Chapter VI
., Part II.) how these international hatreds are not the cause of conflict, but the outcome of conflicts or presumed conflicts of policy. If difference of national psychology--national "incompatibility of temper"--were the cause, how can we explain the fact that ten years since the English were still "hating all Frenchmen like the devil," and talking of alliance with the Germans? If diplomatic shuffling had pushed England into alliance with the Germans against the French, it would never have occurred to the people that they had to "detest the Germans."
[115] The German Navy Law in its preamble might have filched this from the British Navy League catechism.
[116] In an article published in 1897 (January 16) the London _Spectator_ pointed out the hopeless position Germany would occupy if England cared to threaten her. The organ, which is now apt to resent the increased German Navy as implying aggression upon England, then wrote as follows: "Germany has a mercantile marine of vast proportions. The German flag is everywhere. But on the declaration of war the whole of Germany's trading ships would be at our mercy. Throughout the seas of the world our cruisers would seize and confiscate German ships. Within the first week of the declaration of war Germany would have suffered a loss of many million pounds by the capture of her ships. Nor is that all. Our Colonies are dotted with German trading-houses, who, in spite of a keen competition, do a great deal of business.... We should not, of course, want to treat them harshly; but war must mean for them the selling of their businesses for what they would fetch and going home to Germany. In this way Germany would lose a hold upon the trade of the world which it has taken her many years of toil to create.... Again, think of the effect upon Germany's trade of the closing of all her ports. Hamburg is one of the greatest ports of the world. What would be its condition if practically not a single ship could leave or enter it? Blockades are no doubt very difficult things to maintain strictly, but Hamburg is so placed that the operation would be comparatively easy. In truth the blockade of all the German ports on the Baltic or the North Sea would present little difficulty.... Consider the effect on Germany if her flag were swept from the high seas and her ports blockaded. She might not miss her colonies, for they are only a burden, but the loss of her sea-borne trade would be an equivalent to an immediate fine of at least a hundred million sterling. In plain words, a war with Germany, even when conducted by her with the utmost wisdom and prudence, must mean for her a direct loss of a terribly heavy kind, and for us virtually no loss at all." This article is full of the fallacies which I have endeavored to expose in this book, but it logically develops the notions which are prevalent in both England and Germany; and yet Germans have to listen to an English Minister of Marine describing their Navy as a luxury!
[117] Here is the real English belief in this matter: "Why should Germany attack Britain? Because Germany and Britain are commercial and political rivals; because Germany covets the trade, the Colonies, and the Empire which Britain now possesses.... As to arbitration, limitation of armament, it does not require a very great effort of the imagination to enable us to see that proposal with German eyes. Were I a German, I should say: 'These islanders are cool customers. They have fenced in all the best parts of the globe, they have bought or captured fortresses and ports in five continents, they have gained the lead in commerce, they have a virtual monopoly of the carrying trade of the world, they hold command of the seas, and now they propose that we shall all be brothers, and that nobody shall fight or steal any more,'" (Robert Blatchford, "Germany and England," pp. 4-13).
[118] "Facts and Fallacies." An answer to "Compulsory Service," by Field-Marshal Earl Roberts, V.C., K.G.
[119] Discussing the first edition of this book, Sir Edward Grey said: "True as the statement in that book may be, it does not become an operative motive in the minds and conduct of nations until they are convinced of its truth and it has become a commonplace to them" (Argentine Centenary Banquet, May 20, 1910).
[120] Lecky, "History of the Progress of Rationalism in Europe."
[121] I do not desire in the least, of course, to create the impression that I regard the truths here elaborated as my "discovery," as though no one had worked in this field before. Properly speaking, there is no such thing as priority in ideas. The interdependence of peoples was proclaimed by philosophers three thousand years ago. The French school of pacifists--Passy, Follin, Yves Guyot, de Molinari, and Estournelles de Constant--have done splendid work in this field; but no one of them, so far as I know, has undertaken the work of testing in detail the politico-economic orthodoxy by the principle of the economic futility of military force; by bringing that principle to bear on the everyday problems of European statecraft. If there is such an one--presenting the precise notes of interrogation which I have attempted to present here--I am not aware of it. This does not prevent, I trust, the very highest appreciation of earlier and better work done in the cause of peace generally. The work of Jean de Bloch, among others, though covering different ground from this, possesses an erudition and bulk of statistical evidence to which this can make no claim. The work of J. Novikow, to my mind the greatest of all, has already been touched upon.
[122] "Turkey in Europe," pp. 88-9 and 91-2.
It is significant, by the way, that the "born soldier" has now been crushed by a non-military race whom he has always despised as having no military tradition. Capt. F.W. von Herbert ("Bye Paths in the Balkans") wrote (some years before the present war): "The Bulgars, as Christian subjects of Turkey exempt from military service, have tilled the ground under stagnant and enfeebling peace conditions, and the profession of arms is new to them."
"Stagnant and enfeebling peace conditions" is, in view of subsequent events, distinctly good.
[123] I dislike to weary the reader with such damnable iteration, but when a British Cabinet Minister is unable in this discussion to distinguish between the folly of a thing and its possibility, one _must_ make the fundamental point clear.
[124] This Appendix was written before the Balkan States fell to fighting one another. It is scarcely necessary to point out that the events of the last few days (early summer 1913) lend significance to the argument in the text.
[125] See p. 390.
[126] _Review of Reviews_, November, 1912.
[127] In the _Daily Mail_, to whose Editor I am indebted for permission to reprint it.
