about November 1 and 2. The first crop may yield about 3 _koku_, the second 1-1/2 _koku_.
A good deal depends in raising a big crop on a good seed bed. This is got by reducing the quantity of seed used and by applying manure wisely. Whereas formerly as much as from 5 to 7 _go_ of seed was sown per _tsubo_, the biggest crops are now got from 1 _go_.
The Japanese names of the most widely grown varieties are Shinriki, Aikoku, Omachi, Chikusei and Sekitori. At an experiment station I copied the names of the varieties on exhibition there: Banzai, Patriotism, Japanese Embroidery, Good-looking, Early Power of God, Bamboo, Small Embroidery, Power of God, Mutual Virtue, Yellow Bamboo, Late White, Power of God (glutinous), Silver Rice Cake and Eternal Rice Field.
There are several thousand _chō_ in the vicinity of Tokyo where, owing to the low temperature of the marshy soil, the seed is sown direct in the paddies, not broadcast but at regular intervals and in thrice or four times the normal quantities.
RATE OF PLANTING [XXII]. I have been told that an adult who has the seedlings brought to his or her hand can stick in a thousand an hour. The early varieties may be set in clumps of seven or eight plants; middle-growth sorts may contain from five to six; the latest kind may include only three or four. The number of clumps planted may be 42 per _tsubo_, which, as a _tsubo_ is nearly four square yards, is about ten per square yard. The clumps are put in their places by being pushed into the mud. A straight line is kept by means of a rope. The success of the crop depends in no small degree on skilful planting.
HOW MUCH RICE DOES A JAPANESE EAT? [XXIII]. The daily consumption of rice per head, counting young and old, is nearly 3 _go_. (A _go_ is roughly a third of a pint.) A sturdy labourer will consume at least 5 _go_ in a day, and sometimes 7 or even 10 _go_. The allowance for soldiers is 6 _go_. These quantities represent the rice uncooked. In recent years more and more rice has been eaten by those who formerly ate barley or mainly barley. And some who once ate a good deal of millet and _hiye_ are now eating a certain amount of rice. The average annual consumption per head of the Japanese population (Korea and Formosa excluded from the calculation) was: 1888-93, 948 _go_; 1908-13, 1,037 _go_; 1913-18, 1,050 _go_. The averages of 25 years (1888-1912) were: production, 42,756,584 _koku_; consumption, 44,410,725 _koku_; deficit, 1,984,970 _koku_; population, 45,140,094; per head, 0.980 _koku_. In 1921 the Department of Agriculture, estimating a population of 55,960,000 (see Appendix XXX) and an annual consumption per head of 1.1 _koku_ per year, put the national consumption for a year at about 61,550,000 _koku_. See also Appendix XXVI.
IMPORTED AND EXPORTED RICE [XXIV]. "Good rice" is imported from Korea and Formosa. The objection is to "Rangoon" rice. But most of the imported rice does not come from Rangoon but from Saigon. The figures for 1919 were in yen: China, 283,011; British India, 1,012,979; Kwantung, 15,053,977; Siam, 29,367,430; French Indo-China, 116,313,525; other countries, 39,918; total, 162,070,840. The exports in 1919 were in yen: China, 1,354; Australia, 6,570; Asiatic Russia, 165,463; Kwantung, 213,633; British America, 356,600; United States, 476,756; Hawaii, 3,046,598; other countries, 60,707--all obviously in the main for Japanese consumption. The total imports and exports were in _koku_ and yen over a period of years:
-------------------------------------------------------- | Imports | Exports | Year |-----------------------|-----------|-----------| | _Koku_ |Value (yen)| _Koku_ |Value (yen)| -------------------------------------------------------- 1909 | 1,325,243 | 13,585,817| 422,513 | 5,867,290 | 1910 | 918,627 | 8,644,439| 429,251 | 5,900,477 | 1911 | 1,719,566 | 11,721,085| 216,198 | 3,940,541 | 1912 | 2,234,437 | 30,193,481| 208,423 | 4,367,824 | 1913 | 3,637,269 | 48,472,304| 204,002 | 4,372,979 | 1914 | 2,022,644 | 24,823,933| 260,738 | 4,974,108 | 1915 | 457,606 | 4,886,125| 662,629 | 9,676,969 | 1916 | 309,158 | 3,087,616| 686,479 |11,197,356 | 1917 | 564,376 | 6,513,373| 769,129 |14,662,546 | 1918 | 4,647,168 | 89,755,678| 264,565 | 8,321,965 | 1919 | 4,642,382 |162,070,840| 95,219 | 4,327,690 | 1920 | 471,083 | 18,059,194| 116,249 | 5,897,675 | --------------------------------------------------------
The twenty-five years' average (1888-1912) of excess of import over export was 1,339,493 _koku_. See also Appendix XXVIII.
INCREASE OF RICE YIELD AND OF POPULATION [XXV].
----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | |Percentage | | Percentage | 1882 | 1913 | of | 1918 | of | | |Increase | |Increase[*] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Population |36,700,000 |53,362,000 | 45 |66,851,000 | 55 Rice crop |30,692,000 |50,222,000 | 63 |53,893,000 | 75 (_koku_) | | | | | -----------------------------------------------------------------------
* 1882-1918. The degree to which the increase in production will be maintained is of course a matter for discussion. As far as rice is concerned, it must be borne in mind that there is an increasing consumption per head.
FARMERS' DIET [XXVI]. It is officially stated in 1921 that "the common farm diet consists of a mixture of cooked rice and barley as the principal food with vegetables and occasionally fish." The barley is what is known as naked barley. Ordinary barley is eaten in northern Japan, but two-thirds of the barley eaten elsewhere is the wheat-like naked barley, which cannot be grown in Fukushima and the north. The husking of ordinary barley is hard work. The young men do it during the night when it is cool. They keep on until cock-crow. Their songs and the sound of their mallets make a memorable impression as one passes through a village on a moonlight night. Another substitute for rice beyond millet is _hiye_ (panic grass). In the south it is regarded as a weed of the paddies, but in the north many _tan_ are planted with this heavy-yielding small grain.
TAXATION [XXVII]. Before 1906 national taxation was 2.5 per cent. of the legal price of land. In 1900 it was 3.3 per cent., in 1904 5.5 per cent., in 1911 4.7 per cent, and in 1915 4.5 per cent. But local taxation increased in greater proportion.
FLAVOUR OF RICE AND PRICE FLUCTUATIONS [XXVIII]. Japanese rice has a fatty flavour which the people of Japan like. Therefore the native rice commands a higher price in Japan than Chinese or Indian rice. With the exception of a small quantity exported to Japanese abroad, Japanese rice is consumed in Japan. The supply of it and the demand for it are exclusively a Japanese affair. Naturally, when the crop fails the price soars, and when there is a superabundant harvest the price comes down to the level of foreign rice. Here is the secret of the enormous fluctuations in the price of Japanese rice with which the authorities have so often endeavoured to cope.
The Government granary plan is the third big effort of authority to manage rice prices. The Okuma Government, under the administration of which rice went down to 14 yen per _koku_, had a Commission to raise prices. The Terauchi Ministry, at a time when prices rose, touching 55 yen, had a Commission to bring prices down.
AREA AND CLIMATE [XXIX]. Japan Proper comprises a main island, three other large islands in sight of the main island, and archipelagos--4,000 islets have been counted. The main island, Honshu, with Shikoku behind it, lies off the coast of Korea; the next largest and northernmost island, Hokkaido, off the coast of Siberia, and the remaining sizeable island and the southernmost, Kyushu, off the coast of China over against the mouth of the Yangtse. The area of this territory, that is of Japan before the acquirement of Formosa, Korea, southern Saghalien and part of Manchuria, is about 142,000 square miles in area, which is that of Great Britain in possession not of one Wales but of four, or nearly 1 per cent. of the area of Asia. But there are several million more people in Japan than there are inhabitants of Great Britain and thrice as many as there are Britons in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India. (See also Appendix XXX.) Japan, which lies between the latitudes of Cairo and the Crimea, may be said to consist of mountains, of which fifty are
## active volcanoes, with some land, either hilly or boggy, at the foot
of them. It is nowhere more than 200 miles across and in one place is only 50. A note on the ocean currents which exercise an influence on agriculture will be found on page 195. The protection afforded to the eastern prefectures by mountain ranges is obvious. Generally the summer temperature of Japan is higher and the winter temperature is lower than is recorded in Europe and America within the same latitudes.
"The mild climate and abundant rainfall," says the Department of Agriculture, "stimulate a luxuriant forest development throughout the country which in turn provides ample fountain heads for rivers. The rivers and streams run in all directions, affording opportunity for irrigation all over the country. The insular position of the country renders its humidity high and its rainfall abundant when compared with Continental countries. The rainy season prevails during the months of June and July, making this season risky for the harvest of wheat and barley; on the other hand it affords a beneficent irrigation supply to paddy-grown rice, which is the most important crop. The characteristic feature of the climate in the greater part of the islands is the frequency of storms in the months of August and September. As the flowers of the rice plant commence to bloom during the same period, these late summer storms cause much damage."
The weather in Tokyo in 1918 was as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Jan.|Feb.|Mar.|Apl.| May|June|July|Aug.|Sept.|Oct.|Nov.|Dec. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rain and | | | | | | | | | | | | snow (mm.)| 10| 65| 163| 108| 123| 149| 82| 78| 202| 135| 142| 80 Temp. (C.) | 1.6| 3.6| 6.7|11.7|16.7|20.2|26.0|26.0| 22.6|16.0|10.4|3.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
The varied climate of Japan is indicated by the following statistics for centres as far distant as Nagasaki in the extreme south-west and Sapporo in Hokkaido:
--------------------------------------------------------------------- |Nagasaki| Kyoto |Tokyo | Niigata | Aomori | Sapporo ----------------|--------|-------|------|---------|--------|--------- Days of rain or| | | | | | snow | 179 | 176 | 144 | 218 | 229 | 216 Average | | | | | | temp. (C.) | 14.9 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 9.4 | 7.3 Maximum | 36.7 | 37.2 | 36.6 | 39.1 | 36.0 | 33.4 Minimum | _5.6_ | _11.9_| _8.1_| _9.7_ | _19.0_ | _25.6_ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The italicised temperatures are below zero. Average dates of last frost: Tokyo, April 6; Nagoya, April 13; Matsumoto, May 17.
POPULATION OF JAPAN, MANCHURIA AND MONGOLIA [XXX]. The population of the Empire according to the 1920 census was 77,005,510, which included Korea, 17,284,207; Formosa, 3,654,398; Saghalien, 105,765; and South Manchuria (that is, the Kwantung Peninsula), 80,000. In Old Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu with the near islands, and Loo-choos and Bonins) there were 53,602,043, and in Hokkaido (including Kuriles) 2,359,097.
Tokyo is the largest city, 2,173,000, followed by Osaka, 1,252,000. Kobe and Kyoto have a little more than half a million; Nagoya and Yokohama four hundred thousand apiece. Ten other cities have a hundred thousand odd.
In the following table the populations and areas of Japan, Great Britain and the United States are compared:
------------------------------------------------------------------------ Country | Area | Population | Population | | | per sq. mile ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Japan (excluding Korea, Formosa | | | and Saghalien) | 142,000 | 55,961,140 | 394 | | (1920) | British Isles | 121,636 | 47,306,664[*] | 388 | | (1921) | United States (excluding Alaska | | | and oversea possessions) |3,000,000| 105,683,108 | 35 | | (1920) | ------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ireland taken at 1911 census figures.
Japan's 394 per square mile is lowered by the population of Hokkaido (2,359,097), which is only 66 per square mile. The population of the three chief Japanese islands is: Honshu, the mainland (41,806,930), 471; Shikoku (3,066,890), 423; and Kyushu (8,729,088), 511. (These figures are for 1920.) "As regards density per square kilometre," writes an official of the Imperial Bureau of Statistics in the _Japan Year-book_, with the figures antecedent to the 1920 census before him, "it is calculated at 140 for Japan and this compares as follows with Belgium (1910) 252, England and Wales (1911) 239, Holland (1909) 171, Italy (1911) 121, Germany (1910) 120 and France 44. When comparison is made on the basis of habitable area Japan may be considered to surpass all as to density, for while in Japan it constitutes only 19 per cent, of the total area, the ratio is as high as 74 for Belgium, 73 for England and Wales, 67 for Holland, 76 for Italy, 65 for Germany and 70 for France." The Professor of Agricultural Science at Tokyo University says: "The area under cultivation, even in the densely populated parts, is comparatively smaller than in any other country."
In a statement issued in 1921 the Department of Agriculture reckoned the population at 145 per square kilometre and recorded the mean rate of increase "in recent years" as 12.06 per 1,000. It stated that the density of the rural population was 44 per square kilometre or 9.42 per hectare of arable, in other words that the density "is higher than that of France, Belgium, Switzerland and some other countries where the agriculture is marked by fairly intensive methods." Mr. Nikaido, of the Bureau of Statistics, writes in the _Japan Year-book_ that the annual increase of Japan's population was 14.78 per 1,000 for 1909-13 and 12.06 for 1914-18, "a rate greater than in any civilised country, with the exception of Germany and Rumania in the pre-War years."
The birth rate is high, but so is the mortality. The death rate of minors is thrice that of Germany and Great Britain. Here the increasing industrialisation of the country is no doubt playing its part. The ratio of still births has steadily risen since the eighties. The ratio of births, other than still births, per 1,000 of population, which in 1889-93 was 28.6, increased by 1909-13 to 33.7; but the death rate fell only from 21.1 to 20.6. The ratio of unmarried, 63.22 in 1893, was 66.22 in 1918.
The following figures for Japan Proper are printed by the _Financial and Economic Annual_, issued by the Department of Finance:
--------------------------------------------------------- Year. | Total. |Annual Increase |Average Increase per | |of Population. |1,000 Inhabitants. --------------------------------------------------------- 1910 | 50,716,600 | -- | 14.09} 1911 | 51,435,400 |718,800 | 14.17} 1912 | 52,167,000 |731,600 | 14.22} 14.21 1913 | 52,911,800 |744,800 | 14.28} 1914 | 53,668,600 |756,800 | 14.30} | | | 1915 | 54,448,200 |779,600 | 14.53} 1916 | 55,235,000 |786,800 | 14.45} 1917 | 56,035,100 |800,100 | 14.49} 14.50 1918 | 56,851,300 |816,200 | 14.57} 1919 | 57,673,938 |822,638 | 14.47} 1920 | 55,961,140 | -- | -- ---------------------------------------------------------
It will be seen that for the year 1920 there was a big drop. The population of 55,961,140 for the year 1920 is the actual population as returned by the census; the figures of the preceding years are "based," it is explained to me, "on the local registrars' entries. The national census has demonstrated that the figures were larger than the actual number of inhabitants, the discrepancies being partly due to erroneous and duplicate registration and partly to the exodus of persons to the colonies or foreign countries whilst retaining their legal domiciles at home. But the table serves to show the rate of increase." A million and three-quarters is a substantial figure, however, to account for in this way. It would seem reasonable to suppose that the increased cost of living, marriage at a later age than formerly and increased mortality due directly or indirectly to the factory system have arrested the rate of increase of the population in recent years. For trustworthy figures of the Japanese population we must await the next census and compare its figures with those of the 1920 census, the first to be taken scientifically.
A considerable part of Japan is uninhabitable. Of how much of the British Isles can this be said? The fact that there are in Japan fifty more or less active volcanoes, about a thousand hot springs and two dozen mountains between 12,000 and 8,000 ft. high speaks for itself. Ben Nevis is only 4,400, Snowdon only 3,500 ft.
The population of Korea in 1920 (17,284,207) was 239 per square mile. According to _Whitaker_ for 1921 the population of Manchuria (11 millions) is 30 per square mile, and of Mongolia (3 millions) 2.8.
SMALL FARMS DECREASING [XXXI].
------------------------------------------------------ Year |Below 5 |Over 5 |Over 5 |Over 2 |Over 3 |Over 5 |_tan_ |_tan_ |_chō_ |_chō_ |_chō_ |_chō_ ------------------------------------------------------ 1908 |37.28 |32.61 |19.51 |6.44 |3.01 |1.15 1912 |37.14 |33.25 |19.61 |5.96 |2.83 |1.21 1918 |35.54 |33.30 |20.70 |6.33 |2.82 |1.31 1919 |35.36 |33.18 |20.68 |6.21 |2.83 |1.74 ----------------------------------------------------
See also Appendix XLVII.
FORESTS [XXXII]. The following figures for 1918 show, in thousand _chō_, the ownership of forests (bared tracts in brackets): Crown, 1,303 (89); State, 7,288 (392); prefectures, cities, towns and villages, 2,894 (1,383); temples and shrines, 111 (15); 7,186 (1,630); total, 18,782 (3,509). The largest yield is from sugi (cryptomeria), pine and _hinoki_ (_Charmae-cyparis obtusa_).
ARMAMENTS [XXXIII]. 1,505 million yen of the national debt is for armaments and military purposes against 923 million yen for reproductive undertakings (railways, harbours, drainage, roads, steelworks, mining, telephones, etc.), 143 million for exploitation of Formosa, Korea and Saghalien, 123 million for financial adjustment and 98 million for feudal pensions and feudal debt. Of the expenditure for 1920-1, 846 million, some 395 million were for the army and navy. During a period of 130 years the United States Government has spent nearly four-fifths of its revenue on war or objects related to war.
LANDOWNING AND FARMING [XXXIV]. Before the Restoration the farmers were the tenants of the daimyos' vassals, the samurai, or of the daimyos direct. When the daimyos gave up their lands the Crown made the farmers the owners of the land they occupied. Its legal value was assessed and the national land tax was fixed at 3 per cent, and the local tax at 1 per cent. Various adjustments have since taken place.
The Japanese Constitutional Labour Party has insisted in a communication to the International Labour Conference at Geneva that Japanese tenant farmers are not properly called farmers but that they are "labourers pure and simple." See Appendix LXXVI.
STATE RAILWAYS [XXXV]. The railways, which were nationalised in 1907, extended in 1919 to 6,000 miles. There were also nearly 2,000 miles of light railways (in addition to 1,368 of electric street cars). Most of the lines are single track. The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in. The Government has proposed gradually to electrify the whole system.
ILLEGITIMACY [XXXVI]. In Japan illegitimacy is a question not of morals but of law. That is to say, it is a question of registration. If a husband omits to register his marriage he is not legally married. Thus it is possible for there to be born to a married pair a child which is technically illegitimate. If the child should die at an early age it is equally possible for it to appear on the official records as illegitimate. A birth must be registered within a fortnight. It may be thought perhaps that it is practicable for the father to register his marriage after the birth of the child and within the time allowed for registration. It is possible but it is not always easy. An application for the registration of the marriage of a man under twenty-five must bear the signature of his parents and the signature of two persons who testify that the required consent has been regularly obtained. In the event of a man's father having "retired," the signature of the head of the family must be secured. If a man is over twenty-five, then the signatures of his parents or of any two relatives will suffice. Now suppose that a man is living at a distance from his birthplace or suppose that the head of his family is travelling. Plainly, there may be a difficulty in securing a certificate in time. Therefore, because, as has been explained, no moral obloquy attaches to unregistered marriage or to unregistered or legally illegitimate children, registration is often put off. When a man removes from one place to another and thereupon registers, it may be that his marriage and his children may be illegitimate in one place and legitimate in another. There is a difference between actual and legal domicile. A man may have his domicile in Tokyo but his citizen rights in his native village.
SAKÉ AND BEER [XXXVII]. Saké is sold in 1 or 2 _go_ bottles at from 10 to 25 sen for 2 _go_. As it is cheaper to buy the liquor unbottled most people have it brought home in the original brewery tub. There are five sorts of _saké_: _seishu_ (refined), _dakushu_ (unrefined or muddy), _shirozake_ (white _saké_), _mirin_ (sweet _saké_) and _shōchū_ (distilled _saké_). _Saké_ may contain from 10 to 14 per cent. of alcohol; _shōchū_ is stronger; _mirin_ has been described as a liqueur. Japanese beers contain from 1 to 2 per cent. less alcohol than English beers and only about a quarter of the alcohol in _saké_. More than four-fifths of it is sold in bottles. Beer is replacing _saké_ to some extent, but owing to the increase in the population of Japan the total consumption of _saké_ (about 4,000,000 _koku_) remains practically the same. In 1919 beer and _saké_ were exported to the value of 7,200,000 and 4,500,000 yen respectively.
MINERAL PRODUCTION [XXXVIII]. In 1919 the production was as follows: gold, 1,938,711 _momme_, value 9,681,494 yen; silver, 42,822,160 _momme_, value 11,131,861 yen; copper, 130,737,861 _kin_, value 67,581,475 yen; iron, steel and iron pyrites, 169,545,050 _kwan_, the value of the steel being 72,666,867 yen; coal, 31,271,093 metric tons, value 442,540,941 yen.
JAPAN AS SILK PRODUCER [XXXIX], In exportation of silk, Japan, which in 1919 had under sericulture 8.6 of her total cultivated area and 17.1 per cent, of her upland, passed Italy in 1901 and China in 1910. Her exportation is now twice that of China. In production her total is thrice that of Italy. France is a long way behind Italy. The production of China is an unknown quantity.
As to the advantages and drawbacks of Japan for sericulture the Department of Agriculture wrote in 1921: "Japan is not favourably placed, inasmuch as atmospheric changes are often very violent, and the air becomes damp in the silk-culture seasons. This is especially the case in the season of spring silkworms, for the cold is severe at the beginning and the air becomes excessively damp as the rainy season sets in. The intense heat in July and August, too, is very trying for the summer and autumn breeds. Compared with France and Italy, Japan seems to be heavily handicapped, but the abundance of mulberry leaves all over the land and the comparatively rich margin of spare labour among the farmers have proved great advantages."
The length of the sericultural season ranges from 54 days in spring to 31 or 32 days in autumn, but there are variations according to weather, methods and seed. The season begins with the incubation period. Then follows the rearing. Last is the period in which the caterpillars mount the little straw stacks provided for them in order that they may wind themselves into cocoons. I do not enter into the technics of the retardation and stimulation of seed in order to delay or to hasten the hatch according to the movements of the market. Hydrochloric and sulphuric-acid baths and electricity are used as stimulants; storage in "wind holes" is practised to defer hatching.
