CHAPTER XXXIX.

CYCADOPHYTAN FRONDS.

Occasional reference is made to Cycadean fronds in the account of flowers and stems but it is seldom that genera or species founded on leaves can be definitely correlated with particular types of reproductive organs or stems. As in the case of Ferns and Pteridosperms so also with detached leaves believed to be Cycadean, a large number of generic names have been employed for impressions which afford no information with regard to anatomical characters except, in some of the more favourably preserved specimens, a few facts as to the epidermal cells. Though association often suggests original connexion it is inadvisable except in well established cases to extend to fronds generic terms based on reproductive shoots. The designation _Zamites_ has long been used for fronds that are clearly not closely related to recent species of _Zamia_, and were it not an old established genus the significance of which is not likely to be misunderstood, it would be wiser to substitute for it some name implying no affinity with any existing type. On the other hand the employment by some authors of such generic names as _Encephalartos_ and _Ceratozamia_ is not warranted by the evidence furnished by the imperfect material. Prof. Newberry[1424] described as _Encephalartos_? _denticulatus_ a piece of a frond from Rhaetic beds in Honduras characterised by lanceolate pinnae (30 × 6 mm.) gradually narrowed towards the acute apex and abruptly contracted at the base: the method of attachment of the pinnae appears to agree with that in the genus _Zamites_. In this case there is no valid reason for assuming a relationship with _Encephalartos_ or with any recent type. An impression from Lower Cretaceous, Dakota, beds in Kansas described as _Encephalartos cretaceus_ Knowlt. ex Lesq. ms.[1425] consists of a piece of lamina, 9 × 4 cm., obovate-oblong and with a cuneate base, a serrate margin and thick diverging veins: the specimen is too incomplete to serve as a record of any Cycadean genus. The generic name _Encephalartopsis_ was applied by Fontaine[1426] to some imperfect pinnae from the Potomac beds characterised by a linear-elliptical lamina with a spinous margin and slightly diverging and occasionally anastomosing veins. The figured examples of the type-species, _E. nervosa_, suggest pinnae like those of _Ctenis_; but in the absence of a rachis the method of attachment of the segments cannot be ascertained. Saporta[1427] named a specimen from the Miocene flora of Koumi, Greece, _Encephalartos Gorceixianus_ because of its resemblance in habit to some species of the recent genus; but the designation _Zamites_ would be more appropriate. Ettingshausen recorded an imperfect impression of a pinna from Tertiary rocks in Styria as _Ceratozamia Hofmanni_[1428] although it is by no means certain that the fragment is even Cycadean. The genus _Taeniopteris_ was described in the second volume of this book as probably a Pteridophyte, though of uncertain systematic position: it has, however, been shown by Mr Thomas[1429] that the Jurassic species _T. vittata_ was almost certainly borne on a stem with reproductive organs constructed on the Bennettitalean plan. Further research may enable us to fix the position of other species but as yet _T. vittata_ is the only representative of the genus which there is good reason for assigning to the Bennettitales.

It is undoubtedly true that Cycadean plants, using the term in a wide sense to include the Bennettitales as well as the Cycadales, bulked largely in Upper Triassic, Rhaetic, Jurassic-Wealden floras; the Bennettitales probably reached their maximum development as regards wealth of form and geographical range in the latter part of the Jurassic period and in the earliest phase of the Cretaceous epoch. In Triassic floras Cycadean plants are represented almost solely by fronds but the very close resemblance between Keuper species and forms that in Jurassic rocks are found in association with fertile shoots leaves little doubt as to the affinity of Keuper and Rhaetic species.

The evidence obtained from Permo-Carboniferous strata is much more meagre, at least as regards Cycadean leaves: the occurrence of certain morphological Cycadean features is revealed by petrified vegetative organs of Palaeozoic plants, and the Cycadean plan of organisation is conspicuous in many Carboniferous and Permian seeds. The discovery of frond-impressions identical in external characters with Mesozoic genera may be accepted as a substantial indication that genera already existed possessing foliage of the Cycadean type, though we have no certain information with regard to the nature of the other organs of the parent-plants. A few examples of Palaeozoic species are included among those selected in illustration of the different genera, namely _Plagiozamites Planchardi_, _Sphenozamites Rochei_, _Pterophyllum Fayoli_, _P. Cambryi_: among other recorded instances of Palaeozoic species are _Pterophyllum Cottaeanum_ Gutb.[1430], a Permian type similar in habit to _Ctenis_ but without anastomosing veins, a feature in which it resembles _Pseudoctenis_; the Carboniferous species _Pterophyllum inflexum_ Eich.[1431] from the Altai mountains, transferred by Zeiller to _Dioonites_; _P. blechnoides_ Sand.[1432] from the Stephanian of Oppenau; _Pterophyllum Grand’Euryanum_[1433] from Upper Carboniferous beds in France, and _P. gonorrachis_ Goepp.[1434] from Silesia. An examination of the type-specimens of the Carboniferous species _Cycadites gyrosus_ Goepp. and _C. taxodinus_ Goepp.[1435] in the Breslau Museum led me to regard the material as too imperfect to determine.

A conclusion that is forced upon us by a consideration of the geological range of Cycadean fronds is that at the close of the Wealden period, a period very closely linked in the character of the vegetation with the preceding Jurassic floras, there appears to have been a relatively sudden decrease in the number of members of the Cycadophyta: the decline in the fortunes of Cycadean plants is coincident with the rise and remarkably rapid extension of the Angiosperms. From Middle and Upper Cretaceous and from Tertiary beds very few Cycadean remains have been obtained and many of them are represented by fragmentary fossils that afford no definite evidence of affinity to recent genera. The antiquity of the Cycadales, that is the section represented by existing Cycads, cannot be determined; but it would seem probable that if the Cycads apart from the Bennettitales existed in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous floras they occupied a very subordinate position in comparison with the extinct Bennettitales. There are no data pointing to any widespread occurrence of the Cycadales in the Northern Hemisphere in Tertiary times at all comparable with the geographical range of Tertiary ancestors of the solitary survivor of the Ginkgoales.

The following records of Tertiary Cycadean fronds illustrate the paucity of the records. Reference has already been made to _Encephalartos Gorceixianus_ Sap. of Miocene age, a species that has no claim to be regarded as an example of the recent South African genus. The specimen described by Saporta and Marion as ? _Zamites palaeocenicus_[1436] from the Eocene of Gelinden is too imperfect to serve as a trustworthy record. A more satisfactory species, similar in habit to _Zamites gigas_, is that on which Saporta founded the species _Zamites epibius_[1437] from Lower Miocene beds at Bonnieux (Vaucluse), France. Another Tertiary species is mentioned by Krasser[1438] from Pliocene strata in Brazil as _Zamia praecedens_ Krass. ex Ett. +MS.+ Ettingshausen has described a Tertiary species from New South Wales, either Lower Miocene or Upper Eocene in age, as _Anomozamites Muelleri_[1439], characterised by truncate segments with simple veins and set obliquely to the rachis.

While certain form-genera of fronds can only be referred to the Cycadophyta, in other cases it is possible to assign fronds to a section of this comprehensive group characterised by a particular type of fertile shoot and by certain well defined epidermal features.

The investigation of the cuticular structure of various Cycadean fronds by Nathorst[1440] and especially by Mr Thomas[1441] has supplied a basis of classification which affords the best criterion of affinity so far available. The majority of fronds are placed in the Bennettitales while the three genera _Ctenis_, _Nilssonia_, and _Ctenopteris_ (or _Ptilozamites_[1442]) are placed in the Nilssoniales.

I. =Bennettitales.= Epidermal cells characterised by sinuous walls and generally rectangular; the cuticle is thin; the stomata, confined to the lower surface of the pinnae, tend to be arranged at right-angles to the veins and are on a level with the epidermis or very slightly depressed; two large laterally placed subsidiary cells more or less surround the guard-cells and these are provided with thickenings of a definite shape (figs. 594, 609).

Genera: _Ptilophyllum_, _Zamites_, _Otozamites_, _Dictyozamites_, _Pterophyllum_ and _Anomozamites_, _Taeniopteris_, _Pseudocycas_.

II. =Nilssoniales.= Epidermal cells with straight walls, not sinuous, irregular in form, rounded, hexagonal, or rectangular; the stomata are below the level of the epidermis; the cuticle may be thin or thick. There is no regular arrangement of the stomata; the guard-cells are surrounded by 6–8 subsidiary cells (fig. 625) which often form an overarching canopy; thickening lamellae like those on the guard-cells of the Bennettitales are seldom present.

Genera: _Nilssonia_, _Ctenis_, _Ctenopteris_.

It is a noteworthy fact that the representatives of the smaller group, the Nilssoniales, in their cuticular features, are more akin than the Bennettitales to modern Cycads. Until definite evidence is obtained as to the nature of the reproductive organs of _Nilssonia_, _Ctenis_, and _Ctenopteris_ it is impossible to say how closely these genera agree in essential characters with existing members of the Cycadales. If, as has been suggested, the fertile shoots known as _Beania_[1444] belong to _Nilssonia_ their resemblance in plan of construction to the cones of recent genera, much greater than in the case of the flowers of the Bennettitales, is in accordance with the evidence of the epidermal characters.

Reference was made in the second Volume of this book to several genera founded on fronds which through lack of evidence as to the nature of the reproductive organs cannot be assigned with certainty either to Ferns or Cycads: it was stated that the genera _Ptilozamites_ and _Ctenopteris_ are probably Cycadean, and the structure of the epidermal cells in the latter genus lends support to this view[1445]. Among other genera of doubtful position not included in the following descriptions of fronds is _Zamiopsis_ of Fontaine[1446] founded on large compound fronds from the Potomac formation: the venation and form of the pinnae are more Fern-like than in _Ctenopteris_, but in general habit the two genera are not very dissimilar. The generic name Zamiopsis is misleading as the species bear no resemblance to _Zamia_ or _Zamites_.

+I. Bennettitales.+

=PTILOPHYLLUM.= Morris.

The generic name _Ptilophyllum_ was instituted in 1840 for some specimens of pinnate fronds from Cutch: in this genus Morris[1447] included with the Indian leaves the English Jurassic species _Pterophyllum pecten_ Lind. and Hutt.[1448] (figs. 587, etc.) and some other forms. He defined _Ptilophyllum_ as follows: ‘Fronds pinnate; pinnae closely approximated, linear, lanceolate, more or less elongate, imbricate at the base, attached obliquely; base semicircular or rounded; veins equal, slender, parallel.’ Morris adds that he instituted a new genus in preference to _Zamites_ because of the ‘oblique insertion of the pinnae and their overlapping each other at the base.’ In a later paper Morris[1449] states that the pinnae of _Ptilophyllum_ fronds are ‘sometimes auriculed in the upper and sometimes in the lower part’ of the base of the lamina. In his catalogue[1450] he adopted Endlicher’s genus _Palaeozamia_ instead of _Ptilophyllum_. Without discussing the generic nomenclature adopted by various authors for the Indian types and similar fronds it is important to refer briefly to the treatment of Morris’s species by Oldham and Morris and by Feistmantel. In the first of the series of Memoirs on Gondwana floras[1451] _Ptilophyllum_ is retained for a section of _Palaeozamia_ together with _Otozamites_ and _Sphenozamites_ as other sectional subdivisions: in the subgenus _Ptilophyllum_ are included _Palaeozamia acutifolia_ and _P. cutchensis_ (fig. 588, A, C), also _P. affinis_, _P. rigida_, and _P. bengalensis_. The last species is in all probability an _Otozamites_: _P. affinis_ and _P. rigida_ are almost certainly indistinguishable from _P. cutchensis_. Feistmantel[1452] dealt in detail with the genus _Ptilophyllum_: he wrote, ‘with Schimper and Schenk I therefore look upon this genus as an Indian type especially characterised by its ... more or less slender leaves, angustate towards the apex and base, and petiolate, with regularly adfixed leaflets.... The leaflets are equal to each other, for the most part elongate linear, and _auriculate and free at the upper angle at the base_, but adfixed at the lower angle, and each is decurrent behind the upper angle of the leaflet next below it, thus the leaflets are almost imbricate. The veins are rather numerous, simple, and forked, and more or less divergent[1453].’ Feistmantel distinguishes certain varieties of _P. cutchense_ (fig. 588, A, C), none of which appear to be well defined. A specimen from the Rajmahal Hills with unusually long pinnae, the frond having a breadth of 8 cm., is described as _Ptilophyllum acutifolium_ var. _maximum_[1454], but it differs in no important feature from the smaller and commoner form. The next point to be considered is the variability of certain species referred by Feistmantel to _Otozamites_. He figures specimens from the Jabalpur group as _O. Hislopi_ Feist. ex Old. +MS.+, _O. gracilis_ (Kurr), _O. angustatus_ Feist. (fig. 588, B) and _O. distans_[1455]. An examination of the figured specimens leads me to regard _O. Hislopi_ and _O. gracilis_ as identical with the _Ptilophyllum_ fronds: the pinnae exhibit no distinguishing features and there is no reason for a specific, still less a generic, separation. _Otozamites angustatus_ is indistinguishable from _Otozamites_ sp. as figured from the Madras coast and from _Ptilophyllum cutchense_, _P. cutchense_ var. _curvifolium_ and var. _minimum_. The drawings reproduced in fig. 6_a_, Pl. +x.+ of the Madras flora[1456] and in fig. 8_a_, Pl. +vi.+ of the Jabalpur flora[1457] showing auriculate bases are inaccurate: in all the fronds named the pinnae are straight with rounded edges precisely as in _Ptilophyllum_. The conclusion forced upon me by a comparison of the actual specimens is that the Indian fronds are not separable into well-defined species and should all be included in _Ptilophyllum cutchense_. Moreover in this comprehensive species should be included the specimens described by Feistmantel as _Otozamites Hislopi_ (fig. 589), _O. angustatus_, and _O. gracilis_. It may well be that a more detailed investigation of the numerous forms comprised in this protean species, particularly if specimens are obtained from which cuticular preparations can be made, may lead to the recognition of additional species or well-defined varieties. The resemblance between the various forms of _P. pecten_ from the Jurassic strata of Yorkshire and those of _P. cutchense_ from India is very striking, and at least in many cases no specific separation is possible so far at least as the form of the fronds and pinnae is concerned. The occasional close association of _Ptilophyllum_ fronds and _Williamsonia_ flowers is an important agreement between the English and Indian fronds (fig. 590).

[Illustration: Fig. 587. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ (British Museum, V. 3795; ¼ nat. size.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 588. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ A, C, specimens figured by Feistmantel as _Ptilophyllum cutchense_. B, Feistmantel’s _Otozamites angustatus_. (⅚ nat. size; Calcutta Museum.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 589. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ A frond figured by Feistmantel as _Otozamites Hislopi_. A, ⅚ nat. size; B, enlarged (Calcutta Museum).]

In the first part of the Catalogue of Jurassic plants from Yorkshire the opinion was expressed[1458], based on an examination of Morris’s type-specimen of _Ptilophyllum cutchense_ and of a large number of English and other fronds identical with or closely allied to _Pterophyllum pecten_ Lind. and Hutt., that the Indian and European fronds belong to the same genus. In a later paper[1459] it was maintained that _P. cutchense_ and _P. acutifolium_ are probably identical with the English type, and a drawing was published—reproduced in fig. 591—of Morris’s type-specimen. Dr Halle[1460] has discussed the genus _Ptilophyllum_ and his investigations lead him to a different conclusion; he, like Zeiller and some other authors, employs _Ptilophyllum_ in Feistmantel’s sense. The pinna-base is said to agree in its asymmetrical form with that in _Otozamites_, while it differs from the symmetrical base of _Zamites_ pinnae. In _Ptilophyllum_ both edges of the pinna-base are said to bend down in joining the rachis; at the upper corner the base thus becomes rounded and for some distance free from the rachis; it is also sometimes a little auriculate; at the lower edge the pinna is decurrent on the upper surface of the rachis. In a subsequent paper Halle[1461] repeats the view that the decurrence of the pinnae by their lower edges is an important distinguishing feature of _Ptilophyllum_, thus agreeing with Feistmantel whose illustrations appear to be confirmatory. The drawings in Feistmantel’s memoirs are, however, misleading and in some cases incorrect. An examination of a photograph of Morris’s type-specimen of _P. cutchense_ led Halle to conclude that the two edges of the pinna-base bend downwards on joining the rachis as described by Feistmantel. This feature is not shown in the drawing reproduced in fig. 591: it is clear that either the drawing is incorrect or that there has been some mistake in the interpretation of the photograph. Through the courtesy of Dr Halle I have been able to examine the actual print: when viewed in its correct position the two edges of the pinnae appear to bend down as described by Halle, but if it is examined in the reverse position the lower angle of the pinnae is seen to be slightly rounded as in fig. 591, the apparent decurrence being due to a confusion between the appressed lower edge of one pinna, which is faintly shown, and the stronger downward trend of the upper edge of the pinna next below. The upper edges of the pinnae are more prominent because they are less appressed to the rachis while the lower half of the base is closer to the rachis and is frequently, though not in Morris’s specimen, overlapped by the upper edge of the next lower pinna. A re-examination of the type-specimen in the British Museum confirms this interpretation. The pinnae of _Ptilophyllum_ are characterised by their attachment to the upper face of the rachis which they almost completely cover; the upper angle is rounded and in a few cases auriculate (fig. 592); the lower angle of the base is slightly rounded and not infrequently hidden by the imbrication of the adjacent pinna; it is occasionally auriculate (fig. 593). The pinnae are attached by nearly the whole base, but the upper angle is free. The veins are parallel, sub-parallel or, especially in the proximal portion of the lamina, oblique. The pinnae are linear, varying considerably in relation of length to breadth and in the form of the apex; they are straight or more or less falcate. The epidermal cells of such _Ptilophyllum_ fronds as have been examined are characterised by strongly looped or sinuous walls; the stomata, confined to the lower surface, are roughly circular and the guard-cells are at right-angles to the veins and not appreciably sunk. Fig. 594 represents the appearance of a stoma in surface-view: ‘on either side of the central slit-like pore are two elliptical or hemispherical structures; they are somewhat flattened when they abut on the pore, and have rounded ends.... Between these and the subsidiary cells lie two other thickened patches, more or less hemispherical in shape, and apparently overlying the central structures.’ On the analogy of similar appearances in recent Cycads Mr Thomas[1462] interprets the two pairs of thickened patches as belonging to the upper and lower sides of the highly inclined guard-cells. This author calls special attention to the abundance on some of the fronds included in the aggregate species _P. pecten_ of regular rows of circular hair-scars preserved as small annulate projections, ·03–·04 mm. in diameter. A comparison of the cuticles of different forms of _Ptilophyllum pecten_ enabled Thomas to recognise more than one type: for one of these the name _Ptilophyllum hirsutum_ is proposed. It is by such work as this that we may hope to discover differentiating characters.

[Illustration: Fig. 590. _Ptilophyllum pecten_ (_P. cutchense_) and _Williamsonia Blanfordi_. [Drawn from a specimen figured by Feistmantel (76²) Pl. +xii.+ fig. 6.]]

[Illustration: Fig. 591. Part of the type-specimen of _Ptilophyllum cutchense_ Morris. (British Museum; × 3.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 592. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ (Manchester Museum, Williamson Coll. 3726.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 593. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ From the Lower Estuarine beds, Cleveland, Yorkshire. (After Thomas; nat. size.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 594. _Ptilophyllum pecten_; stoma. (After Thomas and Bancroft.)]

The different forms of _Williamsonia_ flowers found in association with fronds of the _Ptilophyllum_ habit also point to the inclusion of more than a single species under the group-species _P. pecten_. As additional evidence is obtained further analysis will be possible, but in dealing with impressions which include specimens transitional from one form of frond to another, the most convenient and to my mind the most logical course is to treat a species as an aggregate- or group-species. Some authors believe that the two fronds described by Phillips as _Cycadites pecten_ and _C. pectinoides_ are distinct species[1463], but there would seem to be no adequate reason for this view. The fronds described by Heer[1464] from the Lower Cretaceous of Greenland as species of _Zamites_ and similar leaves from Graham Land included in that genus by Halle[1465] are in my opinion inseparable from _Ptilophyllum_, and this applies equally to _Otozamites Hislopi_ (Old.) (fig. 589) and _O. abbreviatus_ as figured by Feistmantel and by Halle. The nomenclature of Cycadean fronds having the habit of _Ptilophyllum pecten_ is a great difficulty: after carefully reconsidering the whole question and comparing Feistmantel’s figured specimens with the large series of English fronds the conclusion reached is that the characters exhibited by ordinary impressions do not admit of any satisfactory grouping under well-defined specific types. In the first place, as already indicated, the use by some authors of the generic names _Ptilophyllum_, _Otozamites_, and _Zamites_ creates a false impression of the degree of difference between the numerous forms of frond agreeing more or less closely with the specimens on which were founded the species _Ptilophyllum acutifolium_, _P. cutchense_, _P. pecten_, and _P. pectinoides_ (figs. 587, 591, 595, etc.). In his important memoir on the Jurassic flora of Graham Land Halle[1466] discusses the limitation of _Ptilophyllum_, _Zamites_, and _Otozamites_. He employs _Zamites_ for fronds with linear pinnae attached to the upper face of the rachis by a base which is more or less, but often very little, rounded and always asymmetrical, with or without a basal callosity: fronds of the type _Z. gigas_ he includes in the section _Euzamites_, while _Z. borealis_ and similar forms (fig. 597) are referred to a second section, _Subzamites_. It is in the sense of Halle’s section _Euzamites_ that the generic name _Zamites_ is employed in this chapter. On the other hand the fronds grouped by Halle as _Subzamites_ have pinnae with the basal angles of the lamina very slightly rounded precisely as in _Ptilophyllum_ as seen in fig. 596 (_cf._ fig. 598 which represents fronds referred by Halle to _Zamites_); and they are not distinguished by any feature of generic importance from _Ptilophyllum_ as defined on page 519. The species _Zamites pusillus_, _Z. Anderssoni_, and _Z. antarcticus_ (fig. 598) described by Halle from Graham Land as well as Heer’s Arctic forms[1467] _Z. borealis_ (fig. 597), _Z. speciosus_, _Z. brevipennis_, and others are transferred to _Ptilophyllum_ as types agreeing very closely with _P. pecten_ and in some cases not clearly distinguishable from it even specifically.

_Otozamites_ is the name employed by Halle for fronds with pinnae having contracted, asymmetrical and auriculate, bases, the anterior lobe being more developed than the posterior. The asymmetry of the pinna-base is considered an essential feature. As Halle states it is very difficult in some instances to draw a distinction between _Otozamites_ and _Ptilophyllum_. As used in this chapter _Otozamites_ signifies fronds with pinnae characterised by an auriculate base, a lamina usually broader than in _Ptilophyllum_, and by more spreading veins (fig. 604). The not infrequent occurrence of auriculate pinnae on fronds (fig. 603, A) which cannot be separated from typical examples of _P. pecten_ illustrates the narrow dividing line as regards the form of the pinna-base between _Ptilophyllum_ and _Otozamites_. The Indian species _O. Hislopi_ (fig. 589) and _O. abbreviatus_, to which Halle refers some Antarctic fronds, cannot be distinguished from the English _P. pecten_ or Feistmantel’s and Morris’s Indian fronds described as _P. cutchense_ and _P. acutifolium_: these forms are therefore included in _Ptilophyllum_.

_Ptilophyllum_ (_Williamsonia_) _pecten_ (Phillips).

This designation is employed in a wide sense for a group of fronds exhibiting a considerable range in size, in the relative breadth and length of the linear pinnae, and in other features. Under _P. pecten_ are included (i) the English fronds from Yorkshire first described by Phillips[1468] as _Cycadites pecten_ and _C. pectinoides_, the former from the Middle shale, the latter from the Lower shale of the Yorkshire coast, together with the Stonesfield slate specimens named by Sternberg[1469] _Polypodiolites pectiniformis_ (fig. 595) and by Brongniart[1470] and Lindley and Hutton[1471] _Zamia pectinata_; (ii) the Indian specimens already considered and (iii) numerous examples recorded under different names from Jurassic strata in many countries. Fronds from the Yorkshire coast named by Brongniart[1472] _Zamia Goldiei_, though regarded by some authors as examples of _Otozamites_, are probably referable to _P. pecten_. Andrae’s _Pterophyllum rigidum_[1473] (fig. 596) from Steierdorf is almost certainly a form of _Ptilophyllum pecten_. The specimen shown in fig. 587 is one of the few examples of fronds apparently preserved in their original position attached in a cluster to a _Williamsonia_ (_Bucklandia_) type of stem. The range in size and form of the pinnae is illustrated in figs. 588, 592, 593.

[Illustration: Fig. 595. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ The specimen figured by Sternberg as _Polypodiolites pectiniformis_. (Oxford Museum; ⅚ nat. size.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 596. _Ptilophyllum pecten._ Andrae’s _Pterophyllum rigidum_ from Steierdorf, Banat. (British Museum, No. 41438; nat. size.)]

Fronds linear, tapering gradually towards the base and apex, often characterised by a marked uniformity in breadth. The pinnae, short or comparatively broad or long and narrow, are straight or more or less falcate; the apex is obtuse or acute or the upper margin of the lamina may be almost straight and the lower edge curved abruptly upwards at the apex; the pinnae are usually attached obliquely to the rachis but may be almost at right-angles; with the exception of the upper angle, the whole of the base is attached to the frond-axis; the base of the lamina may be symmetrical, both angles being slightly rounded, or asymmetrical, the upper or less frequently the lower corner being auriculate (figs. 592, 593). There is no basal callosity on the lamina nor is there a median sinus. The veins are more or less spreading at the base but for the most part parallel. The features of the epidermal cells and stomata are mentioned in the general account of the genus. Fertile shoots of plants with this type of frond are described under _Williamsonia_. Very little is known of the stems which bore _Ptilophyllum_ fronds, but as stated on page 488 Indian specimens show leaves of _Ptilophyllum cutchense_ attached to a piece of stem (fig. 579) having the characters of _Bucklandia_ and characterised by a xylem-cylinder denser than in recent Cycads; the structure of the wood at least in the Indian stem is rather pycnoxylic than manoxylic.

The fronds grouped under _Ptilophyllum pecten_ are very widely distributed in Jurassic floras; they are recorded from many localities in Europe, from Turkestan[1474], India, Graham Land[1475], Patagonia[1476], and elsewhere.

As thus defined this ‘species,’ or more correctly this group of forms, undoubtedly includes more than one species in the strict sense, but without additional data it is maintained that the recognition of clearly defined specific types or varieties is beyond our power. It may be urged that in view of the wide geographical range of the _Ptilophyllum pecten_ type of frond and the admitted probability that several species in the narrower sense are represented, distinctive specific names should be retained even though under such designations are included forms that, so far as can be seen from impressions, exhibit no constant distinguishing features. My purpose is to emphasise the futility of attempting to found well-marked species on the available material. The student must decide for himself what course to pursue, whether to retain such a specific name as _cutchense_ for the Indian fronds or to employ that and other specific names as designations of geographical types differing in no clearly defined or constant characters from examples of the English _Ptilophyllum pecten_. A comparative examination of the cuticular membranes in the comparatively few cases where that is possible would probably furnish a basis for a satisfactory subdivision of the group-species.