INDEX
Acceleration, Law of, relation to sociology, 197, 220 Adam, Paul, advocate of war, 216 Aflalo, F.G., home-sickness among emigrants, 132, 133 Africa, South: gold-mines of, as motive of Boer War, 125; position of trade in, in event of war, 126 Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of, 45-49 America. _See_ United States America, South: financial development of, 78, 245; folly of aggression in States of, 244; British methods of enforcing financial obligations in, 303 Annexation: of Alsace-Lorraine and value of, to Germany, 45-49; Alsace-Lorraine, financial aspect, 98; Bosnia and Herzegovina, effect on Austria, 303 Arabia and internal wars, 232 Argentine international trade, 78 Aristotle: on slavery, 269; the State, 296 Armagh, Archbishop of, advocate of war, 166 Armament, Armaments: _United Service Magazine_ quoted on limitations of, 18; Bernhardi school, 257; motives of, 330; justification of, 344 Asia Minor: protection of German interest in, 147; benefit of, to Britain if under German tutelage, 149 Asquith, Mr.: on Canadian Navy, 113; "color problem," 116, 117 Austria, annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 303 _Autos da fe_ in Spain, 208
Bachmar, Dr. F., on union of Germany and South Africa, 24 Bacon on nature of man, 58 Balfour, Mr. A.J., on independence of the Colonies, 114-115 Bank of England: position of, if Germany invaded England, 56-57; helped by Bank of France, 318 Banking: Withers on interdependence necessary in, 59-61. _See also_ Finance Barracks, Mr. R. Blatchford on moral influence of, 259-260 Barres, M., advocate of war, 216 Baty, Mr. T., social "stratification" and business, 323-325 Beaulieu, Paul, on French indemnity, 94 Belgium economic security, 43-44 _Berliner Tageblatt_, 255 Bernhardi: on defence of war, 158-159; war advocates and school of, 257; on tactics and "pomp of war," 285; policy of, 342 Bertillon, Dr., on relative individual wealth in nations, 36 Biermer, Professor, on Protectionist movement in Germany, 95 Birrell, Mr. Augustine, 367 Bismarck: and Machiavelli's dictum as to policy of a prudent ruler, 41; and the French indemnity, 91; his surprise at the recuperation of France after the war, 96-97 Blatchford, Mr. Robert, 18, 177, 178, 215, 216, 259-260, 316, 349, 357 Block, Maurice, on French indemnity, 98 Blum, Hans, 98 Boer War: motives of, 115; results of, 116; cost of, 128 Bosnia and Herzegovina. _See_ Austria Bourget, Paul, advocate of war, 216 Brazil, international trade of, 78 Britain: possibility of being "wiped out" in twenty-four hours, 21-22; conquest of, a physical impossibility, 30; Sir C.P. Lucas's policy of colonial government, 111; position of, with regard to "ownership" of Colonies, 115; attitude of, with regard to German trade in Asia Minor, 147-148; Prussianization of, 258; contrast between, and Ancient Rome, 276; position of, with regard to her independent States, 300-301; cause of hostility towards Germany, 315; what the world has to learn from Imperial development of, 380-381; the real exemplar of the nations, 380-382 Brunetiere, advocate of war, 216 Buelow, Prince von, on Germany's "rage for luxury," etc., 215-216
Caivano, Tomasso, 230-231 Canada: English merchant in, 35; England's trade with, 75; effect of acquisition of, by Germany, 109; the question of "ownership" of, 112; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on Canadian Navy, 113; war record, 227 Capital. _See_ Finance Catholics and Protestants, 205 Chamberlain, Mr. Joseph, 310 Charles II. of Spain, 208 Churchill, Mr. Winston; dictum of, on war, 345-346; on German Navy "luxury," 346-348 Colonies: no advantage gained by conquest of, 32-33, 109-111; commercial value of, 107; Sir C.P. Lucas on Britain's policy of colonial government, 111-112; and national independence, 112; _Volkstein_ on colonial neutrality in warfare, 114; Britain's "ownership" of, 115; administrative weaknesses of, 117-119; fiscal position of, 119-121; false policy of conquest of, 121; Meline regime and advantages of independent administration of French, 123-124; impossibility of "possession" of, 135; how Germany exploits her, 135; economic retribution on, 301-302 Colonies, Crown, 33, 111-119 Commerce: definition of, 71; deterioration of international incident to war, 240. _See also_ Trade Community, what constitutes well-being of a, 173-175 Competition: methods of industrial, 11; impossibility of destruction of, 31-34; and co-operation, 185 Confiscation, the impossibility of, 63-64 Conqueror, policy of, in regard to wealth and territory, 34-36 Conquest: _Blackwood's Magazine_ in defence of, 19-20; impossibility of, from point of view of trade, 30-31; of Colonies, no advantages gained by, 32-33; alleged benefits of, disproved by prosperity of small States, 39-40; no advantage gained by, in modern warfare, 44-45, 110; advantage of, in ancient and medieval times, 51-54; alleged benefits of, disproved, 99-101; unable to change national character of conquered territory, 135-136; inadequate value of present methods of, 135; lessening role of, in commerce, 139-143; paradox of London police force applied in relation to, 144; where it has benefited nations, 145; effect of co-operation as a factor against, 195; enervating effects of, on Romans, 238; Spain ruined by glamour of, 242-247; co-operation taking place of, 244-248; changed nature of, 283; warlike nations the victims of, 272; logical absurdity of, summed up, 378-382. _See also_ War Conscription: and the peace ideal, 219; in France and Germany, comparison between, 225-226; how it might work in England, 258-260 Co-operation and competition, 185-186; the effects of, in international relations, 194; taking place of conquest, 247-249; advantages of, allied to force, 265-266; of States and Nationalism, 312 Courtesy in international relations, 374 Cox, Sir Edmund C., 351 Credit: in its relation to war, 30-31; definition of, 277 Critics, arguments of, against "The Great Illusion," 358-359 Cuba, War of, financial effect of, to Spain, 241