Cocoons are reckoned both by the _kwan_ of 8-1/4 lbs. and by the _koku_ of approximately 5 bushels. The cocoon production in 1918 worked out at about 16-1/2 bushels per acre of mulberry or 18 bushels per family engaged in sericulture. About 34 million bushels of cocoons are produced. In 1919 the production was 270,800,000 kilos. The average production of a _tambu_ of mulberry field was 1.356 _koku_. In 1919 a _koku_ was worth on the average 106.81 yen (including double and waste cocoons). The cost of producing cocoons rose from 4.105 yen per _kwamme_ in 1916 to 11.284 yen in 1920. The daily wages of labourers employed by the farmers rose from 62 sen for men and 47 sen for women in 1910 to 1 yen 93 sen for men and 1 yen 44 sen for women in 1920. With the slump, the price of cocoons fell below the cost of production and there was trouble in several districts when wages were due. The labourers engaged for the silk seasons of 1916 numbered 341,577, of whom 30,000 came from other than their employers' prefectures. These people migrate from the early to the late districts and so manage to provide themselves with work during a considerable period. As many as 5-1/2 per cent, of the persons engaged in the industry are labourers. Many employment agencies are engaged in supplying labour.
It has been estimated that the labour of 19.8 persons (200 per hectare) is needed for a _tambu_ of mulberry field. The silkworms hatched from a card of eggs (laid by 100 moths) are supposed to call for the labour of 49.2 persons (1,456 per kilo, 2.204 lbs.)
The production of _cocoons_ rose from 0.866 _koku_ per card in 1914 to 1.105 in 1918, or from 4,412,000 to 6,832,000.
More than three-quarters of the raw silk produced used to be exported. Now, with the increase of factories in Japan (the figures are for 1918), only 67 per cent, goes abroad, the bulk of it to the United States, which obtained from Japan, in 1917-18, 75 per cent., and in 1919, it has been stated, 90 per cent, of its total supply. About 28 per cent, of the world's consumption is supplied by Japan. Whereas in 1915 the output of raw silk was 5,460,000 _kwan_ valued at 217,746,000 yen, it was in 1918 7,891,000 _kwan_ valued at 546,543,000 yen. While in 1915-16 the percentage of Japanese exporters to foreign exporters was 64-4, it had risen in 1919-20 to 77.5. Against 450 _chō_ of mulberries in 1914 there were in 1918 508,993 _chō_. The total export of raw silk and silk textiles to all countries in 1920 was 382 and 158 million yen respectively. In 1919, 96 per cent. of the raw silk Japan exported went to the United States and 46 out of 101 million yens' worth of exported silk textiles (habutal). Japan's whole trade with the United States is worth 880 million yen a year. But the proportion of basins in the factories steadily increases. There are nearly five thousand factories, big and little. A well-informed correspondent writes to me: "You know of course of the big organisation subsidised by the Government to control prices and not to make too much silk. The truth is the silk interest became too powerful and the Government is not a free agent."
TUBERCULOSIS [XL]. Phthisis and tuberculosis sweep off 22 per cent, and bronchitis and inflammation of the lungs 18 per cent., or together more than a third of the population. See also Appendix LXIX.
WOMEN WORKERS [XLI]. In addition to women and girls working in agriculture, in the mines, in the factories and & trades there are said to be 1,200,000 in business and the public services. Teachers number about 52,000, nurses 33,000, midwives 28,000 and doctors 700.
FACTORY FOOD AND "DEFIANCE OF HYGIENIC RULES" [XLII]. Dr. Kuwata says in the _Japan Year-book_ (1920-1) that "in cotton mills where machinery is run day and night it is not uncommon when business is brisk to put operatives to 18 hours' work. In such cases holidays are given only fortnightly or are entirely withheld. The silk factories in Naganoken generally put their operatives to 14 or 16 hours' work and in only a small portion are the hours 13."
Summarising a report of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, he says of the factory workers: "The bulk of workers are female and are chiefly fed with boiled rice in 43 per cent. of the factories. In other factories the staple food is poor, the rice being mixed with cheaper barley, millet or sweet potato in the proportion of from 20 to 50 per cent. In most cases subsidiary dishes consist of vegetables, meat or beans being supplied on an average only eight times a month. Dormitories are in defiance of hygienic rules. In most cases only half to 1 _tsubo_ (4 square yards) are allotted to one person." See also Appendix LXIX.
CHINESE COMPETITION WITH JAPAN [XLIII]. The _Jiji_ called attention in the spring of 1921 to the way in which spinning mills in China were an increasing menace to Japanese industry. There were in China 810,000 spindles under Chinese management, 250,000 under European and 340,000 under Japanese, a total of 1,430,000, which will shortly be increased to 1,150,000 against 3,000,000 in Japan only 1,800,000 of which are at work. The 1919 return was: China, 1,530,000; Japan, 3,200,000.
HOODWINKING THE FOREIGNER [XLIV] In the _Manchester Guardian_ Japan Number, June 9, 1921, the managing director of a leading spinning company, in a page and a half article, states that among the reasons why a large capitalisation is needed by Japanese factories, beyond the fact of higher cost of machinery, is the "special protection needed for Japanese operatives and the special consideration given by the spinners to the happiness and welfare of their operatives." When will Japanese believe their best friends when they tell them that such attempts to hoodwink the foreigner achieve no result but to cover themselves with ridicule?
TOBACCO [XLV]. In 1918-19 there was produced on 24,439 _chō_ 10,308,089 _kwan_ of tobacco. During the same period 9,681,274 _kwan_ were taken by the Government, which paid 19,114,803 yen or 1.974 per _kwan_. In 1919 there was imported leaf tobacco to the value of 5,288,918 yen. Cigarettes to the value of 589,744 yen were exported. The profits of the Tobacco Monopoly, estimated at 71 millions for 1919-20, were estimated at 88 millions for 1920-1.
ELECTORAL OFFENCES [XLVI]. There were candidates at the 1920 election who spent 50,000 yen. It is not uncommon for the number of persons charged with election offences to reach four figures. The qualification for a vote (law of 1918) is the payment of 3 yen of national tax. Under the old law there were about 25 voters per 1,000 inhabitants; now there are 54.
SMALLNESS OF ESTATES [XLVII]. The number of men holding from 5 to 10 _chō_ was, in 1919, 121,141 and between 10 and 50 _chō_, 45,978. The number holding 50 _chō_ (125 acres) and upwards was only 4,226, and 400 or so of these were in Hokkaido. See also Appendix XXXI.
VEGETABLE WAX MAKING [XLVIII]. The wax-tree berries are flailed and then pounded. Next comes boiling. The mush obtained is put into a bag and that bag into a wooden press. The result is wax in its first state. A reboiling follows and then--the discovery of the method was made by a wax manufacturer while washing his hands--a slow dropping of the wax into water. What is taken out of the water is wax in a flaked state. It is dried, melted and poured into moulds. The best berries yield 13 per cent. of fine wax. The variety of wax grown was _oro_ (yellow wax). There is another variety. The sort I saw is grafted at three years with its own variety. The fruitful period lasts for a quarter of a century. Roughly, the yield is 100 _kwan_ per _tan_. Formerly, wax was made from wild trees.
NAMES FOR ETA [XLIX]. Eta (great defilement) is an offensive name. The phrase _tokushu buraku_ (special villages), applied to Eta hamlets, is also objected to. _Heimin_ is the official name, but the Eta are generally termed _shin heimin_ (new common people), which is again regarded as invidiously distinguishing them. The name _chihō_ is now officially proposed for Eta villages. The fact that many Eta have made large sums during the war has somewhat improved the position of their class. Some Eta are well satisfied with their name and freely acknowledge their origin. Year by year intermarriage increases in Japan. A Home Department official has been quoted as saying that in 1918 as many as 450 marriages were registered between Eta and ordinary Japanese.
The population of the village I visited, 1,900 in 300 families, was getting its living as follows: farming 682, trade 185, industry 31, day labour 97, travelling players 180, not reported 180. The Parliamentary voters were 10, prefectural 17, county 19 and village 57. There were 98 ex-soldiers in the community and one man was a member of the local education committee. The birth rate was above the local average. The crimes committed during the year were: theft 2, gambling 2, assault 1, police offences 3. Of the 300 families only one was destitute, and it had been taken care of by the young women's society.
A considerable proportion of the early emigrants to America were Eta. It is now recognised that it was a short-sighted policy on the part of the authorities to allow them to go.
PAPER MAKING [L]. A paper-making outfit may cost from 60 to 70 yen only. The shrubs grown to produce bark for paper making are _kōzo_ (the paper mulberry), _mitsumata_ (_Edgworthia chrysantha_) and _gampi_ (_Wilkstroemia sikokiana_). Someone has also hit on the idea of turning the bark of the ordinary mulberry to use in paper making.
LIBRARIES, THE PRESS AND THE CENSORSHIP [LI]. There are 1,200 libraries in the country with 4 million books and 8 million visitors in the year. About 47,000 books are published in a year, of which less than half, probably, are original works. From one to two hundred are translations, usually condensed translations. The largest number deal with politics. There are about 3,000 newspapers and periodicals. In 1917 some 1,200 issues of newspapers and periodicals attracted the attention of the censor and the sale of 600 books was prohibited. Some sixty foreign books were stopped.
JAPANESE IN BRAZIL [LII]. Emigration to South America has latterly been arrested through the rise in wages at home. During the past four years an average of about 3,000 families has gone every twelve months to Brazil, where about a quarter of a million acres are owned and leased by Japanese. The Japanese Government spends 100,000 yen a year on giving a grant of 50 yen to each emigrating family up to 2,000 in number, through the Overseas Colonisation Company. The Brazilian Government also offers a gratuity.
CATTLE KEEPING IN SOUTH-WESTERN JAPAN [LIII]. Tajima, the old province which comprises about four counties in Tottori, is a large supplier of "Kobe beef," but it is a cattle-feeding not a grazing district. The number of cattle in Hyogo is double the cattle population of Tottori, but no cattle keeper has more than a score of beasts. The usual thing is for farmers to have two or three apiece. Some of the "Kobe beef" comes from the prefectures of Hiroshima and Okayama. It is in the north of Japan, where the people are not so thick on the ground and cultivation is less intense, that cattle production has its best chance.
VALUE OF LAND [LIV]. The value of land in the hill-village in which I stayed necessarily varied, but the average price of paddy was given me as 250 yen per _tan_. Dry land was half that. Open hill land, that is the so-called grass land, might be worth 120 yen. The rise in values which has taken place is illustrated by the following table of farm-land values per _tan_ in 1919, published by the Bank of Japan:
------------------------------------------------------------ | Paddy | Upland ------------------------------------------------------------ |Good |Ordinary|Bad |Good |Ordinary|Bad ------------------------------------------------------------ Hokkaido |231 |158 |95 |115 |62 |26 {North } |802 |579 |366 |477 |295 |170 Honshu {Tokyo } |863 |607 |406 |673 |442 |272 (main {middle} |1,226 |834 |523 |875 |565 |313 island){west } |1,226 |840 |525 |727 |443 |244 Shikoku |1,120 |784 |470 |752 |450 |225 Kyushu |960 |652 |416 |538 |300 |175 -----------------------------------------------------------
FRUIT PRODUCTION [LV]. The Japanese when they do not eat meat do not feel the need of fruit which is experienced in the West. But there is now a steady increase in the fruit crops. For 1918 the figures were (in thousands of _kwan_): persimmons, 43,620; pears, 27,730; oranges, 73,660; peaches, 12,810; apples, 6,695; grapes, 6,240; plums (largely used pickled), 6,190.
JAPANESE STUDENTS ABROAD [LVI]. During 1921 more than 200 young professors or candidates for professorships were sent to Europe and America by the Ministry of Education. Probably another 300 were studying on funds (£450 for a year plus fares is the grant which is made by the Ministry of Education) supplied by the Ministries of Agriculture, of Railways and of the Army and Navy (often supplemented, no doubt, by money furnished by their families). If to these students are added those sent by independent Universities, institutions, corporations and private firms, the total cannot be fewer than 1,000. The students stay from six months to two or three years, and when they return others take their places. Counting diplomatists, business men, tourists and students there are, of course, more Japanese in Great Britain than there are British in Japan. There are fifteen hundred Japanese in London alone.
TEA PRODUCTION [LVII]. Every prefecture but Aomori produces some tea, but very little is grown in the prefectures of the extreme north. The largest producers are in order: Shidzuoka, Miye, Nara, Kyoto, Kumamoto, Gifu, Kagoshima, Shiga, Saitama, Osaka and Ibariki. In 1919 Shidzuoka produced 4 million _kwan_, valued at nearly 13 million yen. But the statistics of tea production are unsatisfactory. Much tea is produced and sold locally which is unreported. A great deal of this is of inferior quality and produced from half-wild bushes. The 1919 figures are: area, 48,843 _chō_; number of factories, 1,122,164; green tea--_sencha_, 7,205,886 _kwan_; _bancha_, 2,580,035 _kwan; gyokuro_, 75,826 _kwan_; black, 50,756 _kwan_; others, 234,868 _kwan_; _sencha_ dust, 249,862 _kwan_; other dust, 486 _kwan_. Total, 10,397,719 _kwan_; value, 33,377,460 yen. There was exported green tea (pan fired), 12,420,000 yen; green tea (basket fired), 4,575,000 yen; others, 1,405,000 yen. Of this there went to the United States consignments to the value of 15,600,000 yen and to Canada of 1,700,000 yen. In 1918 the export to America was 50,000 tons; in 1919, 30,000; and in 1920, 23,000; and a further decline is expected in 1921. The total exports, which were, in 1909, 62 per cent, of the production, were, in 1918, only 57 per cent, and, in 1919, 37 per cent.
THEINE PERCENTAGES.--The following percentages of theine in black and green tea were furnished me by the Department of Agriculture:
--------------------------------------------------- |Green |Green |Black |Oolong |(Basket Fired) |(Pan Fired) | | --------------------------------------------------- Theine |2.81 |2.22 |2.26 |2.35 Tannin |15.08 |14.29 |7.32 |16.15 ---------------------------------------------------
Theine or caffeine is a feathery-looking substance which resembles the material of a silk-worm's cocoon. There is more theine or caffeine in tea leaves than in coffee.
MISTAKES IN CROP STATISTICS [LVIII]. Generally speaking, it may be said that cereals are under-estimated and cocoons over-estimated. Cereals may be 20 per cent. under-estimated. The under-estimation may no doubt be traced back to the time when taxation was on the basis of the grain yield.
OCCUPATIONS FOR THE BLIND [LIX]. A third of the 70,000 sightless are _amma_, about a quarter as many practise acupuncture and the application of the moxa, while nearly the same number are musicians or storytellers. The blind have petitioned the Diet to restrict the calling of _amma_ to men and women who have lost their sight.
WELL SINKING FOR GAS [LX]. The presence of gas, which is odourless, is betrayed by the discoloration of the water from which it emanates and by bubbles.
HEALTH, HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN [LXI]. In 1917-18 the constitutions of 1,193,000 elementary school boys were reported as 53 per cent. robust, 48 per cent. medium and 4 per cent. weak. The constitutions of 1,016,000 elementary school girls were reported 49 per cent. robust, 48 per cent. medium and 3 per cent. weak. Just as women are often underfed in Japan, girls may frequently be less well fed than boys. Elementary school boys of 16 averaged 4.84 _shaku_ in height and 10.85 _kwan_ in weight. The average height and weight of 512 elementary school girls of the same age were 4.71 _shaku_ and 10.83 _kwan_.
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF WRESTLERS [LXII]. In a list of ten famous wrestlers the tallest is stated to be 6.30 _shaku_ (a _shaku_ is 11.93 inches) and the heaviest as 33.2 _kwan_ (a _kwan_ is 8.267 lbs.). The average height and weight of these men work out at 5.84 _shaku_ and 28.4 _kwan_. By way of comparison it may be mentioned that the percentage of conscripts in 1918 over 5.5 _shaku_ was 2.58 per cent. The average weight of Japanese is recorded as 13 _kwan_ 830 _momme_.
EXEMPTION FROM AND AVOIDANCE OF CONSCRIPTION [LXIII]. The age is 20 and the service two years (with four years in reserve and ten years depot service). The only son of a parent over 60 unable to support himself or herself is released. Middle school boys' service is postponed till they are 25. Students at higher schools and universities need not serve till 26 or 27. The service of young men abroad (i.e. elsewhere than China) is similarly postponed. (If still abroad at 37, they are entered in territorial army list and exempted.) Young men of education equal to that of middle-school graduates can volunteer for a year and pay 100 yen barracks expenses and be passed out with the rank of non-commissioned officers and be liable thereafter for only two terms of three months in territorial army. There are about half a million youths liable to conscription annually. To this number is to be added about 100,000 postponed cases. (In 1917, 47,324 students, 32,263 abroad, 15,920 whereabouts unknown, 5,069 ill, 3,147 criminal causes, 2,477 absentees, family reasons or crime.) Evasions in 1917: convicted, 234; suspected, 1,582. There are two conscription insurance companies with policies issued for 69 million yen. In one place charms against being conscripted are sold--at a shrine. Desertions in 1916 (7 per cent, officers) 956, of which 258 received more than "light punishment." The conscripts suffering from trachoma were 15.3 per cent. and from venereal diseases 2.2 per cent. Heights (1918): under 5 _shaku_, 10.95 per cent.; 5-5.3 _shaku_, 53.34 per cent.; 5.3-5.5 _shaku_, 33.13 per cent.; above 5.5 _shaku_, 2.58 per cent. In these four classes there was a decrease in height in the first two of .39 per cent. and .57 per cent. respectively and an increase in the second two of .80 per cent. and 15 per cent. respectively.
HOKKAIDO HOLDINGS [LXIV]. There are only 28 holdings of more than 1,000 _chō_, 62 of over 500 _chō_, 161 over 100 _chō_ and 80 over 50 _chō_. These large holdings are used for cattle breeding alone. There are no more than 620 holdings over 20 _chō_ and only 6,756 over 10. The number over 5 _chō_ is 51,877, and over 2 _chō_ 62,015. Under the area of 2 _chō_ there are as many as 40,928. Few of the largest holdings are worked as single farms. They are let in sections to tenants.
CLAUSES IN A TENANT'S CONTRACT [LXV]. (1) The tenant must make at least 1 _chō_ of paddy every year. (2) Rent rice must be the best of the harvest, but the tenant may pay in money. (3) In the following cases the owner will give orders to the tenants: (_a_) If tenants do not use enough manure, (_b_) If there is disease of plants or insect pests, (_c_) If the tenant neglects to mend the road or other necessary work is neglected. (4) The owner will dismiss a tenant: (_a_) If the tenant does not pay his rent without reason, (_b_) If the tenant is neglectful of his work or is idle, (_c_) If the tenant is not obedient to the owner and does not keep this contract faithfully. (_d_) If the tenant is punished by the law. (5) When tenants leave without permission of absence more than twenty days the owner can treat as he will crops or buildings. (6) In the following cases the tenant must provide two labourers to the owner: mending road, drainage canal or bridges; mending water gate and irrigation canal; when necessary public works must be undertaken.
CULTIVATED AREA AND LIVESTOCK [LXVI]. The area of cultivated land in Japan (counting paddy and arable) was, in 1919, 15,179,721 acres (6,071,888 _chō_). The number of animals kept for tillage purposes was 1,199,970 horses and 1,036,020 homed cattle. The total number of horses in the country was only 1,510,626 and of horned cattle, excluding 207,891 returned as "calving" and 12,761 as "deaths," 1,307,120. Sheep, 4,546; goats, 91,777; swine, 398,155. The number of horned cattle slaughtered in the year was 226,108. Some 86,800 horses were also slaughtered. In Great Britain (arable, pasture and grazing area, 63 million acres) there were, in 1919, 11 million cattle, 25 million sheep, 3 million pigs and 1-3/4 million horses.
EGGS AND POULTRY [LXVII]. Even with the assistance of a tariff on Chinese eggs and of a Government poultry yard, which distributes birds and sittings at cost price, there were in 1919 14,105,085 fowls and 11,278,783 chickens. There was an importation of 3-1/2 million "fresh" eggs.
MEAT CONSUMPTION [LXVIII]. The present meat consumption by Japanese is uncertain, for there were in 1920[A] 3,579 foreign residents and 22,104 visitors, and there is an exportation of ham and tinned and potted foods. The number of animals slaughtered in 1918 was: cattle and calves, 226,108; horses, 86,800; sheep and goats, 9,587; swine, 327,074. Someone said to me that "the nutritious flesh of the horse should not be neglected, for the farmer is able to digest tough food."
[Footnote A: In 1921 as many as 24,000 foreigners landed in nine months.]
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE MILLS [LXIX]. When we remember early and mid-Victorian conditions in English mills and the conditions of the sweat shops in New York and other American cities (vide "Susan Lenox"), we shall be less inclined to take a harsh view of industrial Japan during a period of transition. But it is to the interest of the woollen industry no less than that of its workers that the fact should be stated that a competent authority has alleged that 50 per cent. of the employees in the mills suffer from consumption and that many girls sleep ten in a room of only ten-mat size. Improvements have been made lately under the influence of legislation and enlightened self-interest--the president of the largest company is a man of foresight and public spirit--but when I was in Japan, as I recorded in the _New East_ at the time, girls of 13 and 14 were working 11-hour day and night shifts in some mills.
WOOLLEN FACTORIES [LXX]. In the Japanese woollen factory the cost of the hands is low individually, but expensive collectively. An expert suggested that it takes half a dozen of the unskilled girls to do the work of an English mill-girl. It is much the same with male labour. "An English worker may be expected to produce work equal to the output of four Japanese hands." Labour for heads of departments is also difficult to get. There are textile schools and probably a hundred men are graduated yearly. But the men are not all fitted for the jobs which are vacant. Therefore, one finds a man acting as an engineer who, because of his lack of technical experience, is unable to exercise sufficient control over the men in his charge. A curiosity of the industry is the high wages which many men of this sort command. They are really being paid better for inferior work than skilled men in England. The capital of the factories in 1918 was 46-1/2 million yen with 32-3/4 million paid up. Before the War the companies made 8 per cent, as against the 2-1/2 per cent, which contents the English manufacturer, who has often side lines to help his profits. There was more than 100 million yen invested in the woollen textile business, manufacturing and retail. The industry did well during the War by supplies of cloth to Russia and of yarn and muslin to countries which ordinarily are able to supply themselves. In 1918 the production (woollen fabrics and mixtures) was valued at 85 million yen (muslin, 32; cloth, 21; serges, 19; blankets, 3; flannel, 1; others, 8). The imports of wool were 60 million and of yarn 251,000. In 1919 the figures were 61 million and 710,000 respectively. In 1920 the exports were: woollen or worsted yarns, 1,437,926 yen; woollen cloth and serges, 3,019,382 yen; blankets, 1,024,540 yen; other woollens, 548,922 yen. The Nippon Wool Weaving Company, which in 1921 distributed a 20 per cent, ordinary and 20 per cent. extraordinary dividend, has 15 foreign experts.