The names _Ptilophyllum Anderssoni_, _P. boreale_, and _P. antarcticum_ are retained for certain forms selected from a number of closely allied types partly on the ground that these fronds exhibit some more or less well-marked distinctive characters and in part as a recognition of the existence of geographical forms.

_Ptilophyllum boreale_ (Heer).

Heer[1477] described numerous well-preserved impressions of pinnate fronds from the Lower Cretaceous plant-beds of Kome, Greenland, which he referred to several species of _Zamites_ though the differences between them are hardly of specific rank. An inspection of several of the figured specimens in the Stockholm Museum showed that Heer’s drawings are in the main accurate. _Zamites borealis_ (fig. 597) is characterised by small linear pinnae attached to the upper face of the rachis, the stoutness of which is a noteworthy feature; the veins are parallel and simple. In the shape of the pinnae, including the base-characters, this species agrees closely with _P. pecten_. The slightly falcate or straight pinnae are 1·7–2 mm. broad and reach a length of 15 mm.; in _Z. speciosum_ Heer, probably specifically identical with _P. boreale_, the pinnae are relatively longer, and in _Z. brevipennis_ Heer they resemble the shorter pinnae of some of the narrow fronds of _P. pecten_.

A preparation of the cuticle of a pinna of _P. boreale_ made by Mr Thomas from a specimen in the Stockholm Museum shows a marked difference between the upper and lower epidermis: the cells on the upper surface of the lamina have very thick and sinuous walls precisely as in _P. pecten_, but the cells are often broader than long and not elongated parallel to the long axis of the pinna; those of the lower epidermis are thinner and less clearly preserved: the stomata, which appear to be like those of _P. pecten_, are scattered and not in rows.

[Illustration: Fig. 597. _Ptilophyllum boreale_ (Heer). Drawn from one of the specimens from the Lower Cretaceous beds at Ekkorfat, Greenland, figured by Heer. (Stockholm Museum; nat. size and a few pinnae enlarged.)]

_Ptilophyllum antarcticum_ (Halle).

The fronds from the Jurassic rocks of Graham Land, described by Halle as _Zamites antarcticus_[1478], are very similar to some forms of _P. pecten_ and to _P. boreale_ and other Greenland forms; the linear subacute pinnae are attached to the upper face of the rachis at a wide angle and the base of the lamina is truncate and may be very slightly constricted. The veins are dense, as many as 5 in 1 mm., and they are occasionally forked near the base (fig. 598, A).

[Illustration: Fig. 598. A, A′, _Ptilophyllum antarcticum_. B, _P. Anderssoni_. (After Halle.)]

_Ptilophyllum Anderssoni_ (Halle).

This Graham Land species (fig. 598, B), referred by Halle to _Zamites_[1479], is of the same general type as _P. pecten_, but is characterised by a coarser venation and by the wider angle of attachment of the pinnae.

_Ptilophyllum Dunkerianum_ (Goeppert).

Goeppert[1480] proposed the name _Pterophyllum Dunkerianum_ for some specimens from the Wealden of North Germany which were afterwards figured by Dunker[1481]. Miquel[1482] included the species in his genus _Dioonites_ and this name has been adopted by other authors. Attention has been drawn to the inconsistent use of the title _Dioonites_[1483], and I have previously employed the name in a sense similar to that in which it has been adopted by Nathorst, that is for fronds with long and narrow pinnae without any basal constriction and not auriculate, attached more or less at right-angles to the upper face of the rachis; but so defined _Dioonites_ differs in no essential particular from forms of _Ptilophyllum_ or from fronds referred by authors to Schimper’s genus _Ctenophyllum_. The name _Ctenophyllum_[1484] was instituted for certain fronds differing in some points from _Otozamites_ and _Dioonites_. One such type is _Ctenophyllum_ (_Ptilophyllum_) _pecten_ (Lind. and Hutt.): this is quoted in Zittel’s _Handbuch_ as a typical representative of the genus. Schimper followed Feistmantel in his definition of _Ptilophyllum_, a definition which is not in accordance with the characters of the fronds on which it was founded by Morris. Fontaine, on the other hand, has applied _Ctenophyllum_ to fronds of a different type which are now included in the genus _Pseudoctenis_. There would seem to be no adequate ground for the retention of _Ctenophyllum_ as a generic designation.

The Wealden species _P. Dunkerianum_ is characterised by the following features: rachis fairly stout, pinnae approximate, linear 2–3 mm. broad and reaching a length of 11 cm. or more, gradually narrowed towards the apex, attached in two almost contiguous rows to the upper face of the frond-axis: the lower margin of the lamina may be slightly decurrent, _e.g._ in the apical part of the frond or very slightly broadened and bluntly rounded. The pinnae are attached at right-angles or, near the apex, obliquely; veins 5–6, parallel. The epidermal cells as figured by Schenk[1485] have very sinuous walls and are identical with those of the English and Indian forms of the group-species _P. pecten_; the stomata are confined to the lower surface. If Schenk’s drawings of the stomata are correct they differ from those of other species of the genus in their simpler structure; there are no subsidiary cells and the guard-cells show no cuticularised bands. In habit this species resembles _Encephalartos Ghellinckii_ Lehm. (fig. 382). The superficial resemblance of the narrow linear pinnae to those of _Cycadites_ led Dunker and Schenk to refer to that genus some specimens which have since been described as identical with _P. Dunkerianum_.

=ZAMITES.= Brongniart.

In the first instance the generic name _Zamites_ was used in addition to _Zamia_ for certain pinnate fronds including species[1486], such as _Z. Bechei_, which are now regarded as typical examples of _Otozamites_. Subsequently Brongniart gave up _Zamia_ for fossil fronds and applied _Zamites_ to fronds with entire pinnae, not truncate at the apex and not decurrent but slightly constricted at the base. Braun’s two genera _Podozamites_ and _Pterozamites_ were relegated to the position of subgenera. The name _Podozamites_ has been employed by Schenk[1487] for specimens now included in _Zamites_, and _Zamites_ is used by him[1488] for some fossils which are examples of _Podozamites_ as generally understood. Goeppert’s definition[1489] of _Zamites_ includes fronds with pinnae of the _Otozamites_ type, and this author pertinently compares _Zamites_ with recent _Encephalartos_ leaves. Pomel[1490] proposed the name _Crossozamia_ for certain fronds of the _Zamites_ type, but this genus with several others instituted by the same author has not been adopted. Bornemann[1491] described _Zamites_ as comprising species with a greater or less resemblance to the fronds of recent Zamias.

As defined below, _Zamites_ fronds may be compared with those of some species of _Encephalartos_, _Ceratozamia_, and _Macrozamia_. There has been considerable difference of opinion with regard to the range of form in the pinnae that it is advisable to include in _Zamites_. The name _Zamiophyllum_ was proposed by Nathorst[1492] for a Wealden species, described by Ettingshausen as _Pterophyllum Buchianum_ (fig. 601, A–C), characterised by a decrease in the breadth of the linear pinnae towards the point of attachment and, according to Nathorst’s description, by the lateral attachment of the pinnae. An examination of specimens of this type from English rocks[1493] enabled me to show that the pinnae are attached to the upper face of the rachis. Zeiller[1494] has also included _Zamiophyllum_ in _Zamites_, but Halle’s recent definition[1495] of the latter genus excludes fronds of the _Zamiophyllum_ type. Schimper instituted the name _Glossozamites_[1496] for fronds bearing pinnae with rounded and slightly contracted bases and borne on grooves on the upper surface of the rachis (fig. 601, F). In venation the pinnae agree with those of _Otozamites_ but the base is not auriculate. Kurr’s Liassic species _Pterophyllum oblongifolium_[1497] included by Schimper in _Glossozamites_ is probably an _Otozamites_. Another species referred to this genus is Schenk’s _Podozamites Zitteli_[1498] from the Urgonian of Austria (fig. 601, F): in this species the slightly falcate pinnae with obtuse apices have rounded and not auriculate bases and there is some evidence of a basal callosity. This species agrees so closely with such a typical _Zamites_ as _Z. gigas_ that it is difficult to see on what grounds the retention of _Glossozamites_ is desirable. A Portuguese specimen referred by Saporta[1499] to _Glossozamites_, _G. brevis_, is founded on a single specimen very like a leaflet of _Otozamites Klipsteinii_ (Dunk.); and _G. parvifolia_ Yok.[1500] from China has no claim to be included among Cycadean fronds. Feistmantel’s _Glossozamites Stoliczkanus_[1501] is almost certainly a leaf of _Cordaites_. For certain fronds originally described as _Zamites_ Zeiller[1502] has instituted the genus _Plagiozamites_. An important question as to the type of frond which may conveniently be included in the genus _Zamites_ was raised by the application of this name by Heer to some Lower Cretaceous fronds from Greenland, _Z. borealis_ (= _Ptilophyllum boreale_, fig. 597), and others which differ in the form of the pinnae from species usually regarded as typical of the genus. Halle[1503] accepts the Greenland species as examples of _Zamites_ though he distinguishes them by a sectional name _Sub-Zamites_; he defines _Zamites_ as including fronds with pinnae attached to the upper face of the rachis with a contracted and always symmetrical base though in some cases the basal contraction is exceedingly small; there is a more or less distinct basal callosity. He recognises two types, (i) _Eu-Zamites_, _e.g._ _Zamites gigas_ (fig. 599), in which the pinnae are strongly contracted basally and have a callosity, and (ii) _Sub-Zamites_, _e.g._ _Z. borealis_[1504], etc., in which the pinnae are not so broadly rounded at the base and retain the same breadth to the point of insertion where they are ‘very rapidly and very little contracted,’ with or without a basal callosity. The basal callosity in these forms is not shown in many of the pinnae and is at most but a slight rounding of the angles of the truncate base. The specimens referred by Halle to _Sub-Zamites_ do not appear to differ in any feature worthy of generic rank from _Ptilophyllum_.

In the following definition _Zamites_ is employed in a sense more or less in accordance with Brongniart’s usage but with the inclusion of such forms as _Z. Buchianus_, the type of Nathorst’s _Zamiophyllum_, and the exclusion of Heer’s Arctic and Halle’s Antarctic fronds referred by them to _Zamites_.

Fronds broadly lanceolate reaching a length of over 60 cm.; pinnae more or less oblique or at right-angles to the rachis (fig. 599), attached to the upper surface but not completely covering it, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, usually abruptly contracted at the rounded base and more rarely _(e.g._ _Z. Buchianus_, fig. 601) gradually tapering to the proximal end, with or without a callosity at the symmetrical base; veins divergent at the base, simple or dichotomously branched, for the most part parallel to the edges of the lamina and slightly divergent in the apical region. The presence of a basal callosity, such as is best seen in the pinnae of recent species of _Macrozamia_, is not a feature of great importance and cannot be easily recognised in many impressions. In the process of fossilisation the pinnae are often flattened against the surface of the rachis and this may produce transverse wrinklings of the lamina suggestive of a basal thickening. In some cases stems of the _Bucklandia_ type occur in connexion with _Zamites_ fronds (fig. 541). An account of these stems, and of inflorescences of _Williamsonia_ which were borne by some at least of the plants with _Zamites_ leaves is given in Chapter +xxviii.+ In such examples of _Zamites_ as have been examined the epidermal cells have sinuous walls and the stomata[1505], confined to the lower face of the lamina, occur in rows with their long axis at right-angles to that of the pinnae.

_Zamites_ ranges from Rhaetic to Lower Cretaceous strata.

_Zamites truncatus_ Zeiller.

A Rhaetic species from Tonkin[1506] characterised by oval linear pinnae given off at a wide angle, alternate and not contiguous; apex obtusely truncate, gradually narrowed to a cuneate base which is rounded or elliptical and has a more or less definite callosity. The pinnae vary from 3 to 5 cm. in length and from 5 to 13 mm. in breadth.

_Zamites gigas_ (Lindley and Hutton).

The specific name _gigas_ is retained in preference to that of _Mantelli_ employed by Brongniart[1507] on the ground that he afterwards discarded it in favour of the designation proposed by Lindley and Hutton[1508], and because their name has been generally adopted.

Fronds large, exceeding 60 cm.; broadly linear lanceolate; the comparatively slender rachis bears alternate linear lanceolate pinnae with a rounded and usually slightly swollen base and an acuminate apex. At the apex of the frond the pinnae are narrow and linear (fig. 599) and almost parallel to the rachis; in the lower part they are shorter and relatively broader and attached approximately at right-angles. The numerous veins diverge from the centre of the base but for the most part are parallel to the edge of the lamina. The form of the epidermal cells and the structure of the stomata have recently been described by Mr Thomas. The external features of the stem (fig. 541) are described under the genus _Williamsonia_. In the case of fronds of this type from English Jurassic rocks it would be legitimate to speak of them as _Williamsonia gigas_, but in view of the fact that such fronds usually occur as detached specimens and without any associated flowers it is advisable, as Nathorst maintains, to retain the non-committal genus _Zamites_.

[Illustration: Fig. 599. _Zamites gigas_. (British Museum, V. 2723_a_; ½ nat. size.)]

This type of frond is widely distributed in Jurassic strata. The occurrence of many forms agreeing generally with the type-specimen but differing from it in features that are not constant or of real morphological importance renders accurate specific delimitation very difficult. Species that appear to be indistinguishable from _Zamites gigas_ by any well-marked characters are, _Zamites Feneonis_[1509] Brongn., _Z. Moreaui_[1510] Brongn., _Z. Renevieri_[1511] Heer, and _Z. claravallensis_[1512] Sap.; similarly _Z. Schmiedelii_ And.[1513] is probably identical with _Z. gigas_. The Lower Cretaceous species _Zamites bohemicus_[1514] Vel. and _Z. iburgensis_[1515] Hos. and von d. Marck represent very similar forms.

_Zamites recta_ (Tate).

[Illustration: Fig. 600. _Zamites recta_. (Uitenhage series, S. Africa.)]

This species was originally described by Tate[1516] as _Palaeozamia_ (_Otozamites_) _recta_ from Wealden strata in South Africa and subsequently transferred to _Zamites_[1517]; it bears a very close resemblance to _Z. gigas_. The fronds bear alternate linear pinnae attached to the upper face of the rachis by a slightly contracted and swollen base. The lamina has an acuminate asymmetrical apex and the upper edge is slightly falcate; the larger pinnae are over 6 cm. long and nearly 1 cm. broad; the veins are frequently forked as they converge towards the base of the lamina. No clear evidence of association of these fronds in the Uitenhage series of South Africa with _Williamsonia_ flowers has been discovered, but a specimen[1518] in the Tate collection in the British Museum may be a badly preserved cluster of bracts belonging to a _Williamsonia_. The rachis of this species shows some peculiar features in the form of two rows of alternate cushions in some partially decayed specimens. One of these is shown in fig. 600; the cushions are raised oval projections with a flat top, and pieces of the rachis without pinnae might easily be mistaken for a Coniferous stem.

_Zamites Carruthersi_ Seward.

A species founded on specimens from the Wealden of Sussex[1519] and recorded from Kimmeridge beds in Scotland[1520], characterised by linear or linear-elliptical pinnae attached obliquely to the outer part of the upper surface of the rachis, somewhat abruptly narrowed at the proximal end but slightly broadened at the actual base (fig. 601, D, E). The pinnae appear to have been caducous and, as in fig. 601, D, the position of an absciss-layer is occasionally visible. In habit the fronds bear a close resemblance to those of _Encephalartos longifolius_ Lehm. The veins diverge from the base and are for the most part parallel, though divergent at the bluntly rounded apex. If, as may be the case, a specimen figured by Hugh Miller[1521] from Scotland as _Zamites_ and subsequently named by Richards[1522] _Podozamites Milleri_ is identical with _Z. Carruthersi_, the specific name _Milleri_ has priority.

[Illustration: Fig. 601. A–C, _Zamites Buchianus_. D, E, _Zamites Carruthersi_. F, _Zamites Zitteli_. (A–C after Seward; British Museum; A, V. 2363; B, V. 2123_a_; C, V. 2227; F, after Schenk.)]

_Zamites Buchianus_ (Ettingshausen).

[Illustration: Fig. 602. _Zamites Buchianus_. (British Museum, V. 2120; ⅙ nat. size.)]

A Wealden and Lower Cretaceous species[1523] (figs. 601, A–C; 602) represented in several European localities, also in North America and Japan, reaching a length of over 70 cm.; in habit very similar to _Ceratozamia mexicana, Macrozamia Macleayi_ and some other recent Cycads. The rachis has a fairly broad median groove on the upper surface; pinnae alternate, opposite or sub-opposite, from 3 to 20 cm. long and from 1·5 to 2 cm. broad, linear, generally narrowed towards the base, but in the more slender segments the reduction in breadth is less obvious; attached obliquely to the rachis, slightly thickened and broadened at the base (fig. 601, C), separated from the rachis by a distinct absciss-layer and leaving an elliptical scar; usually inclined at about 45° but the angle varies considerably in different parts of a frond (fig. 602); apices generally tapering to a point, or more or less obtusely rounded; veins numerous, parallel, and not as a rule prominent. It is by no means unlikely that specimens figured by Goeppert[1524] and some other authors as _Pterophyllum saxonicum_ or _Dioonites saxonicus_ are examples of this species. Fontaine[1525] speaks of _Dioonites Buchianus_ as one of the most widely distributed and characteristic members of the Potomac flora and it is described from Japan by Yokoyama[1526] and Nathorst[1527]. This type appears to be especially characteristic of Wealden strata.

=OTOZAMITES.= Braun.

Braun[1528] proposed the name _Otozamites_ for certain Mesozoic fronds formerly included in _Zamites_, one of his types being _Otozamites obtusus_ (Lind. and Hutt.) (fig. 603, B) originally regarded by Brongniart as a Fern and named _Filicites Bucklandi_[1529]. The auriculate form of the base of the pinnae and the spreading veins were emphasised in the definition of the genus. As in the case of many other Cycadean fronds the limits of the genus are not always easy to define, but as described below the genus is on the whole fairly distinctive. It is a very widely spread Jurassic type and extends from Triassic to Lower Cretaceous rocks. The supposed Cretaceous species from Greenland, _O. groenlandica_ Heer[1530], is probably not a plant-impression but a polished groove in the rock.

Fronds pinnate, reaching a length of 50 cm. or more in some species; pinnae alternate, separate or contiguous and imbricate, attached by a portion of the base to the upper surface of the rachis, long and narrow (fig. 603, A), broadly oval or almost orbicular, apex acute or obtuse, base auriculate and asymmetrical[1531], the anterior lobe being more prominent than the posterior edge of the lamina which is usually rounded. The veins radiate from the base and pass obliquely with occasional branching to the edge of the pinna; in the more linear pinnae the veins may be parallel or nearly so. Zigno[1532] figured a piece of an _Otozamites_ frond from Jurassic Italian strata in connexion with a _Williamsonia_ and the actual specimen in the Padua Museum amply justifies the impression produced by the published drawing. Wieland’s investigations[1533] in Mexico have brought to light many cases of association of _Otozamites_ fronds and _Williamsonia_ flowers.

[Illustration: Fig. 603. A, _Otozamites Goeppertianus_. B, _Otozamites obtusus_ (= _O. Bechei_); type-specimen. (A, British Museum, V. 2360; B, Oxford Museum.)]

The structure of the epidermis is partially described by Schenk[1534] and more fully by Thomas[1535]: the epidermal cells have sinuous walls and the stomata, apparently confined to the lower surface, have guard-cells with hemispherical or spindle-shaped thickened patches like those of some _Zamites_ fronds. In one species, _O. Feistmanteli_ Zig., Thomas found about 100 stomata in 1 sq. mm. of lamina forming almost contiguous lines between the veins. In the account of the genus _Ptilophyllum_ reference is made to the occurrence of pinnae with asymmetrical and auriculate bases, and it is only by the comparison of a large number of specimens that a distinction can be drawn between fronds that should be assigned to _Otozamites_ and forms of _Ptilophyllum_ which exhibit a well-marked tendency towards the _Otozamites_ type of pinna (_cf._ figs. 592, 593). The variation in the form of the apices of pinnae and the relative position of the pinnae in different parts of the same frond are features worthy of notice in the determination of species[1536]. The different appearance presented by an _Otozamites_ frond as viewed from the upper and lower face is illustrated in fig. 604. There are no recent Cycads in which the segments have auriculate bases, but in this feature as in the sinuous epidermal walls _Otozamites_ agrees with some species of the Fern _Aneimia_, _e.g._ _A. rotundifolia_ Schrad. (fig. 223, Vol. +ii.+ p. 288).

[Illustration: Fig. 604. _Otozamites Bechei._ A specimen in the Bristol Museum seen from below (A) and above (B). M. S.]

_Otozamites Bechei_ Brongniart.

There is considerable confusion in the nomenclature of this species described by Brongniart[1537] from Jurassic strata as _Filicites_ _Bechei_: in it Brongniart included a specimen from the Lias of Axminster (Dorsetshire) previously figured by De la Beche as a fossil Fern. It was on the Axminster specimen that Lindley and Hutton founded the species _Otopteris obtusa_[1538], and as there is no doubt as to the specific identity of their type-specimen (fig. 603, B) and De la Beche’s fossil, Brongniart’s designation has prior claim[1539]. _Otozamites Bechei_ is, perhaps, best regarded as a comprehensive type or a group-species in which numerous _Otozamites_ fronds described by authors, on inadequate grounds, as distinct species may well be included. Fronds agreeing generally with _O. Bechei_ were very widely spread in Rhaetic and Jurassic floras.

Specimens from the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire have been described as _Otozamites obtusus_ var. _ooliticus_[1540] to denote a slight difference in the form of the pinnae from the Liassic fronds from Dorsetshire; but the distinctive features of the variety _ooliticus_ are unimportant and hardly worthy of consideration in a general account of the species interpreted in a wide sense.

Fronds pinnate; pinnae usually more or less falcate, occasionally straight and with parallel sides, attached obliquely to the upper side of the rachis; imbricate or separate, the upper edge of the base of the lamina strongly auriculate, the lower edge rounded; apex obtuse; veins strongly divergent especially in the lobed base and extending obliquely to the upper and lower edge of the lamina.

The specimen, from the Lias of Lyme Regis, drawn in outline in fig. 605, is an almost perfect frond: the pinnae are obtusely pointed, slightly falcate, and there is a prominent lobe on the upper edge of the base of the laminae.

The Jurassic species _Otozamites graphicus_[1541] (Leck. ex Bean +MS.+), _O. vicetinus_ Zig.[1542], _O. Hennocquei_[1543] (Pom.), _O. recurrens_ Sap., _O. Terquemi_[1544] Sap., _O. linearis_[1545] Halle, are some of many examples of fronds agreeing closely with _O. Bechei_, or in the case of _O. Terquemi_ with _O. graphicus_. The fronds described by Halle from Graham Land as _O. linearis_ afford a good illustration of the range of variation in the pinnae: a characteristic feature is the considerable length, exceeding 20 cm., of the narrow linear fronds. The impressions from the Kome (Cretaceous) beds of Greenland described by Heer as _Glossozamites Schenkii_[1546] are probably closely allied to _O. Bechei_. The Rhaetic species _O. Bucklandi_ Schenk[1547], _O. indosinensis_ Zeill.[1548], and _O. Polakii_ Krass[1549], illustrate older examples of closely allied types. Zeiller records _Otozamites_ pinnae similar to those of _O. indosinensis_ from Rhaetic beds in Persia[1550].

_Otozamites Beani_ (Lindley and Hutton).

[Illustration: Fig. 605. _Otozamites Bechei._ (British Museum, 40672; ⅔ nat. size.)]

Founded on a specimen in the Scarborough Museum from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire[1551] which is indistinguishable from Leckenby’s type-specimen of _Otopteris mediana_[1552] in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Long and narrow fronds exceeding 20 cm. in length, characterised by the broadly oval, deltoid or sub-orbicular pinnae, separate or partially imbricate and attached by a broad auriculate base; apex bluntly rounded; veins numerous and spreading from the base of the lamina. The pinnae, which may be 3·5 cm. long and nearly 2 cm. broad, are narrower and longer in the distal part of the frond (fig. 606).

The Italian Jurassic species _Otozamites molianus_ Zig.[1553], recorded also from Bornholm, is a very similar type. The generic name _Cyclozamia_ suggested by Pomel for this form of frond has not been adopted though it is applied by Schimper to _O. Bunburyanus_ Zig.

_Otozamites Bunburyanus_ Zigno.

A Jurassic species[1554] similar in the long and narrow form of the frond to _O. Beani_ but distinguished by the much smaller segments and by their more orbicular lamina (fig. 606, B). In habit the fronds agree closely with the Fern _Nephrolepis Duffi_. Leckenby’s species, _Otopteris tenuata_[1555], is probably the same as Zigno’s _O. Bunburyanus_, the type-specimen of which in the Padua Museum consists of a long and narrow frond with leaflets not exceeding 8 cm. in length; the rachis is hidden by the imbricate auriculate bases of the leaflets. Feistmantel[1556] refers to this species some pieces of very narrow fronds with overlapping pinnae from Upper Gondwana beds in India. A still smaller form is described by Möller[1557] from Bornholm as _O. tenuissimus_, and _O. Bunburyanus_ is recorded from the same flora. _O. Feistmanteli_ Zig.[1558] agrees in the form of the frond and in its short and broad pinnae with _O. Bunburyanus_.

[Illustration: Fig. 606. A, _Otozamites Beani_. B, _Otozamites Bunburyanus_.]

[Illustration: Fig. 607. _Otozamites bengalensis_. (Indian Geological Survey, Calcutta; ⅔ nat. size.)]

_Otozamites bengalensis_ (Oldham and Morris).

This Indian species from the Rajmahal Hills[1559] and specimens of the same type from the Cutch flora described as _O. contiguus_ Feist. afford another illustration of long and narrow fronds with short and relatively broad pinnae. The drawings published by Oldham and Morris accurately represent the specimens: the longest frond is 21 cm. long and neither end is complete (fig. 607); it is 9 mm. broad at the narrower end and 1·5 cm. at the broader end. The rachis is represented by a deep and broad groove; the actual bases of the leaflets are not preserved, but their position shows that they were attached to the upper face: this is clearly seen in the specimen described by Feistmantel as _O. contiguus_ which shows also that the lamina is auriculate at the upper edge of the base. The pinnae vary in shape; the smaller ones are characterised by a strongly curved lower margin and the upper edge is slightly curved or straight, while the larger leaflets have more parallel edges and blunter rounded apices: the latter form is well shown in the specimens unnecessarily distinguished by Oldham and Morris as var. _obtusa_.

_Otozamites Klipsteinii_ (Dunker).