_Daily Mail_, 45-49, 214-215, 253, 330 D'Arbeux, Captain, 214 Dawson, Harbutt, 256 Defence: Navy League on, 345; the necessity of, 346; problem of, considered, 353 Demolins, Edmond, 258 Deroulede, advocate of war, 216 Dervishes, appreciation of, as fighters, 289; W.H. Steevens quoted on, 289-290 Despot, financial embarrassment of the, 273-274 Despotism, the reasons for poverty of, 274 Dilke, Sir Charles, 116 Domination. _See_ Conquest Dreyfus case, _Times_ quoted on, 250-252 Duel, survival and abandonment of, 201-204
Economics. _See_ Finance Emigration, statistics of, for Germany, 100 Emotion, need for the control of, 377 Empiricism the curse of political thinking, 262 England. _See_ Britain Environment, the role of, in the formation of character, 218
Faguet, advocate of war, 216 Farrar, Dean, advocate of war, 166 Farrer, 42 Fian, Dr., 208 Finance: interdependence of credit-built position of, on German invasion, 31; investment secure in small States, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43; in its relation to industry, 54-56; position of Bank of England on German invasion, 56-58; effect on bank rate of financial crisis in New York, 58-59; effect of repudiation in South American States, 77-78; why repudiation is unprofitable, 78-79; cause of bank crisis in United States, 79; Withers's appreciation of English bankers, 80; Lavisse on Germany's financial crisis, 96; the meaning of "the money of a nation," 172; physical force replaced by economic pressure, 269; economic and physical force in their relation to money, 273; British methods of enforcing financial obligations in South America, 303; organization of capital, 318; Bank of England helped by Bank of France, 318; internationalization of, 318-319; why a Western bank ceased to be robbed, 337-338; _Spectator_ quoted on economic interdependence, 356-357. _See also_ Wealth Fisher, Admiral, 350 Fleet. _See_ Navy Force: the diminishing factor of, 185, 263; co-operation and the advantage of, 263; justification of, by police, 264-265; replaced by economic pressure, 269; in its relation to slavery, 269-270; the general domination of, 270-271; Herbert Spencer quoted on limitation implied by physical, 271-272; difference between economic and physical, 273-275 France: Max Wirth on her position ftper Franco-German War, 95; Bismarck on, 97-98; standard of comfort in, higher than in Germany, 101; financial superiority of, 102; colonial administration of the Meline regime, 121-124; supposed benefit of "expansion" to, 139-143; a more military nation than Germany, 225-226; conscription in, 226; physical results of Napoleonic wars in, 238; cause of failure of expansion in Asia, 240; stigmatized by _Times_ in Dreyfus case, 250-252; Mr. Chamberlain on, 310; position of the statesman in, 370 Franco-German War: position of France after, 95-99; Bismarck on, 97-98; alleged benefit of, to Germany, 99; some difficulties resulting from, in Germany, 100-106; no advantage gained by, to Germany, 252-253 Fried, A., 316-317 Friendship in international relations, 374; general question of, 374-377 Froude, 311
Gaevernitz. _See_ Schulze-Gaevernitz Germany: Mr. Harrison on effect of military predominance of, 6; Dr. Schulze-Gaevernitz on German Navy, 6; R. Blatchford on German attack, 18; Admiral von Koster on overseas interest of, 20-21; future demands of, with regard to Europe, 23; aims of Pan-Germanists, 43-44; the position of German citizen if Germany "owned" Holland, 44; value of Alsace-Lorraine to, 45-49; Withers quoted on commerce of, and English credit, 59; false theory of annihilation of, explained, 69; Lavisse on financial crisis in, 96; economic effect of aforesaid crisis, 97-99; progress of Socialism in, after war of 1870, 99; emigration statistics in, 100; financial position in regard to France, 102; political evolution of, before the war, 102; social difficulties in, resulting from Franco-German War, 103; failure of war from point of view of annexation and indemnity, 104; and the acquisition of Canada, 109-110; the case of colonial conquest, 118-121; if Germany had conducted the Boer War, 126-127; trade of, with occupied territory, 132; trade in Egypt, statistics of, 132; benefits of "ownership," fallacy of, 133; growth and expansion of, 140-143; methods of colonial exploitation, 140-142; protection of interests in Asia Minor, 147; commercial supremacy of, in undeveloped territory, 147-148; Sir H. Johnston on Germany's real object of conquest, 150; burden of Alsace-Lorraine, 176; R. Blatchford on policy of, 178; R. Blatchford in defence of, 215; "rage for luxury" in, 216; reputed military character of, disproved on investigation, 217-218; as type of a military nation, 225-226; conscription in, 225-226; wisdom of, in avoiding war, 226; Kotze scandal in, 252; no advantage gained by war of 1870, 252; growth of social democratic movement in, 254; _Berliner Tageblatt_ in praise of England as compared with, 255; progress owing to regimentation, 255-256; Mr. Harbutt Dawson on unified, 256-257; false idea of British hostility to, 310; cause of British hostility towards, 315; R. Blatchford on warlike preparations of, to destroy Britain, 316; Mr. Fried on heterogeneous nature of, 316-317; _North German Gazette_ on strikes in, and effects of co-operation, 319-320; _Morning Post_ on German aggression, 331; Mr. Churchill and German defence, 346; _Spectator_ on position of, if attacked by Britain, 347; Mr. Blatchford on reasons for attack by, 349; Sir E.C. Cox on British policy with regard to, 351; Anglo-German banquets, futility of, towards mutual understanding, 375 Giffen, Sir Robert, on cost of Franco-German War, 88, 93, 94 Goltz, von der, 178-179 "Great Illusion, The," history of, 365-366 Grey, Sir Edward, 358 Grubb, Mr. Edward, 7