POPULATION OF HOKKAIDO [LXXI]. In 1869, 58,467; has risen as follows:
Year Population
1874 174,368 1884 276,414 1894 616,650 1904 1,233,669 1914 1,869,582 1919 2,137,700 1920 2,359,097
EXTENSION OF CROP-BEARING AREA OF JAPAN [LXXII]. There is normally added to the crop-bearing area about 53,000 _chō_ (132,000 acres) a year. From the new crop-bearing area every year is deducted the loss of arable land from floods, the extension of cities and towns and railways and the building of factories and institutions. This is reckoned at nearly 8,000 _chō_ in the year. One computation is that there are 2 million _chō_ (5 million acres) available for addition to the crop-bearing area, of which 1 million _chō_ would be convertible into paddies. A decision was taken by the Government in 1919 to bring 250,000 _chō_ under cultivation within nine years from that date, and by 1920 some 20,000 _chō_ had been reclaimed. Persons who reclaim more than 5 _chō_ receive 6 per cent, of their expenditure.
The increase in the area of cultivation has been as follows (in _chō_):
|Year |Paddy |Upland Farm |Total | -------------------------------------------------- |1905 |2,841,471 |2,540,906 |5,382,378 | |1906 |2,849,288 |2,551,170 |5,400,459 | |1907 |2,858,628 |2,639,680 |5,498,309 | |1908 |2,882,426 |2,684,531 |5,566,958 | |1909 |2,902,899 |2,777,453 |5,680,352 | |1910 |2,910,970 |2,804,434 |5,715,405 | |1911 |2,923,520 |2,836,002 |5,759,522 | |1912 |2,939,445 |2,880,301 |5,819,756 | |1913 |2,953,947 |2,902,445 |5,856,392 | |1914 |2,961,639 |2,916,569 |5,878,208 | |1915 |2,974,042 |2,948,075 |5,922,118 | |1916 |2,987,579 |2,971,800 |5,959,379 | |1917 |3,005,679 |3,012,685 |6,018,364 | |1918 |3,011,000 |3,070,000 |6,081,000 | |1919 |3,021,879 |3,050,008 |6,071,887 |
Whereas the percentage of cultivated land to uncultivated was in 1909 14.6 per cent., it was in 1918 15.6 per cent.
USE TO WHICH THE LAND IS PUT [LXXIII]. Here are the details of the division of the land in 1909 and 1918:
Division of the Land | Years | Area in _chō_ | Percentage of | | in 000 's | Total Area ------------------------|--------|----------------|-------------- Total area | 1909 | 38,847 | 100.0 | 1918 | 38,864 | 100.0 | | | Paddy fields | 1909 | 2,903 | 7.5 | 1918 | 3,011 | 7.7 | | | Upland fields | 1909 | 2,777 | 7.1 | | 3,070 | 7.9 | | | Total arable as above | 1909 | 5,680 | 14.6 | 1918 | 6,081 | 15.6 | | | Meadows and pastures | 1909 | 39 | 0.1 | 1918 | 43 | 0.1 | | | Grass lands and heather | 1909 | 1,941 | 5.0 (excluding pastures) | 1918 | 3,509 | 9.0 | | | Forests | 1909 | 22,072 | 56.8 | 1918 | 18,783 | 48.3 | | | Dwellings, factories, | 1909 | 9,115 | 23.5 roads, railways, | 1918 | 10,448 | 27.0 institutions, etc. | | | ------------------------|--------|----------------|--------------
Crop | Chō | Yield ----------------------------------------------------------- Rice (1919) | 3,104,611 | 60,818,163 _koku_; | | value, 2,891,397,063 yen | | Mulberry (1918) | 508,993 | 6,832,000 _koku_; | | raw silk, 7,891,000 _kwan_; | | value, 546,543,000 yen | | Tea (1919) | 48,843 | 10,397,719 _kwan_ | | value, 33,377,460 yen | | Barley (1919) | 534,279 | 9,664,000 _koku_ | | Naked Barley (1919) | 646,362 | 7,995,000 _koku_ | | Wheat (1919) | 548,508 | 5,611,000 _koku_ | | Soy Bean (1918) | 432,207 | 3,451,320 _koku_ | | Other Beans (1918) | -- | 1,237,000 _koku_ | | Peas (1918) | -- | 536,000 _koku_ | | Millets (1918) | -- | 2,903,000 _koku_ | | Buckwheat (1918) | 136,313 | 852,000 _koku_ | | Sweet Potato (1918) | 314,012 | 918,328,000 _kwan_ | | Irish Potato (1918) | 132,090 | 323,930,000 _kwan_ | | Rape Seed (1918) | 116,300 | 856,880 _kwan_ | | Sugar Cane (1918) | 29,367 | 316,745,596 _kwan_ | | Indigo (1918) | 5,570 | 2,717,757 _kwan_ | | Hemp (1918) | 11,821 | 2,564,114 _kwan_ | | Cotton (1918) | 2,930 | 681,021 _kwan_ -----------------------------------------------------------
Radish (1917), 576,746,000 _kwan_; taro (1917), 159,168,000 _kwan_; burdock (1917), 43,424,000 _kwan_; turnip (1917), 41,527,000 _kwan_; onion (1917), 37,601,000 _kwan_; carrot (1917), 26,976,000 _kwan_; cabbage (1917); 19,951,000 _kwan_; wax-tree seed (1918), 13,761,000 _kwan_; rush for matting, (1918), 10,442,000 _kwan_; flax (1918), 17,300,000 _kwan_; ginger (1918), 8,189,000 _kwan_; paper mulberry (1918), 6,964,000 _kwan_; peppermint (1918), 3,380,000 _kwan_; lily (1917), 682,000 _kwan_; chillies (1918), 441,000 _kwan_.
EMIGRANTS AND RESIDENTS ABROAD (LXXIV). The latest official figures as to Japanese resident abroad, supplied in 1921 and probably gathered in 1920, are:
Asia China 200,740 Kwantung 79,307 Tsingtao 23,555 Philippines 11,156 Strait Settlements 10,828 Russian Asia 7,028 Dutch India 4,436 Hongkong 3,083 India 1,278 Burma 680 Indo-China 371
Europe England 1,638 Germany 409 Holland 375 France 342 Switzerland 87 Italy 34 Belgium 12 Sweden 10
North America U.S.A. 115,186 Hawaii 112,221 Canada 17,716 Mexico 2,198 Panama 225
South America Brazil 34,258 Peru 10,102 Argentine 1,958 Chile 484 Bolivia 145
Africa South Africa 38 Egypt 35
Oceania Australia 5,274 South Seas 3,399
Total 648,915
(The comparable return for 1918 was 493,845.) It has been suggested that these official statistics are incomplete; 7,000 as the number of Japanese in Russian territory seems low. Even during the War, in 1917, passports were issued to 62,000 Japanese going abroad. Of these, according to the _Japan Year-book_, 23,000 were made out for Siberia. Professor Shiga has stated that "no small number" of Japanese leave their country as stowaways.
RISE IN PRODUCTION PER "TAN" OF PADDY [LXXV]. The 3 or 4 _koku_ is reached in favourable circumstances only. The average is far below this, but it rises, as shown in Appendix XV.
Between 1887 and 1915 the area under barley and wheat rose from 1,591,000 _chō_ to 1,812,000 _chō_, the yield from 15,822,000 _koku_ to 23,781,000 _koku_ and the yield per _tan_ from .994 _koku_ to 1.313. Between 1882 and 1914 the increase in the crops of the three varieties of millet averaged .515 _koku_ per _tan_. The increased yield of soy beans was .229 _koku_ per _tan_, of sweet potatoes 138 _kwamme_ per _tan_ and of Irish potatoes 138 _kwamme_.
LABOURERS [LXXVI]. When hired labour is required on farms it is supplied either by relatives and neighbours or by the surplus labour of strangers who are small farmers or members of a small farmer's family. According to the Department of Agriculture: "Ordinary fixed employees are upon an equal social footing. Apprentice labourers are very numerous. No working class holds a special social position as such. This is the greatest point of difference between the Japanese agricultural labour situation and that of Europe." The number of labourers in October 1920 was:
| Day | Seasonal| All the | | |year round| Total ---------------------------|-----------|---------|----------|--------- Labourers living { male | 119,676 | 52,007 | 49,110 | 220,793 solely on wages, { female | 80,870 | 42,193 | 23,862 | 146,925 agricultural and { | | | | other { | 200,546 | 94,200 | 72,972 | 367,718 | | | | | | | | Labourers who are { male | 949,266 | 407,596 | 188,369 | 1,546,231 labourers part { female | 646,720 | 405,131 | 116,152 | 1,168,003 of their time | | | | | 1,595,986 | 813,727 | 304,521 | 2,714,234 | | | | Total . . . . . | 1,796,532 | 907,927 | 377,493 | 3,081,952 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the total of 3,081,952 "there are 32,973 agricultural labourers who are boys and girls under 14."
DECREASE OF FARMERS TILLING THEIR OWN LAND [LXXVII]. In 1914 the number of farmers owning their own land was 1,731,247; in 1919 it had fallen to 1,700,747. In 1914 the number of tenants was 1,520,476; in 1919 it had increased to 1,545,639. That is, there were 30,500 fewer landowners and 25,163 more tenants. During the period between 1914 and 1919 the number of farmers (landowners and tenants) increased 30,293. While from 1909 to 1914 the percentage of landowners fell from 33.27 to 31.73, the percentage of tenant farmers rose from 27.69 to 27.87 and the percentage of persons partly owner and partly tenant from 39.04 to 40.40. See Appendix XXXIV.
RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS [LXXVIII]. The following table shows the percentage of the population living in communes under 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants in 1913 and 1918:
Year | Percentage of Population living in | Percentage of Families | Communities | engaged in Agricultural |------------------------------------| to Total Families in | under 5,000 | under 10,000 | Japan Proper ------|---------------|--------------------|------------------------ 1913 | 50.44 | 72.39 | 57.6 1918 | 46.23 | 67.71 | 52.3 ------|---------------|--------------------|------------------------ | -4.21 | -4.68 | -5.3 --------------------------------------------------------------------
These figures clearly indicate the decrease of the rural population. To take 10,000 inhabitants as the demarcation line between urban and rural population is probably less correct than to take a demarcation line of 7,500 inhabitants. A mean of the two percentages of populations living in communities under 5,000 and under 10,000 inhabitants shows 61.41 per cent, in 1913 and 56.97 per cent, in 1918, a decrease of 4.44 per cent. The variation between this result and the preceding one has a simple explanation. About 30 per cent, of the families engaged in agriculture carry on their farming as an accessory business. Teachers, priests and mechanics may all have patches of land. On the other hand, a small number of people have no land. Therefore, the percentage of the rural population is only slightly higher than that of the families engaged in agriculture. In 1918 there were 5,476,784 farming families (to 10,460,440 total families or 52.3 per cent.), and if we multiply by 5-1/3--the average number of persons per family in Japan is 5.317 (1918)--to find the population dependent on agriculture, the number is 29,209,514. The total population of Japan in 1918 was 55,667,711. The Department of Agriculture has stated that on the basis of the census of 1918 the number of persons in households engaged in agriculture was 52 per cent. of the population. According to one set of statistics the percentage of farming families to non-farming families fell from 64 per cent, in 1904 to 60.3 per cent. in 1910 and 56 in 1914. We shall probably not be far wrong in supposing the rural population to be at present about 55 per cent, of the population. The percentage of persons actually working on the farms is another matter. As has been seen, some 30 per cent, of the 5-1/2 million farming families are engaged in agriculture as a secondary business only. It may be, therefore, that the 5-1/2 million families do not actually yield more than 10 million effective farm hands.
IS RICE THE RIGHT CROP FOR JAPAN [LXXIX]. Mr. Katsuro Hara, of the College of Literature, Kyoto University, asks, "Is Japan specially adapted for the production of rice?" and answers: "Southern Japan is of course not unfit. But rice does not conform to the climate of northern Japan. This explains the reason why there have been repeated famines. By the choice of this uncertain kind of crop as the principal foodstuff the Japanese have been obliged to acquiesce in a comparatively enhanced cost of living. The tardiness of civilisation may be perhaps partly attributed to this fact. Why did our forefathers prefer rice to other cereals? Was a choice made in Japan? If the choice was made in this country the unwisdom of the choice and of the choosers is now very patent."
Along with this expression of opinion may be set the following figures, showing the total production of rice and of other grain crops during the past six years, in thousands of _koku_:
---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|-------- Year | Barley | Naked Barley | Wheat | Barley and | Rice | | | | Wheat | ---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|-------- 1915 | 10,253 | 8,296 | 5,231 | 23,781 | 55,924 1916 | 9,559 | 7,921 | 5,869 | 23,350 | 58,442 1917 | 9,169 | 8,197 | 6,786 | 24,155 | 54,658 1918 | 8,368 | 7,777 | 6,431 | 22,576 | 54,699 1919 | 9,664 | 7,995 | 5,611 | 23,271 | 60,818 ---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|--------
From 1910 to 1919 the areas under barleys and wheat were, in _chō_, 1,771,655-1,729,148, and under rice 2,949,440-3,104,611.
INNER COLONISATION _v_. FOREIGN EXPANSION [LXXX]. _An Introduction to the History of Japan_ (1921), written by an Imperial University professor and published by the Yamato Society, the members of which include some of the most distinguished men in Japan, says: "It is doubtful whether the backwardness of the north can be solely attributed to its climatic inferiority. Even in the depth of winter the cold in the northern provinces cannot be said to be more unbearable than that of the Scandinavian countries or of north-eastern Germany. The principal cause of the retardation of progress in northern Japan lies rather in the fact that it is comparatively recently exploited.... The northern provinces might have become far more populous, civilised and prosperous than we see them now. Unfortunately for the north, just at the most critical time in its development the attention of the nation was compelled to turn from inner colonisation to foreign relations. The subsequent acquisition of dominions oversea made the nation still more indifferent."
According to a report of the Hokkaido Government in 1921, the number of immigrants during the latest three year period was 90,000, and one and a half million acres are available for cultivation and improvement.
AGRICULTURE _v_. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY [LXXXI]. There is supposed to be more money invested in land than in commerce or industry. Comprehensive figures of a trustworthy kind establishing the relative importance of agriculture, commerce and industry are not readily obtained. "This is a question," writes a Japanese professor of agriculture to me, "which we should like to study very much." Industrial and commercial figures at the end of and immediately after the War are not of much use because of the inflation of that period. The annual value of agricultural production before the War was about 1,800 million yen; it must be by now about 2,500 or 3,000. In 1912, according to the Department of Finance, the debt of the agricultural population was 740 million yen. In 1916 the Japan Mortgage Bank and the prefectural agricultural and industrial banks had together advanced to agricultural organisations 110 millions and to other borrowers 273 millions. In 1915 co-operative credit associations had advanced 45 millions to farmers and 11 millions to other borrowers. The paid-up capital of companies, was, in 1913, 1,983 million, of which 27 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 2,434 million, of which 31 million was agricultural. The reserves were, in 1913, 542 million, of which 1 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 841 million, of which 3 were agricultural. (For some reason or other, "fishing" is included under "agricultural." On careful dissection I find that of the 45 million of investments credited to agriculture in 1918, only 28 million are purely agricultural.) The land tax is estimated to yield 73 million yen in 1920-1. It is 2-1/2 per cent. on residential land, 4.5 per cent. on paddy and cultivated land--3.2 per cent, in Hokkaido--and 5.5 per cent. on other land--4 per cent. in Hokkaido.