This Wealden species, first described by Dunker as _Cyclopteris Klipsteinii_[1560], is remarkable for the large pinnae. The rachis is fairly stout; the broadly oval or oblong pinnae vary considerably in size and in the relation of breadth to length, in rare cases reaching a length of over 8 cm. and a breadth of 2·4 cm.; apex obtuse, base slightly auriculate and asymmetrical; veins numerous, radiating from the point of attachment to the margin of the lamina. The occurrence of finer lines between the more prominent veins may indicate the presence of hypodermal stereome strands. Fig. 608 illustrates the striking variation in the size of the pinnae on a single frond and their attachment to the upper face of the rachis. In the breadth of the segments _O. Klipsteinii_ resembles _O. Beani_ (Lind. and Hutt.), _O. decorus_ Sap.[1561], _O. lagotis_ Brongn.[1562] and two species from South Russia described by Thomas[1563] as _O. Izuimensis_ and _O. giganteus_. The pinnae of _O. giganteus_ exceed 10 cm. in length and 3 cm. in breadth, thus surpassing the largest segments of _O. Klipsteinii_. Some pinnae from the Jurassic flora of Oregon made by Fontaine the type of a new species, _O. oregonensis_[1564], may be fragments of _O. Klipsteinii_. Nathorst[1565] records the occurrence in Lower Cretaceous or Wealden beds in Spitzbergen of Cycadean leaflets very like those of _O. Klipsteinii_.

_Otozamites Goeppertianus_ (Dunker).

This Wealden species, named by Dunker[1566] _Pterophyllum Goeppertianum_, agrees in habit with some of those to which reference is made under _O. Bechei, e.g. O. linearis_ Halle, and represents a type of the genus with unusually narrow pinnae (fig. 603, A). The auriculate form of the lamina is feebly developed; the linear-lanceolate pinnae are occasionally falcate and have acute apices; as in many other species they were apparently deciduous. It is by no means easy to distinguish some of these fronds from specimens included in _Ptilophyllum pecten_.

[Illustration: Fig. 608. _Otozamites Kliptsteini_. (British Museum, V. 3709; nat. size.)]

=DICTYOZAMITES.= Oldham.

This generic name was instituted[1567] for pinnate fronds from the Rajmahal series of India, assigned by Feistmantel to a Lower Jurassic horizon, but probably nearer in age to the Middle Jurassic series. Morris, joint author with Oldham of the Memoir on the Rajmahal plants, adopted the name _Dictyopteris_. _Dictyozamites_ agrees very closely with _Otozamites_ but is readily distinguished by the anastomosing veins (fig. 609), while the absence of a midrib differentiates it from the Palaeozoic genus _Dictyopteris_. The genus is recorded also from Jurassic strata in England, Bornholm, Japan[1568], Korea[1569], and from a locality 60 nautical miles N.W. of Cape Horn in Tierra del Fuego[1570]: the specimens from these localities differ only in unimportant details from the Indian type. _Dictyozamites_ is confined to Jurassic floras and appears to be especially characteristic of Middle Jurassic floras. In India[1571] fronds occur in close association with stems of the _Bucklandia_ type and, although there is no proof of any connexion with stems or flowers, it is probable that the fronds of this generic type were borne on stems similar to those of _Bucklandia_ and that the flowers were constructed on the _Williamsonia_ plan.

_Dictyozamites falcatus_ (Morris).

Morris[1572] described this Rajmahal species under the names _Dictyopteris falcata_ and _D. falcata_ var. _obtusa_; the specimens were included by Feistmantel under the designation _Dictyozamites indicus_, the original term _falcata_ being discarded without adequate reason. An examination of several of the figured fronds enables me to confirm the accuracy of the published drawings and to extend the description in a few particulars. Fronds pinnate of the habit of _Otozamites_; pinnae comparatively thick, broadly linear, alternate, varying considerably in size and in the form of the apex which may be obtuse or acute. The pinnae are attached by the middle part of the lamina only; the upper edge of the base is slightly rounded or auriculate; the lower angle is generally more definitely lobed. The imbricate bases completely cover the upper face of the comparatively slender rachis. The longest pinna seen on an Indian frond is 6 cm. with a breadth of 2 cm. Some of the pinnae on magnification exhibit a finely tuberculate appearance, due no doubt to the presence of papillae on the epidermal cells like those on the pinnae of English and Bornholm specimens. This species is recorded by Yokoyama[1573] from Japan as _D. falcatus_ var. _distans_, and a similar form, referred by him to a distinct species, _D. grossinervis_, may be more appropriately named _D. falcatus_ var. _grossinervis_[1574]. The Indian type occurs also in Jurassic rocks of Korea, and Halle has discovered some _Dictyozamites_ leaves in Tierra del Fuego[1575] which he describes as _Dictyozamites_ sp. _cf._ _D. falcatus_: this record is of special interest from a phytogeographical point of view.

_Dictyozamites Johnstrupi_ Nathorst.

This species[1576], from rocks usually spoken of as Liassic but not improbably Middle Jurassic in age, differs from _D. falcatus_ in the slightly more falcate form of the pinnae and in the more strongly auriculate upper angle of the base of the lamina. The stomata[1577] are confined to the lower epidermis and the strongly cuticularised guard-cells frequently lie at right-angles to the course of the veins. The epidermal cells have very sinuous walls (fig. 609, C) and in the middle of each is a prominent papilla.

_Dictyozamites Hawelli_ Seward.

This Middle Jurassic type from Marske[1578], Yorkshire, differs from _D. falcatus_ in the relatively broader segments, their straighter form (fig. 609, B), and in the attachment to the rachis being slightly below the middle of the pinna base. Fig. 609, A, shows the base of a pinna and an oval scar similar to those on the rachis of some recent Cycads (_cf._ fig. 387). The epidermis is like that in _D. Johnstrupi_ and as in that species the stomata are confined to the lower surface. There are approximately 120 stomata per square millimetre; each with two subsidiary cells (fig. 609, C) of elongated form, and the guard-cells have small thickened outgrowths or papillae as in _D. Johnstrupi_.

The epidermal features are described under _D. Johnstrupi_ and _D. Hawelli_ (fig. 609, C): a fuller account of those in the latter species will be found in the paper by Mr Thomas and Miss Bancroft.

[Illustration: Fig. 609. _Dictyozamites Hawelli._ (A, B, British Museum; C, after Thomas and Bancroft.)]

=PTEROPHYLLUM.= Brongniart.

The name _Pterophyllum_ was first applied by Brongniart[1579] to some fronds from the Lias of Höör, which he named _P. majus_ and _P. minus_, species subsequently removed by Nathorst[1580] to Schimper’s genus _Anomozamites_. Brongniart[1581] defined _Pterophyllum_ fronds, _e.g._ _P. Jaegeri_ (fig. 610), as pinnate, bearing pinnules of almost equal breadth attached by the whole width of the base and with a truncate apex; veins slender, equal, simple and slightly arched. There has been considerable confusion and laxity in regard to the application of the name _Pterophyllum_ and in many cases no clear distinction has been recognised between this genus and _Nilssonia_. In _Nilssonia_ the distinctive feature is the complete absence of any rachis uncovered by the lamina on the upper face of well-preserved specimens, while in _Pterophyllum_ the continuity of the lamina is broken by a greater or less breadth of rachis in the middle line of the frond; the lamina does not cover the rachis but is attached laterally, or at least the two laminae of the frond, whether entire or deeply dissected, do not meet in the middle of the rachis. A specimen from the Cretaceous of Greenland described by Heer as _Pterophyllum concinnum_[1582] and now in the Stockholm Museum is probably a piece of a _Nilssonia_; the rachis is not exposed on the surface of the frond. In _Nilssonia_ the veins are with few exceptions simple; in _Pterophyllum_ they are often branched especially near their origin from the rachis: in _Nilssonia_ the segments are of unequal breadth; in _Pterophyllum_ they are usually equal. It has been the practice of several authors to follow Schimper[1583] in the employment of the generic name _Anomozamites_ for fronds with a more or less entire or irregularly pinnatisect lamina which bear a very close resemblance to _Nilssonia_ except that a portion of the rachis is exposed on the upper face. Potonié[1584] used _Pterophyllum_ in a wider sense including both fronds with equal pinnae and those of the _Anomozamites_ type: this more extended use of _Pterophyllum_ is adopted by Zeiller[1585] who prefers to retain _Anomozamites_ only as a sub-genus. It is in this sense that the following definition is framed.

[Illustration: Fig. 610. _Pterophyllum Jaegeri._ From the Keuper of Lunz; part of a frond 23·5 cm. long and incomplete. (British Museum, V. 1044; nat. size.)]

Fronds pinnate; pinnae linear, attached by the whole base, which may be enlarged; the apex is truncate, rounded, or occasionally pointed; the veins are simple or dichotomously branched and parallel to the edge of the lamina. In some fronds (sub-genus _Anomozamites_) the segments are unequal (fig. 615), short, broad and truncate, and the lamina may be entire or divided into a few very unequal segments. The surface of the rachis is never completely covered by the lamina on the upper face of the frond and is often characterised by transverse wrinklings, possibly due to the presence of ramental scales.

Some interesting xerophilous features have recently been described by Halle[1586] in the lamina of _Pterophyllum (Anomozamites) marginatum_, a Rhaetic species figured by Schenk and Nathorst from Franconia and Scania. The pinnae were thick and succulent. Stomata are confined to the lower surface and the edges of the upper face of the lamina form a rounded curve causing the thick upper cuticle to abut on the thinner stomatiferous lower cuticle, thus producing in impressions the appearance of thickened margins.

There is no satisfactory evidence as to the nature of the reproductive organs or stems of the plants which bore fronds of the type represented by _P. Jaegeri_ (fig. 610) and other forms with equal segments. A stem referred by Heer[1587] and by Leuthardt[1588] to _Pterophyllum_ was not found in connexion with leaves, and there is the same absence of any convincing evidence in the case of the imperfect specimens from the Keuper of Basel believed by Leuthardt to be male and female inflorescences. On the other hand leaves of _Anomozamites_ are known to have been borne on comparatively slender stems with dichasial branching, and the reproductive shoots are of the same general type as those known as _Bennettites_. This discovery is due to Nathorst who founded the genus _Wielandiella_[1589] on fertile stems with _Anomozamites_ fronds. Mr Thomas[1590] has recently obtained evidence from Yorkshire Jurassic material pointing to a similar connexion between _Anomozamites_ fronds and _Wielandiella_ stems. _Pterophyllum_ is further distinguished from _Nilssonia_ by the folded walls of the epidermal cells and by the presence of two crescentic subsidiary cells (fig. 611, A) instead of the ring of cells which surrounds the guard-cells in _Nilssonia_ (fig. 611, B). Schenk[1591] figured a few pieces of cuticle from fronds referred to _Pterophyllum_ in which the walls are more or less sinuous, but the cells of _Pterophyllum crassinerve_ Goepp.[1592] appear to have straight walls: this species is, however, probably a _Nilssonia_. The stoma represented in fig. 611, A, is from the lower epidermis of _Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Nilssoni_ (Phill.)[1593].

_Pterophyllum_ extends from Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous strata and is especially characteristic of Keuper and Rhaetic floras. A possible representative of the sub-genus _Anomozamites_ is described by Ettingshausen from Tertiary beds in New South Wales as _Anomozamites Muelleri_[1594].

[Illustration: Fig. 611. A, _Pterophyllum Nilssoni_; B, _Nilssonia mediana_. (After Thomas and Bancroft.)]

_Pterophyllum Fayoli_ Renault and Zeiller.

This species[1595] was founded on a large frond from the Commentry coalfield with a stout rachis bearing linear pinnae, attached along a narrow groove on its outer edge, reaching a length of 12 cm. and a breadth of 1 cm.; adjacent pinnae are united at the base. The apices are pointed and there are 10–12 unbranched veins in the lamina. Fig. 612 shows a small piece of the large specimen in the Natural History Museum, Paris.

_Pterophyllum_ sp. Arber.

The only representative of a Carboniferous frond of Cycadean habit discovered in Britain is that recorded by Arber[1596] from Westphalian strata at a depth of 1834 ft at Barfreston in Kent. A fairly stout rachis bears incomplete pinnae the longest of which is slightly more than 1 cm. in length and 1–1·5 cm. broad; each segment, very slightly contracted at the base, has 3–4 occasionally forked veins. Arber compares the fragments with _Pterophyllum blechnoides_ Sand. from Germany[1597].

_Pterophyllum Cambryi_ Renault.

This Permian species from Autun[1598] is similar to _P. Fayoli_, but differs in the more slender rachis and in the finer venation of the linear, acute, pinnae. The pinnae in Renault’s specimen reach a length of 4·8 cm. and are from 3·5–4 mm. broad; they are slightly confluent at the base and the veins occasionally fork.

[Illustration: Fig. 612. _Pterophyllum Fayoli_. (From the type-specimen, Paris; ⅓ nat. size.)]

Among other Palaeozoic species are _Pterophyllum Grand’Euryanum_ Sap. and Mar.[1599] discovered by Grand’Eury in the Coal Measures of France, _P. blechnoides_ Sand.[1600] from the Upper Coal Measures of Oppenau and recorded by Geinitz[1601] from the Middle Permian of Germany, _P. Cottaeanum_ Gutb.[1602], a similar type, also from Permian rocks, but with coarser venation. The specimens figured by Geinitz as _P. blechnoides_ and _P. Cottaeanum_ are in the Dresden Museum: the former species is represented by a good impression on shale which shows the generic characters very clearly.

_Pterophyllum Jaegeri_ Brongniart.

Brongniart[1603] founded this species (fig. 610) on material from the Keuper of Stuttgart. The fronds are characterised by the relatively narrow parallel-sided pinnae with rounded or truncate apices and little or no basal contraction; the pinnae may be contiguous or separate. There are 14–16 veins in each pinna. Leuthardt[1604], who figures several examples of this species from Keuper strata at Basel, speaks of the breadth-index of the pinnae as 12, a term employed to denote the relation of the breadth to the length of a segment. _Pterophyllum longifolium_[1605] is a very similar Keuper type: in this species the pinnae are rather shorter and broader than in _P. Jaegeri_ and contracted at the base; the apex is truncate or obtuse. The differences between these species is, however, very trifling. The imperfectly preserved fossils figured by Leuthardt[1606] as the inflorescences of _Pterophyllum_ have not been found in connexion with fronds and their nature is problematical. This and other species are recorded by Krasser[1607] from the Lunz beds in Austria.

_Pterophyllum Bronni_ Schenk.

A Keuper species[1608] from Raibl in Carinthia distinguished by its large pinnae, 15 cm. or more in length and 0·5 cm. broad, and by their almost digitate disposition on the rachis. The fronds appear to be relatively short: the upper pinnae are highly inclined while the lower are given off at an obtuse angle; they are obcuneate or more or less oblanceolate, with a truncate asymmetrical apex and rounded angles; the base is slightly contracted. Arber[1609] has figured some specimens from the Munich Museum in one of which there are five spreading pinnae and a portion of the rachis; one pinna is undoubtedly attached and the others, though probably in place, are not in actual connexion with the axis. There is a close resemblance between this species and _Sphenozamites Rogersianus_ Font.[1610]: in the American type the fronds must have been 1 met. long; the leaflets, 19 × 9 cm., are elliptical, broadest near the apex and attached by the middle of the rounded base. Between the divergent and forked veins there is a fine granulation probably due to the presence of papillae. _Pterophyllum Bronni_ and _P. Rogersianum_ might be placed in Schimper’s genus _Macropterygium_[1611], though another Raibl species, originally described by Schenk as _Pterophyllum giganteum_[1612] and referred by Schimper to _Macropterygium_, has much longer and relatively narrow pinnae and agrees more closely with _Pterophyllum_ as the genus is usually defined. In order to emphasise the distinctive features of _Pterophyllum Bronni_ and Fontaine’s Virginian species they may conveniently be spoken of as _Pterophyllum (Macropterygium) Bronni_ and _Pterophyllum (Macropterygium) Rogersianum_.

[Illustration: Fig. 613. _Pterophyllum Braunianum._ (A, nat. size; B, enlarged; after Schenk.)]

_Pterophyllum Braunianum_ Goeppert.

In this Rhaetic species[1613] (fig. 613) the narrow linear pinnae, contiguous or more or less distant, are 1–2 mm. broad and may exceed 5 cm. in length though they are usually shorter; they are attached more or less at right-angles to the sides of a transversely wrinkled rachis. The base of the lamina is broadened and the veins are parallel, simple or forked. The epidermal cells have sinuous walls.

_Pterophyllum Tietzei_ Schenk.

A Rhaetic species founded[1614] on specimens from Persia and described also by Zeiller[1615] from Tonkin represented by fronds 1 met. long and at least 15 cm. broad. The segments, 3–7 cm. long and 8–18 mm. broad, are often set at right-angles to the rachis; the edges are parallel but the lower edge bends upwards at the apex. The veins are simple or forked and approximately 0·3 mm. apart.

_Pterophyllum Bavieri_ Zeiller.

This Rhaetic species from Tonkin[1616] and Persia[1617] is interesting as affording an example of a frond with exceptionally narrow and contiguous pinnae. The frond is narrow and lanceolate, 15–20 cm. long with pinnae normal to the rachis, ·5–1 mm. broad and 7–25 mm. long attached by the whole base which is sometimes slightly enlarged. The veins are simple or forked, ·15–·25 mm. apart: the apices of the segments are rounded or truncate and the form of the whole is similar to that of _Pterophyllum aequale_ but narrower.

_Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _inconstans_ Braun.

In habit this Rhaetic species[1618] resembles _Nilssonia compta_. The linear-lanceolate fronds, as described by Zeiller[1619] in his Tonkin memoir, attain a length of 20 cm. and a breadth of 4 cm. The rachis, characterised by numerous transverse ridges, bears alternate or sub-opposite leaflets often at right-angles; they are almost rectangular and hardly longer than broad, attached by the whole of the base, which may be broadened, to the upper face of the rachis, but the lamina does not cover the whole of the rachis as in _Nilssonia_. The pinnae vary in breadth on the same frond and occasionally the lamina is continuous as in some forms of _Nilssonia_. Schenk[1620] figures examples from the Rhaetic of Franconia in which the lamina is very irregularly dissected and may be entire for a considerable distance. The epidermal cells have slightly sinuous walls. A similar type is represented by _Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Schenki_ Zeill.[1621], but the segments are contracted basally and become wider towards the apex where, as in _P. inconstans_, the edges are parallel. Feistmantel’s species _Platypterygium_ _Balli_[1622], though superficially similar to _Pterophyllum_, appears to agree more closely with _Pseudoctenis_.

[Illustration: Fig. 614. A, B, _Pterophyllum Nathorsti_; A from below; B from above. C, _Nilssonia tenuicaulis_. (A, B, Gunn Collection, British Museum; C, Arber Coll. Sedgwick Museum, 539; nat. size.)]

_Pterophyllum Nathorsti_ Seward.

This species, founded on a specimen in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, from the Middle Jurassic beds of Yorkshire, was formerly referred to the genus _Dioonites_[1623], but since the Yorkshire specimens were supplemented by material from Kimmeridge strata in Scotland[1624] affording more definite information with regard to the attachment of the pinnae it has been transferred to _Pterophyllum_. Pinnae laterally attached to the rachis which in some specimens shows a transverse wrinkling, narrow, linear, 3–4 mm. wide and reaching a length of 9 cm. The base of the segments is slightly expanded; the apex is acuminate or bluntly pointed: there are approximately three veins in 1 mm. of lamina. This type (fig. 614, A, B) is similar to _Pterophyllum aequale_ Brongn. as figured by Zeiller[1625] from the Rhaetic of Tonkin and agrees closely with some of the large Rhaetic specimens referred by Schenk to _P. Braunianum_. The Jurassic fronds from Oregon described by Fontaine[1626] as _Ctenophyllum angustifolium_ are similar forms and a specimen from the Wealden of Germany included by Schenk in _P. Dunkerianum_[1627] should probably be included in this species. Other closely allied forms are represented by _P. distans_ Old. and Morr.[1628] and _P. Footeanum_ from India.

[Illustration: Fig. 615. _Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Nilssoni_. (British Museum, 39,306; nat. size.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 616. _Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Lyellianum_. (Geological Survey Museum, 6396; nat. size.)]

_Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Nilssoni_ (Phillips).

The type-specimen, from the Jurassic beds on the Yorkshire coast and now in the York Museum, was described by Phillips[1629] as _Aspleniopteris Nilssoni_ and placed in _Pterophyllum_ by Lindley and Hutton and many other authors[1630]. The fronds are linear; the lamina may be almost entire or divided into unequal deep truncate segments; the veins are simple or dichotomously branched (fig. 615). The leaves are very similar to those of _Nilssonia_; they were probably borne on stems similar to those described by Nathorst as _Wielandiella_. Reference is made to the structure of the epidermal cells in the account of the genus.

_Pterophyllum_ (_Anomozamites_) _Lyellianum_ (Dunker).

This Wealden species, originally referred by Dunker[1631] to _Pterophyllum_, was afterwards transferred to _Anomozamites_[1632]. The fronds, in habit resembling the larger Rhaetic species _P. Braunianum_ Goepp., are characterised by the narrow linear pinnae of almost equal breadth attached approximately at right angles; there is a narrow line of rachis separating the two rows of segments (fig. 616).

{=CYCADITES.= Sternberg. {=PSEUDOCYCAS.= Nathorst.

The generic name _Cycadites_ was first used by Sternberg[1633] though it has since been shown that the specimens for which he proposed it belong to other genera. As employed by Brongniart[1634] and other authors _Cycadites_ stands for fossil fronds agreeing in habit with the pinnate leaves of recent species of _Cycas_ (fig. 387, A); the presence of a single median in the linear pinnae is generally regarded as an essential feature. _Cycadites_ may be defined as follows: Fronds pinnate; pinnae alternate or opposite, linear entire, with a midrib and no lateral veins, attached to the rachis by the entire base, the lower margin of which may be slightly decurrent or narrowed near the point of attachment. Epidermal cells with straight walls and stomata agreeing in structure with those of the recent genus. As thus defined, including the characters of the epidermal cells, the genus has no representatives; but the generic name should also be applied, as Miss Holden[1635] has recently suggested, to fronds of the _Cycas_ form which afford no information with regard to the structure of the epidermis. The resemblance of _Cycadites_ fronds to those of _Cycas_, coupled with the fact that impressions superficially resembling megasporophylls of the recent genus are recorded from Mesozoic strata, was considered sufficient justification for the employment of a name implying close affinity to or even generic identity with _Cycas_. A fuller knowledge of the epidermal characters of some of the fronds hitherto included in _Cycadites_ has necessitated the substitution of a new genus for _Cycadites_. An examination by Nathorst[1636] of Heer’s Lower Cretaceous Greenland species _Cycadites Steenstrupi_ and of other fronds showed that the epidermal cell-walls are sinuous and the stomata arranged differently from those of _Cycas_. For these and other reasons Nathorst proposed a new name _Pseudocycas_. He also pointed out that the pinnae in the fossil fronds have as a rule a double ‘midrib.’ Nathorst’s discovery raised the question whether other fronds described as _Cycadites_ should be transferred to _Pseudocycas_. Miss Holden’s investigation of other supposed Mesozoic representatives of _Cycas_ leads to the conclusion that ‘it is not impossible that all Mesozoic specimens of _Cycadites_ will turn out to be _Pseudocycas_.’ This observer shows that _Cycadites Saportae_ Sew. and _C. Roemeri_ Schk. agree in the sinuous walls of the epidermal cells with _Pseudocycas_; and so far no species of _Cycadites_, in which it was possible to examine the cuticular membrane, has been found that does not conform to Nathorst’s definition of _Pseudocycas_ at least as regards the structure of the epidermal cells. Nathorst defined _Pseudocycas_ in the following sense: Fronds similar to those of _Cycadites_ and _Cycas_ but with pinnae characterised by a double ‘midrib,’ the stomata being confined or almost confined to the groove between the two ‘midribs.’ Nathorst also notes that in _Pseudocycas_ the bases of the pinnae are not contracted as is often the case in _Cycadites_ and _Cycas_, but this is a feature of secondary importance. Miss Holden has, however, expressed the opinion that the double ‘midrib’ is an untrustworthy character and that the stomata are not always arranged as in the fronds examined by Nathorst. Nathorst states that in _Pseudocycas Steenstrupi_ and _P. insignis_ the midrib though usually double may be single: the same variation occurs in _P. Saportae_. Miss Holden found that an impression made from a pinna of _Cycas siamensis_ showed a double line on the upper face and a single rib on the lower; that is _Pseudocycas_ and _Cycas_ characters occur on a single pinna. On drying, the ridge on the lower face of the lamina collapses and a groove is formed bounded by two ridges.

In a recently published and interesting paper on ‘Some Xerophytic Leaf-structures in Mesozoic Plants,’ Dr Halle[1637] makes some important additions to our knowledge of _Pseudocycas_. He agrees with Miss Holden’s views with regard to the use of the generic names _Pseudocycas_ and _Cycadites_, but dissents from her interpretation of the median groove as the result of shrinkage of a midrib. Part of the evidence presented by Halle is based on the structure of the leaf-cuticle as shown in microtome sections[1638]. He found that a distinct median groove is always present on the pinnae of _Pseudocycas insignis_ and other species. If the groove were due to collapse of the tissue of a true median rib the presence of stomata—which in _P. insignis_ are confined to the middle line of the lamina—below the vein would be an unusual feature. He found no indication of a median vein or of any vascular tissue. All that is revealed by an examination of the cuticle is that the lamina has a well-defined groove bounded by prominent ridges, and in _Pseudocycas Roemeri_ the groove is deeper and is formed by the bending-back of the lamina. The stomata are practically confined to the groove and in _P. insignis_ and _P. Steenstrupi_ an additional protection against excessive transpiration was afforded by elongated papillae.

In the sinuous walls of the epidermal cells and in the structure of the stomata _Pseudocycas_ agrees with the Bennettitalean type as defined by Thomas and Bancroft[1639]. The ‘midrib’ of the pinnae marks the position of a pronounced groove and we have no information with regard to the venation. As Halle says, protection against drought is afforded by ‘other means than those usual among existing Cycads,’ which provide against excessive transpiration by the sinking of the individual stomata below the surface. The epidermal features of _Pseudocycas_ afford a striking example of the danger of basing conclusions on mere impressions and they further emphasise the great difference between Mesozoic Cycadean fronds and those of recent genera.

We have no knowledge of the nature of the reproductive organs of the plants which bore _Pseudocycas_ fronds, but the agreement of the stomata and epidermal cells with those in some Bennettitalean types favours the inclusion of the genus in that class. It has previously been pointed out that the impression figured by Heer[1640] in close association with the Greenland specimens of _Pseudocycas Steenstrupi_ as a carpellary leaf of the _Cycas_ type is much too imperfect to be identified and has no claim, as an examination of the actual specimen in the Copenhagen Museum convinced me, to be compared with a megasporophyll of _Cycas_. This view is shared by Nathorst.