Hague Conferences, cause of failures of, 368 Hamburg, annexation of, by Britain and probable result, 61-62 Harrison, Mr. Frederic: quoted on effect of Germany's predominance in military power, 6; quoted on naval defence and effect of invasion by Germany, 26-27; theories challenged, 28-33 Holland: economic security of, on invasion, 42-43; the case of the Hollander if Germany "owned" Holland, 44; greatness of, compared to Prussia, 255 Holy Sepulchre, fights between Infidels and Christians for, 206 Honour: Mr. Roosevelt on national, 202; consideration of general question of, 202-204 Human nature: alleged unchangeability of, 198-200; changes of manifestations in, 200, 201, 219, 220, 221, 361, 362-363 Hyndman, Mr. H.M., 308
Ideas, rationalization of, 367 Indemnity; Sir R. Giffen quoted on, from Franco-German War, 91; cost of same considered in detail, 88-91; practical difficulties of, 90-92; doubtful advantage of, to conqueror, 100-104; problems of, not sufficiently studied, 105 Individual, false analogy between nation and, 193, 297-301 Industrialism, cruelties of, 9, 10 Industry, relation of, to finance, 54-56 _L'Information_, 56 Intercommunication of States, 193-194 Interdependence: plea of, against war, 30-31; theory of, explained, 34-35; development of, 54-55; evolution of, 76-77; diminution of physical force owing to, 277-279; the vital necessity of, 379 International politics, obsolete conception of, Admiral Mahan on elements of, 170, 171, 172 Investment. _See_ Finance
James I. of Scotland, 208 James, Professor William, 165, 294 Japan, position of, as "owner" of Korea, 86 Johnston, Sir Harry H., 150
Kidd, Benjamin, 17, 18 Kingsley, Charles, 165 Kitchener, Lord, 200; W.H. Steevens' description of, 282 Korea, position of Japan as "owner" of, 86 Koster, Admiral von, 20, 21 Kotze scandal, the, and "rottenness" of German civilization, _Times_ on, 252 Kropotkin, Prince, 218
Labour: division of, explained from point of view of conquest, 53; in the modern world, 66 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 113 Lavisse, 96 Law of Acceleration. _See_ Acceleration, Law of Law, natural, of man in relation to strife, 185 Lea, General Homer, 161, 212, 213, 234, 282 Lecky, 206, 210, 278, 377 Limborch, 208 Loti, Pierre, 242 Lucas, Sir C.P., 111
Machiavelli, 41 McDougal, Professor W., 308, 311 McKenzie, F.A., 75 Mahan, Admiral: quoted on international relations, 15, 16; quoted in criticism of "The Great Illusion," 170; quoted on elements of international politics, 171; quoted on world-politics, 320 _Manchester Guardian_ and peace, 287-288 Mankind: biological development of, 186; progress of, from barbarity to civilization, 199; psychological change in, 217; reasons for indisposition to fight in, 220; process of civilization of, 219-221; attitude of "average sensual man" towards peace, 371-372 Martin, T.G., 18 _Matin, Le_, 9, 10, 214 Maxse, Leo, 196, 219 Meline regime, the, in French Colonies, 121 Merchant adventurer, the case of, in sixteenth century, 108-109 Militarists, views of, on war, 178-179 Military force: when and where it may be necessary, 146; not essential to national efficiency, 243 Military support of Colonies. _See_ Colonies Military training, its influence on peace, 218-219 Moltke, von, 163 Money. _See_ Finance _Morning Post_, 304, 331 Mulhall on comparative standard of comfort in European countries, 36 Murray, Major, 41
Napoleonic wars, results of, 238 Nation, Nations: falseness of analogy between individual and a, 193, 297-299; honour of, 202; why warlike, do not inherit the earth, 224; warlike and unwarlike, 225, 227, 234; Canada least warlike, 234; power of a, not dependent on its army and navy, 240-241; reason for decay of military, 247-248; complexity of, 317-318; _Spectator_ on economic theories of, 319 National efficiency, relation to military power, 244 Nationalism and the co-operation of States, 312-313 Navy, British: _Times_ on powers of, 17; H.W. Wilson on necessity for powerful, 17; Admiral Fisher on supremacy of, 350 Northmen methods, 200 Norway: the carrying trade of, 74; no temptation to invade, Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 113 Novikow, J., Darwinian theory of, 184
Owen, Mr. Douglas, 19 "Ownership." _See_ Possession
Pacifists: pleas of, 6, 7, 10-12; case of, 168; patriots and, 373 Pan-Germanists, aims of, 44 Patriots: Patriotism, national honour and, 204; modification of aims of, owing to interdependence, 211; General Lea on extinction of, in United States, 213; the religion of politics, 362; pacifists and, 373, 376 Peace: why propaganda has given small results, 10-12; psychological case for, 168-169; qualities necessary to preserve, 217; occupations which tend towards, 218-219; military training and, 219; attitude of "average sensual man" towards, 371-372 Penfold, F. C, 87 Philippines, financial effect of loss of, to Spain, 241 Phillips, Captain March, 291 Pitcairn, 208 Police Force, London, paradox of, applied in relation to conquest, 144, 145, 264 Politics, obsolete terminology of, 76 Portugal, cause of failure of expansion in Asia, 239-240 Possession: Sir J.R. Seeley on, 129; fallacious theory considered from German point of view, 133-134 Printing: results of invention of, 277-279; power of, 364 Prussia: cause of prosperity of, 246; agitation for electoral reform in, 254 _Public Opinion_, 81-87 Pugnacity: irrational nature of, 187-189; Professor William McDougal on, 308-309