INDEX
_This Index may be regarded as a Glossary inasmuch as every Japanese word which occurs in the book will be found in it. The meaning is usually given on the page the number of which comes first._
132 (2) _signifies that there are two references on page 132 to the subject indexed._
_Such subjects as Agriculture, Hokkaido, Labour, Paddies, Rice and Sericulture are indexed at length, but some matters which relate to them and are of general interest appear in the body of the Index._
Abbot and Ronin 333
Abiko 105
Ability 66
Abortion 65, 303; Abortifacient 332
Abroad, first, 235
Accommodation with the West 363
Acreage, see Agriculture
## Acting 115 (2), 320
Adjustment 85, 186, 194, 197, 210, 232, 365, 370, 380; Cost 72; Cottages 72; Graves 72; Method and Results 71-2; Statistics 72
Admonition, see Police, 54
Adoption 21, 328
Adulteration 356
Æ 99, 321
Aerated waters 119
Aeroplanes 31
Aestheticism 203
Affection, Question by a Japanese, 144
Affinity 272
Afforestation, see Deforestation, Floods, Tree planting; 23, 92-3, 97, 152, 177, 194, 197, 228, 233, 240, 260, 318, 370
Africa 410
Agriculture, see Adjustment, Animals under different names, Area, Cattle, Crops under different names, Cultivation, Farmers, Grain, Hokkaido, Implements under different names, Land new, Land available, Land utilised, Manure, Milk, Paddies, Peasant Proprietors, Tenants, Tools, Rice and other crops, Sericulture, Upland; Advantages 365, 367; Accessory business 412; American, proposed study of, vii; Arable 409, (British) 385; Areas 394, 400, quarter acre 89, one and a quarter acre to five acres 89, two 210, two and a half 9, 284, three 10, five 284, seven and a half 89, 373, ten 10, twelve and a half 207, fifteen 10, twenty-five 213, one _tan_ 232, five 184, six 302, eight 304, 383, twelve 270, fifteen and a half 373, one _chō_ 220, 304, 377 (3), 379, 380, 385, one and a half 379, two 380, two and a half, see Hokkaido, three 373, 380, four 10, four to four and a half 338, four to five 207, five 310, 337-8, seven 10, 338, 373, eight 310, 373, ten 28, ten to fifteen 28, 338, thirty 338, sixty-two 374; Associations against landlords 88; v. Armaments 93, 359; an Author on viii; Based on rice 343; Basis of nation ix, 92; Calendar of operations 136; Compared with British 390; Capitalisation 368-9; College 195; Criticism of 362, 365, (backbreaking) 75; v. Commerce and industry 180, 414; Commercial side 65; Company 207; Consolidation of holdings 364; Crop statistics errors 404; "Encourager" 176; Experiment station 158, 176-7, 207, 370; Experts 207, 283, (respect for) 54; Foundation and means to an end ix, 27; Foreign 365, 367; v. "Foreign relations" 414; and Family system 330; Faults of 65; like Gardening 307; God of 145; Goddess of 312; Helpful 180; Holdings, Consolidation of 368; How to teach 27; Grazing 240, (British) 385; Hydraulic engineering 149; Industry and Commerce 284; Implements 268; Improvement, Principles of 370; Land, how used, 408; Machinery 365, 367-8-9; in praise of 10; Methods 208; Limitations imposed on 365 (2), 367; Merits 365; National Agricultural Society 378; Night work 359; Number of families engaged in 412; Relations to national welfare 369, 370-1; Pasture 111, 409, (British) 385; Petite Culture 346; Production not final aim 367; Profitable 232, 373; Progress 261; Remedies 368-9, 370; Revolutionising 367; and Religion 231; Schools, see Schools, 176, 375; Shortcomings 365; Strikes 88; Students not leaving land 285; Subsistence provided by 365; Small farms decreasing 394; Tenants' Movement, see Landlords; Without rice 381 (2)
Aichi 1-67, 84, 345
"Aiming at being Distinguished" 124
Ainu x, 25
Akagi 315
Akita 189, 190, 193
Alimentary tract, 348, 351
Allah 98
"All family smiling" 137
Alpinist 290
Alps, 127, 152, 262
_Amado_ 277
"A man's a man," etc. 95
_Amé_ 191
America, see Hokkaido, 137, 141, 288, 290, 363 (2); Rice culture 365-6
_Amida_ xxx, 129
_Amma_ 108, 133
Ammonia water 177, 251
Amphibious labour 358
Amusements, see Farmers, 180, 287, 374, 378
Ancestors 19, 26, 33, 38 (3), 58, 61, 67, 94, 178
Anchors 211
Angelo, Michael, 103
Angling 245
Anglo-Japanese Alliance xv; Anglo-Saxons 203
Animals Bird artists 344; Buddhism and 59; Food, see Meat, 349; Industry 346, 348; Knack of looking after 343; Liking for 221, 343; Power 365, 370; Tillage 406
Anjo 57
Anniversaries 50
Antelopes 110
Anti-Landlord movement 37, 88
Ants 47
Aomori 189, 194, 195, 334, 354, 391
Aoyama 66
"A plain householder" 150
Apostle and artist 90
Appetiser 268
Apples, see Hokkaido, 194, 289, 402
Appointments 125; Tax 21
Apprentices 411
Apricots 289
Aqueduct 64
Archery 39, 40, 159
Architecture 198
Ardour 124
Area 65, 390; and Habitable compared with other countries 385, 392; per Family 42, 89 (2)
Armaments 93, 97, 394; U.S. expenditure 394
Armour 36, 40
Arm rest 246, 319
Army 202, 346, 350, 360 (2), 403; Discipline 361; and Farmer ix; Officers and Agriculture 362; Railway service 297
Arnold, Matthew, 24, 272
Arrests postponed 280
Arson 56, 280, 282
Art 99, 214, 369; Degenerated 99; and Farmer ix; Hills in 120; Korean 103; Influence of Western 103-4; Artists 99, 100; Sketches at festivals 193; Artistry 317; Artistic treasures 369; Artistic world 102-3-4-5, 328
Artificials, see Manure
Artisans 317; with land and houses 268; see Farmers
"_Asahi_" 90, 109
Asama, Mt., 143
Asceticism 101
Asia, see West and East, 202; Residents in 410; Asiatic Mainland 351, 363; Asiatic Society of Japan 364 "Aspiring" young men 135
Assaults 282
Assentation 14
Associations against Landlords 88; for Economical agricultural Students 176; Spirit of 16
"At twenty I found" 150
Athletics, see under different names, 159
Attempts to deceive the West 174
Attitude for foreign student 254; of world, 371; to something higher; see Materialism, Spirituality
Attorney-General, 345
Audience, 24
Australia, 127, 352-3, 363 (2), 388; Might have possessed, 363
Author Attitude towards Japan, xii; before domestic shrine, 33; Carried, 308; Chats in trains, 176; "Fortune", 138; First Englishman in place, 126; Governor and, 84; on Hearn, 254; Some Conclusions, see Hokkaido, 369; and Police, 53; Reception at Shinto Shrine, 45; Shinto address to, 46; Speeches, 6, 26, 31, 254; Tree planting, 45; Welcome, 22; at Wrestling match, 297
Authority Disobedience to, 285; Power going, 330
Autobiography of a Farmer-Egotist, 61
Autographs, 38, 324
Automobile, see Chauffeur, 205
Autumn, 214
"Average workers", 62, 377
Awakening, 324
Axholme, Isle of, 71
_Aza_ xxv, 15, 16, 262, 315
Azaleas, 316
Babies, 285
Backbreaking, 75, 208
Back to the Land, 88
Backwardness of North, see Japan, Northern
Bacon, 347
Bacon, Lord, xii, 309
Bactericides, 60
"Bad tea has its tolerable," etc., 123
Bag and string, 312
Balls, Black and red, 19
Bamboo, 48, 318, 244, 248; Grass, 70, 108, 352, 368; and Mice, 108; Rate of growth, 242; Shoots, 136; Work, 248
_Bancha_, 294, 403
Bankruptcy, 138
Banks, 205, 303, 402, 414
Banqueting, 357
_Banzai_, 43
Barbers, 224, 267
Barefoot, 64
Bark strips, 190
Barley, 146, 175, 196, 307, 313 (3), 349, 351, 386, 389, 391, 409, 410; Big crop, 313; Husking, 389; Naked, 409; with and without Rice, 47, 80, 85, 383, 387; Production compared with Wheat, 413
Barons x, 204
Barriers ix, 104
Barter, 122
Barton, Sir E., 9
_Basha_, see Hokkaido, 244; story, 217
Baskets, 177, 215
Baths x, 17, 50, 82, 109, 112, 116-7, 190, 203, 215, 256, 277, 314, 354; "A moral bath", 94; Bathing, 125, 152, 186
Battleship, 235
Bayonets, Imitation, 282
Bazin René, 141
Beans, see Soya, 147, 199, 307, 383, 409; Cake, 386
Beardsley, Aubrey, 98, 103
Bears, see Hokkaido, 110
Beauty, see Hokkaido, 104, 127, 298
"Be diligent", 158; "Be serious", 112
Beef, see Kobe beef, 259, 349, 350; Essence, 158
Beer, see Hokkaido, 119, 396
Bees, 196, 348
Beggars, 265, 324
Begonia, 213
Behaviour, Training in good, 259
Belgium, 386
Beliefs, see Customs, 310, 331;
Believers, 63; Believer and ne'er do well, 5
Belly cloths, 269
_Benjo_, 151, 192, 374
Ben Nevis, 394
_Bento_ 110, 268, 279
Bergson, 99
_Beri beri_, 79
Berry, Sir G., 9
Better living, 370; Better world, 90
_Bi_, 126
Bible, 95
Bicycles, 18, 150, 220
Binyon, L., 292
Birches, 316
Birds, 25, 117, 344
Births, see Still; Celebration of, 302; Forbidden, 236; Rate, 392; Tax, 21
Biscuits, 270
_Biwa_, 289
Black and white company, 187
Black Country, 132
"Black saké", 79
Blacksmith, 264
Blake, William, 98, 103, 105-6
Blind, see _Amma_, 192, 300; Advantage of Blindness, 232; Blind guides, 369; Headman, 229
Blood and thunder stories 121
Boar day 126
Boasting 17
Boat, sacred, 257
Body 226
Boehme 99
Bog 390
"Bold is the donkey driver" 98
Bolting ideas 331
_Bon_ 180, 190, 265, 267, 271-2, 302, 361; Songs and dances 189, 190, 197 (2), 274
Bonins 391
Bonito 297
Books 159, 190, 319, 401; Cheap 212; Faults of many about Japan 254; Foreign 141, 196, 248; In demand 60; In a Village Library 60; Shops 244
Booths 115
Boots 236, 284, 346
Borneo 127
Borrow vi, 119, 283
Borrowing, see Credit, _Ko, Tanomoshi_; 125, 183
Boswell, 140, 175
Bottles, tied with rope, 119
Bowing 44 (2), 46, 83, 121, 286, 313
Bowels 348, 351
Bowls, Turning, 111; at shrine 303
Box for letters for Police 111
Boy Growth of 113; Labour 411; Tradesmen's 315; Reformation of 178; Running away 322; Stolen 286; "Boy San" 103
Brazil 401
Bread 80 (2), 346 (2), 350-1 (2), 383
Bream 297
Breath 117
Brewing, see Hokkaido, 119
Bribery 208, 400; 123, 303
Bride 21; Chest 129, 379
Bridges 128, 132, 240; Mysteriously repaired, 287; Suspension 209
Briefness 292
Bright, John, 203
Britons, see Hokkaido, 403
Broadmindedness 326
Brontë, E., 99
Brothels 56, 222, 243
Brother, Eldest, 19, 329
Brotherly union 94-5
Buckwheat, see Hokkaido; 111, 122, 243, 264, 381, 409; "As white as snow" 111
Buddha 1, 3, 4, 5, 19, 26 (2), 51, 58 117, 125, 142, 205-6; Inferior 139; Heads 310. --Buddhism 19, 30, 42, 57 (2), 63 (3), 96, 101, 197, 205, 210, 212, 322, 324; and Animal life 59, 345, 347; behind the age 6; without Buddha 322, 327; and Christianity 59, 100-1, 324, 362; Definition of 93; Difficulty of getting a general view of 327, 321; England and 100; of old time 258; Too aristocratic 1 Buddhist 91, 96, 129; Gatherings 231; Influence 259; Literature 327, 331; Real 63; Sects, under names; Services 3, 205 (2), 270; Strict 30; Y.M.A. 124; Y.W.A. 124. --Buddhist Priests, see _Bon_; 1-7, 96, 113, 118, 134, 142, 194, 231, 240, 258, 264, 269, 270 (2)-1-2, 302, 314; Priest's man 270-1; Succession to 135; Wives 6, 270; Shrines 220, Value of 273; Temples, 113, 123, 134, 142, 176, 180, 211, 244, 249, 258-9, 269, 310, 327; Architecture 134, "Church" 134, New, 313, Sleeping in x; Two months in 262, Underground passage 142
Buffoon 276
Bugles 15-17
Bulls 18, 249, 250; Fighting 228
Burden of the Old 100
Burdock 48, 146, 410
Bureau of Horse Politics 195; of Hygiene 350
Burials, see Graves, 121, 267, 306; at Sea 225
Burnham, Lord, 9
Burns, Robert, 107, 288
_Bushido_ 25, 140
Businesses, linked, 315; "Business, My," 326
Butter 142, 270, 346
Butterflies 127, 287
Cabbage 53, 213, 440
Caffeine 292, 403
Cairo 390
Calendar 136
California 290, 363, 365-6
Camphor trees 219
Canada 388
Cancer 268
Candles 340
Canning, see Hokkaido, 368; Canned meat and fish 268
Cape 267, 270
Capes 47
Cape Wrath 358
Capitalism 368-9
Caps 114, 301
Caramels 272
Carbon bisulphide 60
"Carelessness" 54
Carlyle, T., 90-1, 94, 99
Carp, 39, 158, 210, 299
Carpenter 99, 267, 317
Carrier's conversation 109
Carrot 410
Carts 209; Push 194
Carving 269
"Case for the Goat, The," 347
Cast 94
Cats 47, 131, 221, 345
Cattle, see Cow, Oxen, Bulls, Hokkaido; 23, 194-5, 230, 240, 243, 316, 347, 381, 406; Keeping 194, 259, 402; Thieves 195
Cedar wood 211
Cells 116, 143
Censorship 401
Census 393-4
Cereals 367, 404
Certificate of merit 213
Cezanne 98, 103
_Chadai_ 148
Chaff 386
Chainmakers 170
Chairman 24
Champagne 140
Changes, seeming, 331
_Cha-no-yu_ 31, 214, 319
Character 88, 151, 201, 203-4-5-6-7 258, 259, 269, 288, 290, 311, 317, 323, 331-2; Nature and 99; Weakness of 101; Wish to give before have anything 102; Chinese 39
Charcoal 111, 122-3, 196
Charitable Institutions 59, 376
Charms 41, 47, 121, 125, 223, 245
Charring 227
Chastity 114, 139, 149
Chauffeur 240, 246
Chavannes, Puvis de, 98, 103
Cheek-binding 286
Cheerfulness 304, 317
Cheese 345
Chemist, Distinguished, 10
Chenille 142
Cherries 295, 319; Poems 288; Refineries 226
Chestnuts 121
Chiba 268, 297, 309, 321
Chicken 110, 349
Chief Constable, Influence of, 118
_Chihō_ 400
Children 110, 112, 117, 203, 216, 323, 377; Childbirth 268; Ages of 113; Assaults on 229; British exploitation of 170; Charm to obtain 314; Contracts 286; Crimes against 114; Marriage 197; Politeness 121; Services for 130; and Temple 58; What will he become? 60; Workers, see Labour, 314
Chillies 41
Chimneys 147, 151
China 110, 127, 143, 214, 256, 306, 344, 347, 388, 390, 396-7, 404; War 85, 311; Chinaman in Formosa story 96; Tea 296; Relations with 91; Chinese competition 399; Labour 363; Prisoners 307; Scriptures not understood 331; Sheep and wool 353-4-5-6
_Cho_ xxiv; _Chō_ xxv
Chokai, Mount, 182
Chopsticks 81
Chōsen, see Korea
Christ 55, 95, 96, 127; Christianity, see Hokkaido, 96, 99, 101, 198, 205, 324; Christian, 99, 203, 362 (3); a Japanese question 144; and Buddhism 101, 108, 324, 327, 362; Conceptions 96, Early 91; Essence of 94 (2); Ethics of 362; Influence of 94; Japanese 83, 135, 261; and Personality 362; and Social reform 362; Temperament 327; Christmas 318; Churches 96, 362
Chrysanthemum 318
Cicada 344
Cider champagne 119
Cigarettes 82, 288, 400
Cimabue 106
Cities xxv; workers 87
Civilisation 96, 141, 216, 229
Clan 188
Classes 94, 251
Cleanliness 326, 354
Clerks 205
Climate, see Hokkaido, Weather; 88, 140, 195-6, 197, 198, 299, 309, 327, 358, 363, 365, 372, 390, 413
Cloak 47, 76
Clock 252
Clothing, see Farmers, 19, 30, 74, 125, 193, 307, 312, 317, 321, 323, 330, 346, 355-6-7, 374, 378, 380, 382; Advantages and Disadvantages of 356; Cotton and Silk v. Wool 356; Foreign 283, 346, 352
Clover 263
Clubhouse 305
Coal, see Hokkaido, 226, 396
Coasting steamers 209; coastwise traffic 256
Coat 47
Cobbett, William, ix
Cockfighting 228
Coffin 121, 248
Cold 261; Catching 312
Collectors, Boy, 230
Colleges 158
Colony 207
Colouring 295
Comeliness 204
Comfort 201, 203; Bags 58
Comic interlude 84
Commerce, 414; Uselessness of some, 369; Commercial crash 87
Common good, Work for, 19; Common humanity 34; "Common people at the gateway" 252; Common purpose in mankind 56
Commune 268; Communal labour 263; Communistic 212
Communities under 5,000 and 10,000 population 412
Companies 414
Complaint boxes 18
Concentration 206, 317
Concrete 22, 214, 325
Concubines 95, 322
Conduct 200, 361
Coney Island 325
Confucianism 91, 96, 101, 205 (3), 214, 322
Confusion 101
Conscience 201
Conscription, see Soldiers, 19, 65, 123, 284, 311 (2), 327, 331, 364; Statistics 404
Conservative view 331
Consolation 201, 321
Constitutional Party 395
"Contagion of foreigners" 117
Contentment 7, 259, 264, 302, 323
Contracts 194, 286
Controversy 48
Conversation, Subjects of, 129, 282
Conviction 37, 331
Cooking 350 (2)
Coolies 345
Co-operation, see Cocoons, Hokkaido, _Kō_, _Tanomoshi_, 7, 28-9 (2), 37 (2), 43, 47, 50, 58, 64, 85, 118, 124, 133, 136, 150, 185, 187, 194, 230, 305 (2), 364, 414; Capital for 48; More 370
Copper 92, 124, 226, 396
Coronation 21; Rice Ceremony 82; Millet 213
Corruption 208, 400
Cosmos 202, 206
Cottages, see Houses
Cotton, 132, 137, 223, 258, 404; Clothing 346; Chinese competition 399; Factories 174; Industry 354; Loom 220; Factory Manager's _Manchester Guardian_ article 399; Silk v. Wool 366
Couch grass 265
Counsel 187
Countess 213
Country folk xiv, Countryman ix, xiv, 107, 141, 192, 233, 283, 302, 324, 331; Countryside 148, contrasted with Western 298, 313; County families and Country-house life 34
County Agricultural Association 150 (2)
Courage, Moral, 327
Courbet 103
Court lady 108
Courtesy, see Politeness, 36
Cows, see Paddies; First milking 235; Oxen, 209, 235, 381 (2)
Crab, Land, 249
Cradle 279
Craftsmanship 314, 317, 369
Crashaw 99
Crater 108-9
Credit, see Cheap money; Cooperation 181, 370, 414
Crematoria 48, 177
Crest, see _Mon_
Crime, see Police, 54, 279, 303; Charges not proceeded with 113; Table of crimes 376; Ex-criminals 143
Crimea 390
Crisis, Industrial and Commercial, 87
Crops 313, 380-1; see Agriculture, Paddies, Upland; Area devoted to each 408-9; Better 19, 370; Competitions to increase 58; Drying 208; Increase compared with area 364
Crow 320
Crowds 250, 259
Crown Prince 282
Cruelty to Animals 344-5
Cryptomeria 6, 40, 45, 61-2, 117, 121, 131-2, 190, 316, 394
Cuckoo 315
Cucumbers 146, 322
Cultivation, see Agriculture, Backbreaking, Cows, Harrowing, Hoes, Horses, Mattock, Paddy, Pony, Ploughing, Rice, Seed, Spade; Area compared with Great Britain 89; Area under 223; Doubling population 97; Increase of area 364, 414; Two or three crops 364; Japan and Great Britain 305; in relation to Stock 406; Methods to be reported 188; in proportion to Wild 408; Prizes 58; Too intensive 233; yearly increase of 408
Culture, see Education, 204
Curio Collectors 2
Curiosity 279
Currency xxiv
Currents, Warm and Cold, 118, 175, 195
Customs 66, 182, 310, 322-3; Houses unprofitable 256, World realisation of cost and inconvenience 256
Cutting out the foreigner 369
Cuttle fish, see Squid, Octopus; 46, 318
Cyanide 177
Cymbals 272
"Daffin" 313
Dagger 40
_Daikon_ 23, 130, 309, 314, 345, 409
Daikon (island) 256
_Daily Mail_ 345
Daimyo 33, 39, 144, 176, 198, 205, 210, 246, 395; ex-Daimyo 329; Castle 209
_Dai Nippon Nōkai_ 320
_Dakushu_ 396
Dam 224-5
Damp 185, 289, 368, 372
Dancing, see _Bon_ Dances; 130, 237, 305; Western 101
Dandelions 307
Danish _Hojskōle_ 50
Dates 290
Daumier 103
Days, of the Dead, 271; of the week 126; Suitable 126; Worked 377-8;
Dead 201, 219; Belief in return of 272; Days of the 271; Return 190; Tablets of, see _Ihai_; Memorials of, see Hair, Teeth, Portraits
Dealers 195
Death Forbidden 236; Presents at 22; Rate 393; Minors 393
Debates 18
Debt, see Farmers; 66, 126, 195 (2), 265, 287, 302, 322-3, 364, 380, 414; for Food 284
"Decency" 125, 193
Deception of the West 174
Deer 215, 278
Defiled 45; Defilement 256
Deforestation, see Afforestation; 92, 152, 176, 180, 318
Deftness 169
Deified men 204
Deities and the Sea 257
Delacroix 102
_De la liberté du travail_ 8
Delay, Advantage of, xiii
Democracy 38, 51, 99; and religion 2
Demon 215
Demonstrations 88
Demoralised men 26
_Dengaku_ 48
Denmark ix, 46, 368; see Danish
Denudation of hills, see Deforestation, 92
"Depths of the people" 93
Derricks 248
"Despised foreign peasant" 96
Destiny 202
Deuteronomy 375
Development, Economic, 206; Moral 206; National 327; Social 206
"Devil-gon" 56
Diagrams 60
Diaries 18, 23, 231
Diastase 268
Dibbs, Sir G., 9
Diet, see Food
Dietetic reform 350
Difficulties 124-5; "Difficulties polish you" 176
Digestive 268
Dikes, Women's work on, 43
Diligence 151; "Diligent people" 62, 377
Diminishing return 65
Dinner 228, 254
Diplomacy, Farmer and, ix
"Direct action" 173
Discipline 50
Discontent 323
Discussion 358
Disease 210, 350
"Disgraceful disease," see Syphilis
Dishonesty 354
Displacements 268
Distinguished man and demoralised man 26
Dividends, Effect of factory, 369
Divorce 126, 197
_Dō_ 134; _Do_ (land) 334
Doctors 123, 241, 268 (2), 399; "Doctor first, God second," 271
Dogs 131, 221, 236, 344-5; Dog day 126; Fighting 228; for _kuruma_ 248
Doing good secretly 219, 323
Doll in tree 244
Domicile 396
_Domori_ 134
"Do not get angry" 150
Doorway inscription 47
_Dorobo_, see Robber
Dossiers 314
"Double licence" 257
Dover and Calais 334
Dowries 138
Dragon Day 126
Drainage see Irrigation, Water; 97, 133, 199, 232
Drapers' stuff 121
Draughtsmanship 102
"Drawing water into one's own paddy" 48
Draw nets 186
Dreamers 363
Dress, see Clothing; Fields, 187; of Honour, 187
Drill 15, 50, 282
Drinking, see Drunkenness
Drivers' hair cutting 318
Drought 132
Drowning 128
Drum 15, 17, 83, 272
Drunkenness 116, 119, 187, 261, 282, 305, 322; see Saké 2
Dürer 103
Dutch 208; Books 150
Dwarf trees, see Trees dwarfed; 52, 220
Dye 295
"Early riser may catch," etc. 57
Early rising 57, 179
Early Rising Societies 14 _et seq_.