In some cases the name _Cycadites_ has been applied to fragments that might equally well belong to Conifers or other plants, and not infrequently a careful examination of fossils referred to _Cycadites_ shows that the pinnae afford no evidence of a true midrib. Casts of revolute pinnae like those of the recent species _Encephalartos Ghellinckii_ (fig. 382) would present an appearance closely resembling a strong midrib. Heer’s Siberian Jurassic species _Cycadites sibiricus_[1641] is probably a piece of a _Taeniopteris_ or _Nilssonia_ frond, and _C. gramineus_ Heer[1642] should be referred to _Taxites_. An examination of the Indian fronds described by Oldham and Morris and Feistmantel as species of _Cycadites_ leads me to discard all of them as trustworthy records of the genus: in _Cycadites confertus_[1643] and _C. Blandfordianus_[1644] there appear to be several veins in the pinnae and not a single midrib. _Cycadites constrictus_[1645] is almost certainly a Conifer as Nathorst has also suggested. No satisfactory example of _Cycadites_ has been described from Palaeozoic strata; Goeppert’s _Cycadites gyrosus_[1646] is founded on material too imperfect to determine, and an examination of his Culm species _C. taxodinus_ in the Breslau Museum led me to refer it to a Conifer. The specimens figured[1647] by Zeiller from Lower Gondwana rocks in India as _Cycadites_? sp. are portions of linear leaves or leaflets 5 mm. broad with a median rib but they can hardly be accepted as evidence of the presence of a Cycadean plant.

[Illustration: Fig. 617. _Pseudocycas insignis._ From the Lias of Höör. A, ⅚ nat. size; B, _ca._ × 2. (After Nathorst.)]

_Pseudocycas insignis_ Nathorst.

The fronds of this Cenomanian species from the West of Greenland reach a breadth of 16 cm.; the rachis, 1 cm. broad, has two parallel ridges on the upper surface and to these are attached at a wide angle the broad bases of narrow linear pinnae reaching a length of 9 cm. and a breadth of 2–3 mm. (fig. 617). The pinnae are thick and separate and each has a double ‘midrib’ consisting of two parallel lines (fig. 617, B) which are occasionally replaced by one. The so-called double ‘midrib’ represents the two prominent ridges bordering the groove. The stomata, confined to the median groove, are approximately circular and the short epidermal cells have sinuous walls[1648].

_Pseudocycas Steenstrupi_ (Heer).

Nathorst refers this species, described by Heer as _Cycadites_, from the Cenomanian of Greenland, to _Pseudocycas_ on the ground that the epidermal cells are like those of _P. Steenstrupi_ and the stomata are confined to a median groove. Heer figures an impression in close association with the frond of this species which he identifies, without any adequate reason, as a carpellary leaf like that of a _Cycas_.

_Pseudocycas Saportae_ (Seward).

It has recently been shown by Miss Holden that this Wealden English species[1649] has the epidermal characters of _Pseudocycas_. In external form it agrees closely with _Cycadites tenuisectus_ Sap.[1650] from Lower Cretaceous rocks in Portugal, but nothing is known of the epidermal features of the latter type. The rachis is broad and flattened and bears alternate or sub-opposite pinnae of uniform breadth attached at right-angles or obliquely to its upper surface (fig. 618). The pinnae are 6–7 cm. long and about 1 mm. broad; their bases are slightly expanded and the apices sharply pointed. Miss Holden[1651] finds that the median rib is sometimes double and that the middle region of the lamina is covered with stomata; the epidermal cells have sinuous walls and stomata occasionally occur on each side of the main median stomatal area. Dr. Halle[1652] of Stockholm, who has examined cuticular preparations made from English specimens, confirms Miss Holden’s observations as regards the stomata, but he shows that there is no evidence of the existence of a midrib in the strict sense, the appearance of a single or double median vein being due to the presence of a dorsal stomatiferous groove, the edges of which would produce an impression on the matrix of a double vein or, if the groove became narrower, the impression would suggest a single midrib.

[Illustration: Fig. 618. _Pseudocycas Saportae._ From the Wealden, near Hastings. (British Museum, V. 2777; ⅕ nat. size.)]

_Pseudocycas Roemeri_ (Schenk).

This Wealden species recorded from North Germany[1653] and the Sussex coast[1654] has broader pinnae laterally attached to the rachis. Miss Holden describes the stomata as covering the whole lower surface of the pinnae except over the midrib. This description must be revised in the light of Halle’s results obtained from an examination of the cuticle of the type-specimen of the species in the Berlin Museum. He finds that the edges of the pinnae are strongly revolute and thus form a deep dorsal canal which is almost closed[1655], a form of lamina, as seen in section, very similar to that of an _Empetrum_ leaf. The stomata are confined to the groove. It may be that the specimen examined by Miss Holden is specifically distinct or, as Halle also suggests, the cuticle obtained from the English fossil may not represent the whole surface but only the walls of the canal with possibly a portion of the cuticle of the outer dorsal surface. This type of leaf described by Halle is similar to that of _P. insignis_ with the xerophilous character intensified.

_Cycadites Saladini_ Zeiller.

This species was founded by Zeiller[1656] on fronds from the Rhaetic of Tonkin reaching a length of 40 cm. and 2–8·5 cm. broad with a rachis 3–4 mm. wide bearing contiguous linear pinnae 1·5–4·5 cm. long and 1·5–3 mm. broad with a more or less contracted base and a rounded or obtusely pointed apex. The pinnae are attached almost at right-angles or at an angle of 60°–80°. There is a clearly defined midrib.

It is not improbable that were the structure of the epidermal cells known this species would be found to be another example of _Pseudocycas_.

_Cycadites rectangularis_ Brauns.

This species[1657], first recorded from Rhaetic strata in Germany, differs in the narrower and more acutely pointed pinnae from _C. Saladini_. Miss Holden describes the midrib as double, but until specimens are found which admit of an examination of the cuticles it is impossible to decide whether it should be transferred to _Pseudocycas_. The species is widely distributed in Rhaetic and Jurassic strata and specimens are recorded from the Lias of Lyme Regis on the south coast of England.

_Cycadites Renaulti_ Lignier.

This species, from the Middle Lias of Normandy[1658], is founded on fronds 2·2–2·6 cm. broad with a rachis 3 mm. in breadth bearing laterally-inserted pinnae almost at right-angles 11–12 mm. long and 1·25–1·50 mm. broad; it is very similar to _C. rectangularis_ which occurs in the same beds.

II. +Nilssoniales.+

=NILSSONIA.= Brongniart.

This genus[1659] was named after the Swedish naturalist Nilsson who had figured certain plants from the Lias of Höör referred by Fries to the Ferns: these were named by Brongniart _Nilssonia brevis_ and _N. elongata_ and classed with the Cycads. The type-specimens of the latter species are regarded by Nathorst as a form of _N. brevis_. The history of the genus is fully discussed in Nathorst’s able monograph[1660]. _Nilssonia_, founded on fronds which with one exception are known only as casts or impressions, may be thus defined: Fronds with circinate vernation, at least in the type-species _Nilssonia brevis_ (fig. 619, C, D), similar in shape to the leaves of _Scolopendrium vulgare_ and _Polypodium irioides_ and to such unusual forms of _Cycas_ fronds as those reproduced in figs. 384, 387, I[1661], in which the laminae of the pinnae are concrescent and form a continuous or deeply cut lamina. They may reach a length of 60 cm. and a breadth of 10 cm. and some specimens are known in which the leaf is less than 1 cm. in width. The lamina is occasionally entire, but in the great majority of cases it is more or less deeply cut into segments of unequal breadth varying considerably in size and shape even in the same species, usually deep and truncate and sometimes long and narrow (_e.g. N. pterophylloides_, fig. 619, B). An important distinguishing feature is the attachment of the lamina to the upper face of the rachis which it covers: the extension of the lamina over the surface of the frond axis and the rare occurrence of branching of the veins are characters in which _Nilssonia_ differs from _Taeniopteris_. The veins are given off at right-angles or obliquely from a very narrow groove occupying the median line of the rachis; they are nearly always simple and in some of the more fleshy leaves, _e.g. N. brevis_, they are seldom visible. The surface of the lamina may be smooth or transversely corrugated. The rachis forms a prominent rib on the under surface of the frond (fig. 620, A) and may be continued beyond the lamina as a short petiole. Epidermal cells polygonal or rectangular, with straight walls in contrast to the sinuous walls of _Taeniopteris_; some of the cells bear strongly cuticularised papillae, possibly the bases of hairs (compare the hairs on the fronds of _Acrostichum crinitum_, a Fern with leaves similar in shape to some of the large entire fronds of _N. orientalis_ though relatively broader and with anastomosing veins). Stomata usually confined to the lower epidermis and not very numerous; guard-cells of rounded contour and without any special thickening surrounded by 6–8 accessory cells with thickened walls (fig. 611, B) forming a chimney slightly raised over the stomatal pore[1662]. In _Nilssonia_ the guard-cells do not exhibit that regularity of orientation which characterises the stomata of _Ptilophyllum_, _Otozamites_, and other Bennettitalean fronds. Little is known of the anatomy of the leaves: in a petrified leaf of _N. orientalis_[1663] from Upper Cretaceous rocks in Japan there is no palisade-tissue and small groups of sclerenchyma occur above and below the veins. The xylem appears to be centripetal, but the preservation is far from satisfactory. A few secretory canals were found near the edge of the leaf. We have no certain knowledge of the reproductive organs. The small circular projections figured by Schenk[1664] on some leaves of _Nilssonia polymorpha_ as sporangia have no claim to be so regarded. In the description of _N. brevis_ reference is made to some seeds discovered by Nathorst which may belong to that species. Nathorst suggests the possibility that the Rhaetic fossil _Stenorrachis scanicus_ Nath. may be the seed-bearing shoot of a _Nilssonia_, either _N. brevis_ or _N. polymorpha_, and if this surmise is correct it almost necessarily involves the genus _Beania_[1665] which has been tentatively referred to the Ginkgoales though without any convincing evidence to support such connexion. Nothing is known of the stems: the occasional occurrence of leaves converging towards a common support points to a Cycadean habit. It is possible, as Nathorst suggests, that the Rhaetic species _Bucklandia Saportana_[1666] may be the stem of a _Nilssonia_.

[Illustration: Fig. 619. A, seed (_Nilssonia_?); B, _Nilssonia pterophylloides_; C, D, _Nilssonia brevis_; E, _N. polymorpha_. (A–D ⅚ nat. size; E, slightly enlarged; after Nathorst.)]

_Nilssonia_ is especially characteristic of Jurassic and Rhaetic floras; it occurs also in Triassic beds and extends into Cretaceous floras.

Nathorst instituted the genus _Nilssoniopteris_[1667] for some specimens from the Yorkshire coast which he believed to be examples of _Nilssonia tenuinervis_ on the ground that the veins are dichotomously branched and the epidermal cells have sinuous walls. Mr Hamshaw Thomas[1668] has, however, shown by an examination of the specimens in the Stockholm Museum that they belong to _Taeniopteris vittata_, and Prof. Nathorst agrees with this conclusion. The name _Nilssoniopteris_ must therefore be abandoned. Miquel[1669] proposed the name _Hisingera_ for some _Nilssonia_ fronds, but it has not been adopted.

_Nilssonia polymorpha_ Schenk.

Linear fronds varying considerably in breadth and in the degree of dissection of the lamina, which may be entire; the margin may show broad and shallow crenulations or there may be a few narrow and deep sinuses cutting the otherwise entire lamina into long and narrow segments. More usually the lamina is divided to the rachis into numerous truncate segments traversed by parallel, simple, veins extending from a narrow groove in the middle of the rachis on the upper surface of the frond (fig. 619, E). The veins run in very narrow grooves in the generally flat but occasionally corrugated lamina[1670].

This species agrees very closely in habit with _N. compta_ and _N. brevis_ and, as Nathorst points out, it is in some cases almost impossible to distinguish _Nilssonia polymorpha_ from _N. brevis_. Some of the fronds from the Rhaetic of Franconia described by Schenk as _N. polymorpha_ are examples of _N. brevis_. In _N. polymorpha_ the distal ends of the segments are blunter, the lamina is much less folded and when folds or corrugations occur they are less regular than in _N. brevis_. The epidermal cells are polygonal and have thick, straight, walls: oval or circular papillae occur both on the lamina and rachis. The stomata, confined to the lower surface, are between the veins and each is accompanied by a ring of subsidiary cells (_cf._ fig. 611, B). _N. polymorpha_ is a member of Rhaetic floras and is recorded also from Liassic rocks at Höör[1671].

[Illustration: Fig. 620. A, B, _Nilssonia brevis_; A, section of the frond; B, section of the lamina parallel to the rachis. C, _N. saighensis_. (A, B, after Nathorst.)]

_Nilssonia brevis_ Brongniart.

This species[1672] (fig. 619, C, D), one of those from Höör on which the genus was founded, has been very fully investigated by Nathorst[1673] whose researches have cleared up many obscure features. The young fronds are circinate like those of Ferns and _Cycas_. The linear fronds agree generally in habit with those of _N. polymorpha_ and _N. compta_, but the lamina is thicker and is characterised by regular transverse corrugations; the veins are very rarely visible except in young leaves which have not reached their full thickness. The fronds may be 50 cm. long and vary in breadth from 1·5 to 12 cm.; the petiole is very short or the frond may be sessile. Between the regular grooves on the upper surface the lamina is more or less convex; seen from below the grooves are represented by ridges and between each pair of ridges there are parallel folds, sometimes three (fig. 620, B) or as many as six; and where the segments are narrow, that is the strips of lamina between two grooves (or ridges), there may be only a single fold which gives the appearance of linear segments with a single midrib as in _Cycadites_, a misleading resemblance of special interest in reference to the _Nilssonia_ fronds described by Oldham and Morris[1674] and by Feistmantel[1675] as _Cycadites rajmahalensis_. Owing to the fleshy nature of the leaf the difference between the upper and lower side is particularly well marked in this species. The lamina may be more or less entire, but is usually divided by deep sinuses extending to the rachis into truncate or distally tapered segments varying in breadth (fig. 619, C, D), the narrow segments being characterised by a more pointed apex than in _N. polymorpha_. The structure of the stomata and epidermal cells is of the type described in the definition of the genus. Strongly cuticularised papillae, incorrectly described by Schenk[1676] in _N. polymorpha_ as stomata, occur on some of the epidermal cells: these may be the bases of hairs. In some preparations Nathorst found patches of a resinous substance, an interesting discovery in view of the occurrence of secretory canals in the petrified leaf of _Nilssonia orientalis_ described by Dr Stopes[1677].

[Illustration: Fig. 621. _Nilssonia rajmahalensis_ (= _Cycadites rajmahalensis_). (Indian Geological Survey, Calcutta; nat. size.)]

_Nilssonia brevis_ occurs in Upper Rhaetic and Lower Liassic strata.

_Nilssonia pterophylloides_ Nathorst.

A Rhaetic Scanian species originally referred by Nathorst[1678] to _Nilssonia_ but later removed by him to _Dioonites_[1679] and in 1909 reinstated in _Nilssonia_[1680] on the ground that the lamina covers the upper face of the rachis. The segments are fairly uniform in breadth and linear; they reach 10 cm. in length and are usually 5–7 mm. broad; the lamina is slightly tapered towards the apex (fig. 619, B). There are 3–10 parallel grooves on the upper face of the segments and between each pair is a single unbranched vein. In close association with portions of three fronds of this species Nathorst found several oval bodies, 1 cm. × 7 mm., which he at first regarded as ‘antherangia’ comparable with the sporocarps of the Hydropterideae, but an examination of the carbonised tissue demonstrated that the small rounded bodies contained in each of the ‘antherangia,’ originally believed to be pollen-sacs, are grains of resin internal to a cuticle of thick-walled cells and probably formed by secretory sacs in a fleshy tissue. Internal to the resin-bodies is a second cuticle which may be the remains of a nucellus, the outer cuticle and the resin belonging to the sarcotesta. Nathorst’s careful examination of these fossils shows that they are seeds (fig. 619, A) and were probably borne on plants of _N. pterophylloides_, though an accidental association is not improbable.

_Nilssonia compta_ (Phillips).

Broadly linear fronds varying considerably in size and in the breadth and number of the truncate segments. In some cases the fronds exceeded 40 cm. in length and had a breadth of 9 cm. (fig. 622). The veins are simple, parallel, and fairly prominent and the lamina shows clearly the attachment to the upper surface of the rachis which is covered by it as in all species of the genus[1681]. The structure of the epidermis and stomata has recently been described by Thomas[1682]. Brongniart mentioned in the _Prodrome_ a species from the Lower Oolite of Yorkshire under the name _Pterophyllum Williamsonis_[1683], but in a later work this is given as a synonym of _N. compta_. _Nilssonia compta_ bears a close resemblance in habit to _N. polymorpha_; it agrees also with the large fronds described from the Upper Gondwana of India as _Pterophyllum princeps_[1684]. Since attention was first called to this similarity an examination of several of the figured specimens has convinced me that the Indian fronds are either identical with or at least closely allied to the European leaves. The apparent lateral attachment of the lamina in the drawings published by Oldham and Morris and Feistmantel is due to imperfect preservation; the lamina ends in two raised ridges, and the discovery of a specimen in which the lamina completely covers the rachis confirmed the impression made by the other specimens. The Amurland Jurassic species _Nilssonia Schmidtii_[1685] Heer though probably not identical with _N. compta_ is a very similar type; it was originally described by Heer as _Anomozamites Schmidtii_ and transferred by Nathorst[1686] to _Nilssonia_: the veins are occasionally forked near the rachis and are rather farther apart (·5 mm.) than in _N. compta_ and the segments are broader and deeper than in the English species. _Nilssonia nipponensis_ Yok.[1687] a Jurassic species recorded from Japan and North America is another similar type.

[Illustration: Fig. 622. _Nilssonia compta._ (Whitby Museum; nat. size.)]

_Nilssonia orientalis_ Heer.

In this Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous species, founded on material from Jurassic rocks in Siberia[1688], the lamina is generally entire. The fronds exhibit a wide range in size and shape; they may have the form of very narrow linear leaves barely 1 cm. across or may reach a breadth of nearly 10 cm. The leaves from Middle Jurassic British strata named by Nathorst _N. tenuinervis_[1689] are probably identical with Heer’s type, and _N. Johnstrupi_[1690] Heer from the Lower Cretaceous of Greenland may also be referred to _N. orientalis_.

The veins are at right-angles or oblique to the rachis and are very numerous, three or more in a breadth of 1 mm.[1691] A species recently described by Halle[1692] from Graham Land as _N. taeniopteroides_ agrees closely in habit with _N. orientalis_: in the southern form the frond may have a length of 40–50 cm. and a breadth of 3 cm. The entire lamina of _N. taeniopteroides_ tapers gradually towards the base and is more rapidly narrowed in the distal region; the petiole is at least 6–7 cm. long: the simple or branched veins, 15–20 in 1 cm., are given off from the axis at a wide angle. The more crowded veins in _N. orientalis_ constitute one of the few features in which it differs from Halle’s species, but the fact that the degree of closeness of the veins is inconstant within the same species renders this distinction of doubtful value. Halle compares his species also with _N. densinervis_ (Font.) originally described as _Platypterigium densinerve_ from the Potomac beds[1693] and afterwards transferred by Berry[1694] to _Nilssonia_ and considered by him to be identical with Fontaine’s _Platypterigium Rogersianum_. An examination of some of Fontaine’s specimens in the Washington Museum led me to refer the fronds to _Nilssonia_[1695].

It is impossible to speak with confidence as to the absolute specific identity of _N. orientalis_ Heer, _N. Johnstrupi_ Heer, _N. taeniopteroides_ Halle, and some similar forms; but it is clear that the linear fronds of this type characterised by an entire or occasionally pinnatisect lamina were widely distributed in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata and persisted to the Upper Cretaceous series in Japan. This form of frond is recorded from England, Scotland, North America, Greenland, Spitzbergen[1696], Siberia, Russia, Afghanistan[1697], Japan[1698], Graham Land, and elsewhere. Reference has already been made to a petrified specimen of _N. orientalis_ described by Dr Stopes from Japan[1699].

Specimens described by Salfeld[1700] from the Corallian of Germany as _Taeniopteris_ sp. may be _N. orientalis_; Bartholin’s _N. polymorpha_ from Bornholm, Velenovský’s Lower Cretaceous _N. bohemica_ and Yokoyama’s _N. ozvana_ from Japan are other examples of fronds which may be identical with _N. orientalis_[1701].

_Nilssonia tenuicaulis_ (Phillips).

This Jurassic species, while agreeing generally in habit with _N. compta_, is characterised by the narrow and numerous linear segments with a more acuminate apex. The fronds reached a length of more than 20 cm.[1702] Leckenby’s name _Pterophyllum medianum_[1703] was given to a specimen from the Yorkshire coast and now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, which, with _Pterophyllum angustifolium_, is clearly identical with _Cycadites tenuicaulis_ Phillips. The specific name _mediana_ frequently used[1704] for this type should be given up in favour of the older term _tenuicaulis_. A species of similar habit is described but not figured by Krasser[1705] as _N. Sturii_ from the Lunz beds. _N. tenuicaulis_ is fairly common in the Middle Jurassic beds near Scarborough and is recorded from the Kimmeridgian of Scotland under the name _N. mediana_ (fig. 614, C)[1706].

_Nilssonia princeps_ (Oldham and Morris).

Oldham and Morris speak of _Pterophyllum princeps_[1707] as one of the commonest plants in the Rajmahal beds in India. The fronds are characterised by their large size and by the very broad oblong and distally truncate pinnae with parallel and occasionally branched veins. In the specimens figured by Oldham and Morris and Feistmantel the pinnae are cut off at their bases (fig. 623), which form ridges parallel to the rachis: this feature is not clearly shown in the published drawings. By breaking some pieces of rock from a slab containing figured specimens other pieces were found in which the laminae of the bases of segments meet in the middle of the upper face of the rachis. The pinnae vary in breadth from 1 cm. to 3·5 cm. and reach a length of 8 cm.; the distal end is truncate, the lower edge being strongly curved: the segments are slightly broadened at the base. The veins are prominent and parallel, from 0·5 to 0·8 mm. apart. The Rajmahal fronds described as _Pterophyllum Morrisianum_[1708] appear to be indistinguishable from this species.

[Illustration: Fig. 623. _Nilssonia princeps._ (Slightly reduced; Indian Geological Survey, Calcutta.)]

_Nilssonia Schaumburgensis_ (Dunker).

This species, first described as _Pterophyllum Schaumburgense_[1709] from the Wealden of Germany, affords a good illustration of a small type of frond closely resembling the much larger species _N. compta_. Examples from English Wealden rocks seldom exceed 1 cm. in breadth and are often much narrower; the linear lamina is almost entire or divided into short and broad truncate segments of unequal breadth: the veins are parallel and simple. For figures of this species, recorded from different European localities and from Japan, reference should be made to the accounts by Schenk[1710], Nathorst, Yokoyama, Yabe, and Fontaine.

=CTENIS.= Lindley and Hutton.

The genus _Ctenis_[1711] was founded on a piece of pinnate frond from the Middle Jurassic rocks of the Yorkshire coast previously figured by Phillips as _Cycadites sulcicaulis_. Lindley and Hutton regarded the plant as probably Cycadean and proposed to apply the name _Ctenis_ to all leaves having the general characters of Cycadeae, but with ‘the veins connected by forks or transverse bars.’ While many authors have accepted _Ctenis_ as a Cycadean genus, by others[1712] it has been placed among the Ferns, on the ground that some small circular elevations on the lamina of the segments of certain species are believed to be sori or sporangia. Since Ettingshausen[1713] and Schenk[1714] first noticed this feature Raciborski[1715] has figured several examples from Poland and Staub[1716] records similar circular bodies on a Liassic Hungarian species. In no single instance have sporangia been found. Nathorst[1717] proposed the designation _Anthrophyopsis_ (because of the resemblance of the lamina in form and venation to the leaves of the Fern _Anthrophyum_) for some Rhaetic specimens from Scania, but as they were subsequently found to be segments of a pinnate frond he adopted the name _Ctenis_. An example in the Manchester Museum[1718] (fig. 624) from Yorkshire, mentioned by Nathorst in an early paper as probably a new species of _Anthrophyopsis_, afforded good preparations of the cuticle (fig. 625) which revealed the existence of circular elevations on the outer walls of the epidermal cells: these may explain the nature of some at least of the supposed sporangia. The walls of the epidermal cells are straight. The name _Ctenis_ is applied to pinnate fronds which are probably Cycadean though we have no evidence as to the nature of the stem or the reproductive organs. _Ctenis_ fronds are among the largest Cycadean leaves from Mesozoic floras; in _Ctenis hungarica_ Staub the frond is said to have reached a length of 2 met. and in other species the dimensions exceed those of most pinnate leaves. The stout rachis bears linear or broad-oblong pinnae attached at a wide angle and varying considerably in size and shape; the pinnae are attached by the whole base which is usually broadened and decurrent but in a few cases slightly contracted (_e.g._ _C. Zeyschneri_ Rac.[1719]). For some fronds bearing broad and basally narrowed segments Raciborski proposed the name _Ctenidiopsis_ in distinction from _Euctenis_ which he applies to the typical forms. The pinnae may be long and narrow reaching a length of over 12 cm., or short and broad: in some cases the frond would be more correctly described as deeply pinnatisect; the apex of the segments is acute, bluntly rounded or truncate. Several veins pass into the base of each pinna and pursue a course approximately parallel to the edge of the lamina; a characteristic feature is the occasional occurrence of oblique cross-connexions between the veins. It is possible that in some species the pinnae had spinous margins as in the pinnae of uncertain affinity figured by Fontaine[1720] as _Encephalartopsis nervosa_ from the Potomac series. Our knowledge of the epidermal cells is very meagre: in the specimen represented in fig. 625 the epidermal cells have straight walls and a central papilla. The genus extends from Triassic to Upper Jurassic rocks.

[Illustration: Fig. 624. _Ctenis_ sp. Single pinna. (Manchester Museum, No. 53.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 625. _Ctenis_ sp. The epidermis of the pinna shown in fig. 624. A, surface-view; _p_, papillae; _s_, stomata. B, side-view. (Manchester Museum, No. 53.)]

_Ctenis lunzensis_ Stur.

This species, first recorded by Stur from the Lunz Upper Triassic flora, has recently been examined by Krasser[1721] and compared with the Jurassic species _Ctenis sulcicaulis_ (Phill.) (= _C. falcata_ Lind. and Hutt.) and _C. Potocki_ Rac. No figures or detailed descriptions have been published.

_Ctenis fallax_ Nathorst.

This Scanian Rhaetic type[1722], including _Anthrophyopsis crassinervis_, _A. Nilssoni_, and probably _A. obovata_ Nath., is characterised by very large obtusely pointed pinnae reaching at least 20 cm. in length and over 3 cm. in breadth. The veins are often 2 mm. apart and form long polygonal meshes. Nathorst figures small circular patches on the surface of the lamina. Raciborski[1723], on slender evidence, refers a fragment from the Jurassic of Cracow to this species.

_Ctenis hungarica_ Staub.

A species[1724] characterised by very large fronds reaching 2 met., bearing broad linear pinnae almost at right-angles and attached to the rachis by decurrent bases, attaining a length of 21 cm. and a breadth at the base of the lamina of 3·5 cm. and 4 cm. a short distance from the acute apex. The veins are parallel to the edge of the lamina, but Staub does not appear to have seen distinct anastomoses. It is not improbable that Staub’s species may be identical with _C. asplenioides_ (Ett.) from the Lias of Hungary, specimens of which are preserved in the École des Mines, Paris.