_Referee_, 19 Regimentation, Germany's progress owing to, 255-256 Religion: early ideals of, 174-175; Critchfield on influence of Catholic priests in South American Republics, 175; struggles of, and the State, 181-182, 205-206, 207; beliefs no longer enforced by Government, 205; Lecky on wars of, 206-211; freedom of opinion in, 212; reason of cessation of wars of, 307; relation to politics of, 362-363 Renan, Ernest, 164-229 Repudiation. _See_ Finance Revenue, State, what becomes of, 48 Rizzi, Francisco, 208 Robertson, John M., 249 Rohrbach, Dr. P., 136 Roman civilization: Mr. Roosevelt on, 223; Sir J.R. Seeley on downfall and decay of, 237 Rome, Ancient: Sir J.R. Seeley on downfall and decay of, 237; slave society of, 269; contrast between, and Britain, 276 Roosevelt, Mr., 164, 201, 202, 222, 229, 231, 234, 262
Salisbury, Lord, 36 Samoa, the case of the Powers, 149 Sanderson, Lord, 324 Schulze-Gaevernitz, Prof. von, 6 Sea-Power, overseas trade, Benjamin Kidd on, 17-18. _See also_ British Navy Seeley, Sir J.R., 129, 237 Shaw, G.B., 250 Slavery, Slaves: society of, in Rome, 268; its relation to physical force, 269-270 Socialism, progress of, in Germany after War of 1870, 99 Soetbeer, 98 Soldier: R. Blatchford on character of, 259-260; Captain March Phillips on, 291-292; _Spectator_ on, 264; our debt to the, 293; boyish appeal of the, 293-294; the "poetic shelf" for the, 295 Spain: F.C. Penfold on progress of, since war, 87; failure of expansion of, in Asia, 240-241; Pierre Loti quoted in praise of troops, 242; military virtues of, 242; ruin of, by conquest, 246 Spanish American. _See_ America, South _Spectator_, 156, 209, 210, 292, 333-337, 347, 356 Spencer, Herbert, 271-272 State, States: analogy between individuals in, 194-195; division of, in relation to conflict, 196; ancient and modern, character of, 296; false analogy between, and a person, 298-301; independent nature of, 300-301; _Morning Post_ on the organism of, 304; heterogeneous elements of, 306; Professor McDougal on pugnacity of barbarous, 308-309; definition of, 313; reasons for lessening "role" of hostility among, 313-314; position of citizen of small, if he became citizen of a large, 321-322 States small: as prosperous as the Great Powers, 32, 40; investments secure in, 36, 37, 41; cause of prosperity of, 42-43 Statesmen: Major Murray on methods of, with regard to treaties, 41; Leo Maxse on character of English, 196 Steevens, W.H., 282, 289, 290, 291 Steinmetz, S.R., 160 Stengel, Baron von, 20, 162, 229 Story, General John P., 162 Switzerland: the commercial power of, 75; compared to Prussia, 255; position of British subject in, if threatened by Britain, 302
_Temps, Le_, 122 Territorial independence, Farrer on, 42 _Times_, the, 17, 232, 250, 252, 319, 331 Trade: T.G. Martin on Britain's carrying, 18; Admiral von Koster quoted on German overseas, 20-21; impossible to capture, by military conquest, 30-33; statistics of Britain's overseas, 120; diminishing factor of physical force in, 275-276. _See also_ Competition, Commerce, Industry Transvaal: treatment of British Indian in, before and after the war, 117-119; gold-mines of, as motives for Boer War, 125-127; national character of, still unchanged, 135 Treasury, Mr. D. Owen on what enriches, 19 Treaties, Major Stuart Murray on futility of, 41 Tribute, exaction of, an economic impossibility, 31 Tripoli, ineptitude of Italy in, 143
United States: Germans in, 133; General Lea and _Daily Mail_ on national ideals in, 214 _United Service Magazine_, 18
Venezuela: warlike character of, 227; Caivano on natives of, 230-231 Viking, the, our debt to, 293 _Volkstein_, 114
War: the case of, from militarist point of view, 6; cost of Franco-German War, 88-91; Bernhardi in defence of, 158; S.R. Steinmetz on the nature of, 160; General Homer Lee in defence of, 161-162; General Storey in defence of, 162; Baron von Stengel in defence of, 163; Moltke in defence of, 163; Roosevelt in defence of, 164-223; Professor James in defence of, 165; famous clergyman in defence of, 165-166; defence of, summarized, 166-167; the reason for, 177; Von der Goltz on nature of, 178; result of armed peace, 179; justification of defender of, 182; and the natural law of man, 185; the irrational aspect of, 191; _Spectator_ on means to an end, 209-210; Procurator of Russian Holy Synod on, 210; General Lea on its relation to commercial activities, 212; Captain d'Arbeux on military deterioration, 214; prominent advocates of, 216; pleas of military authorities, 223; General Homer Lea on military spirit, 223-224; advocates of, criticized, 229-230; the curse of, in South American Republics, 230; the question of just and unjust, 235-236; fundamental error of, 236; real process of, 237; Baron von Stengel's dictum, 238-239; national deterioration owing to, 239; effects of prolonged warfare, 245; changed nature of, 267; not now a physical but an intellectual pursuit, 281-282; General Homer Lea on nature of modern battles, 282; Bernhardi on tactics and "pomp of war," 285; radical change in methods of, 284-285; pleas of militarists analyzed, 286-287; _Manchester Guardian_ on moral influence of, 287; emotional appeal of, 288; Mr. Churchill on, 346. _See also_ Conquest Wealth: _Referee_ on, in time of war, 19; national, not dependent on its political power, 32; policy of conqueror with regard to, 33-34; the question of, in international politics, 36-39, intangibility of, 64. _See also_ Finance Wilkinson, Professor, 29, 298-299 Wilson, H.W., 17 Wirth, Max, 95 Witchcraft: belief in, 341; Lecky on, 377-378; folly of, from modern point of view, 378 Withers, Hartley, 59 _World_, the, 116