Earnestness 168, 277, 308
Earth 126
"Earth is not as," etc. 203
Earthquakes, see Volcanoes 23
East, see also West and East; Wants the best 99; East and West 141; Bridge 101; Inharmony 105; Supposed difference 100; Eastern, Faults of 96; Ideals 96
"Easy minded" 323
Economic conditions and development 149, 206; Economic questions 104; Economic superstition 148; Economy, see Thrift, 19; Economy too small 362
_Edgworthia chrysantha_, see _Mitsumata_ Education, see Farmers, Genius, Hokkaido, Schools, 17, 26, 98, 120, 127, 140, 169, 194, 196, 204, 252, 361, 374, 378; Burden 65; Better 370; Competition for places 195; Ill result of 204, 301, 323; System, repressed by 101; Western 189
Eels 299
Eggs 85, 110, 130, 348-9, 406
Egoist's story 61
Ehime 201, 219, 226
Eights 255
Elder brothers 19, 329
Eldest son 143, 329
El Dorado 88
Electoral offences, see Bribery, Corruption
Electricity 39; Among trees 210; and Fuji 283; Fan 125; Light 211; Torch 300
El Greco 103
Elizabethan scenes 116, 276
Ellis, Dr. Havelock, xiii, 1, 99, 332; Mrs. 253
_Ema_ 326
Embanking 93, 152, 197
Emerson, R.W. 99, 105
Emigration, see Hokkaido (Immigrants); 176, 249, 264, 330, 332 (2), 358, 360, 363, 401, 376, 413-4; Number of emigrants 410; No pressing need 363; Why emigrants do not go to mainland and Formosa 363
Emperor, see also Imperial train; 22, 46, 82, 121, 178, 202, 286; Etiquette 44; Portrait 90, 113; Respect for 44; Seeing 43
Empire, To extend the 205
Endurance 261
_Engawa_ 270, 271, 280, 375
England: and Buddhism 100; and Christianity 97; Greatness of 97; and Greek Philosophy 97; and Roman law 97
English (language) 126, 282, 297; Reader (book) 234; Speaking world and Japan xv
"Enlarge people's ideas" 17
"Enlarging mind and heart" 11
Entertainers 108
Epidemics 121, 130, 223
Erotic West 101
Eruption, see Volcano
"Essential out of trifles" 323
Estates, see Hokkaido; Smallness of 213, 400
_Eta_ 221, 223, 248, 307, 400; in America 401; Marriages 400
Ethical evolution 348
Etiquette, see Manners; 6, 19, 35, 39, 124, 148, 200, 213, 242, 273; in roadway 47
Europe 288, 410; Half civilised 141
European 141
_Eurya ochnacea_, 137
Evening primroses, 120
"Even in this good reign," 124
"Even the devil was once," etc., 123
"Even the head of a sardine," 141
Evolution, Ethical, 348
Excel, Desire to, 158
Excreta, see Manure; 375, 382, 386
Excursions, 18, 297
Exercise, 151
"Exert yourself to kill harmful insects," 286
Exhibition, see Show; also Bural Life Exhibition; 58, 60
Ex-officials, 22; Ex-preacher, 220; Ex-Public Servants' Association, 22
Expansion, 360, 413-4; Suggested abandonment of oversea possessions, 93
Expenditure, see Farmers
Experts, see Agricultural Experts; 27, 237, 240
Exports, 414; Some useless, 369
Eyesight, 327
Faces, Good will do, 26
Factories, see also Tuberculosis, 282; ante-Shaftesbury, 167; Bathing 163; Babies 162-3; Better treatment, more silk, 165; _Bon_, 162; British and American conditions, 406; Child workers, 172; Chimneys, 151; Compounds, 162; 164-5, 168 (2); Contracts, 162-3, 165; "Cost of a daughter's food," 162; Dexterity, 169; Diet, see Parliament; Discharged workers, 88; Dividends and effect of, 193, 369; Dormitories, 162, 164 (2)-5, 168 (2), 399, 407; Education and Entertainment, 162, 164 (2)-5, 168; Earnestness 169; Effect of, 162-3, 181, 280, 283; Empress, 164; English parallels, 167-8, 170 (2); Fair treatment of Employees practicable, 168; Flag system, 161, 164; Food, 161-2-3 (2)-4, 168, 399; Foremen, 162-3, 165; Girls, 2, 85, 264; Government, 172-3; Health, 161-2-3-4 (2); Heat, 161; Holidays, 161, 165; Hours (thirteen, fourteen, sixteen, eighteen), 161, 163 (2)-4-5 (3), 167; Illness, 161-2-3-4, 168; Immorality, 163 (2); International Labour Office, 172; _Kemban_, see Recruiters, Köfu, 165; Kuwata, Dr., 172; Labour cheap, 169 (2), 173; Labour docile, 173; Legislation, 165, 171; Married women, 162; Marriages, 163; Morale, 168; Mottoes, 164 (3)-5; Number of workers, 168; Obedience, 169; Parliament, 173 (2); Police 166; Pressure 161; Priests and Missionaries, 162, 165; Proprietors, 163 (2)-4-5, 167-8; Recruiters, 161-2-3, 166; Sleeping, see Dormitories; Suwa, 165; Switzerland, 172; Wages 161-2, 164-5, 167-8; Walpole's History, 167; Washington Conference, 173; Western responsibility, 173; "Worked like soldiers," 164; and daimyo's castle, 176; and farmers, 282; Silk 147, 150, 161; Tea 403; Visits to, 161; Woollen, 354-5-6-7
Failures, A country's, due to, 167
Fairies, 110
Faith, 27, 97, 148; "Faith is the mother," etc., 136
Fame, Worldly, and good repute, 324
Familiarity, 273
Family, 61, 326; Discords, 282; "Excesses," 302; Large, Appreciation of, 302, 331; Size of, see also Limitation of, 66, 331 (2), 377; Number in, 412; System, 285, 328-9, 330
Famines, 118, 124, 197, 237, 413
Fans, 115, 148, 314
Farmers, see also Adjustment, Agriculture, Area per family, Countryman, Debt, Heroic peasant, Labour, Paddy, Peasant Proprietors, Rice, Tenants, Work; Ability, 65; Aged mother, 3; and Adjustment, 71; and Artisan, 189; Attraction of towns, 180; and Copper companies, 92, 227; Egotist 61; and M.P. 92; and reading, 319; and thieving priest, 320; Attitude towards Science, 158; as poets 41; Autobiography, 8; Bondage 331; British, 370; Capital, 42; Character needed, 50; Children clever, 233; Clothing, 186; Condition, 18, 173, 189, 283-4-5, 265, 304, 310 (2), 314, 322, 354, 365, 378; Condition improved, 261; Condition of success, 10; Days working, 232 (3); (hand work, heavy spade, long-handled sickle, mattock, sickle, scythe, weeding 385-6;) Debts 42; Expenditure, 62, 381-2; Evicted by Railways, 250; Families 412; for and against Family system 330; Fishermen 210; Foreign sympathy excessive 261; Food 378, 380-1, 389; in sericultural districts 85; Future 303; Holidays, too small, Home, 61; 281; Good humour 186; Hours worked 278; Idealising of 260; Importance of Character, Education and Influences brought to bear on 85; Incomes too low 38; Lowest on which can live 194; of an M.P. and of a Minister of State 9-10; Increased expenditure 88; Intelligence of 186; Knowledge of financial position 186; Laboriousness 298; Lack of cash 251; Large, see Hokkaido; Limitations imposed by area, practice and physical conditions 88, 364 _et seq._; Long hours, see Day's working, 167; Metayer system 207; Meeting of skilful 24; Middle 183, 189, 193, 378, 380; Mixed, see Hokkaido; Monument 251; Morality 66; No time to think 149, 179; Not able 196; Not inferior to a townsman 8; Pilgrimages 252; Pluck, industry and need of land 152; Poverty 176, 183, 195; Pressure on 148; Profit, see Hokkaido; Self-contained existence no longer 66; Selling land 10; Shall rent be paid in cash? 301; Small decreasing, large increasing, 89; Social precedence, 369; Spade 362; Stories 24-25; Temporary prosperity 87; Tenants' movement, see Landlords; Thatch for implements, 220; "Toil never ending" 365; Unrepresented in Parliament 285; Why better off 85; Why poor 65; Wives 30; Working days 237; Yosōgi's story 66
Farce 320
Fashions 19
Fasting 327
Fat 142
Father and son 8, 135, 205 (2); Father-in-law 138
Feast, name of, 34
Feeling 210; v. Statistics 1; Logic 29, 37
Feet 317; Wet 312
Fencing and Wrestling, see Wrestling; 14, 16, 159, 178, 287
Ferment 323
Fertiliser 42; Fertility 92 (2)
Festivals 50, 114, 235, 261, 287, 377; Sketches at, 192
Feudal ideas 30; Pensions and debt 395; Régime 244
Field (Upland) 372
Figs 289
Filial duties 117, 205 (2)
Filth, see Manure
Fine arts 214
Fine days 245
Fines 285
Fir 213
Fire defenders and Fire extinguishing 22, 120, 123, 222, 281; Flies 136
Fire farming 110, 122, 227, 131
Fire God 267
Fire holes 314
Fires, see also Arson; 59, 93, 125-6,185, 227, 280, 286, 342
Fish 81, 83, 110, 117 (2), 268, 297, 348-9 (2), 379, 380, 389; Ceremonial 46; Daintiest part 228; Eyes 228; Fed 130; Nurseries 224, 251; Soup 228; Supply 346; Waste 308, 386
Fisheries, see also Hokkaido; 43, 414
Fishermen 211, 214, 308; Farmers 210
Fishing 186, 332; Boat 235; Village 327
Flags 130, 136
Flail 78
Flax 272-3, 381 (2), 410
Fleas 109
"Flinging water at a frog's back" 48
Flint and tinder 233
Floods 92, 93, 118, 128, 152, 177, 180, 197, 223 (2), 227, 240, 370
Flowers 123, 127, 147, 272, 289, 290; Arrangement 53, 213, 319
Flute 190
Folklore being made 331
Food, see Farmers, Hokkaido; 34, 71, 196, 228, 261, 312, 324, 346, 374 (2), 389, 404; and Clothes 118; Five _sen_ a day 184; Japanese v. foreign 350; Lack of 114; Production 367; Specialities 182; Tea and Rice 81; Rice and Pickle 81; Taken away by guests 284; Unbalanced 350; When travelling 110
Forage 227, 243-4, 367
Forces which govern behaviour 167
Foreign: Apeing Foreign 306, 362; Benevolence 376; Books 196; Emulation of 158; Fashions 121; Influence 97; Ideas overpowering 101; Pride in things foreign 362; Tourist 236; Under control 357
Foreigners 69, 80, 81, 111, 117, 141 (2), 146, 204, 217, 244, 249, 262, 269, 345, 352; Cutting them out 369; and idols 205; and Japanese, Closer relations with 95; and Waitresses 101; Hoodwinking 399; Ill-instructed 191; Immorality 56; Sexual curiosity 101; Short-tempered because of Meat-eating 268; Smell of 142
Forests, see Floods; 194, 240, 370, 390, 385, 394, 409
Forestry, see Hokkaido; Association 177
Formalin 60
Formosa, see Taiwan; 96, 214, 249, 390-1, 332, 363 (2)
Fortunate days 126
"Fortune" 138
Forty-seven Ronin 333
Foster mother 311
Foundations of Japan in village ix, 92
Foundlings 376
Fowl day 126
Fox 33, 129, 144, 326; God 120, 266, 325-6 (2)
France 397 (2); and Algeria 256
Franchise 38, 124, 170, 173, 400
Franklin, B., 124
Frankness 146
Frazer, Sir J.G., 243
Freedom, see Hokkaido; 273, 361
_Free Farmer in a Free State, A_, 197, 347-8
Free, Japan very, 100
Frockcoats 82, 259
Frogs 48 (2), 122, 260
Froissart 161
Frontier line 306
Frost 195, 391
Froude, J.A., 103
Frugality 8, 151
Fruit, see Names of; 18, 85, 148, 177, 282, 289, 292, 307, 349, 368, 402; Disease 368; Growing 61; Jelly 148; Insects 368; Preparations 182; Unripe 150
_Fu_ xxv
Fuel, see Charcoal, Coal, Wood; 374, 378
Fuji 107, 262, 310; and Electricity 283
Fukushima 107, 119, 175, 189, 199
Funabushi 307
Fundamental power 323
Funerals 22, 66, 270, 302; Forbidden 236; Feast 248
Furniture 382
_Furoshiki_ 280
Fusuma 36
_Futon_ 8, 31, 109, 258, 280, 300
"Future in the morning" 136; Future Life 201
_Gaku_ 4, 38-9, 51
Galloway dykes 227
Gambling 21, 197, 280, 287, 310
_Gampi_ 401
Gap between East and West 100
Gardens 135, 210, 213-4, 215, 222, 270, 313; Economic 12; "Garden where virtues, etc." 177
Gas 348; Natural 133, 300, 404; Gasometer and shrine 286
Geisha 2, 19, 57, 96, 102, 114, 212, 252, 254, 257, 362
_Gemmai_ 79
Geniuses, Education of, 58
Genre pictures 313
_Genshitsu_ 259
Gentleness 19
Geology 365
Geomancy 72
German prisoners 307
Germany, see Hokkaido; 300-1, 328, 386, 413
_Geta_ 16, 18, 116, 236, 272, 308, 317, 346, 373
_Getsu-yo-bi_ 126
Gifu 61
Gillie 25
Ginger 410
_Ginseng_ 131, 256
Giotto 103
Girls, see School girls; 13-4, 181, 275, 407; Babies on backs 285; Exploitation 173; in hotels and restaurants 101; Labourers 250, 286, 322, 411; Porters 186; Primitive conditions 216; Sturdiness 302; Wages 315; Gipsies 110
Gladstone 352
Glamour of West 369
Glass, Box for broken, 126
Globe 276
"Glory of the Morning" 121
_Go_ (measure) 119; _Gō_ (chess) 142, 214-5
Goats 264, 321, 347, 406
Godown 185, 376
Gods 21, 80, 82, 202-3-4, 244, 251; of Agriculture 145; calling down 83; Christian view of 83; "God damn all foreigners" 352; of Fire 261; of Happiness 267; of Horses 26; "If one shall give to God" 323; Respect for 45; and Sea 257; "God second" 271; Sirens and guns 237
Gogh, Van, 98
_Gohai_ 134, 144, 185, 318
_Gohan_ 79
Goitre 268
Gold 124, 396; Story 5
_Golden Bough, The_, 192, 331
Goldsmith, Oliver, 146
Gong 272, 310
Gonorrhœa 300
Good: Doing 26; Fellowship 16; Humour 217; "Good people are not sufficiently precautious" 8; Resolutions, Black and red balls for, 19; "Good wives and good mothers" 19; Good Shepherd 127; Goodness, Causes of, 67, 149
Goods, not up to sample, 354
Gosen 132
Gospel 94, 97
Gourds 221
Government, Feeling towards, 63; Granary 86
Governors 21, 39, 84, 152, 179, 198, 200, 202-3, 238, 259, 328, 352, 361, 370, 373; Ex- 241
Goya 103
Graduation tax 21
"Grafting, Thinking," 136
Grain 307, 349; and wood crops 309
Granary 86
Grandfather's story 43
Grapes 130, 140, 149, 152, 177, 272, 402; in mustard 228; Grapefruit 238
Grass, see Forage; 381 (3), 409; Land available 368; Hokkaido and Saghalien 368; Bamboo 352
Gratitude 26, 141
Gravel 25
Graves, see Burial grounds; 19, 58, 72, 225, 306; Stones 121, 144, 147, 219, 235, 267; Gravedigger 241; Unpopular persons 241
Great Britain xv, 328, 386
Greece 95-6, 204; Greek Church 362
Green, J.K., 34
"Greenfield Mountain" 244
Grief 201, 273
Ground cypress 221
"Guid moral fowk" 63
Guilds 295, 317
Gumma 146, 309, 321
_Gun_ xxv; _Gunchō_ 51, 56, 118, 150, 175, 219, 328
Guns, sirens and gods, 237
Gutters 286
Gymnastics 113, 222
_Gyokuro_ 294, 403
_Habakari_ 375
Habits 124
Hachia 248
_Hagi_ 213
Hair 18, 19, 143, 224, 318, 353; Tied up 116
_Hakama_ 16, 356
_Hakumai_ 79
Haldane, Lord, 201
Half-civilised 141; dressed 126
Hall, Sir D., viii, 370
Ham 406
Hamlets xxvi, 15, 16
Hand-claps 45-6, 319; Hands 153
Handicrafts, Japanese and British, 317
_Hantsukimai_ 79
_Haori_ 16, 315, 356
Happiness 109, 261; God of, 267
_Harakiri_, see _Seppuku_, 55
_Hara_ (prairie) 68
Hara, Professor, 413 (2)
Hard work, or better, 64
Hare 278; Day 126
Harmoniums 276
Harp 83
Harvest, see Paddy, 50; Gods and, 83
Hasegawa, Tokaku, 344
_Hashi_ 81
Hata 68; _Hatake_ 68
Hats 74, 76, 83, 129, 198, 284
Hawaii 388
Hawker: beggar 248
Hayashi, Baron, xv
Haze 392
Headhunters 96
Headman, see Blind Headman, 54, 56, 121, 126, 133, 140, 189, 241, 250; and Officials 21; Loochoos 236
Health, see Bureau of Hygiene, Invalids, Physique, Tuberculosis; 50, 53, 80, 180, 268, 308, 368, 375, 398, 404
Hearn, Lafcadio, viii, 141, 237, 253, 344
Hearts 25, 27
Heat, 125, 147, 261, 307
"Heathen" 96, 98, 99, 326
Heather 290
Heaven 23, 183; "Heavenly punishment" 298
Hebrew prophets 95
Height 17, 404-5
_Heimin_ 400
Hell 109
Hemp 409
Henley, W.E., 40, 80
Hens, Pensions for, 345
"Here the Emperor beheld," etc. 39
Herring blessed 82
_Hibachi_ 153, 297, 374
"Hided himself" 29
Highways, Ancient, 144
Hills 390; Artificial 210
Hills removed 299
Hindus 203
_Hinoki_ 221, 394
Hiroshima 207, 236, 402
History: Cannot be repeated 363; of England 167; of the "Southern Savage" 208
_Hiye_ 387, 389
Hoes, see Paddy
Hokkaido xxv, 89 (2), 195, 197, 222-3, 249, 332, 363, 390; Agricultural college, 336; American supplies and influence 334(2)-5-6 (2); Apples 337; Ashigawa 338; Ainu 336; Alcohol factory 339; Askov 341; _Basha_ 338, 340; Bear 337; Beer 337; "Best bits" 359; Beauty 361; Brewing 335-6-7; Britons 336; Brothels 360; Buckwheat 338, 341; Budget cut down 359; Buggies 334; Canning 336-7; Cattle 343; Christians 340; Climate 337; Collies 343; Cooperation 339, 341; Countryside 342; Credit 360; Cossack farming 336; Dairymaid 343; Danish songs 341; Development, 335, 358-9, 360, 414; Drainage 338; Dutch 336; Education 359; Elms 336; Farms, Area, 239, 337-8; Mixed, milk, meat, 338, 343, 348; Profits 340, 380-1-2; Official farms 343, Farms, large, 338; "Feed them well" 341; Fisheries 335, 337; Floods 342; Flour mills 336; Food 341; Foreign practice 336; Forestry 337; Forest fires 342; French 336; "Getting on" 360; Germans 336, 341; Grouse 336; Immigrants 337, 339, 340, 341, 359; Grass 341; Hakadate 334; Hay 343; Horses 338, 341; Houses 334; Hunting 335; Huts 341; Imperial household 335-6, 360, Rescript 336; Immigration into island, 360, 414; Industry 337; Influence on Old Japan 334, 361; _Kō_ 341; Kuroda 336; Labour difficulties 337-8, Land scandals 359, Not available 360, System 359; Licensed Quarters, see Brothel; Manitoba 337; Maize 336-7; Milk 338; Millet 338; Mining 337; Moneylenders 340; Money wanted 359; Monkeys 336; Mortgage 340; Nitobe, Dr., 336; Oats 337; Oxen 339; Peat 338; Peppermint 339; Pheasants 336; Pigs 339, 343; Population 335, 360, 414; Potato, see Starch; Prostitutes 360; Railway 341, 360; Religion 340; Residuum 341, 359; Rice 337-8, 341; Rivers 338, 342; Roads 338, 341, 360; Riding 339; Russians 335-6; Rye 337; Saké 340; Salisbury, Lord, 359; Salvation Army 340; Sapporo, 343-4 (2), 337-8, 391; Sato, Dr., 336; Scenery 342; Self-binders 343; _Self-help_ 341; Sheep 343, 347, 352-3-4; Silo 336; Stock-keeping 343, 347; _shōchū_ 340; Shrine 339; Slesvig 341; Snow 341, 347; "Social question" 341; Soldier colony 336; "Sordid" 360; Stallion 340; Starch factory 339; Stimulating and free 361; Streets 334; Sugar-beet factories 336; Taxation 414; Temples 339; Tenants 339; Tolstoy 341; Tomeoka 341; Trees 338, 342; Uchimura 336; Ugliness 342; University 336, 360; Value of land 402; Volcanoes 334, 343, 390; Wagon storage 340; "Whoa" 334; Windows 334; Wolves 337; Wood pulp 337; Yezo 335
Hokke 134
_Hokku_ 107
_Hokora_ 134, 144
Hokusai 344
Holidays 128, 278, 377; Cheap 123, 190; To cattle 256
Holiness, Theoretical and practical, 256
Holland, see Dutch; ix, 121, 368
Hollyhocks 39
Home Office 24, 133, 345; Home training 149
Homma 186, 188, 380
_Hon_ 334
Hondo, see Honshu
Honesty 140, 145, 277
"Honourable first-class passengers" 218
Honours, 187
Honshu 334, 390-1-2, 402
Hoops 221
Hopes for the future 361
Horses, see Hokkaido, Paddy; 61, 111, 139, 187, 189, 194-5, 209, 240, 262-3-4, 269, 287, 307, 345 (2), 346, 381 (3) -2 (2), 406; Bronze 212; Day 126; Difficulty of feeding 367; Dressing 318; Fair 175; Feed 244; Fondness for 344; Fly 126; God 267 (2), 304; Holidays for 256; Monuments to 167, 307; Power 385; Shows 268; Slaughtered 406; Shrine 127; Symbol 272, 304; Horseman's hair cutting 318
Hotels, see Inns, 107; Japanese and English 319; "Hotel for people of good intentions" 54
Hot spring 126, 190; Story 233
Houses, see Hokkaido; 66, 153, 207, 214, 261, 314, 322, 378; Beauties of 31, 35; Building 17; Courtesies 34-5; of ill fame, see Brothels; Miserable 176, 190; New forbidden 247; Simplicity 39; Transported 310; Western "taste" 34
"How I became a Christian" 91
Humanity 235; New conception of 94; Humanitarians 206
Humidity, see Climate
Humour 217, 276
Humus 309, 313
Hunger 145
Hunting, see Hokkaido, 278
Husband and Wife 121
Huxley xiv
Hydrangea 53, 122
Hydraulic works 52
Hygiene, see Health
Hyogo 253, 260, 311, 402
Hypocrisy 224, 259