_Ctenis asplenioides_ (Ettingshausen).

This species was first described by Ettingshausen[1725] from Liassic strata in Austria as _Taeniopteris asplenioides_ and compared by him to large simple fronds of _Asplenium nidus_ but distinguished by a deeply dissected lamina. Schenk[1726] found that the veins anastomose and adopted the name _Ctenis_. In habit very similar to _C. sulcicaulis_, but the pinnae are much broader, exceeding 4 cm., and the veins are 3–5 mm. apart. Only the basal part of the segments is figured by Ettingshausen. Specimens in the École des Mines, Paris, from Hungary have pinnae nearly 40 cm. long and 2·5 cm. in breadth, the parallel veins being connected by a few oblique branches. Both Ettingshausen and Schenk speak of small circular sori on the lower epidermis, though these are not figured nor were any sporangia obtained. This species and other examples of large _Ctenis_ fronds are described by Raciborski from Lower Jurassic rocks in Poland. He figures part of a leaf of _C. Zeyschneri_[1727] 40 cm. long bearing alternate pinnae approximately 10 cm. long and nearly 4 cm. broad, characterised by obtuse apices, a decurrent lamina, and anastomosing veins closer together (16–24 per 1 cm.) than those of _C. asplenioides_. In one Polish specimen, _C. remotinervis_[1728], with pinnae 5 cm. broad the lamina is represented in the upper part of the frond as continuous over the face of the rachis, and—if the drawing is accurate—the frond in this respect differs from typical examples of _Ctenis_ and agrees with _Nilssonia_. A species of _Ctenis_ with broad pinnae is described by Yokoyama[1729] from the Jurassic of China as _C. Kaneharai_.

_Ctenis sulcicaulis_ (Phillips).

This type[1730] is more familiar under the name _Ctenis falcata_ given to it by Lindley[1731], but if we follow Lester Ward[1732] in strict observance of the rule of priority, a course from which I have frequently deviated on the ground of long usage, the less familiar designation must be adopted. Fronds pinnate; long and tapered linear pinnae sometimes exceeding 12 cm. in length and 1 cm. in breadth attached obliquely or almost at right-angles to a fairly broad rachis (fig. 626). The lamina is broadest at the base and the lower margin is strongly decurrent, tapering distally to an acute apex. The parallel and frequently anastomosing veins diverge slightly in the basal region of the pinnae. Though usually separate to the base, the laminae of adjacent pinnae may be continuous as in a pinnatisect leaf[1733]. This species is recorded also from North America, and fronds of similar habit are figured by Fontaine[1734] from the Jurassic of Oregon as _Ctenis orovillensis_: a fragment recorded from Jurassic rocks in Afghanistan as _Ctenis_ sp. may belong to _C. sulcicaulis_[1735].

_Ctenis latifolia_ (Brongniart).

This species[1736], originally referred to _Taeniopteris_, was transferred to _Ctenis_ as the result of the discovery of anastomosing veins in the type-specimen in the Oxford Museum. The segments are shorter and broader than in _C. sulcicaulis_ and very similar to those of _C. orovillensis_ Font.

[Illustration: Fig. 626. _Ctenis sulcicaulis._ (British Museum, V. 9012.)]

_Ctenis_ sp.

The pinna shown in fig. 624 from the Jurassic beds in Yorkshire[1737] is interesting as one of the few examples of the preservation of the cuticular membrane. The straight or curved walls of the epidermal cells agree with those of recent Cycads except _Stangeria_, and each cell bears a large central papilla that gives to the lamina the finely punctate appearance which has been regarded as evidence of sporangia. The gaps in the cuticle probably mark the position of sunken stomata.

=PSEUDOCTENIS.= Seward.

This genus[1738] was established for certain pinnate fronds agreeing in habit with _Ctenis sulcicaulis_ but distinguished by the almost complete absence of any cross-connexions between the veins. Some of the forms with narrow pinnae closely resemble species of _Zamites_, the distinguishing feature being the decurrent lower margin of the leaflets. Though such fronds might not unreasonably be included in _Ctenis_, it is more convenient on the analogy of the occasional occurrence of _Glossopteris_ fronds with very few anastomoses to employ a distinctive designation.

[Illustration: Fig. 627. _Pseudoctenis eathiensis._ (British Museum, No. V. 2744; ½ nat. size.)]

_Pseudoctenis eathiensis_ (Richards).

Some of the specimens on which this species[1739] is founded were originally figured by Miller[1740] from Upper Jurassic strata in Scotland and afterwards named by Richards[1741] _Zamites eathiensis_. The general appearance of the fronds is very like that of _Ctenis sulcicaulis_; the pinnae vary in breadth from about 3 mm. to 1·5 cm.; they are attached at right-angles or, in the apical region, may be almost parallel to the rachis. The longest pinna recorded is 17 cm. and the lamina tapers to a slender apex; the veins are parallel and occasionally forked, but cross-connexions are rare. The partially petrified rachis of one specimen showed hypodermal stereome and some secretory canals as in recent Cycads. The specimen from Wealden rocks near Hastings (fig. 627), originally described as _Zamites_ sp.[1742], is probably specifically identical with _Pseudoctenis eathiensis_. The South African Wealden species, originally described by Tate as _Palaeozamia Rubidgei_[1743], agrees closely with _Pseudoctenis_ and is probably an example of that genus. This type bears a close resemblance in the form of the frond to _Ctenophyllum grandifolium_ Font.[1744] and _C. Wardi_[1745] Font. from American Trias and Jurassic rocks respectively. _Pseudoctenis crassinervis_ Sew.[1746] is another Scotch form with coarser veins.

A frond very similar in habit to _P. eathiensis_ is represented by _Pseudoctenis ensiformis_ Halle[1747] from the Jurassic strata of Graham Land originally referred by Nathorst to _Pterophyllum_. An examination of the type-specimen in the Stockholm Museum revealed its resemblance to the Scotch species _P. eathiensis_: a single anastomosis was noticed in one of the pinnae. The broadly ensiform obtuse pinnae, reaching a length of 7 cm. with a maximum breadth of 3 cm. at their expanded bases, vary in breadth and are attached at right-angles to a slender rachis. The veins, 1–1·5 mm. apart, are parallel and strong. The varying breadth of the pinnae irrespective of their position on the rachis is a distinctive feature. Halle draws attention to a resemblance of this Antarctic species to _Ctenophyllum latifolium_ Font. a Potomac type referred by Berry[1748] to the genus _Ctenopsis_ on the rather slender ground that the veins are arranged in pairs. Berry in a footnote expresses the opinion that _Ctenopsis_ is very closely related to or possibly identical with _Pseudoctenis_.

If the bases of the pinnae in the specimen of _P. ensiformis_ figured by Halle are complete, as they appear to be, the frond agrees very closely with _Pterophyllum Carterianum_ Old. and Morr.[1749] from India. A comparison of the Rajmahal specimen with Halle’s figure leads me to regard the two fronds as probably identical. The veins in the Indian species, which should also be referred to _Pseudoctenis_, are prominent and from ·5 to 1 mm. apart; the base of the lamina is slightly broadened and the veins curve downwards towards the rachis in the lower decurrent portion. The other Indian type, _Pterophyllum Morrisianum_[1750], with which Halle compares his species is, however, not a _Pseudoctenis_ but should be included in _Nilssonia_ and is probably identical with _Pterophyllum princeps_ Old. and Morr.

_Pseudoctenis Lanei_ Thomas.

This species[1751], recently described from Middle Jurassic beds at Marske, Yorkshire, has narrower linear lanceolate pinnae. The linear pinnae reach a length of 10 cm. and a breadth of 9 mm. The veins are numerous, 10 in a breadth of 6 mm., and only one cross-vein was noticed. In the decurrent lower edge of the laminae the fronds are identical with _Ctenis sulcicaulis_. A very good example of this species[1752] in the York Museum is reproduced by Mr Thomas in his account of Cleveland Jurassic plants.

_Pseudoctenis Balli_ (Feistmantel).

A species described originally by Feistmantel[1753] as _Anomozamites Balli_ from the Barakar group of the Damuda series and afterwards transferred to the genus _Platypterygium_, characterised by broadly linear segments of unequal breadth attached obliquely or at right-angles to a slender rachis. The apices of the segments though usually imperfect appear to be truncate; the bases of the pinnae are decurrent by their lower edge. The veins are approximately 3 per millimetre; they are generally forked at the base and in one or two places show cross-connexions. In the middle of the frond the narrow rachis is exposed but in the apical region it is covered by the laminae. The occurrence of two divergent pinnae at the apex of the frond is a feature met with also in _Ctenis sulcicaulis_. This description is based on an examination of the specimens figured by Feistmantel.

III. +Cycadean Fronds which cannot be assigned to a family-position.+

=SPHENOZAMITES.= Brongniart.

This name was proposed by Brongniart[1754] as a subgenus of _Otozamites_ denoting pinnate fronds bearing leaflets without an auriculate base: he suggested that the subgenus might eventually be raised to generic rank and this was done by Zigno[1755] though in too wide a sense. In the case of _Otozamites Beani_ (Lind. and Hutt.), quoted by Brongniart in illustration of _Sphenozamites_, the latter designation is inapplicable as the pinnae are auriculate. Another species, _Zamites undulatus_ Sternb., to which Brongniart applied his new subgeneric term, is probably identical with _Otozamites acuminatus_ (L. and H.)[1756].

Although the distinction between _Sphenozamites_ and _Otozamites_ is often ill defined the former name may be conveniently adopted for pinnate fronds similar to those of _Zamia Skinneri_ and some species of _Encephalartos_ characterised by leaflets of an asymmetrical, obovate, or rhomboidal form with a contracted or cuneate base and numerous branched divergent veins. Nothing is known of the structure or reproductive organs of _Sphenozamites_, and the genus, though serving a useful descriptive purpose, is founded solely on form, and in the absence of other data it would be rash to assume that its use implies close natural affinity. In the case of many other genera of Cycadean fronds there is additional evidence of relationship, but this is not the case with _Sphenozamites_. The pinnae resemble those of such recent Cycadean fronds as _Zamia Skinneri_ and _Z. muricata_. The genus ranges from Lower Permian to Jurassic rocks.

_Sphenozamites Rochei_ Renault.

This species[1757], from the Lower Permian of the Autun district, is founded on a pinnate frond bearing alternate pinnae, 2·5 × 1 cm., with an asymmetrical oblong lamina attached obliquely near the edge of the rachis with a cuneate base slightly decurrent below and a broadly rounded apex; the veins dichotomise once or twice as they diverge from the narrow base (fig. 628). The pinnae resemble the leaflets of _Noeggerathia foliosa_ Sternb. and are similar in shape to those of the Jurassic species _Sphenozamites Geylerianus_ Zig.

[Illustration: Fig. 628. _Sphenozamites Rochei._ (After Renault; nat. size.)]

[Illustration: Fig. 629. _Sphenozamites Belli._ (Oxford Museum; nat. size.)]

_Sphenozamites Belli_ Seward.

This Middle Jurassic species from Stonesfield[1758] is founded on detached pinnae possibly identical with a specimen figured by Buckman as _?Naiadea obtusa_[1759]. The pinnae are wedge-shaped, tapering gradually to an acute apex and attached by a narrow base: the leaflet shown in fig. 629 is 9 cm. long; the veins are numerous and more divergent than in some leaves of similar form referred to the genus _Podozamites_. With this species may be compared several Italian Jurassic specimens described by Zigno[1760] as four distinct species but more appropriately assigned to a single type _S. Geylerianus_. An examination of Zigno’s fronds in the Padua Museum, which he named _S. Rossii_, leads me to regard the irregularly serrate edge of the pinnae as the result of tearing of an originally entire lamina and to compare the specimens with _Otozamites Beani_ (L. and H.). An imperfect ovoid pinna recalling _S. Belli_ is figured by Newberry from the Rhaetic of Honduras as _Sphenozamites robustus_[1761]. A French Upper Jurassic species figured by Saporta as _Sphenozamites latifolius_ bears a very close resemblance in the form of the leaflets to the Wealden plant _Sewardia latifolia_[1762]. Kurtz records the occurrence of _Sphenozamites_, _S. Geinitzianus_, from Rhaetic strata in Argentina[1763], but I have not seen any figures of this species.

=PLAGIOZAMITES=. Zeiller.

The name _Plagiozamites_ was proposed by Zeiller[1764] for some pinnate fronds and detached leaflets from the Stephanian of Commentry and the Lower Permian of the Vosges. The better preservation of the Vosges material enabled him to recognise certain features which led to the substitution of _Plagiozamites_ for _Zamites_, the name originally employed by Renault for the Commentry specimens. _Plagiozamites_ bears a superficial resemblance to _Zamites_ and _Otozamites_ and differs but little from _Sphenozamites_ and _Noeggerathia_; it stands for pinnate fronds bearing ovate pinnae with a sub-amplexicaul oblique attachment to the rachis as is clearly shown in the species _P. Planchardi_ (Ren.)[1765]. In the case of Palaeozoic fronds assigned to the Cycadophyta on the ground of the resemblance of their pinnae to those of undoubted Cycadean species, it is particularly important to recognise the fact that decisive evidence as to systematic position is lacking. We know nothing of the stem, the reproductive organs, or the epidermal and stomatal characters of _Plagiozamites_, and it is by no means certain that the genus is a true representative of the group in which it is provisionally included.

_Plagiozamites Planchardi_ (Renault).

Fronds pinnate; pinnae ovate-lanceolate reaching 5 cm. in length and 1·6 cm. in breadth, inserted obliquely on the rachis, but not along a line parallel to the long axis of the rachis as in _Zamites_, and partially embracing it: the edge of the lamina is finely denticulate; veins slightly divergent and occasionally branched. The leaflets are narrow and more acute than those of _Noeggerathia_ and _Sphenozamites Rochei_ Ren. _Plagiozamites_ is recorded from the Stephanian of Commentry, the Coal Measures of Manchuria[1766], and the Lower Permian of the Vosges. Renault described six species of _Zamites_ from Commentry all, except _Z. carbonarius_, based on detached pinnae. The type-specimen of _Z. carbonarius_ consists of a piece of stout rachis bearing ovate acute pinnae, 2·2 × 1 cm. Potonié[1767], who refers a piece of pinnate frond from the Permian of Thuringia to _Z. carbonarius_, includes the other species of Renault under that name. Whether or not the differences in the venation and form of the pinnae are of specific significance cannot be definitely settled without better material, but the important point is that these Permo-Carboniferous fronds are sufficiently distinct from _Zamites_ to be placed in a separate genus. _Plagiozamites carbonarius_ is recorded also by Zalessky[1768] from the Permian of Manchuria though the examples figured do not afford satisfactory evidence of the mode of insertion of the segments on the rachis. _P. Planchardi_ has recently been recorded from the Coal Measures of Maryland; the discovery is interesting both on phytogeographical grounds and as the first satisfactory record of a Palaeozoic Cycadophyte from North America[1769].

=Cycadorachis.= Saporta.

The employment of this generic name may serve a useful purpose if used for specimens, whether preserved as petrifactions or impressions, believed to be portions of Cycadean frond-axes, but which in the absence of pinnae cannot be assigned to one of the recognised genera of fronds. Saporta[1770] describes two species from Kimmeridgian beds in France, _Cycadorachis abscissa_ and _C. armata_: the first may be the winged base of a Cycadean petiole, but it agrees equally well with the broad base of an Osmundaceous leaf and should not be referred to a genus implying affinity with a particular class. The other species, _C. armata_, is probably a piece of a spinous axis like that of the Wealden plant _Sewardia latifolia_ (Sap.). A fragment figured by Fliche and Bleicher[1771] from the Jurassic of Nancy as _C. tuberculata_ is another example of a fossil which cannot be referred with any certainty to the Cycads.

Dr Stopes[1772], inadvertently overlooking the previous institution of _Cycadorachis_, has recently proposed the name _Cycadeorachis_ for pinnately branched rachises of Cycadean fronds which, ‘while indicating the general character of the frond, do not show the shape of the pinnae well enough to be associated with any of the many foliage-genera.’

LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

(+Volumes III. and IV.+)

[_With a few exceptions this list does not include books and papers given in the Bibliographies in volumes I. and II._]

The following are some of the Bibliographies which students will find useful for additional references:—Geological Literature added to the Geological Society’s Library, published from time to time by the Society; Prof. Zeiller’s lists in the ‘Revue Générale de Botanique’ (Paris); lists given by Arber in the ‘Progressus Rei Botanicae’ (Leiden), vol. +i.+ Heft i. p. 218, 1907; Jongman’s ‘Die Palaeobotanische Literatur’ (Jena), 1910–13; also the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature (Botany and Geology). For the Literature dealing with Cretaceous plants the student should refer to Dr Marie Stopes’ ‘Cretaceous Flora’ +i.+ and +ii.+ (British Museum Catalogues, 1913, 1915).

The dates of books published in parts given in the footnotes to this volume are as a rule those of the concluding part. For the dates of separate parts of books relating to Palaeozoic floras the student is referred to Prof. Zeiller’s valuable list at the end of the ‘Flore Fossile du Bassin Houiller de Valenciennes.’ Useful bibliographies of the writings of Saporta, Heer, and Ettingshausen have been compiled by Zeiller (96), Malloizel and Zeiller (N.D.), and Krasser (97).

=Aase, Hannah C.= (15) Vascular anatomy of the megasporophylls of Conifers. _Botanical Gazette_, vol. +lx.+ p. 277.

=Affourtit, M. F. A.= and =H. C. C. La Rivière.= (15) On the ribbing of the seeds of _Ginkgo_. _Annals of Botany_, vol. +xxix.+ p. 591.

=Andersson, J. G.= (10) Die Veränderungen des Klimas seit dem Maximum der letzten Eiszeit. (Collection of papers published by the Int. Geol. Congress; edited by J. G. Andersson.) _Stockholm_.

=Andrews, E. B.= (75) Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Coal Measures of Ohio. _Geol. Surv. Ohio_.

=Antevs, E.= (14) _Lepidopteris Ottonis_ (Göpp.) Schimp. and _Anthotithus Zeilleri_ Nath. _K. Svensk._ _Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +li.+ No. 7.

—— (14²) The Swedish Species of _Ptilozamites_ Nath. _Ibid._ Bd. +li.+ No. 10.

=Arber, Agnes.= (See also Robertson, A.) (10) On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed _Mitrospermum compressum_ (Will.). _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 491.

—— (14) A note on _Trigonocarpus_. _Ibid._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 195.

=Arber, E. A. Newell.= (02) Notes on the Binney collection of Coal-Measure Plants. Pt. iii. The type-specimens of _Lyginodendron oldhamium_ (Binney). _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc._ vol. +xi.+ pt. iv. p. 281.

—— (03) On the roots of _Medullosa anglica. Ann. Bot._ vol. +xvii.+ p. 425.

—— (03²) Discussion on Dr Kurtz’s paper (1903). _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lix.+ p. 26.

—— (04) _Cupressinoxylon Hookeri_ sp. nov. a large silicified tree from Tasmania. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+], vol. +i.+ p. 7.

—— (05) On some new species of _Lagenostoma_, a type of Pteridospermous seed from the Coal Measures. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lxxi.+ B, p. 245.

—— (07) On Triassic species of the genera _Zamites_ and _Pterophyllum_, types of fronds belonging to the Cycadophyta. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +vii.+ pt. vii. p. 109.

—— (08) On a new Pteridosperm possessing the _Sphenopteris_ type of foliage. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 57.

—— (09) On the Fossil Plants of the Waldershare and Fredville series of the Kent Coalfield. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxv.+ p. 21.

—— (09²) On the affinities of the Triassic plant _Yuccites vogesiacus_ Schimp. and Moug. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+], vol. +vi.+ p. 11.

—— (12) On _Psygmophyllum majus_ sp. nov. from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Newfoundland, together with a Revision of the genus and Remarks on its affinities. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +vii.+ p. 391.

—— (12²) Fossil Plants from the Kent Coalfield. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+], vol. +ix.+ p. 97.

—— (13) A preliminary note on the Fossil Plants of the Mount Potts beds, New Zealand, collected by Mr D. G. Lillie, Biologist to Capt. Scott’s Antarctic Expedition in the “Terra Nova.” _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lxxxvi.+ p. 344.

—— (13²) The structure of _Dadoxylon Kayi_. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxix.+ p. 454.

—— (14) A Revision of the Seed impressions of the British Coal Measures. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 81.

—— (14²) On the Fossil Flora of the Kent Coalfield. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxx.+ p. 54.

=Arber, E. A. Newell and J. Parkin=. (07) On the origin of Angiosperms. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 29.

—— (08) Studies on the Evolution of the Angiosperms. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 489.

=Arnoldi, W.= (01) Beiträge zur Morphologie einiger Gymnospermen. _Bull. Nat. Moscow_, No. 4, 1900.

=Bailey, I. W.= (09) The structure of the wood in the Pineae. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xlviii.+ p. 47.

—— (11) A Cretaceous _Pityoxylon_ with marginal tracheids. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 315.

=Baily, W. H.= (69) Notice of Plant-remains from Beds interstratified with the Basalts in the county of Antrim. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 357.

=Bain, F.= and =Sir W. Dawson=. (85) Notes on the Geology and Fossil Flora of Prince Edward Island. _Canadian Rec. Sci._ vol. +i.+ (1884–85) p. 154.

=Baker, R. T.= and =H. C. Smith=. (10) Research of the Pines on Australia. _Dpt. Public Instruction_, _Tech. Educ. Ser._ No. 16. _Sydney_.

=Bancroft, Nellie.= (13) On some Indian Jurassic Gymnosperms and _Rhexoxylon africanum_, a new Medullosan stem. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +viii.+ pt. ii. p. 69.

—— (14) Pteridosperm Anatomy and its relation to that of the Cycads. _New Phyt._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 41.

=Barber, C. A.= (92) On the nature and development of the corky excrescences on stems of _Zanthoxylum_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +vi.+ p. 155.

—— (98) _Cupressionoxylon vectense_; a fossil Conifer from the Lower Greensand of Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xii.+ p. 329.

=Bartholin, C. T.= (94) Nogle i den bornholmske Juraformation forekommende Planteforsteninger. _Bot. Tidskrift_ (Copenhagen), Bd. +xix.+ p. 87.

=Bartlett, A. W.= (13) Note on the occurrence of an abnormal bisporangiate strobilus of _Larix europaea_ DC. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvii.+ p. 575.

=Bassler, H.= (16) A Cycadophyte from the North American Coal Measures. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xlii.+ p. 21.

=Bayer, A.= (08) Zur Deutung der weiblichen Blüten der Cupressineen nebst Bemerkungen über _Cryptomeria_. _Beiheft Bot. Cent._ Bd. +xxiii.+ Abt. +i.+ p. 27.

=Beissner, L.= (91) Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde. _Berlin._

=Bennett, J. J.= and =R. Brown.= (52) Plantae Javanicae rariores. _London_, 1838–52.

=Benson, Margaret.= (08) On the contents of the pollen-chamber of a specimen of _Lagenostoma ovoides_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lv.+ p. 409.

—— (12) _Cordaites Felicis_, sp. nov., a Cordaitean leaf from the Coal Measures of England. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 202.

—— (14) _Sphaerostoma ovale_ (_Conostoma ovale_ et _intermedianum_, Williamson), a Lower Carboniferous ovule from Pettycur, Fifeshire, Scotland. _Trans. R. Soc._ Edinburgh, vol. +l.+ pt. i. No. i. p. 1.

=Benson, M.= and =E. J. Welsford=. (09) The morphology of the ovule and female flower of _Juglans regia_ and of a few allied genera. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 623.

=Berger, R.= (48) De fructibus et seminibus ex formatione lithanthracum. _Diss. Inaug. Vratislaviae._

=Bergeron, J.= (84) Note sur les strobiles du _Walchia piniformis_. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], Tome +xii.+ p. 583.

=Berridge, E. M.= (11) On some points of resemblance between Gnetalean and Bennettitean seeds. _New Phyt._ vol. +x.+ p. 140.

—— (12) The structure of the female strobilus in _Gnetum Gnemon_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 987.

=Berridge, Emily M.= and =Elizabeth Sanday=. (07) Oogenesis and embryogeny in _Ephedra distachya_. _New Phyt._ vol. +vi.+ p. 127.

=Berry, E. W.= (03) The Flora of the Matawan Formation. _Bull. New York Bot. Gard._ vol. +iii.+ No. 9, p. 45.

—— (05) Additions to the fossil Flora from Cliffwood. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxii.+ p. 43.

—— (06) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. I. _Ibid._ vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 33.

—— (07) Coastal Plain Amber. _Torreya_, vol. +vii.+ p. 4.

—— (07²) Contributions to the Pleistocene Flora of North Carolina. _Journ. Geol._ vol. +xv.+ No. 4, p. 338.

—— (08) Some Araucarian remains from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxv.+ p. 249.

—— (08²) A Mid-Cretaceous species of _Torreya_. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 382.

—— (09) A Miocene Flora from the Virginian Coastal Plain. _Journ. Geol._ vol. +xvii.+ p. 19.

—— (09²) Pleistocene Swamp deposits in Virginia. _Amer. Nat._ vol. +xliii.+ p. 432.

—— (10) A revision of the Fossil Plants of the genus _Nageiopsis_ of Fontaine. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 185.

—— (10²) The epidermal characters of _Frenelopsis ramosissimus_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +l.+ p. 305.

—— (10³) Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey. _Torreya_, vol. +x.+ p. 261.

—— (10⁴) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. V. North Carolina. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxvii.+ p. 181.

—— (11) The Lower Cretaceous deposits of Maryland. (Berry, Clark, and Bibbin.) _Maryland Geol. Surv._

—— (11²) A Lower Cretaceous species of Schizaeaceae from Eastern North America. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 193.

—— (11³) The Flora of the Raritan Formation. _Geol. Surv. New Jersey, Bull._ 3.

—— (11⁴) A Revision of several genera of Gymnospermous plants from the Potomac group in Maryland and Virginia. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol. +xl.+ p. 289.

—— (12) The age of the plant-bearing shales of the Richmond coal-field. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxiv.+ p. 224.

—— (12²) Notes on the genus _Widdringtonites_. _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxix.+ p. 341.

—— (12³) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. VII. Texas. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxix.+ p. 387.

—— (12⁴) Pleistocene plants from the Blue Ridge in Virginia. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxiv.+ p. 218.

—— (14) The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Professional papers_, No. 84.

—— (15) The Mississippi River Bluffs at Columbus and Hickman, Kentucky, and their Fossil Flora. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol. +xlviii.+ p. 293.

—— (16) The Geological history of Gymnosperms. _The Plant World_, vol. +xix.+ p. 27.

=Bertrand, C. E.= (74) Anatomie comparée des tiges et des feuilles chez les Gnétacées et les Conifères. _Ann. Sci. nat._ [v], vol. +xx.+ p. 5.

—— (83) Note sur le genre _Vesquia_, Taxinée fossile du Terrain Aachénien de Tournai. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [3], Tome +v.+ p. 293.