* * * * *
_By the Same Author_
The Great Illusion
A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to their Economic and Social Advantages. 12mo. $1.00 _net_
Arms and Industry
A Study of the Foundations of International Polity
_In Preparation:_
The Citizen and Society
First Principles of their Relationship
* * * * *
"THE GREAT ILLUSION" AND PUBLIC OPINION
AMERICA
="New York Times," March 12, 1911.=
"A book which has compelled thought; a book full of real ideas deserves the welcome it has received. The author is enjoying the almost unlimited praise of his contemporaries, expressed or indicated by many men of eminence and influence, by countless reviewers who have lately hungered for a hero to worship.
"Moreover ... it certainly makes for genuine aesthetic pleasure, and that is all most of us ask of a book."
="The Evening Post," Chicago (Mr. Floyd Dell), February 17, 1911.=
"The book, being read, does not simply satisfy curiosity; it disturbs and amazes. It is not, as one would expect, a striking expression of some familiar objections to war. It is instead--it appears to be--a new contribution to thought, a revolutionary work of the first importance, a complete shattering of conventional ideas about international politics; something corresponding to the epoch-making 'Origin of Species' in the realm of biology.
"All of this it appears to be. One says 'appears,' not because the book fails completely to convince, but because it convinces so fully. The paradox is so perfect there must be something wrong about it!...
"At first glance the statement which forms the basis of the book looks rather absurd, but before it is finished it seems a self-evident proposition. It is certainly a proposition which, if proved, will provide a materialistic common-sense basis for disarmament....
"There is subject-matter here for ironic contemplation. Mr. Angell gives the reader no chance to imagine that these things 'just happened.' He shows why they happened and had to happen....
"One returns again and again to the arguments, looking to find some fallacy in them. Not finding them, one stares wonderingly ahead into the future, where the book seems to cast its portentous shadow."
="Boston Herald," January 21, 1911.=
"This is an epoch-making book, which should be in the hands of everyone who has even the slightest interest in human progress.... His criticism is not only masterly--it is overwhelming; for though controversy will arise on some of the details, the main argument is irrefutable. He has worked it out with a grasp of the evidence and a relentlessness of logic that will give life and meaning to his book for many a year to come."
="Life" (New York).=
"An inquiry into the nature and history of the forces that have shaped and are shaping our social development that throws more light upon the meaning and the probable outcome of the so-called 'war upon war' than all that has been written and published upon both sides put together. The incontrovertible service that Mr. Angell has rendered us in 'The Great Illusion' is to have introduced intellectual order into an emotional chaos."
GREAT BRITAIN.
="Daily Mail."=
"No book has attracted wider attention or has done more to stimulate thought in the present century than 'The Great Illusion.' Published obscurely, and the work of an unknown writer, it gradually forced its way to the front.... Has become a significant factor in the present discussion of armaments and arbitration."
="Nation."=
"No piece of political thinking has in recent years more stirred the world which controls the movement of politics.... A fervour, a simplicity, and a force which no political writer of our generation has equalled ... rank its author, with Cobden, among the greatest of our pamphleteers, perhaps the greatest since Swift."
="Edinburgh Review."=
"Mr. Angell's main thesis cannot be disputed, and when the facts ... are fully realized, there will be another diplomatic revolution more fundamental than that of 1756."
="Daily News."=
"So simple were the questions he asked, so unshakable the facts of his reply, so enormous and dangerous the popular illusion which he exposed, that the book not only caused a sensation in reading circles, but also, as we know, greatly moved certain persons high-placed in the political world.
"The critics have failed to find a serious flaw in Norman Angell's logical, coherent, masterly analysis."
=Sir Frank Lascelles (formerly British Ambassador at Berlin) in Speech at Glasgow, January 29, 1912.=
"While I was staying with the late King, his Majesty referred me to a book which had then been published by Norman Angell, entitled 'The Great Illusion.' I read the book, and while I think that at present it is not a question of practical politics, I am convinced that it will change the thought of the world in the future."
=R.A. Scott James in "The Influence of the Press."=
"Norman Angel in recent years has done more probably than any other European to frustrate war, to prove that it is unprofitable. He was probably the guiding spirit behind the diplomacy which checked the Great Powers from rushing into the Balkan conflict."