_I_ 246, 410
"I am the master of my fate" 41; "I remain Japanese" 141; "I hear the voice of Spring" 165
Ibaraki 189, 199, 309
Idea of a Gap 98; Old ideas 331
Ideographs 68, 301
Idleness, Correction of, 17, 19
"Idols" 142, 205
"If you look at a water fowl" 101; "If you should advise me" 175
_Ihai_ 143, 270, 272; _Ihaido_ 272-3
Illegitimacy 114, 229, 241, 280, 303, 322, 395
Illiteracy 375
Illness 187, 350, 377
Image, see Idols, 142, 205
Imitation, 24
Immorality, see Morality, Women, Primitive conditions; 2, 17, 101-2, 114, 126, 132, 139, 149, 193, 190, 191-2, 197, 201, 212, 214, 241, 280, 287, 307, 315, 322; Foreigners, 56; and Shrine, 325-6
Imperial Household, see Hokkaido; Garden Party, 319; Rescript 50-1, 90, 137, 204; Poem competition 40; Train 44
Imperturbability 251
Implements 364, 378, 382; Better, 365, 367, 370; Cared for, 220; Primitive, 365
Imports, Doing away with 347; Some useless 369
Impressions xiii, 27
Improvement, Principles of, 370
Inari 129, 325
Incendiarism, see Arson
Incense 119, 141
"Incitement to do well" 140
Income of a Governor, 373; of a Minister of State 373; Small 240
Incomprehensibleness 202
Incongruity 137
Indecency 192, 197
Independence 151, 277, 311
India 388
Indigo 209, 223, 409
Individualism 101-2, 204, 327, 330
Indo-China 388
Indoors 213
Industry (quality) 297, 317
Industry, see Hokkaido, Factories, Sericulture; Alleged economic necessity for Sweating 169; "Industry and Increase of Production" 259; Cheap labour 169 (2), 173; Cotton factories 174; Chinese competition 173; and Commerce v. Agriculture 284, 414; Crash 87; Criticism 369; Destruction of Craftsmanship 317; Death rate 393; Deception of West 174; Docile Labour 169, 173; Employers' public spirit 173; Excuses for shortcomings 169; Exploiting 169 (2); El Dorado 369; Female labour 169, 399; Foreign competition 173-4; Handicap of 174; Indefensible attitude 169; Inexperienced labour 174; Inhumanity 174; Just claim 174; Mistakes imitating West 170; Net return to Japan 169; Number of workers 168; Profits 174; Rural v. Urban 369; Success of 169; Uselessness of some 369; Unskilled labour 174; Welfare work 174; Wellwishers' fears 169; Western lessons 174, 369; Wisdom, Will it be displayed? 174; Woollen, 354-5-6-7
Infanticide 66, 216, 302, 332
Infinity 200
Inflation xxiv, 414
Influence 201, 203, 321, 324; Influential villager 140
Inhalation 117
Inland Sea 207-8, 235
Inner colonisation, 307, 413-4
Inn 108-9-10, 116, 122-3, 127, 132, 144-5, 152, 190, 214, 228, 315; of Cold Spring Water 128; Entertainment 108; Notices in 183; Old days 148; Rates 148, 183; Restfulness 319; Transportation of 182
Inscriptions 47, 126, 129
Insects 20 (2), 188, 230, 250, 286, 344, 353, 368; Fondness for, 344; Insect powder 109
Instinct 201
Instructions 26, 151
Insurance 281
Intellectuals 103, 203
Intelligence 140, 151, 370
Intercourse 358
Interest, see Usury; 43, 66
Intermarriage 204, 252, 290, 364
International Labour Conference 395; Understanding, see West and East
Interpreter 27
Intestines 348, 351
_Introduction to the History of Japan_, 413
Invalids 110, 346
Ireland 358
Iron 226, 396
Irrigation, see Water, Waterwheels, Wells; 25, 52, 180, 197, 207, 210, 262, 390-1
Ise Shrine 176
Islands 235 (3), 390; Beacon 247
Italy 365-6, 396-7
Ito San 307
Itsukushima 236
Iwate 189, 195-6
Izumo 251
_Jaga-imo_ 249
Jakchū, 344
James, William, 105
Japan, see Japanese; Anti-Ally campaign xi; Belief in, a substitute for religion, 63; Books, good and bad, on viii; and Germany xi; and Great Britain 89, 385, 390; Compared with Asia 390; Could support double the population 97; Course 371; Danger of Foreign colonisation 100; English-speaking world and xv; Free 100; Future, neither a technical nor an economic problem, 371; Forced into Materialism, 100; Great Britain and, xv; Mental attitude 371; New and Old 318; Northern 365, 370, 402, 413 (2), 414; Proper 385, 390; Thousand years ago 82; United States and xv; Width 390; Will o' the wisps 371; World opinion on ix
Japanese: Advantages 371; Aestheticism and farmer ix; Closer relations with foreigners 95; Christian church 197; Common sense 371; Devotional 102; Essence of life 141; Family, a, 143; Ideas, old, 174; Judgment on 371; Kindness 102; Number in Great Britain 403; in London 403; Opportunities 371; Puzzled 100; "Japanese spirit," see _Yamato damashii_, 140, 323; Talents 371; True v. mediocre, 371
Jeffries, 99
_Ji_ 210
"_Jiji_" 90
_Jinrikisha_, see Kurumo; 46, 131
_Jishu_ 119
_Jizō_ 125, 286
John, Augustus 98, 103
Johns Hopkins 349
Johnson, Dr., 132, 175, 262, 297
_Joro_, see Prostitutes; 56, 255, 258 _Judō_ 50, 159
_Jūjitsu_ 50, 287
"Jump land" 305
Jungle 122
Kagawa 207, 209
_Kago_ 244
Kaiserism 90
_Kakemono_ 36, 39, 135, 150 (2), 319
_Kakkō_ 315
Kambara 132
Kamchatka 195
Kanagawa 182, 283, 309, 321
_Karakami_ 36
Karuizawa 143-4
_Kasutera_ 346
_Katsubushi_ 297, 349
Kawasaki, see Labour
"Keeping up position" 183
_Ken_ xxvi, 176
Kennedy, J. Russell, 332
Kepler 106, 123, 344
Khedive 98
_Ki-ai_ 36
_Kikicha_ 294
Kimonos 15, 16, 84, 114, 125 (4), 200, 218, 269, 272, 301, 309, 312, 317, 321, 356; Respect for superiors 125
Kinai 71
Kindergarten 7
Kindness 102, 205, 307
King, Professor, vii, 260
_Kiri_ 129
Kissing 313
Kitchens of Hongwanji 63
Kites 260
Kittens, see Cats; 345
Kneeling 17, 308, 319
Knife 282
Knowledge 301, 328
_Kō_, see Hokkaido, _Tanomoshi_; 215, 278, 301
_Ko-aza_ xxvi
Kobe 66, 71, 207, 260, 292, 392; "Kobe beef" 402
Kochi 207, 209, 386
Kōfu 152
_Koi_, see Carp
Koizumi Yakumo 254
Kokusai-Reuter 332
_Komojin_ 208
_Konnyaku_ 48, 176
Korea 99, 103, 104, 256, 332, 336, 363 (2), 390 (2), 391, 394; Folk art 104; Secretary of Government 10
_Korai_ 105
_Kōri_ xxvi
_Koto_ 34
_Kōzo_ 401
Kropotkin 321
_Kuge_ 102-3
_Kumi_ 262, 278
_Kura_, see Godown
Kuriles 391
_Kuruma_ 46, 121 (2), 209, 243, 262, 310; in War time 51; Forbidden 236; Wooden wheels 244; _Kurumaya_ 120, 122-3, 128, 131, 148, 250; Story 310
Kusonoki Masashige 66-7
Kuwata, Dr., 399
Kwanto 107, 147, 199, 309
Kwantung 388, 391
_Kyōgen_ 32
Kyosai, Kawanabe, 344
Kyōto xxvi, 63, 66, 82, 141, 207, 222, 243, 257, 292, 303, 307, 391-2; Hongwanji 2
Kyushu xii, 330, 390-1-2, 402
Labour, see Factories, Farmers, Land, Paternalism, Revolution; Socialism, 160; Arrests 171; Better directed 64; Ca'-canny 171; Cheap labour exploited 369; Child workers 170, 172, 224; Confederation of Japanese Labour 171; Labour contractors, see Hokkaido, Sericulture; Days in the Year, 62, 65 (2), 377; Employers' public spirit 173; English parallels 167, 170 (2); Factory law 165, 169, 171-2 (2), 224; Hours 62, 376-7, 378; Eleven 173, Twelve 170, Fourteen 171-2; Farmer's Co-operation, see Tenants' movement; "Friend-Love-Society" 171; Girls' labour 224; Imprisonment 170; Increased 26; Irregular 350; Given 17; Kawasaki 173-4; Matsukata 173-4; Mitsubishi 173; Night 48, 171; Police 170-1; Prosecutions 172; Publications 171; Public meetings 170; Public opinion 169, 172-3; Seaman's Union 171; Strikes, 88, 170; Tenants' Movement 173; Trade Unions 169, 170 (2) -1; Wages substituted for apprentice system 315; Women workers, see Silk (Factories) 171-2; _Yu-ai-kai_ 171;
Labourers, see Girl labourers, 150, 184, 189, 194, 380-1, 395, 397, 411
Lacquer 39, 130, 319
Ladder for tree pruning 215
Ladybirds 289
Lamb, Henry, 98
Lamps 348
Land available, see Utilised, 97, 180, 233, 368, 408, 414; Covered by buildings, railways, etc., 250, 409; City investments in, 150; under Cultivation 70; Divided up, result, 306; New 18, 24, 42-3, 62, 66, 85, 194, 207 (2), 225 (2), 264, 305, 370; Yearly 408; Government action, 408; Ownership decrease, 411; "of Plenteous ears" 68; Made over to farmers at Restoration 395; from the Sea, 41; held by Tradesmen and other, 412; Utilised, 214, 225, 227, 244; Value of, 64, 133, 240, 339, 402
Landlady and Players 115
Landless 412
Landlords, see also Tenants, Hokkaido, Homma; 193, 212, 223, 303, 305, 358, 376, 394; Area 29, 41, 213, 400; Absentees 38; Advice and gifts by 30 (2); Bad 58 (4); Budgets 41, 373; Boycotted 28; Competition for Farmers 186; Circuit of village 36; Cruel 38; Expert engaged 177; Diversions 213; Factory dividends 193; as Farmers, 213; Idle 322; and Farmers' wives 30; Garden parties 30; "Hided himself" 29; "Land master" 37; Parasitic 261; Poets 41; Power going from 36, 330; Rents and Reduction of 29, 37, 85, 220; Sharing system, 45; Storehouses, 28 (2); and Tenants, 23 29, 30, 31, 34, 37-8, 88, 94, 152, 229, 230, 301; Taxes 73; Tenant movement 37-8; Perspiration, 38; Reformation of village, 47; Uchimura 94; Usurers 38; Western and Japanese compared, 261
Landscape 120
Lanes 307
Lang, A., 105
Language 301
Lanterns 19, 36, 58, 136, 190, 211, 237, 266-7
Lark 83
Laughter 217
Law, William, 99
Leaders 26, 51, 140
League of Nations, Japanese Secretary, 336
"Learning Meeting" 58; "Learning right ways," etc., 164
Lectures 150, 176, 180, 189, 250, 279
Leeches, see Paddy, 137
"Left behind his tiredness" 111
Legislation 236
Legumes 349
Lemonade 119
Lending, see Borrowing, _Kō, Tanomoshi_, 125, 183
Leonardo 103
Leprosy 5, 298
_Lespedeza bicolor_ 213
Letter in the temple 26
Letters, interesting, 311; Lettering, Western v. Eastern, 39
_Liberté du travail, De la_, 8
Libraries 23, 59, 60, 180, 190, 196, 215, 244, 248, 401
Licensed Quarters, see Brothels
Life 101; Aim 205; Chaotic 100; Desire to enjoy 179; Significance of 90; Too near to Criticise 331
Lignite 47
Lighthouse, "At foot it is dark," 67
Lighting 120
Lily 410
Lime 148
Lincoln 124, 127
Literature 369; Western 102
"Livestock, his family," 386
Living, Bare, 261; Better 370; Cost of 278; Standard of 65, 85, 310, 240; "What men live by" 27; "Living Power" 322
Lizard story 5
Lobster 318
Locks 183
Locusts 20
Logic v. feeling 29
Loin cloth 125, 307
London 64; Market 357
Lonely spot 127; "Lonelyism" 319
Loochoos 236, 391
Loquat 289
Lorries 621
Loss 201, 203
Lotus 48, 146
Louse 107
Love, Not easy to fall in, 102; Not free 102; Four loves 61
Loyalty 174
L.T. 372
Lubin, David, vii
Lucky days 126
Lugubriousness, Absence of, 273
Lumbering, see Forests; 194-5
Lunacy, see "Natural"
"Lusitania" 202
Luther 94
Luxury 2, 19, 151
Lying 124
Macaroni 272, 351, 381
McCaleb, J.M., 364
_Machi_ xxv
Mackintoshes 47
Maeterlinck 99
Magazines 18, 58, 282
Mahomedanism 101
Maid servant 324
Maillol 103
Maize, see Hokkaido, 146, 148, 272, 381 (2)
Malaya 127
Mallets 359
_Manchester Guardian_ 339
Man 150; "Man and Wife" 121; Development 202; with a monument 41; Study of 119; Manfulness 205
Manchuria 21, 354, 356-7, 363 (2), 390, 394; Railway company 357
_Mangoku doshi_ 78
Mantles 74, 76
Manners, see Etiquette 17, 19
Manual labour 50
Mantegna 103
Manure, see _Benjo_; 230, 232-3, 259, 264, 298, 308, 313, 346, 352, 374, 380-2, 384, 386; Artificial 49, 85, 92, 136; Better manuring 370; Co-operation 49; Manure blessed 82; House 22, 137, 150, 215; Green 386; Liquid, for Vegetables, 350; "Livestock, his family," 386; Odour 49; Students and 50; Tanks 214-5; "White steam rising" 137
Maples 25, 52
Market, No, 127
Marmots 166
Marriage, see Weddings, Unmarried; 11, 114-5, 138, 170, 193, 220, 247, 284, 293, 315, 330, 379, 380, 395, 400; Ages 332; Marrying for love, 102; Remarriage 197
"Marrow of Japan, The," xv
Masses 132
Mascots 310
Masters and men, 174, 315
Materialism 2, 27-8, 212, 324
Matisse 103
Mats, see _Tatami_, 177, 215, 270, 304
Matsue 243, 253-4
Matsukata, see Labour
Matsumoto 148, 150, 391
Matter 100
Matthew, St., 94
Mattocks, see Paddies; 97, 285, 385; Wealth and 136
Meadow 409
Meals 34, 323
Meanness punished 266
Meat 130, 133, 346, 348, 349, 350, 356-7, 368, 379, 380, 406; and Good Temper 268
Mechanical power 370, 412
Medals 123
Medicine 248, 268, 374, 379, 380
Meetings, see Public meetings; 63, 238, 254
Meiji, Emperor, 39, 142
Melbourne 167
Melons 146, 150
_Memoirs of the Queen's First Prime Minister_ 170
Memorial stones 41, 51-2, 67, 311; Services 271; Days 50
Mental attitude 254; nimbleness 17
Mercantile Marine 332; Farmer and ix
Mercenary spirit 2, 12
Merciful universe 323; "Mercy of the sun" 321
Meredith 90, 182, 219, 226, 235
Merits 25
Mesopotamia 371
Metal 126; Mines story xi
Metaphysical, Not, 258
Metayer system 45, 207
Methodist 141
Mice and bamboo 108
Middle Ages 84, 317
Middle School boys 151, 255, 284, 404
Middle men 38
Midwives 123, 241, 264, 282, 399
Migration 264, 364
Mikawa 84
Militarism 104, 233, 240, 328, 360; Military service, see Conscription, 220; Training 151, 282, 285
Milk, see Hokkaido; 110, 116, 128, 130, 150 (2), 235, 264, 345, 347-349, 381 (2); Foster mother 311
Millet, see Hokkaido 103, 131, 195-6 (2), 213, 219, 227, 264, 383, 389, 409, 411
Mimetic skill, 192
Minds, 27, 151, 226
Minerals, see also Hokkaido; 284, 396
Ming 106
Ministers and Ministries of Agriculture 24, 378, 385, 390, 397, 403, 411; of Health and Education (British) 371; of Finance 414; of Railways 403; of State, Income of, 373; Ministers, ex- 241
Mirror 178
_Mirin_ 396
Misapprehensions, International, 363
Miser 59
Misfortune 187, 201; and Religion, 63
_Miso_ 6, 81, 123, 151, 191-2, 196, 321, 349 (2), 350
Missionaries 7, 59, 143, 197
Mitsubishi, see Labour
_Mitsumata_ 401
"Mixing in the heart" 135
Miyagi 189, 197
Miyajima 236
Mobilisation 241
_Mochi_ 69, 272
Modesty 317
_Mogusa_ 179
_Momi_ 79
_Mon_ 188
Monday 126
Money: Etiquette 148; Cheap 176, 184, 364; Need of 66, 370; Moneylenders, see Usury, 150, 282, 364; Money-sharing Club, see _Kō, tanomoshi_
Mongolia 357, 363 (2), 394
Monkey, see Hokkaido; 110, 129, 248; Monkey day 126; "Monkey slip" 246
Moon 126 (2), 129, 137, 208, 275; Bowing to 99; "Moon-seeing flowers" 120; Moonlight on mattocks 136; "Waiting for the Moon" 323
Morality, see Crime, Immorality, Police; 17, 20, 37, 50, 66, 95, 101-2, 140, 149, 152, 169, 179, 193, 203, 206, 229, 313; Anglo-Saxon sense of 95; Moral backbone 96, 141; "Moral bath" 94; Code, Lack of, 362; "Distrust of each other's morality the barrier" xii; Morality dependent on material well-being 118, 149; Quality of Eastern 95; "Not so bad" 149
Morimoto 349
Morioka 195-6
Morley, 14
Mosquitoes 50, 125, 143
"Mother, from the bosom of," 301; Mother-in-law 121, 138
Motor bus 246; Launch 237
Mottoes 7, 39, 126, 135-6, 150, 158, 187, 288
Mounds 306
Mountains 70, 108, 159, 176, 390 (2), 394; "Mountain climbers" 320; Mountain maidens 110
Moxa, see _Mogusa_; 47, 179
M.P., see Franchise; 124, 208, 285; Ashes of 92; and farmers 92
"Mr. Temple" 7, 270
M's, Seven, viii
Mud baths 147
_Mujin_ 278
_Mukae bon_ 272
Mulberry 40, 61, 147, 149, 153, 158-9 (2), 160, 264-5, 282, 287, 298, 302, 307, 310; Area and Yield 153, 409; Paper 410; Proverb 153
Mulch 220
_Mura_ xxv, 262
Murdoch, James, Japanese and, viii
Murray, Gilbert, 301
Mushrooms 110
Music 102, 116, 180, 188, 237, 328; Ancient 82; Instruments 222; Western 99 (2), 288
Mutton, see also Sheep; 133, 345, 347
Muzzles 269
Mysticism 99, 100, 267
"My wish is that I may perceive" 106
Naden, Constance, 203
Nagano 140, 146, 153, 262, 272, 399
Nagasaki 391
Nagoya 38, 391, 392
_Naichi_ 334
Naked children 309; Nakedness 115, 125, 193; Child story 307
_Namban_ 208
"Name, called by second," 217
"_Namu Amida_," etc., 129
Napier, Sir W., 170
Napoleon 127, 203
Nara 222
Nasu, Mount 108
Nasu, Professor S., xv, xxiv
Nation 8; National Agricultural Societies 238, 320; Backing Society 312; Defence 97; Feeling 363; Funds 371; Greatness, Sources of, 97; Products 233; Nationalism 204, 328; Nationalists 91
_Natsu mekan_ 238
Nature 287; and Character 99; Feeling towards 99; "Natural" 280; Naturalness 99
Naval Service 311
Navvies 21, 217
Navy 311, 346, 350-1, 360, 403; Farmer and ix
"Needle in your head" 11
Negation 101
Neo-Malthusianism 331-2
Nerves 238, 240
Nets 186
New and modern ideas 37; New ideas 135; New and Old Japan 318; New Age 361; "New rural type" 79
_New East_ xii, 372, 406
News, see Notice boards, 323; Newspapers, see Press, 137, 249, 282, 300, 301, 319
New Testament 96, 203
New Year 265
New York 271, 318
New Zealand 352, 363
_Nichi_ 126
"_Nichi-Nichi_" 90
_Nichi-yo-bi_ 126
Nightingale, Florence, 127
Night-soil, see Manure
Night-time 19
_Nihon no Shinzui_ xv
Niigata 107, 132, 295, 391
Nikko 92, 120
Ninomiya 7, 8, 50, 60, 61, 287
Nirvana 205
Nitobe, Dr., see Hokkaido; xv, 333
Nitrogen 147, 348
_Nō_ 32, 320
Nogi, General, 54, 98
Non-material feeling 259
Normal school 233
"Normal yield" 70
North America 410
North, backwardness of, see Japan, Northern
North of Japan, see Japan, Northern
Noses 144, 192, 204
Note-books 18
"Nothing which concerns a countryman," etc., 107
Notice boards for news 17, 126; Notices 287
"Not yet" 288
Novelist 152; Novelists, Russian, 99
_No wa kuni taihon nari_ 92
Nunnery 142; Nuns 140, 142, 143
Nursery pasture 259; Nurseries, see Paddies, Children drowned, 266; Nurses 58, 399; "Nursing-place for children of soldiers" 312
Nutrition poor, see Food
Oaks 316
Oars 211
Oats 381 (2)
_Oaza_ xxvi, 221, 263, 302, 304, 305
_Obi_ 15, 25
Obedience 169
Obscenity 192
Oceania 410
Octopus 46, 308
Oculist 239, 300
_Oden_ 48
Offerings 272
Officials 27, 51, 176, 212, 261; Official rewards 213
_Ohyakusho no Fufu_ ix
Oil, see Petroleum; For insects 188
Oiwaké 144
Okayama 207, 402
Okio 344
Okuma, Prince, 390
_Okunitama no Miko no Kami_ 45, 46
Okura, Baron, 357
_Okuri bon_ 272
Old age 17, 19, 22, 43; Old farmer to his son 66; Old man and officials 51; Old men 135, 271; "Old Miss not frequent" 74; Old Japan 391; Old People's Clubhouse 305, Houses 304, Work 227
Old Testament 326
Olives 210
Omelette 110
Omori 93, 182
Onions 381 (2), 410
"Only half a pilgrimage," etc., 257
Open heart 215
Oranges 221, 287, 289 (2), 402
Order 328; "Orders, May give him," etc., 217
_Oriental Economist_ 93; Oriental religion for Orientals 327
Originality, supposed lack of 101
_Oro_ 400
Orphans 185
Osaka ix, xxv, 71, 90, 207, 222, 311, 392
Otake 324
_Otera San_ 7, 270
"Other people" 62, 377
_Otsu Yukimichi_ 46
Out-of-date ideas 348
Owen, Wilfrid, 334
Overloading 345
Over-population, see Population
Overpowering foreign ideas 101
Overseas Colonisation Co. 402
Overwork 114
Oxen, see Cows, Cattle, Hokkaido, Holidays, Paddies; 18, 139, 346; Ox-day 126; Ox-drawn carts 18
Oyashiro current 195