—— (89) Les Poroxylons végétaux fossiles de l’époque houillière. _Ann. soc. Belg. de Microscopie_, Tome +xiii.+ Fasc. i.

—— (98) Remarques sur la structure des grains de pollen de _Cordaites_. _Assoc. Franç. pour l’avanc. des Sci. Nantes_ (1898), p. 436.

—— (07) Les caractéristiques du genre _Rhabdocarpus_ d’après les préparations de la collection B. Renault. _Bull. soc. bot._ [4], Tome +vii+, p. 654.

—— (07²) Les caractéristiques du genre _Diplotesta_ de Brongniart. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +vii.+ p. 388.

—— (07³) Les caractéristiques du genre _Leptocaryon_ de Brongniart. _Ibid._ p. 452.

—— (07⁴) Les caractéristiques du genre _Taxospermum_ de Brongniart. _Ibid._ p. 213.

—— (07⁵) Remarques sur le _Taxospermum angulosum_. _Compt. rend. d’assoc. Franç. pour l’avanc. des sci._ (Reims, 1907), p. 410.

—— (08) Les caractéristiques du _Cycadinocarpus angustodunensis_ de B. Renault. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +viii.+ p. 326.

—— (08²) Les caractéristiques du genre _Cardiocarpus_ d’après les graines silicifiées étudiées par Ad. Brongniart et B. Renault. _Ibid._ p. 391.

—— (08³) La spécification des _Cardiocarpus_ de la collection B. Renault. _Ibid._ p. 454.

—— (09) Sur le genre _Compsotesta_ de Ad. Brongniart. _Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit._ [2], suppl. 3.

—— (11) Le Bourgeon femelle des _Cordaites_. _Nancy._

=Bertrand, C. E.= et =B. Renault=. (82) Recherches sur les Poroxylons. _Arch. bot. du Nord de la France_, vol. +ii.+ p. 243.

=Bertrand, P.= (08) Sur les stipes de _Clepsydropsis_. _Compt. Rend._, Nov. 16, 1908.

—— (11) Structure des stipes _d’Asterochlaena laxa_ Sterzel. _Mém. soc. géol. Nord_, Tome +vii.+ i.

—— (13) Les Fructifications de Neuroptéridées recueillies dans le terrain houiller du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. géol. Nord_, Tome +xlii.+ p. 113.

—— (14) État actuel de nos Connaissances sur les Genres ‘Cladoxylon’ et ‘Steloxylon.’ _Compt. Rend. de l’assoc. franç. pour l’Avancement des Sciences_ (Havre, 1914), p. 446.

=Beust, F.= (85) Untersuchung über fossile Hölzer aus Grönland. _Neue Denksch. allgem. Schweiz. Ges. gesammt. Naturwiss_. Bd. +xxix.+

=Binney, E. W.= (66) On Fossil wood in calcareous nodules found in the upper foot coal near Oldham. _Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester_, vol. +v.+ p. 113.

=Bleicher and Fliche=. (92) Contribution à l’étude des Terrains Tertiaires d’Alsace. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], Tome +xx.+ p. 375.

=Bodenbender, W.= (96) Beobachtungen über Devon- und Gondwana-Schichten in der Argentinischen Republik. _Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges._ Bd. +xlviii.+ p. 743.

—— (02) Contribucion al Conocimiento de la Precordillera de San Juan de Mendoza. _Bot. Acad._ _Nac. Cienc. Cordoba_, vol. +xvii.+ p. 203.

=Boodle, L. A.= (15) Concrescent and solitary Foliage-leaves in _Pinus_. _New Phyt._ vol. +xiv.+ p. 19.

=Boodle, L. A.= and =W. C. Worsdell=. (94) On the comparative anatomy of the Casuarineae, with special reference to the Gnetaceae and Cupuliferae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +viii.+ p. 231.

=Boulay=. (79) Recherches de paléontologie végétale dans le terrain houiller du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. scient. Bruxelles_, ann. iv. pt. 2, 1880.

—— (87) Notice sur la Flore tertiaire des environs de Privas (Ardiche). _Bull. soc. bot. France_, Tome +xxxiv.+ p. 227.

—— (88) Notice sur les Plantes fossiles des grès tertiaires de Saint-Saturnin (Marne et Loire). _Journ. Bot. Ann._ 2, p. 921.

=Bower, F. O.= (81) On the germination and histology of the seedlings of _Welwitschia mirabilis_. _Quart. Journ. Micr. soc._ vol. +xxi.+ pp. 15, 571.

—— (82) The germination and embryogeny of _Gnetum Gnemon_. _Ibid_. vol. +xxii.+ [N.S.], p. 277.

—— (84) On the structure of _Rhynchopetalum montanum_. _Journ. Lin. Soc._ vol. +xx.+ p. 440.

—— (12) Studies in the Phylogeny of the Filicales. II. _Lophosira_, and its relation to the Cyatheoideae and other Ferns. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 269.

=Bowerbank, J. S.= (40) History of the Fossil fruits and seeds of the London Clay. _London_.

=Braun, A.= (75) Die Frage nach der Gymnospermie der Cycadeen. _Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 289.

—— (75²) Die Diagnosen dreier im Jahre 1873 von G. Wallis in Neu Granada entdeckter Cycadeen. _Ibid_. p. 376.

=Braun, C. F. W.= (43) Beiträge zur Petrefactenkunde Bayreuth (Graf zu Münster), Heft +vi.+ _Bayreuth_.

—— (47) Die Fossile Gewächse aus den Grenzschichten zwischen dem Lias und Keuper des neu aufgefundenen Pflanzenlagers in dem Steinbrüche von Veitlahm bei Culmbach. _Flora_, p. 81.

—— (49) Beiträge zur Urgeschichte der Pflanzen. VI. _Weltrichia_ eine neue Gattung fossiler Rhizantheen. _Progr. iii. Jahresber. K. Kreis-Landwirthsch. und Gewerbschule zu Bayreuth_.

=Brauns, D.= (66) Der Sandstein bei Seinstedt unweit des Fallsteins und die in ihm vorkommenden Pflanzenreste. _Paleont_. Bd. +ix.+ p. 47.

=Brenchley, Winifred E.= (13) On Branching specimens of _Lyginodendron Oldhamium_ Will. _Journ. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xli.+ p. 349.

=Bristow, H. W.= (62) The Geology of the Isle of Wight. _Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Britain_.

=Brongniart, A.= (25) Observations sur les végétaux fossiles renfermés dans les grès de Hoer en Scanie. _Ann. Sci. nat._ vol. +iv.+ p. 200.

—— (28) Essai d’une Flore du grès bigarré. _Ann. Sci. nat._ vol. +v.+ p. 435.

—— (33) Notice sur une Conifère fossile du terrain d’eau douce de l’île d’Iliodroma. _Ann. Sci. nat._ tome +xxx.+ p. 175.

—— (74) Études sur les graines fossiles trouvées à l’état silicifié dans le terrain Houiller de Saint Étienne. _Ann. Sci. nat._ tome +xx.+ [5], p. 234.

—— (81) Recherches sur les graines fossiles silicifiées. _Paris_.

=Bronn, H. G.= (58) Beiträge zur triassischen Schiefer von Raibl. _Neues Jahrb. Min_. p. 129.

=Brooks, F. T.= and =A. Sharples=. (14) Pink disease. _Bull. No._ 21, _Depart. Agric. Fed. Malay States_.

=Brooks, F. T.= and =W. Stiles=. (10) The structure of _Podocarpus spinulosus_ (Smith) R. Br. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 305.

=Buchman, J.= (45) Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham (in collaboration with R. I. Murchison and H. E. Strickland). _London_.

=Buckland, W.= (28) On the Cycadeoideae, a Family of Fossil Plants found in the Oolite quarries of the Isle of Portland. _Trans. Geol. Soc_. [2], vol. +ii.+ p. 395.

—— (37) Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology. _London_.

=Burckhardt, C.= (11) Bemerkungen zu einigen Arbeiten von W. Gothan und A. G. Nathorst. _Cent. Min. Geol.; Paleont_. p. 442.

=Burgestein, A.= (06) Zur Holzanatomie der Tanne, Fichte und Lärche. _Ber. deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. +xxiv.+ Heft +vi.+ p. 295.

—— (08) Vergleichende Anatomie des Holzes der Koniferen. _Wiesner-Festschrift, Wien_.

=Burlingame, L.= (08) The staminate cone and male gametophyte of _Podocarpus. Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlvi.+ p. 161.

—— (13) The Morphology of _Araucaria brasiliensis. Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lv.+ p. 97.

—— (15) The Morphology of _Araucaria brasiliensis. Ibid_. vol. +lix.+ p. 1.

—— (15²) The Origin and Relationships of the Araucarians. _Ibid_. vol. +lx.+ p. 1.

=Butterworth, J.= (97) Some further investigations of Fossil seeds of the genus _Lagenostoma_ (Williamson) from the Lower Coal Measures, Oldham. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc._ vol. +xli.+ ix. p. 1.

=Caldwell, O. W.= (07) _Microcycas calocoma. Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xliv.+ p. 118.

=Caldwell, O. W.= and =C. F. Baker=. (07) The identity of _Microcycas calocoma_. _Ibid_. vol. +xliii.+ p. 130.

=Cambier, R.= et =A. Renier=. (10) _Psygmophyllum Delvali_ n. sp. du Terrain houiller de Charleroi. _Ann. soc. géol. Belg_. Tome +ii.+ p. 23. (_Mém. in 4to_.)

=Capellini, G.= and =Conte E. Solms-Laubach=. (92) I Tronchi di Bennettitee dei Musei Italiani. _Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Istit. Bologna_ [5], tom. +ii.+ p. 161.

=Carano, E.= (04) Contribuzione alla conoscenza della Morfologia e dello sviluppo del fascio vascolare delle foglie delle Cicadacee. _Ann. di Bot_. vol. +i.+ p. 109 (Rome).

=Carpentier, A.= (11) Sur quelques fructifications et inflorescences du Westphalien du Nord de la France. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. tome +xxiii.+ p. 1.

—— (13) Contribution à l’étude du Carbonifère du Nord de la France. _Mém. soc. géol. du Nord_, tome +vii.+ ii. p. 1.

=Carruthers, W.= (66) On Araucarian cones from the Secondary beds of Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +iii.+ p. 249.

—— (66²) On some fossil Coniferous fruits. _Ibid_. vol. +iii.+ p. 534.

—— (67) On _Cycadeoidea Yatesii_ sp. nov. a fossil Cycadean stem from the Potton sands, Bedfordshire. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+ p. 199.

—— (67²) On Gymnospermous Fruits from the Secondary rocks of Britain. _Journ. Bot_. vol. +v.+ p. 1.

—— (67³) On some Cycadean Fruits from the Secondary rocks of Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +iv.+ p. 101.

—— (68) British Fossil Pandanaceae. _Ibid_. vol. +v.+ p. 153.

—— (69) On _Beania_, a new genus of Cycadean Fruit from the Yorkshire Oolite. _Ibid_. vol. +vi.+ p. 1.

—— (69²) On some undescribed Coniferous fruits from the Secondary rocks of Britain. _Ibid_. vol. +vi.+ p. 1.

—— (70) On Fossil Cycadean stems from the Secondary rocks of Britain. _Trans. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 675.

—— (71) On two undescribed Coniferous fruits from the Secondary rocks of Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +viii.+ p. 1.

—— (77) Description of a new species of _Araucarites_ from the Coralline Oolite of Malton. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 402.

—— (93) On _Cycas Taiwaniana_, sp. nov. and _C. Seemanni_ R. Br. _Journ. Bot_. vol. +xxxi.+ p. 1.

=Carter, M. Geraldine=. (11) A Reconsideration of the origin of Transfusion-tissue. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxv.+ p. 975.

=Caspary, R.= and =R. Triebel=. (89) Einige fossile Hölzer Preussens. _K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanstalt_, Bd. +ix.+ Heft iii. p. 113.

=Čelakovský, L.= (82) Zur Kritik der Ansichten von den Fruchtschuppe der Abietineen. _Abh. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag_ [vi], Bd. +ii.+

=Chamberlain, C. J.= (06) The ovule and female gametophyte of _Dioon_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlii.+ p. 321.

—— (09) _Dioon spinulosum. Ibid._ vol. +xlviii.+ p. 401.

—— (10) See Coulter and Chamberlain.

—— (10²) Fertilization and embryogeny in _Dioon edule_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +l.+ p. 415.

—— (11) The adult Cycad Trunk. _Ibid._ vol. +lii.+ p. 81.

—— (12) Morphology of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid._ vol. +liii.+ p. 1.

—— (12²) A round-the-world Botanical Excursion. _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, vol. +lxxxi.+ p. 417.

—— (12³) Two species of _Bowenia_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +liv.+ p. 419.

—— (13) _Macrozamia Moorei_, a connecting link between living and fossil Cycads. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lv.+ p. 141.

=Chapman, F.= (09) Jurassic Plant-remains from Gippsland, Pt. ii. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Victoria_, vol. +iii.+ pt. i. p. 103.

=Chrysler, M. A.= (15) The Medullary rays of _Cedrus_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lix.+ p. 387.

=Church, A. H.= (14) On the Floral Morphology of _Welwitschia mirabilis_ (Hooker). _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. 205, p. 115.

=Cockerell, T. D. A.= (06) The Fossil Flora and Fauna of the Florissant (Colorado) shales. _Univ. Colorado Series_, vol. +iii.+ No. 3.

—— (08) Description of Tertiary Plants. II. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxvi+ [4], p. 537.

—— (08²). The Fossil Flora of Florissant, Colorado. _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 71.

—— (08³) Florissant; a Miocene Pompeii. _Pop. Sci. Monthly_ (Aug. 1908, p. 112).

=Coemans, E.= (66) Description de la flore fossile du premier étage du terrain Crétacé du Hainaut. _Mém. Acad. R. Belg._, tome +xxxvi.+

=Coker, W. C.= (03) On the gametophyte and embryo of _Taxodium_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 1.

—— (09) Vitality of Pine seeds and the delayed opening of cones. _Amer. Nat._ vol. +xliii.+ p. 677.

=Compter, G.= (94) Die fossile Flora des untern Keupers von Ostthüringen. _Zeitsch. für Naturwiss._ _Leipzig_, Bd. +lxvii.+ p. 205.

—— (03) Cycadeenfrüchte aus der Lettenkohle von Apolda. _Zeitsch. für Naturwiss._ _Stuttgart_, Bd. +lxxv.+ p. 171.

=Compton, R. H.= (08) See South and Compton.

=Cowentz, H.= (78) Ueber ein tertiares Vorkommen Cypressenartiger Hölzer bei Calistoga in Californien. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 800.

—— (82) Fossile Hölzer aus der Sammlung der König. geol. Landesanstalt zu Berlin. _Jahrb. K. preuss. geol. Land. Bergakad. Berlin für das Jahr_ 1881, p. 144.

—— (85) Sobre algunos arboles fosiles del Rio Negro. _Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba_, tom. +vii.+ p. 575.

—— (86) Die Angiospermen des Bernsteins. _Danzig._

—— (89) Ueber Thyllen und Thyllen-ähnliche Bildungen, vornehmlich im Hölze der Bernsteinbäume. _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. +vii.+ p. (34).

—— (92) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer Schwedens. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand_. Bd. +xxiv.+ No. 13.

—— (01) The past history of the Yew in Great Britain and Ireland. _Rep._ 71_st Meeting Brit. Assoc._ (_Glasgow_), p. 839.

=Coulter, J. M.= and =C. J. Chamberlain=. (03) The Embryogeny of _Zamia_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxxv.+ p. 184.

—— (10) Morphology of Gymnosperms. _Chicago_.

=Cramer, C.= (68) Fossile Hölzer der Arctischen Zone. _Heer’s Foss. Flor. Arct_. vol. +i.+ p. 167.

=Crié, L.= (89) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora einiger Inseln des Südpacifischen und Indischen Oceans. _Pal. Abhand. (Dames and Kayser)_ (N.F.), Bd. +i.+ Heft ii.

=Daguillon, A.= (90) Recherches morphologiques sur les feuilles des Conifères. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. tome 11, p. 154.

=Dawson, J. W.= (46) Notices of some Fossils found in the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +ii.+ p. 132.

—— (62) On the Flora of the Devonian period in North-eastern America. _Ibid_. vol. +xviii.+ p. 296.

—— (63) Further Observations on the Devonian Plants of Maine, Gaspé, and New York. _Ibid_. vol. +xix.+ p. 458.

—— (63²) Synopsis of the Flora of the Carboniferous Period in Nova Scotia. _The Canadian Nat. and Geologist_, vol. +viii.+ p. 431.

—— (81) Notes on New Erian (Devonian) plants. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +xxxvii.+ p. 299.

—— (85) On the Mesozoic Floras of the Rocky Mountains Region of Canada. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. +iv.+ p. 1.

—— (90) On new plants from the Erian and Carboniferous, and on the characters and affinities of Palaeozoic Gymnosperms. _Canadian Rec. Sci_. vol. +iv.+ p. 1.

—— (93) On new species of Cretaceous plants from Vancouver Island. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. +iv.+ p. 53.

=Dawson, Sir J. W.= and =D. P. Penhallow=. (91) Note on the specimens of Fossil wood from the Erian (Devonian) of New York and Kentucky. _The Canadian Rec. Sci_. vol. +iv.+ p. 242.

=Depape, G.= (13) Sur la présence du _Ginkgo biloba_ L. dans le Pliocène inférieur de Saint-Marcel-d’Ardèche. _Compt. Rend_. vol. 157, p. 957.

=Depape, G.= and =A. Carpentier=. (13) Présence des genus _Gnetopsis_ B. Ren. and R. Zeill. et _Urnatopteris_ Kidst. dans le Westphalien du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. géol. du Nord_, tome +xlii.+ p. 294.

—— (15) Sur quelques graines et fructifications du Westphalien du Nord de la France. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 321.

=Dorety, Helen A.= (08) The embryo of _Ceratozamia_, a physiological study. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xlv.+ p. 412.

—— (08²) The seedling of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid_. vol. +xlvi.+ p. 205.

—— (09) The extrafascicular cambium of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid._ vol. +xlvii.+ p. 149.

—— (09²) Vascular anatomy of the seedling of _Microcycas Calocoma_. _Ibid._ p. 139.

=Dorrien-Smith, A. A.= (11) A Botanizing expedition to West Australia. _Journ. R. Hort. Soc._ vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 285.

=Douvillé, H.= et =R. Zeiller=. (08) Sur le terrain houiller du Sud Oranais. _Compt. Rend._ tome +cxlvi.+ p. 732.

=Drude, O.= (90) Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. _Stuttgart._

=Dümmer, R.= (12) _Podocarpus formosensis._ _Gard. Chron._ Oct. 19, p. 295.

=Dun, W. S.= (10) Notes on some Fossil plants from the roof of the coal seam in the Sydney Harbour Colliery. _Journ. Proc. R. Soc. New South Wales_, vol. +xliv.+ p. 615.

=Duns, J.= (72) On _Cardiocarpon_. _Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh_, p. 692.

=Dušánek, F.= (13) Spaltöffnungen der Cycadaceen. (Abstract in the _Bot. Cent._ Bd. +cxxv.+ p. 340.)

=Dusén, P.= (99) Über die Tertiäre Flora der Magellans-Länder. _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. nach den Magellansländern unter Leitung von O. Nordenskjöld_, Bd. +i.+ No. iv. p. 87.

—— (08) Über die Tertiäre Flora der Seymour-Insel. _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Südpolar-Exped._ 1901–03, Bd. +iii.+ Lief. +iii.+ p. 1.

=Duthie, Augusta V.= (12) Anatomy of _Gnetum africanum_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 593.

=Eames, A. J.= (13) The Morphology of _Agathis australis_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvii.+ p. 1.

=Eberdt, O.= (94) Die Braunkohlen Ablagerungen in der Gegend von Senftenberg. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Land. Bergakad. Berlin_, Bd. +xiv.+ p. 212.

=Eichler, A. W.= (81) Über die weiblichen Blüthen der Coniferen. _Monatsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 1020.

—— (82) Über Bildungsabweichungen bei Fichtenzapfen. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 40.

—— (89) Gymnospermae. _Engler and Prantl_; _Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien_, Teil ii.

=Eichwald, E.= (53–68) Lethaea rossica. _Stuttgart._

=Elkins, Marion G.= and =G. R. Wieland=. (14) Cordaitean wood from the Indiana Black Shale. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 65.

=Elwes, H. J.= (12) The Flora of Formosa. _Gard. Chron._ July 13, 1912, p. 25.

=Elwes, H. J.= and =A. Henry=. (60) The trees of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. +i.+ _Edinburgh._

=Endlicher, S.= (40) Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. _Vindobonae_, 1836–40.

—— (47) Synopsis Coniferarum. _Sangalli._

=Engelhardt, H.= (85) Die Tertiärflora des Jesuitengrabens bei Kundratitz in Nordböhmen. _Nov. Act. K. Leop.-Car. Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch._ Bd. +xlviii.+ No. 3, p. 299.

—— (91) Über Tertiärpflanzen von Chile. _Abh. Senckenberg. naturforsch. Ges_. p. 629.

—— (12) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Tertiärflora Bosniens. _Wiss. Mitt. aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina_, Bd. +xii.+ p. 593.

=Engelhardt, H.= and =F. Kinkelin=. (08) Oberpliocene Flora und Fauna des Unter-Maintales. _Abh. Senck. Naturforsch. Ges_. Bd. +xxix.+ Heft iii. p. 151.

=Engler, A.= (89) Engler and Prantl; Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil +ii.+ Abt. i.

—— (95) Die Pflanzenwelt Öst Afrikas, _etc_. Th. C. _Berlin_.

—— (97) Engler and Prantl; Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Nachtrag zu Teilen +ii–iv.+

=Essner, B.= (86) Ueber den diagnostischen Werth der Anzahl und Höhe der Markstrahlen bei den Coniferen. _Abh. naturforsch. Ges. Halle_, Bd. +xvi.+ p. 1.

=Etheridge, R.= (93) On the occurrence of a plant allied to _Schizoneura_ in the Hawkesbury Sandstone. _Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales_, vol. +iii.+ pt. iii, p. 74.

=Ettingshausen, C. von=. (51) Ueber einige neue und interessante _Taeniopteris_ Arten aus den Sammlungen des Kais. Hof Mineralien Cabinetes und der K.k. geol. Reichsanstalt. _Naturwiss. Abh. W. Haidinger_, vol. +iv.+ p. 95.

—— (52) Beitrag zur näheren Kenntniss der Flora der Wealdenperiode. _Abh. K.k. geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +i.+ Abth. iii. No. 2, p. 1.

—— (52²) Die Steinkohlenflora von Stradonitz. _Ibid_. Bd. +i.+ Abth. iii. No. 4.

—— (55) Die Tertiäre Flora von Häring in Tirol. _Ibid_. Bd. +ii.+ Abth. ii. No. 2.

—— (57) Die Fossile Flora von Köflach in Steiermark. _Jahrb. K.k. geol. Reichs_. Bd. +viii.+ p. 738.

—— (58) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora von Sotzka in Untersteiermark. _Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xxviii.+ p. 471.

—— (67) Die Kreideflora von Niederschoena in Sachsen. _Ibid_. Bd. +lv.+ Abth. i. p. 235.

—— (67²) Die fossile Flora des Tertiär-Beckens von Bilin. _Denksch. Wiss. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +xxvi.+ p. 79.

—— (70) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Steiermarks. _Sitz. K. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +lx.+ Abth. i. p. 17.

—— (72) Die Fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain. _Denksch. Wiss. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +xxxii.+ p. 32.

—— (78) Beitrag zur Erforschung der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten. _Ibid_. Bd. +xxxviii.+ p. 65.

—— (79) Report on Phyto-Palaeontological Investigations of the Fossil Flora of Sheppey. _Proc. R. Soc_. vol. +xxix.+ p. 388.

—— (80) Report on Phyto-Palaeontological Investigations of the Fossil Flora of Alum Bay. _Ibid_. vol. +xxx.+ p. 228.

—— (85) Die Fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain. _Denksch. Wiss. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +l.+ p. 1.

—— (86) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Australiens. _Ibid._ Bd. +liii.+ p. 81.

—— (87) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fossile Flora Neuseelands. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +liii.+ p. 3.

—— (88) Contributions to the Tertiary Flora of Australia. _Mem. geol. Surv. N.S.W. Pal._ No. 2.

—— (88²) Die Fossile Flora von Leoben in Steiermark. _Denksch. K Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +liv.+ Abth. +i.+ p. 261.

—— (90) Die Fossile Flora von Schoenegg bei Wies in Steiermark. _Ibid._ Bd. +lvii.+ p. 61.

=Ewart, A. J.= (08) On the longevity of seeds. _Proc. R. Soc. Victoria_, vol. +xxi.+ (N.S.), pt. i. p. 1.

=Feistmantel, 0.= (72) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ausdehnung des sogennanten Wyřaner Gasschiefers und seiner Flora. _Jahrb. K.k. geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +xxii.+ p. 289.

—— (76) Notes on the age of some Fossil Floras in India. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind._ vol. +ix.+ pt. iv. p. 115.

—— (76²) Jurassic (Oolitic) Flora of Kach. _Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System_, pt. i. vol. +ii.+ 1880.

—— (77) Notes on Fossil Floras in India. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind._ vol. +x.+ pt. iv. p. 196.

—— (77²) Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal group in the Rajmahal hills. _Foss. Flor. Gond. Syst._ vol. +i.+ pt. ii.

—— (77³) Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal group from Golapili, near Ellore, S. Godaveri. _Ibid._ pt. iii.

—— (77⁴) Flora of the Jabalpur group (Upper Gondwanas) in the Son-Narbada region. _Ibid._ vol. +ii.+ pt. ii.

—— (77⁵) Ueber die Gattung _Williamsonia_ Carr. in Indien. _Palaeontolog. Beit. Palaeontograph._ Suppl. +iii.+ Lief. iii.

—— (79) Upper Gondwana Flora of the outliers on the Madras coast. _Foss. Flor. Gond. Syst._ vol. +i.+ pt. iv.

—— (79²) The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. _Ibid._ vol. +iii.+ pt. i.

—— (80) The Flora of the Damuda-Panchet Divisions. _Ibid._ vol. +iii.+ pt. ii.

—— (80²) Note on the fossil genera _Noeggerathia_ Sternberg, _Noeggerathiopsis_ Feist. and _Rhiptozamites_ Schmal. _Rec. Geol. Surv. India_, vol. +xiii.+ pt. i. p. 61.

—— (80³) Further notes on the correlation of the Gondwana Flora with other Floras. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind._ vol. +xiii.+ pt. iii. p. 190.

—— (81) Palaeontological notes from the Hazáribágh and Lohárdagga Districts. _Ibid._ vol. +xiv.+ pt. iii. p. 241.

—— (81²) The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. _Foss. Flor. Gond. Syst._ vol. +iii.+ pt. i.

—— (81³) The Flora of the Damuda-Panchet Divisions. _Ibid._ vol. +iii.+ pt. iii.

—— (82) The Fossil Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana Basin. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+ pt. i.