=J.W. Graham, M.A., in "Evolution and Empire."=
"Norman Angell has placed the world in his debt and initiated a new epoch of thought.... It is doubtful whether since the 'Origin of Species' so many bubbles have been burst, and so definitely plain a step in thought been made, by any single book."
=Mr. Harold Begbie in the "Daily Chronicle."=
"A new idea is suddenly thrust upon the minds of men.... It is hardly an exaggeration to say that this book does more to fill the mind with the intolerable weight of war, to convince the reasonable mind ... than all the moral and eloquent appeals of Tolstoy.... The wisest piece of writing on the side of peace extant in the world to-day."
="Birmingham Post."=
"'The Great Illusion,' by sheer force, originality, and indisputable logic, has won its way steadily forward, and made its author a person to be quoted by statesmen and diplomatists not only in England, but in France, Germany, and America."
="Glasgow News."=
"If only for the daring with which Mr. Angell's extraordinary book declares that the accepted ideas are so much moonshine, it would be a work to attract attention. When we add that Mr. Angell makes out a decidedly brilliant and arresting case for his contention, we have said sufficient to indicate that it is worth perusal by the most serious type of reader."
BRITISH COLONIAL OPINION.
=W.M. Hughes, Acting Premier of Australia, in a letter to the "Sydney Telegraph."=
"It is a great book, a glorious book to read. It is a book pregnant with the brightest promise to the future of civilized man. Peace--not the timid, shrinking figure of The Hague, cowering under the sinister shadow of six million bayonets--appears at length as an ideal possible of realization in our own time."
=Sir George Reid, Australian High Commissioner in London (Sphinx Club Banquet, May 5, 1911).=
"I regard the author of this book as having rendered one of the greatest services ever rendered by the writer of a book to the human race. Well, I will be very cautious indeed--one of the greatest services which any author has rendered during the past hundred years."
FRANCE AND BELGIUM.
=M. Anatole France in "The English Review," August, 1913.=
"One cannot weigh too deeply the reflections of this ably reasoned work."
="La Petite Republique" (M. Henri Turot), 17 Decembre, 1910.=
"J'estime, pour ma part, 'La Grande Illusion' doit avoir, au point de vue de la conception moderne de l'economie politique internationale, un retentissement egal a celui qu'eut, en matiere biologique, la publication, par Darwin, de 'l'Origine des especes.'
"C'est que M. Norman Angell joint a l'originalite de la pensee le courage de toutes les franchises, qu'il unit a une prodigieuse erudition la lucidite d'esprit et la methode qui font jaillir la loi scientifique de l'ensemble des evenements observes."
="Revue Bleu," Mai, 1911.=
"Fortement etayees, ses propositions emanent d'un esprit singulierement realiste, egalement informe et clairvoyant, qui met une connaissance des affaires et une dialectique concise au service d'une conviction, aussi passionnee que genereuse."
=M. Jean Jaures, during debate in French Chamber of Deputies, January 13, 1911; see Journal Officiel, 14 Janvier, 1911.=
"Il a paru, il y a peu de temps, un livre anglais de M. Norman Angell, 'La Grande Illusion,' qui a produit un grand effet en Angleterre. Dans les quelques jours que j'ai passes de l'autre cote du detroit, j'ai vu, dans les reunions populaires, toutes les fois qu'il etait fait mention de ce livre, les applaudissements eclater."
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA.
="Koelnische Zeitung."=
"Never before has the peace question been dealt with by so bold, novel, and clear a method; never before has the financial interdependence of nations been shown with such precision.... It is refreshing to have demonstrated in this unsentimental, practical way the fact that as our financial interdependence increases war as a business venture necessarily becomes more and more unprofitable."
="Der Turmer" (Stuttgart).=
"This demonstration should clear the air like a thunderstorm.... It is not because the book brilliantly expresses what are in many respects our own views that we urge its importance, but because of its unanswerable demonstration of the futility of military power in the economic field."
="Koenigsberger Allgemeine Zeitung."=
"This book proves absolutely that conquest as a means of material gain has become an impossibility.... The author shows that the factors of the whole problem have been profoundly modified within the past forty years."
="Ethische Kultur" (Berlin).=
"Never has militarism been combated by economic weapons with the skill shown by Norman Angell.... So broad and comprehensive a grasp of the moral as well as the economic force, that the book is a real pleasure to read.... The time was ripe for a man with this keenness of vision to come forward and prove in this flawless way that military power has nothing to do with national prosperity."
=Professor Karl von Bar, the authority on International and Criminal Law, Privy Councillor, etc.=
"Particularly do I agree with the author in these two points: (1) That in the present condition of organized society the attempt of one nation to destroy the commerce or industry of another must damage the victor more perhaps than the vanquished; and (2) that physical force is a constantly diminishing factor in human affairs. The rising generation seems to be realizing this more and more."
=Dr. Friedrich Curtius.=
"The book will, I hope, convince everyone that in our time the attempt to settle industrial and commercial conflicts by arms is an absurdity.... I doubt, indeed, whether educated folks in Germany entertain this 'illusion' ... or the idea that colonies or wealth can be 'captured.' ... A war dictated by a moral idea, the only one we can justify, is inconceivable as between England and Germany."
=Dr. Wilhelm Ostwald, who has occupied chairs in several German Universities, as well as at Harvard and Columbia.=
"From the first line to the last 'The Great Illusion' expresses my own opinions."