Paddies, see Adjustment, Agriculture, Bull, Cow, Horse, Lime, Mattock, Plough, Pony, Rice, Straw, _Ta_, Windmills; 20, 66, 68-9, 70-1-2, 132, 264; Adjustment 182; Appearance 146, 298; Area, see Size, 385; Back breaking 75; Beauty 76; Blindness 300; At Christmas 314; Carp 299; Children drowned 75; Clothing 74; Cow 73, 77; Cultivated for centuries 366; Cultivation in sludge 73; Damaged crops 76-7; Discomfort 74; Drying 73, 77; Paddy v. Dry field labour 358; Floods 72, 76; Frost 299; Harrowing 73-4; Harvest 76-7; Hoes 75; Horse 73; _I_ 246; Insects 74-5-6; Italy 68; Labour 70-3 _et seq_., 331, 358, 365; Labour required per _tan_ 232; Leeches 74; Mattock 73, see Mattock; Model 189, 258; Ox 72-3, 77; Ploughing 73, 385; Pony 73, 77; Pulling Fork 74; Rent, see Rent, 23, 73; Reservoirs 72, 210, 299; Scattered 71; Second crop 70, 73; Seed bed 74-5-6, 84; Shape 69, 70-1; Shinto streamers 75; Sickle 77; Size 70, 249, 365-6, 360 (2); Soil 70, 73; Sowing 74-5; Spade 73; in Spring 307; Straw 76; Stubble 73; Temperature raised 76; Transplanting 74-5 (3), 84; Two hundred and tenth day 76; U.S.A. 68; Value 214, 402, 408-9; Wet 76-7; Water, Ammonia, Depth, Warm, 70, 72, 152, 366; Wet Feet 73; Weeding 74-5(2); Wind 76; Women 74; Work of 147
Pagodas 209
Painting 102, 223, 286, 327
Palisades 227
_Pan_ 346
Panic grass, see _Hiye_
Paper 125, 148, 177, 227, 401
Paradise 205 (2)
Parasites 261, 350
Parasol, see Umbrellas
Parents 17, 102, 117, 149
Park 210
Parkes, Sir Henry, 9
Parliament 53; Cost of election 208; Farmers and ix
Parmesan 298
## Partiality 14
Party feeling, see Politics, 2
Past and Present 233
Paternalism 174
Patience 153
Patriotism 26, 206, 371; Patriotic Women's Society, 105, 124
Patronage 37
Pattison, Mark, 105
Paul, St., 99
Paulownia 129
Paupers 376
Peace of the world 84; Peaceful mind 205 (2)
Peaches 277, 289, 295, 402
Pears 31, 233, 235, 289, 402
Peas 307, 383, 409
Peasant, of East and West, 141; Heroic 51; Hungry 145; and Lucifer match 233; Monuments to 67; "Peasant Sage of Japan" 7
Peasant Proprietors, see Tenants; 138-9, 184, 189, 261, 264, 284, 321, 364, 376, 378-9, 380 (4), 411
Peat, see Hokkaido, 194
Pedlars 315
Peers, School, 55, 102; Qualifications for House of 176
Pencils 272
Pensions 380
Peonies 256
People, Condition of, 262
Peppermint 381, 410
Perfection 283
Perry, Commander, 100, 124
Persimmons x, 13, 45, 61 (2), 152, 289, 320, 402
Persistence 328
Personalities 104
Perspiration 38
Pestalozzi, 220
Peter the Great 124
Petroleum 132
_Phædo_ 203
Pheasants, see Hokkaido, 215
Philanthropy, see Charitable institutions; 41, 376
Philosophy 100, 102, 204, 206
Photographs xvi
Physique 16, 171, 193, 204, 284, 302, 322, 350, 364
Piano 99
Pickles 81, 110, 159, 268, 349
Picture postcards 148
Pigeons 215
Pigs, see Hokkaido; 27, 264, 347, 382 (2), 406
Pilgrims 20, 133, 142, 182, 210-1, 220, 252, 271, 302; and Prostitutes, 257
Pillow 109; slip 109
Pine 215, 248, 299, 316, 318, 394
Pipes 288
Pirates 214
Pistol 56
Pitt 9
"Places of distinction" 187; "Place of the Seven Peaks" 120
Plains 70
Planet 126
Plans 18
Plantain 122, 307
Plasters 267
Plato 96, 358
Players 115, 124-5, 245, 266; Playrooms 260
Ploughing, see Agriculture, Hokkaido, Paddies; Worship of 61, 87, 120
Plums 295, 307, 405
Poe 105
Poel, William, 114
Poet 27, 40, 135; Poems, see Song, _Uta_; 20, 61, 107, 109, 111, 136, 141, 183, 216, 288, 324; Poetry 313, 334
Poisonous plants 124
Pole and bucket 207
Police, see Arrests, Cells, Crime, Postponed offences, Prisoners, Theft; 20, 43-4, 53-4, 113, 116, 125, 140, 150, 235, 280; Influence of 118; Letters for 111; Offences 250; Shirakaba 103; at Theatre 115
Politeness 19, 40, 217, 251, 277, 317
Politics, see Franchise, "Direct Action"; 103, 104, 303; Local 284, 303; Slander 2
Pomegranate 52-3
Ponds, cleaned out free, 219
Pony, see Paddies; 227; at Shrine 116
Poor, see Farmers, Relief; 57, 63, 67, 94, 145, 149, 278, 320, 323; Cannot remain poor 67; Flattery of 94
Poore, Dr., 374
Population, see Birth and Death rates 160, 391; Census 393-4; Compared with Great Britain and U.S.A. 82, 385, 392; Cost of living and postponement of marriage 332 (2); Empire and its parts 391; Percentage Habitable compared with other Countries 392-3; How to support double 97; Increase of 89, 392-3-4; Increase compared with increase of Rice production 389; and Means of Production 332; Decrease of Rural 412; and Rural and Urban compared 412; Sexes 169; per square mile 392; per square kilometre compared with Belgium, England and Wales, Holland, Italy, Germany and France 392; Surplus 332, 360, 369, 413
Porcelain 39, 319
Pork 347, 350
Port Arthur 98; Ports, Open, 256
Porters 186
Porticoes 246
Portraits 38, 120, 143, 198
Portuguese 208, 346
Posterity 19
Post-impressionism 104
Potash 251
Potatoes 191, 194, 249; Irish 383, 409, 411; Sweet 146, 227, 309, 347, 381 (2), 383, 409, 411; Memorials 249
Pottery 99, 148
Poultry 7, 18, 39, 58, 264, 297, 304, 381-2 (2), 406; Pensions for 345 "Pouring water on a duck's back" 48
Poverty, see Poor
Power, Fundamental, 323
Prairie 71, 111
Prayer 141, 243-4, 272, 326
Preaching 3, 4, 5, 249, 270, 310, 314-15
Prefecture xxv
Prejudice 146, 363
Pre-nuptial relations, see Immorality
Presents 218, 271 (2), 329
Press, see Newspapers; Brains and circulation of 90; Dread of 41
Prices xxiv, 13; Prices in this book xxiv, 87-8; Rise in Prices 87-8
Priests, see Buddhist priest, Shinto priest; 1, 20, 45, 57, 139, 140, 149 (2), 180-1, 197, 212, 220, 247, 331, 412; Dress 25; Priest-craft 93; at Elections 250; Good deeds 324; Ignorance 120; and Illegitimate child 193; Income 42; Influence, Character and Education 41; Silent 189; Speech by 25; Talk with 1, 51, 59; Thieving 320; Thrifty 62; Wandering 315
Priggishness 362
Primitive belief, 323-4 (2)
Prisoners 307
Prize tax 21
Problems 95, 104
Prodigal 60
Production 26, 369, 414
Professors 42
Progress 63, 235, 279; Delayed by lack of money 97; Erroneous conception of 370; by means of horses 339
"Proof not argument" 343
Prospects 119
"Prosperity and welfare" 187
Prostitutes, see Hokkaido, Immorality; 56, 114, 132, 190, 192, 212, 222, 235, 243, 257, 325, 330, 376
"Protection for inoffensive people" 97
Protein, vegetable, 348-9
Protestants 362
Prothero, Sir G.W., 9
Proverbs, see Mottoes; 48, 57-8-9, 67, 109, 121, 123, 136, 141, 256-7, 307, 315, 343
Pruning 215
P.S.A. 275
Psychology of behaviour 167
Public benefit 374; Energy 371; Funds 371; Good 22, 201-3; Health, see Health, Public; Public man, Farmers' and Author's view, 9-10-11; Meetings 24, 170, 238; "Public Spirit and Public Welfare" 259; Opinion 41, 118, 135, 149, 203; Welfare 125; Work 303
Pumping, see Water-wheels, 64
Pumpkins 272
Punishment 112, 178
Puppies 345
"Purified in heart" 141; Purification 134; Puritans 95; Purity 151
"Push, push, push," 115
"Q" 203
Quaker 3, 6, 203
Quarrelling, see also Family discords; 54, 322
Queen Victoria 282
Querns 235
Questions 243, 303; difficulty of, 101; Questioning, lack of power of, 101
Rabbits 179
Race, Factories' effect on, 168-70; Method of gaining knowledge of another 200; Racial feeling 364
"Rael Christians" 63
Rafts 128
Railway 131-2,144,176,182, 208-9, 217, 243, 250, 251, 395
Rain 74, 137, 190, 285, 312, 345, 390-1 (3); Rain making 123, 137-8; Ducked figure 123
Rake's progress 317
Ram 343
Rammer 224
Ranks 251, 254
Rape seed 131, 381 (2), 409
Rapids 128; Rapid work 317
Rats 150, 185; Rat day 126
Ravine 152
Reading 279, 319
Reality 219
"Realm, Wounds of the," 309
Reclaimed land, see Land, new
Recreation and Immorality 149
Red Cross 124, 245
"Red worm" 282
Reed-covered buildings 84
"Reflecting and Examining" 135
Reformers and Bible 95
Reformer "St. Francis" 321
"Regent" 38
Reid, Sir G., 9
Reincarnation 344
Relief, see Kō, Poor, _Tanomoshi_; 189, 241, 258, 264, 311
Religion, see Hokkaido; 27, 63, 108, 120, 135, 140-1, 149, 179, 180, 200, 202, 203, 212, 258-9, 261, 302, 310, 323, 326, 327, 331, 362; and Agriculture 231; as Custom 327; "the Depths of the People" 93; Religious idea, the deepest 100; and Morality 259; Naturalness 99; New 212, 219; Primitive 323-4; Protecting Science 82; Reconciliation of 100; Revival 324; and Science 201; Not limited to Sects or Ideas 101; Substitutes for 63; and Taxation 212; Advantage of Variety 327; Western "too high" 259
Remarriage 197
Rembrandt 103, 105
Remoteness 127-8, 249
Rents, see Rice, Paddy; 23, 28-9, 38, 42, 73, 78, 86, 144, 186-7, 301-2
Reprimand, see Admonition, 187
Research work 158
Reservists 123, 133, 215
Residents abroad 410
Resolutions, see Good resolutions
Respect 37, 40, 324
"Responsibility for one's words" 240, 259
"Best after a meal," etc. 315
Restoration 395
Retainer 198
Reunion 313
Reverence 141, 273
"Revolution, Song of," 171
Rewards 213
"_Ri_ away" 58
Rice, see Adjustment, Agriculture, Aqueduct, Barley, Hokkaido, Implements under their different names, Irrigation, Millet, Normal yield, Paddies, _Ta_, Tunnels, Water; 123, 127, 264, 268-9, 271, 321, 349, 389; Aeration of soil 20; America 365-6; Areas 132, 182, 193, 382-3 (2), 409; Agriculture based on 343; Air of rice fields 300; Altitude 123; "All members of family smiling" 137; Appearance 146, 298; Adjustment, see Adjustment, story 51; Compared with Barley and Wheat 70, 413; Barley substituted for 80, 85; Beauty of 76; _Beri beri_ 79; Bowl 80-1; Cakes 80; California 365-6; Ceremonies 50, 82; Certificates 185; Climate 197, 391; Collecting 229; Consumption 81, 86, 127, 351, 366, 387; Cooking 351; Crop 68, 70, 193, 209, 364-5, 387-8, 410; Cost of production 383; Cultivation 18, 19, 20; Daimyo's test 79; Dealers 78, 186; Deficit 388; Disease 207, 238; Distance apart 130; Dog's food 345; Drying 77, 120, 207-8; "Ears bend as ripen" 137; more Eaten 85; Emigration and 363; Etiquette, 81; Engineering 52; Everywhere paddies 121; Exports 86, 388; Flavour, see Saigon, Rangoon, California, 366, 382, 389; Flowering 196, 391; Foreign 81; Gemmai 79; "Girl to boil" 351; Goddess 312; Glutinous 69, 382-3; _Gohei_ 185; _Gohan_ 79; Government action 48, 86, 390; Granary, see Government action; _Hakumai_ 79; Hand mills 78; "Hanging ears" 76; _Hantsukimai_ 79; Harvest 76, 77, 86, 386; Heavy cropping power 70; Heroic peasants 51; Husking 77, 382-3; Imports 86, 136, 351, 388; Indigestion 81; Insects 74, 201, 250; Italy 365-6; Japanese v. foreign production 366; Kew plants 70; Day's labour to produce 1 _chō_ 385; Land available 368; "Last straw" 77; League for Preventing Sales at a Sacrifice 384; Licences 185; Locusts 20; _Mangoku Doshi_ 78; Manure, see Manure, 20; Market 186; Mat for workers 125; _Momi_ 79; Names, see Varieties, 79, 387; and Oatmeal 81-2; Ordinary 382-3; "Paddy" 69; Opening a new Paddy 24; Phial of old 40; Polishing 78-9 (2), 186; Porters 186; Prefectures where most is grown 68; Prices 85 (2) -6 (2) -7, 351, 383-4, 389, 390; Profitable 358; Production 351, and population increased 84; Prizes at shows 9; Qualities, see Varieties, 185; Rangoon 388; Red 56; Rent rice, Inferiority of, see Rent, 23; Reservoirs 210; Respect for 185; Right crop for Japan? 413; Riots 87; Rotting 76; Saigon 366, 388; Salt water, Testing with, 30; School fees 239; Seasons 69; Seed 177, 208, 387; at Shrine 116 (2), 118; Soaking pond 74; Soft for Invalids 81; Song 83; Sowing 386, Direct 387; State 84; Statistics, see Appendix, 84, 86; Storehouses 48, 86, 185; at Table 80, 91; Tastiness 81; for Temple 220; Terraces 149; Texas 365-6; Threshing 77-8, 241; Tickets 185; Transplanting 20, 386-7; Tub 81; Two hundred and tenth day 76; Uncleaned 382-3; Unpolished 78; Upland 69 (2), 73, 383; U.S. area and crop 366; Varieties, see Qualities, 69, 132; Weeding 20, 75; Weight of Bale 302; Wet 76, 77; Rice v. Wheat 351; Wind 20, 76, 219, 220, 259; Winnowing 78, 207; Yahagi, Dr., 366; Yields 69, 175, 382-3; Compared with Increase of Population 389
"Rich are not so rich" 127; "Rich cannot remain rich" 67; Riches 58; "Richer after the fire" 59
Richo 106
Rickets 268
Riding, see Hokkaido; 194
Rifles 151, 282
_Rin_ 191, 211, 271
Ring 128
Riots 87
Rise in prices, see Prices
Rivers, see Hokkaido; 72, 93, 262, 390; Beds, see Floods, 111
R.L.S. 189
Roads 122, 128, 130, 194, 219, 224, 240, 246, 287; Mending free, 219, for Rates, 245
Robbers 195, 225, 277
Robes 2, 270; of Honour 187
Rodin, 103
_Roka_ 375
Roman Catholics 141, 362; Rome 198
_Ronin_, Forty-seven, 333
_Ron yori shoko_ 343
Roof makers 268; Roofs 153
"Room of Patience" 179
Roosevelt 159
Rope, see Straw, 215; Making 177; Straw (Shinto) 223
Rose 213, 290; Rate of growth 242
Rosebery, Lord, 9
Rotation 309
Rothamsted 370
Route plans 18
Rubbish, Production of, 369
_Ruddigore_ 274
Running about 34
Rural, and urban population compared, 364, 412; "Bondage" 331; Districts' relation to national welfare 369, 370-1; Exodus 284; Life, Most difficult question in Japan, 303; Exhibition 60; Aim of Progress 27; Rake's progress 60; Sociology iv, ix, 85, 192
Rush, see _I_, 410
Russia, see Hokkaido; 194, 328; Cruiser 248; Novelists 99; Prisoners 307; War 85, 187, 286, 311; Writers 327
Rye 381 (2)
Sacred boat 257; Grove 146; Sacredness of work 94
Sacrifice 101; for father, husband, children, 102
Sacrilege 134
Saddles 269
Sages 108
Saghalien 290, 336, 390-1
Saigon, see Rice
Sailing craft 208-9; Ships 235
Sailors 211
Sails, Western for Japanese, 208
St. Francis 106, 321-2
Saints 107
Saitama 107, 146, 309, 313
_Sakaki_ 137
Saké, see Drunkenness; 18, 46, 57, 79, 116 (2), 118-9, 136, 180, 184, 213, 215, 254-5, 267, 271, 303, 305, 313, 349 (2), 380, 396
Salads dangerous 350
Sale, C.V., xii, 364
Salt 36, 251, 268, 349
Salvation Army, see Hokkaido
Samurai 25, 53, 92, 141, 238, 243, 319, 395; Scholar's kakemono 150
Sanitary Committee 123
Sanitation, Western 375
_Sanka_ 110
Sappy growth 368
Sato, Dr., see Hokkaido; 386
Savages 141
Savings 302; Bank book 126; Collected 230
Saxby 167
Sayings, see Proverbs
Scale 289
Scandinavia 413
Scapegoat 212
Scarecrows 198
Scenery 119, 152; Characteristic 244
Schools, see Children, Teachers, Schoolmasters; 15, 41, 113, 144, 212; Agricultural 50, 375; Influence of 57; Attendance 112, 123, 264; Barefoot drill 64; Boys 38; Boys' badges 221; Buildings 112-3; Care of 112; Children (Heights, weights and physique) 404; Cleaned by children 112; Compulsory attendance 113; Co-operative 30; Counsels 112, 124; Early age of attendance 301; Ethics 361; Farm 127, 177; Fees 239, 264, 314; For girls' 47; Girls' badge 285; Influence of 118; Masters, see Teachers, 20, 57, 61, 118, 140; Maps 127; Military relics 286; Morality 149; Mottoes 112, 124; Order 127; Poor 325; Portraits 124; Pride in 112; Punishments 112, 178; Rainy days 185; in temple 137; Truants 285; Shrines 113; Salutes 286; Spartan conditions 50, 307; Swedish drill 64; Training 169; Tree planting 121; Vacation for helping with crops 127; Winter arrangements 127
Science 369; and Religion 82, 201; and Farmers 158; Scientific truth 206; Scientists 100
Scolding 149
Scotland 290, 358
Scott San no Okusan (Mrs. Scott) v
Screen over streets 209
Sculpture 102
Scythe 196, 367, 385
Sea 108, 332; Beach sleeping 312; Deities and 257; Gains from 207; Weed 43, 128, 349
Seals 25
Seats 124
Secondary Industries 23, 65, 195, 232, 251, 279, 310, 379, 385
Secret Ploughing Society 311
Sects, see under names of; 149, 212
Seeds, Better, 85, 370; "Seed" (silkworm eggs), see Sericulture
Seiho, Takeuchi 344
_Sei-kō U-doku_ 310
_Seishu_ 396
Self affirmation 101; Command 280; Control 16, 151, 157, 193; Denial 101; Discipline 301; Government 236; Realisation 101, 124, 125; Respect 16, 369; Self supporting but underfed 261
_Self Help_, see Hokkaido; 60, 288
_Semi_ 344
Semi-official 276
_Sencha_ 294, 403
Sendai 118, 198, 268
Seniors and juniors 216
_Sensei_ 12, 202, 300
Sentiment 182, 203; Latent 324
_Seppuku_ 54-5, 333
Sericulture, see Factories (Silk), Industry, Silk (below); 140, 237, 264-5; Advantage to Farmers 85; Aptitude 153; Beef tea 158; Books for young men 22; Ceremonies 50; Cocoons 87, 150, 160, 404, (Co-operation 22, Killing 22, 159, Production and price 397, Retardation and Stimulation 397, Shape 155, Stores 147, Where most are produced 153;) Co-operation 160; Disease 157-8; Eggs 150, 153-4, 156-7, 160; Feeding 153; Girl Collectors 161; Hatching 154, 397-8; Hard work 153; How sericulture districts are distinguishable 153; Instruction, capacity for, 158; Japan's advantages and disadvantages 397; Licences 157; Losses 155; Mating 155-6; Microscopic examination 157; Moths 155-6-7; Mulberry 157, 397-8; Nagano 161; New thing 158; Prices 157; Purification 158; Pupæ 158; Rearing 154; Risks 157; Season 397; "Seed," see Eggs; Prospects of, 160; Quick profits 149; Silkworms, 22, 89, 158, 278; Science 157-8; Soap 158; Students 158; Temperature 153; Wind holes 397; Yamanashi 161. --Silk 158, 160; Artificial 160; Clothing 346, 356; Consumption 398; Export 398; Government 398; Institutes 150; Japanese export compared with other countries 153, 396; Machinery 159; Prefectures in which grown 146; Production 398; Rise in prices 87; Testing 159; U.S.A. 398; World market 65
Sermons, see Preaching, 58
Servants 280, 374
Service 319; by hosts 31
Sesame 220
Sewing 127
Sex 101, 189, 274, 282
Sexes, see Bath, Bathing; 269, 315; Balance of 169; Curiosity 101; Kept apart 313; Ill-doing little concealed 101; Numbers of 74; Relations of 322; Relations, no liberty in, 102; Sex life and Japanese cults 97
Shakespearean scenes 31, 276
Shanghai 133
Sheep, see Hokkaido; 240, 343, 347, 352-3-4, 406; Bureau 352; Day 126; Milk 347
Shelley 99
_Shi_ xxvi
Shidzuoka 25, 63, 210, 283, 292, 396
Shiga, Professor, 410
Shikoku 207, 358, 379, 390, 391-2, 402
Shimane 222, 243, 253
Shimoneseki 237
_Shin heimin_ 400
Shingon 134, 211, 220, 269
_Shinjū_ 102
Shinshu 2, 3, 134, 197, 222, 240
Shinto 12, 19, 83, 96, 205 (2), 322, 326; Architecture 251; Ceremonies 45, 79, 82, 117, 275; Deities 244; Festival 192, 221; Shintoists 91; Priests 82-3, 113, 118, 134, 194. 258, 266, 271, 302-3; Sects 134; Shelf, value of, 273; Shrines x, 16, 18, 22, 29, 45, 57, 75, 82, 94, 116, 123, 126, 130, 144 (2), 147, 186, 205, 220, 244, 251, 259, 263, 264, 266 (3), 269, 271, 299, 300: "The centre of the village" 259; Closing of 133-4; Produce at 177; Seed from 59
Shipping, Foreign, 256
Shirakaba 102
Shirakawa 175
Shrine, see Buddhist shrine, Shinto Shrine; 120 (8), 127, 138, 206, 211, 219, 236, 237, 245, 256, 324, 326; Advertisement of 287; and gasometer 286; and immorality 257, 307, 325-6; Bowls at, 203; Communal 315; Family 38-40; Mothers before 142, 287, 325
_Shōchū_ 396
Shoes, see Boots, 236, 283-4, 45
_Shogun_ 144, 150, 220, 333, 335
_Shōji_, see Hokkaido for Windows; 36, 248, 257, 277, 286
Shonai 182
Shooting 215
Shopkeepers 189, 213; Diligent 17; With land 267