—— (86) The Fossil Flora of some of the Coalfields in Western Bengal. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+ pl. ii.

—— (89) Übersichtliche Darstellung der geologisch-palaeontologischer Verhältnisse Süd-Afrikas. Th. i. _Abh. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss_. [vii], Bd. +iii.+

=Felix, J.= (82) Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Coniferen-Hölzer. _Engler’s Jahrb_. Bd. +iii.+ p. 260.

—— (84) Die Holzopale Ungarns in Palaeophytologischen Hinsicht. _Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ung. geol. Anst_. Bd. +vii.+

—— (87) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges_. p. 517.

—— (94) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Ibid_. Heft +i.+ p. 79.

—— (96) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Ibid_. Heft +ii.+ p. 249.

=Fiedler, H.= (57) Die Fossile Früchte der Steinkohlen-formation. _Acad. Caes. Leop. Nov. Acta_, Bd. +xxvi.+ p. 239.

=Fliche, P.= (96) Étude sur la flore fossile de l’Argonne (Albien-Cenomanien). _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

—— (97) Note sur les nodules et bois minéralisés trouvés à St Parres-les-vaudes (Aube) dans les grès verts infracrétacés. _Mem. soc. Acad. de l’Aube_, tome +lx.+

—— (99) Note sur quelques fossiles végétaux de l’Oligocène dans les Alpes Françaises. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], tome +xxvii.+ p. 466.

—— (00) Contribution à la Flore fossile de la Haute-Marne (Infracrétacée). _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

—— (00²) Note sur un bois fossile de Madagascar. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], tome +xxviii.+ p. 470.

—— (03) Note sur des bois silicifiés Permiens de la vallée de Celles (Vosges).

—— (05) Note sur des bois fossiles de Madagascar. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [4], tome +v+, p. 346.

—— (10) Flore Fossile du Trias en Lorraine et Franche-Comté avec des considérations finales par M. R. Zeiller. _Paris_.

=Fliche, P.= and =Bleicher=. (82) Étude sur la flore de l’oolithe inférieure aux environs de Nancy. _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

=Fliche, P.= and =R. Zeiller=. (04) Note sur une florule Portlandienne des environs de Boulogne-sur-mer. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [4], tome +iv+, p. 787.

=Fontaine, W. M.= (93) Notes on some Fossil plants from the Trinity Division of the Comanche series of Texas. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus_. vol. +xvi.+ p. 261.

=Foxworthy, F. W.= (11) Philippine Gymnosperms. _Philipp. Journ. Sci_. (C) _Botany_, vol. +vi.+ No. 3, p. 149.

=Fraine, E. de=. (12) On the structure and affinities of _Sutcliffia_, in the light of a newly discovered specimen. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 1031.

—— (14) On _Medullosa centrofilis_, a new species of _Medullosa_ from the Lower Coal Measures. _Ibid_. vol. +xxviii.+ p. 251.

=Fritel, P. H.= and =R. Vignier=. (11) Étude anatomique de deux bois Éocènes. _Ann. sci. nat._ [9], tome +xiv.+ p. 63.

=Fujii, K.= (96) On the different views hitherto proposed regarding the morphology of the flowers of _Ginkgo biloba_. _Bot. Mag. Tokyo_, vol. +x.+ No. 109, p. 13.

—— (10) Some remarks on the Cretaceous Fossil Flora and the causes of extinction. _Bot. Mag. Tokyo_, vol. +xxiv.+ No. 284, p. 197.

=Fujioka, M.= (13) Studien über den anatomischen Bau des Hölzes der japanischen Nadelbäume. _Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo_, vol. +iv.+ No. 4, p. 201.

=Gardner, J. S.= (86) A monograph of the British Eocene Flora, vol. +ii.+ Gymnospermae. _Palaeont. Soc. London._

—— (86²) Second Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of reporting on the Fossil Plants of the Tertiary and Secondary beds of the United Kingdom. Rep. of the 56th Meeting Brit. Assoc.

=Geinitz, H. B.= (42) Charakteristik der Schichten und Petrefacten des Sächsischen Kreidegebirges. Heft +iii.+ _Dresden und Leipzig._

—— (62) Dyas oder die Zechstein-formation und das Rothliegende, Heft +ii.+ _Leipzig._

—— (63) Über zwei neue Dyadische Pflanzen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 525.

—— (71) Über fossile Pflanzen aus der Steinkohlen-Formation am Altai. _Leipzig._

—— (73) Versteinerungen aus dem Brandschiefer der unteren Dyas von Weissig bei Pillnitz in Sächsen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 681.

—— (75) Über neue Aufschlüsse im Brandschiefer der unteren Dyas von Weissig bei Pillnitz in Sächsen. _Ibid._ p. 1.

—— (80) Nachträge zur Dyas I. _Mittheil. aus dem K. Min.-geol. und Praehist. Mus. Dresden_, Heft 3.

=Gerry, E.= (10) The distribution of the Bars of Sanio in the Coniferales. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 119.

=Geyler, T.= and =F. Kinkelin=. (90) Oberpliocän-Flora aus den Baugraben des Klärbeckens bei Niederrad _etc._ _Abh. Senck. Naturforsch. Ges._ Bd. +xv.+ p. 1.

=Gibbs, L. S.= (12) On the Development of the female strobilus in _Podocarpus. Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p, 515.

=Glück, H.= (02) Eine fossile Fichte aus dem Neckerthal. _Mitt. Grossh. Bad. geolog. Landesanst._ Bd. +iv.+ Heft iv. p. 399.

=Goc, M. J. le.= (14) Observations on the centripetal and centrifugal xylems in the petioles of Cycads. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 183.

=Goebel, K.= (05) Organography of Plants. Pt. ii. _Oxford._

=Goeppert, H. R.= (40) Über die neulichst im Basalttuff des hohen Seelbachkopfes bei Siegen entdeckten bituminösen und versteinerten Hölzer, so wie über die der Braunkohlenformation überhaupt. _Arch. für Min., Geog., etc._ (_Karsten und von Decken_), Bd. +xiv.+ p. 182.

—— (41) Über den Bernstein.... _Uebersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der Schles. Ges. für Vaterländ._ _Kultur._ _Breslau._

—— (41²) _Taxites scalariformis_, eine neue Art fossilen Holzes. _Arch. für Min., Geog., etc._ Bd. +xv.+ p. 727.

—— (44) Ueber die fossilen Cycadeen überhaupt, mit Rücksicht auf die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten. _Uebersicht Arbeit. und Veränd. Schlesisch. Ges. vat. Kult._ 1843, p. 114. _Breslau._

—— (45) F. Wimmer’s Flora von Schlesien nebst einer Uebersicht der Fossilen Flora Schlesiens von H. R. Goeppert. _Breslau._

—— (45²) Description des végétaux fossiles recueillis par M. P. de Tchihatcheff en Sibérie. _Voyage scientifique dans l’Altai oriental_, p. 379. _Paris._

—— (46) Ueber die fossile Flora der mittleren Juraschichten in Oberschlesien. _Uebers. Arbeit. und Veränd. Schles. Ges. vat. Kultur im Jahre_ 1845, _Breslau_, 1846, p. 139.

—— (47) Zur Flora des Quadersandsteins in Schlesien. _Nachtrag. Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop.-Car._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 355.

—— (50) Monographie der fossilen Coniferen. _Natuurkundige Verhand. Holland. Maatschap. Wetenschappen Haarlem. Leiden._

—— (52) Fossile Flora des Übergangsgebirges. _Nova Acta Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur._ Bd. +XX:I.+ (supplement).

—— (53) Ueber die gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Paläontologie in Schlesien, so wie über fossile Cycadeen. _Denksch. Schles. Ges. für Vaterländ. Kultur._

—— (65) Die fossile Flora der Permischen Formation. _Palaeont._ Bd. +ii.+ p. 1.

—— (65²) Über die fossile Kreideflora und ihre Leitpflanzen. _Zeit. Deutsch. geol. Ges._ Bd. +xvii.+ p. 638.

—— (66) Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossilen Cycadeen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 129.

—— (80) Beiträge zur Pathologie und Morphologie fossiler Stämme. _Palaeontol._ [N.F.], Bd. +viii.+ iii. p. 131.

—— (81) Revision meiner Arbeiten über die Stämme der fossilen Coniferen, insbesondere der Araucariten, und über die Descendenzlehre. _Bot. Cent._ Bd. +v.+, +vi.+ p. 378.

=Goeppert, H. R.= and =G. Stenzel=. (81) Die Medulloseae. _Palaeontol._ [N.F.], Bd. +viii.+ p. 113.

—— (88) Nachträge zur Kenntniss der Coniferenhölzer der Palaeozoischen Formationen. _Abh. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin._

=Gomes, B. A.= (65) Vegetaes Fosseis. Flora fossil do Terrens Carbonifero das visinhanças dio Porto, serra do Bussaio, e moinho d’ordem proximo a alcacer do Sal. _Comm. geol. Portugal. Lisbon._

=Gordon, Marjorie.= (12) Ray-tracheids in _Sequoia sempervirens_. _New Phyt._ vol. +xi.+ p. 1.

+GORDON, W. T.+ (10) On a new species of _Physostoma_ from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Pettycur (Fife). _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc._ vol. +xv.+ pt. +v.+ p. 395.

—— (12) On _Rhetinangium Arberi_, a new genus of Cycadofilices from the Calciferous sandstone series. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. +xlviii.+ pt. iv. p. 813.

=Gothan, W.= (05) Zur Anatomie lebender und fossiler Gymnospermer-Hölzer. _Abh. K. Preuss. geol. Landes._ [N.F.], Heft +xliv.+ p. 1.

—— (06) Die fossilen Coniferenhölzer von Senftenberg. _Abh. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. Bergakad._ [N.F.], Heft +xlvi.+ p. 155.

—— (06²) Fossile Hölzer aus dem Bathonien von Russisch-Polen. _Verhand. K. Russ. Min. Ges. zu St Petersburg_ [ii], Bd. +xliv.+ Lief. i. p. 435.

—— (06³) _Piceoxylon Pseudotsugae_ als fossiles Holz. _Potonié’s Abbild. und Beschreib. Foss. Pflanz._ Lief. +iv.+ 80.

—— (07) Über die Wandlungen der Hoftüpfelung bei den Gymnospermen im Laufe der geologischen Epochen und ihre physiologische Bedeutung. _Sitz. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde_, No. 2, p. 13.

—— (07²) Die Fossilen Hölzer von König Karls Land. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlii.+ No. 10, p. 1.

—— (08) Die Fossile Hölzer von der Seymour- und Snow Hill-Insel. _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwedis. Südpolar-Exped._ 1901–03, Bd. +iii.+ Lief. viii. _Stockholm._

—— (08²) Die Frage der Klimadifferenzierung im Jura und in der Kreideformation im Lichte paläobotanischer Tatsachen. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. für_ 1908, Bd. +xxix.+ Th. ii. Heft 2, p. 220.

—— (09) Über Braunkohlenhölzer des rheinischen Tertiärs. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. geol. Land._ Bd. +xxx.+ Teil i. Heft 3, p. 516.

—— (10) Die Fossile Holzreste von Spitzbergen. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlv.+ No. viii.

—— (11) Über einige Permo-Carbonische Pflanzen von der unteren Tunguska (Sibirien). _Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges._ Bd. +lxiii.+ Heft 4, p. 418.

—— (13) Die oberschlesische Steinkohlenflora. Teil +i.+ _K. Preuss. geol. Landes._ [N.F.], Heft +lxxv.+

=Gourlie, W.= (44) Notice of the Fossil Plants in the Glasgow Museum. _Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. +i.+ 1844, p. 105.

=Grand’Eury, C.= (00) Sur les tiges debout, les souches et racines de _Cordaites_. _Compt. Rend._ tome +cxxx.+ (April 30).

—— (04) Sur les graines des Neuroptéridées. _Compt. Rend._ tome +cxxxix.+ p. 23.

—— (04²) Sur les graines des Neuroptéridées. _Ibid._ p. 782.

—— (05) Sur les _Rhabdocarpus_, les graines et l’évolution des Cordaitées. _Ibid._ tome +cxl.+ p. 995.

—— (05²) Sur les graines de _Sphenopteris_, sur l’attribution des _Codonospermum_ et sur l’extréme variété des ‘graines de fougères.’ _Ibid._ p. 812.

—— (13) Recherches géobotaniques sur les forêts et sols fossiles et sur la végétation et la flore houillères, en deux parties et dix livraisons. Pt. +i.+ Livr. ii., _Paris et Liège._

=Graner=, (94) Die geographische Verbreitung der Holzarten. I. Die Coniferen. _Forstwissenschaft. Centralblatt, Berlin._

=Griffith, W.= (59) Remarks on _Gnetum_. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxii.+ pt. iv. p. 299.

=Groom, P.= (10) Remarks on the Oecology of Coniferae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 241.

=Groom, P.= and =W. Rushton=. (13) The structure of the wood of East Indian species of _Pinus. Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xli.+ p. 457.

=Groppler, R.= (94) Vergleichende Anatomie des Hölzes der Magnoliaceen. _Biblioth. Bot._ Bd. +vi.+ Heft 31. _Stuttgart._

=Grossenbacher, J. G.= (15) Medullary spots and their cause. _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, vol. +xlii.+ p. 227.

=Guppy, H. B.= (06) Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899. _London._

=Gutbier, A. von.= (49) Die Versteinerungen des Zechsteingebirges und Rothliegenden oder des Permischen Systems in Sachsen. _Dresden and Leipzig._

=Halle, T. G.= (10) A Gymnosperm with Cordaitean-like leaves from the Rhaetic beds of Scania. _Arkiv för Bot. Upsala_, Bd. +ix.+ No. 14.

—— (12) On the occurrence of _Dictyozamites_ in South America. _Palaeobot. Zeitsch._ Bd. +i.+ Heft i. p. 40.

—— (13) Some Mesozoic plant-bearing deposits in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego and their Floras. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +li.+ No. 3.

—— (13²) The Mesozoic Flora of Graham Land. _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. südpolar. Exped._ 1901–03, Bd. +iii.+ Lief. 14, p. 1.

—— See Möller, H. J. and T. G. Halle (13).

—— (15) Some xerophytic leaf-structures in Mesozoic plants. _Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förhand._ Bd. +xxxvii.+ H. v. p. 493.

=Hallier, H.= (05) Provisional scheme of the Natural (Phylogenetic) system of Flowering Plants. _New Phyt._ vol. +iv.+ p. 151.

=Harshberger, J. W.= (98) Water-storage and conduction in _Senecio praecox_ DC. from Mexico. _Contrib. Bot. Labt._ (_Univ. Pennsylvania_), vol. +ii.+ No. 1.

—— (11) Phytogeographic Survey of N. America. (_Die Veget. der Erde_; Engler and Drude, +xiii.+ _Leipzig._)

=Harker, A.= (06) The Geological structure of the Sgurr of Eigg. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxii.+ p. 40.

—— (08) The Geology of the small Isles of Inverness-shire. _Mem. Geol. Surv. Scotland._

=Harpe, P. de la.= (62) See Bristow, H. W.

=Hartz, N.= (96) Planteforsteninger fra Cap Stewart i Østgrønland. _Meddel. om Grønland_, +xix.+ _Copenhagen._

=Hayata, A.= (06) On _Taiwania_, a new genus of Coniferae from the Island of Formosa. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxxvii.+ p. 330.

—— (07) On _Taiwania_ and its affinity to other genera. _Bot. Mag._ (_Tokyo_), vol. +xxi.+ p. 21.

—— (10) Botanical Survey by the Govt. of Formosa. _Congr. Int. Bot._ (_Bruxelles_), p. 59.

=Heer, O.= (62) On the Fossil Flora of Bovey Tracey. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +clii.+ p. 1039.

—— (68) i. Die in Nordgrönland, auf der Melville-Insel, im Banksland, an Mackenzie, im Island und in Spitzbergen entdeckten fossilen Pflanzen. _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +i.+ _Zürich_.

—— (69) Beiträge zur Kreide-Flora. I. Flora von Moletein in Mähren. _Neue Denksch. Allgem. Schweiz. Ges. gesammt. Naturwiss_. Bd. +xxiii.+

—— (71) iii. Die Miocene Flora und Fauna Spitzbergens. _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +ii.+

—— (71²) Beiträge zur Kreide-Flora. II. Kreide Flora von Quedlinburg. _Neue Denksch. Allgem. Schweiz. Ges. gesammt. Naturwiss_. Bd. +xxiv.+

—— (75) ii. Die Kreide-Flora der arctischen Zone. _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +iii.+

—— (75²) iii. Nachträge zur Miocenen Flora Grönlands. _Ibid_.

—— (76) Flora Fossilis Helvetiae. _Zürich_.

—— (76²) Über Permische Pflanzen von Fünfkirchen in Ungarn. _Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ung. Geol. Anst_. Bd. +v.+

—— (77) i. Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Spitzbergens. _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +iv.+

—— (77²) ii. Beiträge zur Jura-Flora Ost Sibiriens und des Amurlandes. _Ibid_.

—— (78) ii. Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Sibiriens und des Amurlandes. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+

—— (81) Contributions à la Flore du Portugal. _Sect. Trav. Geol. Port_. (_Lisbon_).

—— (81²) Zur Geschichte der Ginkgo-artigen Bäume. _Engler’s Bot. Jahrb_. Bd. +i.+ p. 1.

—— (82) i. Flora fossilis Grönlandica. _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +vi.+

—— (83) Flora fossilis Grönlandica. _Ibid_. vol. +vii.+

=Helmhacher, R.= (71) _Sitzber. d. K. Böhm. Ges. Wiss_. p. 81.

=Henry, A.= (06) See Elwes and Henry.

=Herzfeld, S.= (10) Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der weiblichen Blüte von _Cryptomeria japonica_ Don. Ein Beitrag zur Deutung der Fruchtschuppe der Coniferen. _Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +cxix.+ Abt. i. p. 807.

=Hick, T.= (95) On _Kaloxylon Hookeri_ Will. and _Lyginodendron Oldhamium_ Will. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc_. [4], vol. +ix.+ p. 109.

=Hilderbrand, F.= (61) Die Verbreitung der Coniferen. _Rhein. und Westphal. Verhand_. Bd. +xviii.+ p. 199.

=Hill, T. G.= and =E. de Fraine=. (10) On the seedling structure of Gymnosperms. IV. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxiv.+ p. 319.

=Hirase, S.= (98) Études sur la fécundation et l’embryogenie du _Ginkgo biloba. Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo_, vol. +xii.+ p. 103.

=Höhlke, F.= (02) Ueber die Harzbehälter und die Harzbildung bei den Polypodiaceen und einigen Phanerogamen. _Beiheft Bot. Cent_. Bd. +xi.+ p. 8.

=Holden, H. S.= (10) Note on a wounded _Myeloxylon. New Phyt_. vol. +ix.+ p. 253.

=Holden, Ruth=. (13) Some fossil plants from Eastern Canada. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 243.

—— (13²) Contributions to the anatomy of Mesozoic Conifers. No. 1. Jurassic Coniferous wood from Yorkshire. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 533.

—— (13³) Cretaceous Pityoxyla from Cliffwood, New Jersey. _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci_. vol. +xvi.+ p. 609.

—— (14) Contributions to the anatomy of Mesozoic Conifers. II. Cretaceous Lignites from Cliffwood, N. Jersey. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +lviii.+ p. 168.

—— (14²) On the relation between _Cycadites_ and _Pseudocycas. New Phyt_. vol. +xiii.+ p. 334.

—— (15) A Jurassic wood from Scotland. _Ibid_. vol. +xiv.+ p. 205.

—— (15²) On the cuticles of some Indian Conifers. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +lx.+ p. 215.

=Hollick, A.= (97) The Cretaceous clay marl exposed at Cliffwood, N. J. _Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci_. vol. +xvi.+ p. 124.

—— (04) Additions to the Palaeontology of the Cretaceous formation on Long Island. No. II. _Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard_. vol. +iii.+ No. 11, p. 403.

—— (06) The Cretaceous Flora of southern N. Y. and New England. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon_. vol. +l.+

—— (06²) Systematic Palaeontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland. _Contributions from the New York Bot. Gard_. No. 85.

—— (12) Additions to the Palaeobotany of the Cretaceous formation on Long Island. _Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard_. vol. +viii.+ No. 28, p. 154.

=Hollick, A.= and =E. C. Jeffrey=. (06) Affinities of certain Cretaceous plant-remains commonly referred to the genera _Dammara_ and _Brachyphyllum. Amer. Nat_. vol. +xl.+ p. 189.

=Holmes, W. H.= (78) Fossil Forests of the Volcanic Tertiary formations of the Yellowstone National Park. _Ann. Rep. Geol. Geogr. Surv. U.S.A_. pt. +ii.+ p. 47.

=Hooker, J. D.= (52) _Dacrydium laxifolium. Icones Plant_. vol. +v.+ pl. 815.

—— (60) Flora Tasmanica. _London_.

—— (62) On the Cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria, and India. _Nat. Hist. Rev_. p. 11.

—— (63) On _Welwitschia_, a new genus of Gnetaceae. _Trans. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xxiv.+ p. 1.

=Hooker, J. D.= and =E. W. Binney=. (55) On the structure of certain limestone nodules enclosed in seams of bituminous coal, with a description of some Trigonocarpons contained in them. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. +cxlix.+

=Hörich, O.= (06) Potonié’s Abbildungen und Beschreibungen fossiler Pflanzen-Reste. _Lief_. +iv.+ 69, 70.

=Howse, R.= (88) A catalogue of Fossil Plants from the Hutton collection. _Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne_, vol. +x.+

=Hutchinson, A. H.= (14) The male gametophyte of _Abies. Bot. Gaz_. vol. +lvii.+ p. 148.

—— (15) On the male gametophyte of _Picea canadensis. Ibid_. vol. +lix.+ p. 287.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= (03) The comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Conifers. I. The genus _Sequoia. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist_. vol. +v.+ No. 10, p. 441.

—— (04) A fossil _Sequoia_ from the Sierra Nevada. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 321.

—— (05) The comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Conifers. The Abietineae. _Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist_. vol. +vi.+ No. 1.

—— (06) The wound Reactions of _Brachyphyllum_. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xx.+ p. 383.

—— (07) _Araucariopitys_, a new genus of Araucarians. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xliv.+ p. 435.

—— (08) Traumatic ray-tracheids in _Cunninghamia sinensis_. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxii.+ p. 593.

—— (08²) On the structure of the leaf in Cretaceous Pines. _Ibid_. vol. +xxii.+ p. 207.

—— (10) A new _Prepinus_ from Martha’s Vineyard. _Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist_. vol. +xxxiv.+ No. 10, p. 333.

—— (10²) A new Araucarian genus from the Triassic. _Ibid_. vol. +xxxiv.+ No. 9, p. 325.

—— (10³) On the affinities of _Yezonia. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxiv.+ p. 769.

—— (11) The affinities of _Geinitzia gracillima_. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +l.+ p. 21.

—— (12) The History, Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of the _Araucarioxylon_ type. _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci_. vol. +xlviii.+ No. 13, p. 532.

—— (14) Spore-conditions in hybrids and the mutation hypothesis of de Vries. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +lviii.+ p. 322.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= and =M. A. Chrysler=. (06) On Cretaceous _Pityoxyla. Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xlii.+ p. 1.

—— (06²) The Lignites of Brandon. _Contrib. from the Phanerogamic Labt. of Harvard Univ_. No. vi.

—— (07) The microgametophyte of the Podocarpineae. _Amer. Nat_. vol. +xli.+ No. 486, p. 355.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= and =Ruth D. Cole=. (16) Experimental Investigations on the genus _Drimys. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxx.+ p. 359.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= and =R. E. Torrey=. (16) _Ginkgo_ and the microsporangial mechanisms of the seed plants. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +lxii.+ p. 281.

=Johnson, T.= (11) A seed-bearing Irish Pteridosperm, _Crossotheca Höninghausi_ Kidst. _Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc_. vol. +xiii.+ p. 1.

—— (12) _Heterangium hibernicum_ sp. nov. a seed-bearing _Heterangium_ from Co. Cork. _Ibid_. vol. +xiii.+ No. 20.

—— (14) _Ginkgophyllum kiltorkense_ sp. nov. _Ibid_. vol. +xiv.+ p. 169.

=Johnston, R. H.= (86) Fresh contributions to our knowledge of the Plants of Mesozoic age in Tasmania. _Papers and Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania_ for 1886, p. 160.

=Johnstrup, M. F.= (83) Recherches sur les fossiles appartenant aux formations Crétacée et Miocène, sur la côte occidentale du Grønland. _Medd. om Grønland_, vol. +v.+

=Jones, W. S.= (12) The structure of the Timbers of some common genera of Coniferous trees. _Quart. Journ. Forestry_, _April_.

—— (13) The minute structure of the wood of _Cupressus macrocarpa_. _Ibid._

—— (13²) Ray-tracheids in _Sequoia sempervirens_ and their pathological character. _Lampeter._

=Karsten, G.= (92) Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte einiger Gnetum Arten. _Bot. Zeit._ p. 205.

—— (93) Untersuchungen über die Gattung _Gnetum_. I. _Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg_, tome +xi.+ p. 195.

—— (93²) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gattung _Gnetum_. _Cohn’s Beit. Biol. Pflanz._ +vi.+ p. 337.

=Kershaw, E. M.= (09) The structure and development of the ovule of _Myrica Gale_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 353.

—— (12) Structure and development of the ovule of _Bowenia spectabilis_. _Ibid._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 625.

=Kidston, R.= (84) On a new species of _Schützia_ from the Calciferous sandstone of Scotland. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 77.

—— (86) Notes on some fossil plants collected by Mr R. Dunlop, Airdrie, from the Lanarkshire coal-field. _Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. +viii.+ p. 47.

—— (90) The Yorkshire Carboniferous Flora. _Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union_, pt. +xiv.+

—— (92) Notes on some fossil plants from the Lancashire Coal Measures. _Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc._ pt. xiii. vol. +xxi.+

—— (04) On the Fructification of _Neuropteris heterophylla_ Brongn. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cxcvii.+ p. 1.

—— (04²) On the Fructification of _Neuropteris heterophylla_ Brongn. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lxxii.+ p. 487.

—— (04³) Some Fossil Plants collected by Mr A. Sinclair from the Ayrshire coalfield. _Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers Soc. Annals_ (1901–04), No. iv. _Kilmarnock._

—— (05) Preliminary Note on the occurrence of Microsporangia in organic connection with the Foliage of _Lyginodendron_. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lxxvi.+ p. 358.

—— (11) Les Végétaux houillers recueillis dans le Hainaut Belge. _Mém. Mus. Roy. d’hist. nat. Belg._ tome +iv.+

—— (14) On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire coalfields. Pt. iii. The Fossil Flora of the Westphalian series of the S. Staffs. coalfield. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. +l.+ pt. i. p. 73.

=Kidston, R.= and =D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan=. (12) On the Carboniferous Flora of Berwickshire. Pt. i. _Stenomyelon tuedianum_ Kidst. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. +xlviii.+ pt. ii. p. 263.