=Dr. Sommer, Member of the Reichstag.=
"A most timely work, and one which everyone, be he statesman or political economist, should study ... especially if he desires to understand a peace ideal which is practical and realizable.... Without agreeing on all points, I admit gladly the force and suggestiveness of the thesis.... We on our side should make it our business, as you should on yours, to render it operative, to use the means, heretofore unrealized, of joint work for civilization. In rendering possible such joint work, Norman Angell's book must take a foremost place."
=Dr. Max Nordau.=
"If the destiny of people were settled by reason and interest, the influence of such a book would be decisive.... The book will convince the far-seeing minority, who will spread the truth, and thus slowly conquer the world."
=Dr. Albert Suedekum, Member of the Reichstag, author of several works on municipal government, editor of Municipal Year-Books, etc.=
"I consider the book an invaluable contribution to the better understanding of the real basis of international peace."
=Dr. Otto Mugdan, Member of the Reichstag, Member of the National Loan Commission, Chairman of the Audit Commission, etc.=
"The demonstration of the financial interdependence of modern civilized nations, and the economic futility of conquest, could not be made more irrefutably."
=Professor A. von Harder.=
"I agree that it is a mistake to wait for action as between governments; far better, as Jaures proved the other day in the French Chamber, for the peoples to co-operate.... The book should be widely circulated in Germany, where so many are still of opinion that heavy armaments are an absolute necessity for self-defence."
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC AUTHORITIES.
="American Journal of Political Economy."=
"The best treatise yet written on the economic aspect of war."
="American Political Science Review."=
"It may be doubted whether within its entire range the peace literature of the Anglo-Saxon world has ever produced a more fascinating or significant study."
="Economist" (London).=
"Nothing has ever been put in the same space so well calculated to set plain men thinking usefully on the subject of expenditure on armaments, scare and war.... The result of the publication of this book has been within the past month or two quite a number of rather unlikely conversions to the cause of retrenchment."
="Investors' Review" (London), November 12, 1910.=
"No book we have read for years has so interested and delighted us.... He proceeds to argue, and to prove, that conquests do not enrich the conqueror under modern conditions of life.... The style in which the book is written--sincere, transparent, simple, and now and then charged with fine touches of ironic humour--make it very easy to read."
="Economic Review" (London).=
"Civilization will some day acknowledge a deep debt of gratitude to Mr. Norman Angell for the bold and searching criticism of the fundamental assumptions of modern diplomacy contained in his remarkable book.... He has laid his fingers upon some very vital facts, to which even educated opinion has hitherto been blind."
="Journal des Economistes."=
"Son livre sera beaucoup lu, car il est aussi agreable que profond, et il donnera beaucoup a reflechir."
="Export" (Organ des Centralvereins fuer Handelsgeographie).=
"By reason of its statement of the case against war in terms of practical politics and commercial advantage (=Real-und Handelspolitikers=), the keenness and the mercilessness of the logic by which the author explodes the errors and the illusions of the war phantasists ... the sense of reality, the force with which he settles accounts point by point with the militarists, this book stands alone. It is unique."
="The Western Mail."=
"A novel, bold, and startling theory."
MILITARY OPINION.
="Army and Navy Journal" (N.Y.), October 5, 1910.=
"If all anti-militarists could argue for their cause with the candour and fairness of Norman Angell we should welcome them, not with 'bloody hands to hospitable graves,' but to a warm and cheery intellectual comradeship. Mr. Angell has packed away in his book more common sense than peace societies have given birth to in all the years of their existence...."
="United Service Magazine" (London), May, 1911.=
"It is an extraordinarily clearly written treatise upon an absorbingly interesting subject, and it is one which no thinking soldier should neglect to study.... Mr. Angell's book is much to be commended in this respect. It contains none of the nauseating sentiment which is normally parasitic to 'peace' literature. The author is evidently careful to take things exactly as he conceives them to be, and to work out his conclusions without 'cleverness' and unobscured by technical language. His method is to state the case for the defence (of present-day 'militarist' statecraft), to the best of his ability in one chapter, calling the best witnesses he can find and putting their views from every standpoint so clearly that even one who was beforehand quite ignorant of the subject cannot fail to understand. Mr. Angell's book is one which all citizens would do well to read, and read right through. It has the clearness of vision and the sparkling conciseness which one associates with Swift at his best."
="The Army Service Corps Quarterly" (Aldershot, England), April, 1911.=
"The ideas are so original and clever, and in places are argued with so much force and common sense, that they cannot be pushed aside at once as preposterous.... There is food here for profound study.... Above all, we should encourage the sale of 'The Great Illusion' abroad, among nations likely to attack us, as much as possible."
="War Office Times" (London).=
"Should be read by everyone who desires to comprehend both the strength and the weakness of this country."
* * * * *
Transcriber's notes:
Punctuation has been normalized.
On page 33 "be yond" changed to "beyond." "... beyond saving the Mother Country...."
On page 72 "such and-such" changed to "such-and-such."
On page 190 "reationship" changed to "relationship." "... on basis of mutual profit the only relationship...."
On page 202 "porportion" changed to "proportion." "Our sense of proportion in these matters...."
On page 241 "real ze" changed to "realize." "... by the fact that she failed to realize this truth...."
On page 267 "anchronism" changed to "anachronism." "... it is an anachronism; it finds its justification in...."
On page 317 "indentification" changed to "identification." "... identification between a people and the acts...."
On page 340 "orginally" changed to "originally." "... our relative positions is just what it was originally...."
On page 359 "fanticism" changed to "fanaticism." "... Mohammedan fanaticism, Chinese Boxerism...."