Shorts, Bathing, 312
Shows, see Rural Life Exhibition; 9, 23, 58, 60, 103, 116, 258
_Shōyū_, see Soy
_Shu_ 334
Shuku 222
Siam 127, 388
Siberia 388, 390, 410
Sick relief 185
Sickles, see Paddies; 196, 227, 363, 385
Sieve 216
"Sight of a good man enough" 24
Signs, Shop, 245
"Silent Trade" 122
Silver 124, 396
Silver Birch Society 102
_Si monumentum_ 31
Simplicity 50, 186; of living 38; in Old Japan 240, 243
Sincerity 20, 21, 124, 181; "On the edge of the mattock" 136
"Sinful man, I am," 26
Singapore 57
Singing 17, 308
Sirens, guns and gods, 237
Sitting 124
Skating 152
Ski-ing 140
Skill 317; "Skill in manufacture" 356
"Slave system" 287; "Slaves of their husbands" 143
Sledge 183; on beach 312
Sleep 25
"Sly" 283
Smallholders' incomes 184; Smallholdings, see Farmer; and country 368; Condition of success 89; in Great Britain 368
Smells, see Manure; "They smell" 142
Smiling 288, 321
Smoking 137, 142, 258, 288
Smollett 80, 144
Snail 107
Snakes 287; Day 126
Snapping turtle 136
Snow, see Hokkaido; 120, 123, 132, 140, 182, 278, 391; Shelters 140, 176, 190
Snowdon 394
Soap 158
Social Conditions 88; Development 206, 365; Ideals 361; Intercourse 374, 378; Obligation exploited 369; Reform and Christianity 362; Question, see Hokkaido, 104; Status, changes in, 62, 376
Socialism 171, 328; League 171
Society 101, 182; Restrictions 102; Societies 214, 312; "For Aiming at being Distinguished" 124; "for Developing Knowledge" 124; "for Knowledge and Virtue" 124; for Rice cultivation by Schoolboys 19; for Visiting other Prefectures 189; of householders 214; of primary school graduates 124; to reward virtue 214; to console old people 214
Sociologist, A joy to 72; Rural 85
Socrates 203
Soda water 130 _Sō desuka?_ 193
Soil 307; and farmers' character 25; Barren 195; Dark 309; Improvement of 298; Volcanic 309, 313-4
Sojo, Toba 344
Soldiers, see Conscripts; 18, 58, 187; farms 311
"Something that doth linger" 145
Son, see Eldest brother; Eldest, 329; and father 205 (2); Son's death 273; "Son tiller" 37
_Son_, xxvi, _-chō_ 140 Song 224, 313; of insects 344; of Revolution 171; of rice planters 83; Western 288
Sorrow 273
Sosen 344
Soul 321
Soups 110
South America 176, 249, 352, 410; South Seas 223
Southend 329
_Soy_ 213, 349, 350, 381 (2), 383; Soya bean 146, 295, 409, 411
Spade, see Paddies; 385; Farming 362
Spanish 346; Spaniards 208
Sparrows 107, 199
Speaking 24, 238; Way of, to peasants, 94
Special tribes 221, 241, 248 Speculation 2; Speculator and shrine 325
Speech, see Author, Lectures, Speaking; 26, 238, 279; Unnecessary 26
Spelling, English, 301
Spiders' big webs 248
Spirea 122
Spirit 50, 61, 67, 100; Spirits 130; Spirit meeting 36; of Japan 323; Spiritual betterment 95; Dryness 27; Spirituality 203, 206, 322-3, 361; Why slackened 100
Spitting pot 58, 183
Spontaneity 99
Spraying 290
Spring 214
Squashes 146, 347
Squid, see Cuttlefish, Octopus; 46, 228
Stage, movable, 115; Women on, 255
Standard of living, see Living standard; 365, 378-9, 380-1-2; and Emigration 363
"Standing on householder's head" 242
"Standing Peasant" 137
Stanhope, Lady Hester, 170
Starr, Dr., 326
State Colonisation 312; Statesmen and Industrialism 369
Statistics, see Appendix; 62, 297; and Feeling 1; Mistakes in 404
Statues 45, 222
Stealing, see Thefts, Crime; Boys, 287
Steel 396
Steps 211
Sterilisation 159, 348
Steward's broom, 135
Still births 114, 393
Stockades 132
Stock-keeping, see Hokkaido, 133
Stomach-ache 350 (2), 351
Stones, cutters, 267; Memorial 133; Pile of 110
Storehouses 48, 86
Storeys 153
Storms 316, 391
Stoves 358
Strachey, J. St. Loe 9
Strategic zone 237
Straw, see Hats, Cloaks, Mantles; 73, 208, 367; Rope 65; Sleeping in 184; Wrappings for trees 215
Stream, Cleaning, 186
Streamers 136
Streets, Narrow, 209, 235
Strindberg 99
Stroking 142
Students 150, 152, 159, 195, 220, 300; Abroad 291, 402; Character 50; Grants to, 403; Guild 50; Holidays 137; Promises to one another 8; Sympathetic attitude 254
Sty 27
Subscriptions 281, 314 (2), 315
Subservience 231
Sugar 46, 210, 349 (2), 354, 409
Suicide 55; for love 102
Sulphate of ammonia 386; Sulphur 109; Sulphuric acid water 177
Summer 390
_Sumo_, see Wrestlers
Sun, 126 (2), 372; God worship 323; Waiting for the, 323; Sunshine 76-7, 304; "and rice may be found," etc., 109; Sunday 126, 159
Sung 105
Superior person 254
Superphosphate 386
Superstition 41, 148 (3), 206, 208, 326
"Surface beautiful" 327
Suspension bridges 126
Suwas 151; Suwa Lake 152
Swallows 94, 223
Swamps 199
Swearing 48
Sweat and be saved 169
Swedenborg 99
Sweeping earth 31, 227; Symbolical 135
Sweethearts 302
Sweets 17, 19, 267, 346, 383; Shop girls 17
Swine, see Pigs Swiss 290; Switzerland 368
Swords 36
Symbolism, Foreign, 127
Sympathy 272-3
Synge, J.M., 99, 282
Syphilis, see Gonorrhœa, 126, 211, 326
System 328
_Ta_ 68
_Tabi_ 312, 317
Table, One long, 95
Tablets 314 (3)
Tabu 117, 235-6, 258
Tacitus 357
Tagore 99
_Tai_ 297
Taiko, 66
_Taisho_ 39
Taiwan, see Formosa
Tajima 402
Takamatsu 209
Takaoka, Professor, 381 Talking foolishly 197; "Talking with my wife" 61; Talk 201
Taming 248
_Tan_, see Agriculture
Tang 105
Tangerines 289
_Tanomoshi_ 62, 182, 185
Taoist 106
_Taro_ 48, 220, 258, 309, 409
Task, Summons from common, 310
_Tatami_, see Mats; 50, 142, 198, 345
Taxation 46, 65, 73, 85, 124, 176, 180, 284, 302, 307, 380, 389, 395, 404; Voluntary 21; Freedom from 43; and Religion 212; Largest taxpayer 216
Tea 42, 110, 123, 146, 199, 287, 298, 307, 349, 409; and cake 258; Experiment stations 295; Export 403; Growing and making 292; Prefectures 283, 403; Tea Ceremony, see _Cha-no-yu_; Houses 2, 19, 57, 130 (2), 149, 264, 277, 303, 325
Teachers, see Schools, Schoolmasters; 27, 112, 282, 308, 321, 399, 412
Technology xiii, 28
Teeth 143, 321
Teetotalism 255
_Teikoku Nōkai_ 320
Telegraph wire 223
Temper, Better without meat, 268
Temperance, see Teetotalism
Temperature, see Heat; 195, 390-1
Temples, see Buddhist temples, Buddhism; 20, 31, 37, 45, 57-8 (2), 62, 149, 183, 196, 206, 210, 220, 263-4, 369; Bell 331; Dues 139, 380; Government attitude, 41; New, 41; Priest's house in 4; Services 3; Schools 137; "Temples, Shrines and English church" 100
Ten years hence, see Time; 100, 324, 357
Tenants, see Agriculture, Hokkaido, Farmers, Landlords; 37, 42, 152 (2), 189, 194-5, 213, 223, 258, 261, 263, 265, 283, 301-2, 364, 376, 411; as "Labourers" 88, 395; Condition of 207, 304-5, 379, 380 (3)-1; Contract 405; Common interests with landlord 229-30; Eating cattle food 379; Gifts to landlord 31; Movement against landlords, see Tenants' movement (Landlords); Rewarded 33, 187; Sly 28; Transference to Peasant Proprietorship 29-30 (2), 31
Tendai 220
Tenison xiv
Tennis 159
_Tera_ 134
Terauchi 390
Terence 107
Terracing 149, 227
Texas 365-6
Thanks not to be accepted 26
Thatch 153, 281, 286
Theatre 115, 266, 305; and Police 53; Moving 115; Stamp on hands 115
Theft, see Crime; 113, 139, 195, 280 (2)
Theine 292, 403
Theology 362; Natural 141
Thermometer 137
"They feel the mercy of the sun" 321
"Thirteen a perilous age" 130
Thistles 307
Thompson, Francis, 99
"Those who suffer learn," etc., 253
"Thou also dwellest," 106
"Though hands and feet," etc., 324
Thought changes really slow 331
Threshing 208, 367; Machinery, 78
Threshold 242
Thrift 11, 12, 13, 30-1, 48, 50, 60-1, 124, 187
Thunderbolts 131
Thyme 290
Tidal waves 62, 93
Tidiness 19
Tiger-day 126
Tiles 153, 245
Timber 111, 122, 128, 194, 227
Time, see Ten years hence; 252, 292
Tintoretto 103
"Tipped with fire" 27
Tipping 145, 148
Toast 80
Tobacco 177, 267, 349, 379, 380, 400
Tochigi 107, 309
Toes 317
_Tōfu_ 81, 311, 349, 350
_Tokobashira_, see Tree in room
_Tokonoma_ 32, 319
Tokugawa Iyesato, Prince, x; Tokugawa period 8, 285, 363
_Tokushu buraku_ 400
Tokushima 207, 209
Tokyo xxvi, 26, 38, 55, 66, 71-2, 102, 107, 144, 182, 227, 249, 260, 286, 289, 292, 299, 309, 313, 318, 322, 331, 334, 349, 387, 391 (2); Population 392; University 145
Tolstoy, see Hokkaido; 25, 27, 94, 200, 321, 327
Tombstones 72
"Too near to criticise" 331; "Too poetical" 254
Tools, see Paddies, Implememts; 174, 222, 301, 317
Top, Movement from, 30, 204
_Torii_ 236, 251, 325
Torrens 170
Tottori 253, 255, 402
Tourist steamers 237
Towels 16, 31, 148, 183, 286, 295
Town life, True character of, 180; Townsman envied 180; Townsman v. Countryman 233
Toyama 132, 138
_Toyo-ashiwara_, etc., 68
_Trachoma_ 183, 405
Trade Unions, see Labour; U.S. and 170; Tradesmen 189; Tradesmen's boys 315
Tradition, Family, 149
Traherne, 99
Training, Home, 149
Tramps 315, 376
_Transactions of Society of Arts_, see Asiatic; 364
Translations 401
Travel, see Trips; 216, 269; Counsel 110; Old time 246; Postgraduate 29
Trees, see Varieties of, under names, 62, 147, 227, 316; Cutting down 13; Dwarfed 52; Homesteads studded 146, 307; in the house 319; Moving 210; Mushrooms 110; Planting, see Afforestation, 45, 67, 121, 240; in Room 319; Symbolical 12, 121; Pictures 215; Trimmed 77; in Winter 215
"Tremble and correct their conduct" 113
Trips 18
Troubler of Israel 90
Trousers 111, 269, 310, 312
Truth 161
Tsingtao 58
Tsushima 248, 335
Tuberculosis 398, 406
Tunnels 52, 132, 149, 152, 176, 190, 197
Tumours 268
Turnips 410
Twelve hours' day, U.S. and, 170
Types (Racial) 204
Typhoons 93
Tytler 207
Uchimura, Kanz=o, see also Hokkaido; 90-7, 99, 101, 141, 326-7, 362
Ueda Sericulture College 158-9
Umbrellas 198, 250, 285
Unclean 208
Undercooking 350
Underfeeding 350
Understanding, see West and East
Uninhabitable, see also Area habitable; 394; compared with Great Britain 394
United States 328, 388; and British Interests in Far East xv; and Japan xv; Government xiv; and twelve hours' day 170; Steel Corporation 170
Universe 7, 321
Universities 300, 403
Unmarried 393
Unworldliness 28 Upland, see also Rice; 372; _Hata_ 68; Area 385; Area ploughed by cattle 385; Profit of 194; Value of 402
Upper class reformers 30
Usury 38, 56, 176, 184, 185
_Uta_ 324
Utilisation of waste, see Waste; 48
Vacation, see Schools
_Valerius_ 45
Valleys 372
Van Eyck 103
Van Gogh 103
Vaughan 99
Veal 349
Vegetable protein 348-9
Vegetables 18, 85, 307, 349 (2), 389; at Shrine 16, 83; Salted 196
Vegetarianism 57, 59, 130, 147, 270, 321, 348
Venus 214
Vetch 263
Veterinary surgeon 268
Views 119
Village activities 250; Association for promoting morality 20; Callings 189; Cleaning stream 186; Conditions 322; Discords 305; Founders 265; Funds 124, 279; Histories 57; Ideal 104; Improvement of 28; Library 59; Mobilisation 241; Meetings 20, 278; Model 259, 380; Number of Houses in 262; Office 314; Praised and rewarded 41; Reformed 47; Return to 88; Revenue 124; Signs of being well off 263-4; Signs of good 259; Tax free 21; Troubles 278; Unified by removal of graves 72; Wanted one good personality in 259; Villagers, not educated enough to understand, 26, 341; Savings 230; Taxes in work 245; Worthy 22
Village Agricultural Association 22-3, 30, 215, 250, 303, 380
Village assembly 123, 133, 215 Villages, see Famine, Revenue, Sanitary Committee, Societies, Taxation; xxvi, 16, 18, 43, 134
Vine branches 209
Virtue, see Morality; 140; Supreme 120; Taught by hands 50
Vladivostok 214
Voelcker, Dr., 370
"Voice of one," etc., 136 Volcanic ash 70; Eruption grants 312; Soil 309, 313
Volcanoes, see Earthquakes, Hokkaido; 108, 131, 143, 316, 390, 394
Voters, see Franchise; 124, 400
Votive pillars 211; clock 252
Vow 255
Vulgar words 18
Waist string 307
Waitresses 212, 315, 322, 376; and Foreigners 101
Waley, A., 320
"Walking out" 313, 315
Wall builders 267; Wall charts 124
Wallace, Robert, viii
Wallas, Graham, 86
War 203, 311, 354, 414; and this book xxv, 87-8; Bonds 187; China 85; Counsels 187; Great War x, 206; Russia, see Russia, 21, 85, 91
_Waraji_ 15, 129, 209, 272, 279, 326
Washing 45, 317, 354; Washouts 182
Waste 70, 324, 385; of time xi; Planting of, see Afforestation; Utilisation of 48, 178
Wastrels, see Hokkaido
_Watakushi_ 301
Watchword 259
Water 64, 126, 132-3, 262, 298-9, 390; Colours 286; Dangerous 108, 350; "Water drinker" 258; Hot piped 248; Pollution 350; On roof 177; Wheels 216, 263; Splashing quarrels 48; Works 52
Wax and trees 219, 400, 410
Weather, see Climate; 86, 136, 391
Weddings, see Marriages; 66, 265, 302, 332, 379; Tax 21
Weeds, see Paddies; 228, 263, 307, 314, 366, 385; "Weeding in happiness" 137
Week 126
"Weep not," etc., 224; Weeping 25
Weights 350, 404; Lifting 16; and Measures xxv
Welcome tea 148
Well off 204, 264 (2), 370
Wells 27, 207
Wells, H.G., viii
West and East, Elemental things 6; Glamour 369; Importance of problem vii; Real barrier xii Western art 102; Costumes 101; Dancing 101; Civilisation 186; Eroticism 101; Ideas 201; Influence 174, 330, 369; Literature 102; Music 102; Painting 102; Philosophy 102; Sculpture 102; Thought 55
Wet, see Climate
"What a happy life" 183
Wheat 307, 351 (2), 381 (2), 391, 409-10; Compared with Rice 351, 383; Imports 383
Whitman, Walt, 99 (2), 105
"Why do you wear," etc., 288; "Why fasten your horse," etc., 288
Widows 111, 197
Wild people 110
_Wilkstroemia Sikokiana_, see Gampi
Will 19, 314
Windbreaks 248; Mills 152, 251; and Taxes 259
Windows 358
Winnowing 215, 220
Winter 278, 282, 390, 413; Crop 384-5-6
Wisdom or Riches 61
Wit 191
Wives, see Marriage, Wedding; 143; "Please teach her" 6
Women, see Farmers' wives, Nurses, Paddies, Porters, Teachers, Wives; 34, 205, 212; Barbers 224; British Exploitation of 170; Carriage of 268; Children on back 97; Women's Chivalrous Society 312; Clothing 125; Cooking 136; Crime against 114, 229; on dam and dyke 43, 224; Diseases 268; Exploitation of 173; Fisher women 235; Individualism 102; Influence of Christianity 94 (2), 95; Kindness 31; Labourers 323; Women's Movement 290; and Men 102, 169, 290; New openings for 255; Number of Workers 168-9, 399; One Heart Society 312; Overworked 114; Press 181; Praying 243; and Priest 4; Priest 120; Primitive conditions 216, 247; Obstacles to Agricultural progress 232; Public life 300; Same implements as husband 97; Savings not used by men 126; Story of old woman 323; Religious Association 58; Self-suppression 290; Strength 269; Suffering 181, 290; Trousers, see Trousers, 111; compared with Western 290; Western costumes 101; Wives, see Wives, 293; Work 278
Wood 110, 126, 196, 372; Cutters 267; Divided up, Result, 306; and Grain crops 309; Preservation 227; Quantity needed 111; Utensils 121; Wealth of 122; Workers 121; White (Shinto) 46, 83
Wool 133, 346, 352-3-4-5-6-7; v. Cotton and Silk 356; Woollen factories compared with English 354-7; Industry 354-5-6-7, 407
Woolman, John, vi
Work, for common good 19; to Gain influence 321; Good 317; Hard 125, 284; "Make the young fellows" 259; Sacredness of 94; Workers 218, City 87-8; Workmen good 317
World, Attitude, 371; Better world 90, 202
Worship 141, 244, 271, 324, 326
"Would that my daughter," etc. 183
"Wounds of the realm" 309
Wren 31
Wrens 287
Wrestlers 16, 28, 108, 179, 196, 249, 276, 316, 404
Wrist development 16
Writing 17, 288, 311; "Penmanship is like," etc., 288
Yahagi, Dr., 366
Yam 258
Yamagata 175, 176, 182, 189, 193, 302, 380
Yamaguchi 235, 237
Yamanashi 146
Yamasaki, N., 11, 17, 25, 37, 47, 51, 54, 63, 375
_Yamato damashii_ ix, 140
Yamato Society 413
Yanagi, M., 98-106, 326-7; Mrs. 99
Yangtse 390
_Yashiki_ (mansion) 369
_Yashiro_ 134
Yeats, W.B., 99
Yeddo, see Tokyo, Yezo; 144, 335
Yields, see Agriculture, Crops and names of
Y.M.A. 7, 15 _et seq._, 22, 23, 28, 46, 120 (2), 124, 126, 128, 178, 194, 197, 212, 215, 223, 239, 265, 286; Criticism of 259, 277 (2), 282, 303; Official action 240; Y.M.C.A. 15; Y.W.A. 19; Y.W.C.A. 15
_Yo_ 126
_Yofuku_, see Foreign clothes
Yokohama 182, 392
Yokoi, Dr., 362
_Yoroshii_ 280
Yoshida, S., 332
Yosōgi 66
Young, Arthur, ix
Young men 135, 181; and Women, see Sexes, 313; with a mission 324
_Yukata_ 108, 356
_Zabuton_ 34, 143, 246, 258
Zeeland 197
_Zen_ 11, 100, 130, 134, 144, 186, 193, 245, 313
Zig-zag tracks 140
_Zori_ 65, 236
Zorn 327
[Compiler's Notes
The following typographical errors or inconsistencies were corrected: Page xv (Introduction), 315: The name Kanzō Uchimura did not have a macron over the o, but it did in the index and two other locations in the text, and it was confirmed from another source, so the macrons were edited in. Page xv (Introduction): The term 'kōri' (division of a prefecture) did not have the macron, but it did in the index; also confirmed from another source, so put the macron character in. In four places, the term 'gunchō' (head of a county) did not have a macron over the o, but in five other places, it did, so I have edited the word on pages 51, 52, and 56, and in the index. Page 55: Changed 'familar' to 'familiar'. Page 125: The term 'jizō' did not have a macron over the o, but it did in another location and in the index, so I edited it. Page 226: Changed 'instal' to 'install'. Page 315: The term 'kakkō' (cuckoo) did not have a macron over the o, but it did in the index, and I determined from another source that it should have the macron, so I edited it. Index: various hyphenated words did not have hyphens in the index entries, edited in the hyphens. Index: Entry for 'Cimabue' should not have accented e (confirmed from another source) so corrected it. Index: Entry for 'furoshiki' had two i's at the end; confirmed with another source it should only have one i at the end; corrected. Index: Entry for 'genshitsu' was mis-spelled, confirmed from another source, corrected. Index: Entry for phrase 'Getsu-yo-bi' was mis-spelled, obvious from the text in the book, so corrected. Index: phrase 'Okunitama-no-miko-no-kami mis-spelled, corrected.' Index: entry for phrase 'Sei-kō U-doku' did not have a macron but in the book it did, so edited the index entry. Index: entry for phrase 'Tokushu buraku' was mis-spelled, confirmed from another source, corrected. Index: entry for word 'yofuku' had macron over the o here, but not anywhere in the book, so it was made consistent by using a normal o. Index: The name 'Yosōgi' had the macron over the first o instead of the second one, inconsistent with the other index listing and the chapter text, so the index entry was corrected. The Chapter title does not use a macron at all, and has been left as printed. Index: Entry for 'Yukata' should not have a macron on the u - verified this from another source, made correction.]
End of Project Gutenberg's The Foundations of Japan, by J.W. Robertson Scott