=Kidston, R.= and =W. J. Jongmans=. (11) Sur la Fructification de _Neuropteris obliqua_ Brongn. _Arch. Neerl. sci. exact. nat._ [+iii.+ B], tome +i.+ p. 25.

=Kirby, J. W.= (64) On some remains of Fishes and Plants from the ‘Upper limestone’ of the Permian series of Durham. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +xx.+ p. 349.

=Kirchner, O.=, =E. T. Loew=, and =C. Schröter=. (06) Die Coniferen und Gnetaceen Mitteleuropas. _Stuttgart._

=Kirk, T.= (89) The Forest Flora of New Zealand. _Wellington._

=Kirsch, S.= (11) The Origin and Development of resin-canals in the Coniferae, with special reference to the Development of Thyloses and their correlation with the Thylosed strands of the Pteridophytes. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. iv. p. 43.

=Kisch, Mabel H.= (13) The Physiological Anatomy of the periderm of fossil Lycopodiales. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvii.+ p. 281.

=Kleeberg, A.= (85) Die Markstrahlen der Coniferen. (_Inaug. Diss._) _Bot. Zeit._ Bd. +xliii.+

=Klein, L.= (81) Bau und Verzweigung einiger dorsiventral gebaute Polypodiaceen. _Nov. Act. K. Leop. Car. Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch._ Bd. +xlii.+ No. 7, p. 335.

=Knowlton, F. H.= (89) Description of the fossil woods and lignites from Arkansas. _Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Arkansas_, vol. +ii.+ p. 249.

—— (89²) Fossil wood and Lignite of the Potomac formation. _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ No. 56.

—— (90) A Revision of the genus _Araucarioxylon_ of Kraus, with the compiled descriptions and partial synonymy of the species. _Proc. U. S. Mus._ vol. +xii.+ p. 601.

—— (93) The Laramie and the overlying Livingstone formation in Montana. Report on the Flora. _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ No. 105.

—— (99) Fossil Flora of the Yellowstone National Park. Monographs. +xxxii.+ _U. S. Geol. Surv._ pt. ii. chap. +xiv.+

—— (00) Flora of the Montana formation. _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ No. 163.

—— (05) The geology of the Perry basin in South-eastern Maine, with a chapter on the fossil plants. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Papers_, No. 35.

—— (11) The correct technical name for the Dragon tree of the Kentish Rag. _Geol. Mag._ [v], vol. +viii.+ p. 467.

—— (14) The Jurassic Flora of Cape Lisburne, Alaska. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Papers_, No. 85-D, p. 39.

=Kny, L.= (10) Über die Verteilung des Holzparenchyma bei _Abies pectinata_ DC. _Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit._ [2], Suppl. +iii.+ p. 645.

=Koetlitz, R.= (98) Observations on the geology of Franz Josef Land. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +liv.+ p. 620.

=Kosmovsky, C.= (92) Quelques mots sur les couches à végétaux fossiles dans la Russie orientale et en Sibérie. _Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou_ [N.S.], tome +v.+ p. 170.

=Kramer, A.= (85) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwickelungsgeschichte und des anatomischen Baues der Fruchtblätter der Cupressineen und der Placenten der Abietineen. _Flora_, +xliii.+ p. 519.

=Krasser, F.= (91) Über die fossile Flora der rhätischen Schichten Persiens. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +c.+ Abth. i. p. 413.

—— (97) Constantine Freiherr von Ettingshausen. _Oesterr. bot. Zeitsch._ Nos. 9 and 10.

—— (03) Konstantin von Ettingshausen’s Studien über die fossile Flora von Ouricanga in Brasilien. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +cxii.+ Abt. i. p. 852.

—— (05) Fossile Pflanzen aus Transbaikalien der Mongolei und Mandschurei. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +lxxviii.+ p. 589.

—— (09) Zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora der Lunzer Schichten. _Jahrb. K.k. geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +lix+, Heft i. p. 101.

—— (12) _Williamsonia_ in Sardinien. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +cxxi.+ Abt. i. p. 944.

—— (13) Die fossile Flora der Williamsonien bergenden Juraschichten von Sardinien. _Ibid._ Bd. +cxxii.+

=Kraus, G.= (64) Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über der Bau lebenden Nadelhölzer. _Würzb. Naturwiss. Zeitsch._ Bd. +v.+ p. 144.

—— (66) Über den Bau der Cycadeenfiedern. _Prings. Jahrb._ Bd. +iv.+ p. 305.

—— (83) Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Hölzer. I. Hölzer aus den Schwefelgruben Siciliens. _Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle_, Bd. +xvi.+ p. 79.

—— (92) Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Hölzer. _Abh. Naturforsch. Ges. Halle_, Bd. +xvii.+ p. 67.

—— (96) Physiologisches aus den Tropen. _Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 217.

=Kräusel, R.= (13) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Hölzer aus der Schlesischen Braunkohle. Teil +i.+ (_Inaug. Diss. Breslau._) _Bot. Cent._ Bd. +cxxiii.+ p. 123.

=Kryshtofovich, A.= (10) Jurassic Plants from Ussuriland. _Mem. Com. Geol._ [N.S.], Livr. 56.

—— (15) Plant remains from Jurassic lake-deposits of Transbaikalia. _Mém. Soc. Imp. Russe Mineralog._ [2], +li.+

=Kubart, B.= (08) Pflanzenversteinerungen enthaltende Knollen aus dem Ostrau-Karwiner Kohlenbecken. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +cxvii.+ Abt. i. p. 573.

—— (11) Corda’s sphaerosiderite aus dem Steinkohlenbecken Radnitz-Braz in Böhmen nebst Bemerkungen über _Chorionopteris gleichenioides_ Corda. _Ibid._ Bd. +cxx.+ Abt. i. p. 1035.

—— (11²) _Podocarpoxylon Schwendae_, ein fossiles Holz von Altersee (Oberösterreich). _Österr. bot. Zeitsch._ No. 5, p. 161.

—— (14) Über die Cycadofilicineen _Heterangium_ und _Lyginodendron_ aus dem Ostrauer Kohlenbecken. _Österr. bot. Zeitsch._ No. +i.+ ii. p. 8.

=Kurtz, F.= (03) Remarks upon Mr E. A. Arber’s communication on the Clarke collection of Fossil Plants from New South Wales. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lix.+ p. 25.

=Kutorga, S.= (42) Beitrag zur Palaeontologie Russlands. _Verhand. Russ.-Kais. Mineral. Ges. St Petersburg._

—— (44) Zweiter Beitrag zur Palaeontologie Russlands. _Ibid._ p. 62.

=Land, W. J. G.= (04) Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis in _Ephedra trifurca_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 1.

=Lang, W. H.= (97) Studies in the Development and Morphology of Cycadean sporangia. I. The microsporangia of _Stangeria paradoxa_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xi.+ p. 421.

—— (00) Studies in the Development and Morphology of Cycadean sporangia. II. The ovule of _Stangeria paradoxa_. _Ibid._ vol. +xiv.+ p. 281.

=Lange, T.= (90) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora des Aachener Sandes. _Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges._ Bd. +xlii.+ p. 658.

=Laurent, L.= (12) Flore fossile des Schistes de Manat (Puy-de-Dôme). _Ann. Mus. d’hist. nat. Marseille_ (_Geol._), tome +xiv.+ p. 3.

=Lawson, A. A.= (04) The gametophytes, fertilization, and embryo of _Cryptomeria japonica_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xviii.+ p. 417.

—— (09) The gametophytes and embryo of _Pseudotsuga Douglasii_. _Ibid._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 163.

—— (10) The gametophytes and embryo of _Sciadopitys verticillata_. _Ibid._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 403.

=Lebour, G. A.= (77) Illustrations of Fossil Plants; being an autotype reproduction of selected drawings. _London._

=Lesquereux, L.= (74) Contributions to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories. Pt. +i.+ The Cretaceous Flora. _Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ._ vol. +vi.+

—— (78) On the Cordaites and their related generic divisions, in the Carboniferous formation of the United States. _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ (_Philadelphia_), vol. +xvii.+ p. 315.

—— (83) Contributions to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories. Pt. iii. The Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ._ vol. +iii.+

—— (91) The Flora of the Dakota group. _Monographs U. S. Geol. Surv._ vol. +xvii.+

=Leuthardt, F.= (03) Die Keuper Flora von Neuewelt bei Basel. _Abh. Schweiz. palaeont. Ges._ Bd. +xxx.+ p. 1.

=Lignier, O.= (92) La nervation taenioptéridée de folioles de _Cycas_ et le tissu de transfusion. _Bull. soc. Linn. Normandie_ [4], vol. +vi.+ fasc. 1.

—— (94) La nervation des Cycadées est dichotomique. _Assoc. Franç. pour l’avancement de sci._ (_Caen_).

—— (94²) Végétaux Fossiles de Normandie. Structure et affinités du _Bennettites Morierei_ S. and M. sp. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand._ tome +xviii.+ p. 1.

—— (95) Végétaux fossiles de Normandie. II. Contributions à la flore liassique de Ste Honorine-la-Guillaume (Orne). _Ibid._ vol. +xviii.+

—— (01) _Ibid._ III. Étude anatomique du _Cycadeoidea micromyela_ Mor. _Ibid._ vol. +xx.+ p. 331.

—— (03) Le fruit du _Williamsonia gigas_ Carr. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand._ vol. +xxi.+ p. 19.

—— (03²) La Fleur des Gnétacées est-celle intermédiaire entre celle des Gymnospermes et celle des Angiospermes? _Bull. soc. Linn. Normand._ [5], vol. +vii.+ p. 55.

—— (04) Notes complémentaires sur la structure du _Bennettites Morierei_ S. and M. _Bull. soc. Linn. Normand._ [5], vol. +viii.+ p. 3.

—— (06) _Radiculites reticulatus_, radicelle fossile de Séquoinée. _Bull. soc. bot. France_, tome +vi.+ [iii.], p. 193.

—— (07) Sur un moule litigieux de _Williamsonia gigas_ (L. and H.) Carr. _Ibid._ [6], vol. 1.

—— (07²) Végétaux fossiles de Normandie. IV. Bois divers (sér. 1). _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 239.

—— (09) Le _Bennettites Morierei_ (S. and M.) Lignier ne serait-il pas d’origine infracrétacée? _Bull. soc. Linn. Normand._ [6], vol. +ii.+ p. 214.

—— (11) Le _Bennettites Morierei_ (S. and M.) Lign. se reproduisait probablement par parthénogénèse. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +xi.+ p. 224.

—— (11²) Les “_Radiculites reticulatus_” Lign. soit probablement des radicelles de Cordaitales. _Assoc. Franç. Avanc. Sci._ +xl.+ (_Dijon_), p. 509. [_See also_ Lignier (06).]

—— (12) Stomates des écailles interséminales chez le _Bennettites Morierei_ (S. and M.). _Ibid._ tome +xii.+ p. 425.

—— (13) Végétaux fossiles de Normandie. VII. Contributions à la Flore Jurassique. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 69.

—— (13²) Différenciation des tissus dans le Bourgeon végétatif du _Cordaites lingulatus_ B. Ren. _Ann. sci. nat._ [7], vol. +xvii.+ p. 233.

=Lignier, O.= et =A. Tison=. (11) Les Gnétales sont des Angiospermes apétales. _Compt. Rend._ Jan. 23.

—— (12) Les Gnétales, leurs fleurs et leur position systématique. _Ann. sci. nat._ [N.S.].

—— (13) L’ovule tritégumenté des _Gnetum_ est probablement un axe d’inflorescence. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +xiii.+ p. 64.

—— (13²) Un nouveau Sporange Séminiforme, _Mittagia seminiformis_, gen. et sp. nov. _Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie_, tome +xxiv.+ p. 49.

=Lima, W. de.= (88) Flora Fossil de Portugal. Monographia do Genero _Dicranophyllum_. _Comm. dos Trab. geol. Portugal._

=Lindley, J.= See Murchison and Lyell (29).

=Lingelsheim, A.= (08) Über die Braunkohlenhölzer von Saarau. _Jahres-Ber. Schles. Ges. Vaterländ. Cultur._ Bd. +lxxxv.+

=Lloyd, F. E.= (02) Vivipary in _Podocarpus_. _Torreya_, +ii.+ p. 113.

=Lomax, J.= (02) On some features in relation to _Lyginodendron oldhamium_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xvi.+ p. 601.

=Lotsy, J.= (99) Contributions to the life-history of the genus _Gnetum_. _Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit._ [2], vol. +i.+ p. 46.

—— (09) Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte. Bd. +ii.+ _Jena._

—— (11) _Ibid._ Bd. +iii.+

=Ludwig, R.= (61) Fossile Pflanzen aus der ältesten Abtheilung der Rheinisch-Wetterauer Tertiär-Formation. _Palaeontograph._ Bd. +viii.+ p. 39.

—— (69) Fossile Pflanzenreste aus den paläolithischen Formation der Umgegend von Dillenburg, Biedenkopf und Friedberg und aus den Saalfeldischen. _Ibid._ Bd. +xvii.+ p. 105.

=Lyon, H. L.= (04) The Embryogeny of _Ginkgo_. _Minnesota Bot. Stud._ +xxiii.+ p. 275.

=McBride, T. H.= (93) A new Cycad. _Amer. Geologist_, vol. +xii.+ p. 248.

=Mackie, S. J.= (62) The Dragon Tree of the Kentish Rag. _Geologist_, vol. +v.+ p. 401.

=McLean, R. C.= (12) Two Fossil prothalli from the Lower Coal Measures. _New Phyt._ vol. +xi.+ p. 305.

=McNab, W. R.= (70) On the structure of a Lignite from the Old Red Sandstone. _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh_, vol. +x.+ p. 312.

=Mahlert, A.= (85) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Anatomie der Laubblätter der Coniferen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spaltöffnungs-Apparates. _Bot. Cent._ Bd. +xxiv.+ p. 54.

=Malloizel, G.= and =R. Zeiller=. (N.D.) Bibliographie et tables iconographiques (O. Heer). _Stockholm._

=Mansell-Pleydell, J. C.= (85) Notes on a cone from the Inferior Oolite Beds of Sherborne. _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Antiq. Field Club_, vol. +v.+ p. 141.

=Mantell, G.= (27) Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex. _London._

—— (43) Description of some fossil plants from the chalk formation of the south-east of England. _Proc. Geol. Soc._ vol. +iv.+ p. 34.

—— (46) Description of some Fossil Fruits from the Chalk formation of the south-east of England. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +ii.+ p. 51.

=Marion, A. F.= (84) Sur les caractères d’une Conifère tertiaire, voisine des Dammarées (_Doliostrobus Sternbergi_). _Compt. Rend._ vol. +xciv.+ p. 821.

=Marsh, A. S.= (14) Notes on the Anatomy of _Stangeria paradoxa_. _New Phyt._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 18.

=Marty, P.= (08) Sur la Flore fossile de Lugarde (Cantal). _Compt. Rend._ vol. +cxlvii.+ p. 395.

=Maslen, A. J.= (10) See Scott and Maslen.

—— (11) The structure of _Mesoxylon Sutcliffi_ (Scott). _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 381.

=Massalongo, A.= (59) Studii sulla Flora Fossile e geologia stratigrafica del Senigalliese. _Verona._

=Massalongo, A.= and =G. Scarabelli=. (58) Studii sulla Flora Fossile e geologia stratigrafica del Senigalliese. _Verona._

=Masters, M. T.= (91) Review of some points in the comparative morphology, anatomy, and life-history of the Coniferae. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 236.

—— (93) Notes on the genera of Taxaceae and Coniferae. _Ibid._ vol. +xxx.+ p. 1.

—— (00) _Taxodium_ and _Glyptostrobus_. _Journ. Bot._ (February, 1900).

=Matte, H.= (04) Recherches sur l’appareil libéro-ligneux des Cycadées. _Caen_.

—— (08) Sur le développement morphologique et anatomique des Cycadacées. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand_. tome +xxiii.+

=Matthew, G. F.= (10) Revision of the Flora of the Little River group. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. iv. vol. +iii.+ [3], p. 77.

=Mercklin, C. E. von=. (55) Palaeodendrologicon Rossicum. _St Petersburg_.

=Miller, H.= (58) The Cruise of the Betsey. _Edinburgh_.

=Miquel, F. A. W.= (42) Monographia Cycadearum.

—— (47) Collectanea nova ad Cycadearum cognitionem. _Linnaea_, Bd. +xix.+ p. 411.

—— (51) Over de Rangschikking der fossiele Cycadeae. _Tijdsch. Wiss. Nat. Wet_. vol. +iv.+ p. 205.

—— (69) On the sexual organs of the Cycadaceae. _Journ. Bot_. vol. +vii.+ p. 64.

=Mirande, M.= (05) Recherches sur le développement et l’anatomie de Cassythacées. _Ann. Sci. nat_. [ix], vol. +i.+ p. 181.

=Miyake, K.= (06) Über die Spermatozoiden von _Cycas revoluta. Ber. Deutsch. bot. Ges_. Bd. +xxiv.+ p. 78.

—— (10) The Development of the gametophytes and embryogeny in _Cunninghamia sinensis. Beiheft Bot. Cent_. Bd. +xxxvii.+ Abt. i. Heft 1.

=Mogan, L.= (03) Untersuchungen über eine fossile Konifere. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +cxii.+ Abt. i. p. 829.

=Mohl, H. von=. (62) Einige anatomische und physiologische Bemerkungen über das Holz der Baumwurzeln. _Bot. Zeit_. p. 225.

=Möller, H.= (03) Bidrag till Bornholms Fossila Flora (Rhät och Lias). Gymnospermer. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand_. Bd. +xxxvi.+ No. vi.

=Möller, H. J.= and =T. G. Halle=. (13) The Fossil Flora of the Coal-bearing deposits of south-eastern Scania. _Arkiv Bot. (Stockholm)_, Bd. +xiii.+ No. 7.

=Morière, J.= (69) Note sur deux végétaux trouvés dans le département du Calvados. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand_. vol. +xv.+

=Morris, J.= (40) Memoir to illustrate a Geological map of Cutch (Grant, C. W.). _Trans. Geol. Soc_. [2], vol. +v.+ pt. ii. p. 289.

—— (41) Remarks upon the Recent and Fossil Cycadeae. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. vol. +vii.+ p. 110.

—— (54) A Catalogue of British Fossils. _London_.

=Müller, C.= (90) Ueber die Balken in den Holzelementen der Coniferen. _Ber. Deutsch. bot. Ges_. Bd. +viii.+ p. 17.

=Murchison, Sir R.= and =R. Harkness=. (64) On the Permian rocks of the North-west of England, and their extension into Scotland. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +xx.+ p. 144.

=Murchison, Sir R.= and =C. Lyell=. (29) On the Tertiary Freshwater formations of Aix, in Provence, including the coal-field of Fuveau. Description of plants by J. Lindley. _Edinburgh New Phil. Journ_. p. 287.

=Nakamura, Y.= (83) Ueber den anatomischen Bau des Hölzes der wichtigsten Japanischen Coniferen. _Unters. aus dem Forstbot. Instit. zu München._ +iii.+ Berlin.

=Nathorst, A. G.= (75) Om en Cycadékotte från den rätiska formationens lager vid Tinkarp i Skåne. _Öfver. K. Vetenskapsakad. Förh._ No. 10.

—— (78) Om _Ginkgo crenata_ Brauns sp. från sandstenen vid Senstedt nära Braunschweg. _Ibid._ No. 3.

—— (80) Några anmärkningar om _Williamsonia_, Carruthers. _Ibid._ No. 9.

—— (81) Berättelse, afgifven till Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. _Öfver. K. Vetenskapsakad. Förhand._ No. 1.

—— (86) Om Floran i Skånes kolförande Bildningar. I. Floran vid Bjuf. _Sver. geol. Unters._ ser. C, Nos. 27, 33, 85 (1878–86).

—— (88) Nya anmärkningar om _Williamsonia_. _Öfver. K. Vetenskapsakad. Förh._ No. 6.

—— (89) Sur la présence du Genre _Dictyozamites_, Old. dans les Couches Jurassiques de Bornholm. _Övers. K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Förhandl._ p. 96.

—— (93) Beiträge zur Geologie und Palaeontologie der Republik Mexico (Felix und Link), Th. +ii.+ Heft i. _Leipzig_.

—— (97) Zur Mesozoischen Flora Spitzbergens. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xxx.+ No. 1, p. 5.

—— (97²) Nachträgliche Bemerkungen über die Mesozoische Flora Spitzbergens. _Öfvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Förhand._ No. 8.

—— (99) The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–96. Scientific Results, edit. F. Nansen. III. Fossil Plants from Franz Josef Land. _London and Christiania._

—— (02) Beiträge zur Kenntniss einiger Mesozoischen Cycadophyten. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xxxvi.+ No. 4.

—— (06) Om några Ginkgovaxter från Kolgrufvorna vid Stabbarp i Skane. _Lunds Univ. Årsskrift_ [N.F.], Afd. +ii.+ Bd. +ii.+ No. 8.

—— (07) Über Trias- und Jurapflanzen von der Insel Kotelny. _Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Petersburg_, vol. +xxi.+ No. 2.

—— (07²) Paläobotanische Mitteilungen. 2. Die Kutikula der Blätter von _Dictyozamites Johnstrupi_ Nath. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlii.+ No. 5.

—— (07³) _Ibid._ I. _Pseudocycas_, eine neue Cycadophytengattung aus den Cenomanen Kreideablagerungen Grönlands.

—— (08) Über die Untersuchungen kutinisierter fossiler Pflanzenteile. Paläobot. Mitt. 4–6. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xliii.+ No. 6, p. 3.

—— (08²) Paläobot. Mitt. 7. Über _Palissya_, _Stachyotaxus_ and _Palaeotaxus_. _Ibid._ Bd. +xliii.+ No. 8.

—— (09) Paläobot. Mitt. 8. Über _Williamsonia_, _Wielandia_, _Cycadocephalus_ und _Weltrichia_. _Ibid._ Bd. +xlv.+ No. 4.

—— (09²) Über die Gattung _Nilssonia_ Brongn. mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Schwedischen Arten. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xliii.+ No. 12.

—— (10) Excursion C 3. Dépôts fossilifères (plantes) quaternaires de Skâne. _Compt. Rend. du XIe Congrès Géol. Internat._ p. 1353.

—— (11) Paläobot. Mitt. 9. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Williamsonia-Blüten. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlvi.+ No. 4.

—— (11²) Bemerkungen über _Weltrichia_ Fr. Braun. _Arkiv Bot._ (_K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Stockholm_), Bd. +ii.+ No. 7, p. 1.

—— (11³) Fossil floras of the Arctic Regions as evidence of geological climates. _Geol. Mag._ [v], vol. +viii.+ p. 217.

—— (11⁴) Paläobot. Mitt. 10. Über die Gattung _Cycadocarpidium_ Nath. nebst einigen Bemerkungen über _Podozamites_. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlvi.+ No. 8.

—— (12) Die Mikrosporophylle von _Wielandiella_. _Arkiv Bot. Stockholm_, Bd. +xii.+ No. 6, p. 1.

—— (12²) Paläobot. Mitt. 11. Zur Kenntniss der _Cycadocephalus_ Blüte. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xlviii.+ No. 2.

—— (12³) Einige paläobotanische Untersuchungsmethoden. _Paläobot. Zeitsch._ Bd. +i.+ Heft i. p. 26.

—— (13) How are the names _Williamsonia_ and _Wielandiella_ to be used? A question of nomenclature. _Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh._ Bd. +xxxv.+ H. vi. p. 361.

—— (13²) Die pflanzenführenden Horizonte innerhalb der Grenzschichten des Jura und der Kreide Spitzbergens. _Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh._ Bd. +xxxv.+ H. iv. p. 273.

—— (14) Zur Fossilen Flora der Polarländer. Teil +i.+ Lief. iv. Nachträge zur Pälaozoischen Flora Spitzbergens. _Stockholm._

—— (15) Zur Devonflora des westlichen Norwegens. _Bergens Mus. Aarbog_, No. 7.

—— (15²) Tertiäre Pflanzenreste aus Ellesmere-Land. Rep. second Norwegian Arct. Exped. in the “Fram” 1898–02, No. 35. _Kristiania._

=Negri, G.= (14) Sopra alcuni legni fossili del Gebel Tripolitano. _Boll. Soc. geol. Ital._ vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 321.

=Nestler, A.= (95) Ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Cycadeenfiedern. _Pringsheim’s Jahrb._ Bd. +xxvii.+ p. 341.

=Newberry, J. S.= (54) New Fossil Plants from Ohio. _Annals of Science; including the Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, vol. +i.+ _Cleveland_, 1853–54, p. 116.

—— (73) Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. +i.+

—— (88) Rhaetic Plants from Honduras. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 342.

=Newberry, J. S.= and =A. Hollick=. (95) The Flora of the Amboy clays. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Monographs_, vol. +xxvi.+

=Newton, E. T.= and =J. J. H. Teall=. (97) Notes on a collection of rocks and fossils from Franz Josef Land, made by the Jackson-Harmsworth Exped. during 1894–96. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +liii.+ p. 477.

—— (98) Additional notes on rocks and fossils from Franz Josef Land. _Ibid._ vol. +liv.+ p. 646.

=Noack, F.= (87) Der Einfluss des Klimas auf die Cuticularisation und Verholzung der Nadeln einiger Coniferen. _Pringsheim’s Jahrb._ Bd. +xviii.+ p. 519.

=Noelle, W.= (10) Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Morphologie der Koniferen Wurzeln mit Rücksicht auf die Systematik. _Bot. Zeit._ p. 169.

=Norén, C. O.= (08) Zur Kenntniss der Entwickelung von _Saxegothaea conspicua_ Lind. _Svensk. Bot. Tids._ Bd. +ii.+ H. ii. p. 101.

=Oliver, F. W.= (02) On some points of apparent resemblance in certain Fossil and Recent Gymnosperm seeds. _New Phyt._ vol. +i.+ p. 145.

—— (03) The ovules of the older Gymnosperms. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xvii.+ p. 451.

—— (04) Notes on _Trigonocarpus_, Brongn. and _Polylophospermum_, Brongn., two genera of Palaeozoic seeds. _New Phyt._ vol. +iii.+ p. 96.

—— (05) Über die neuentdeckten Samen der Steinkohlenfarne. _Biolog. Centralblatt_, Bd. +xxv.+ No. 12, p. 401.

—— (06) The seed, a chapter in Evolution. _Rep. 76th Meeting Brit. Assoc._ (_York_), p. 725.

—— (07) Note on the Palaeozoic seeds _Trigonocarpus_ and _Polylophospermum_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxi.+ p. 303.

—— (09) On _Physostoma elegans_ Will. an archaic type of seed from the Palaeozoic rocks. _Ibid._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 73.

—— (13) Makers of Modern Botany. A collection of Biographies by living Botanists, edited by F. W. Oliver. _Cambridge._

=Oliver, F. W.= and =E. J. Salisbury=. (11) On the structure and affinities of the Conostoma group of Palaeozoic seeds. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 1.

=Oliver, F. W.= and =D. H. Scott=. (03) On _Lagenostoma Lomaxi_, the seed of _Lyginodendron_. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lxxi.+ p. 477.

—— (04) On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed _Lagenostoma Lomaxi_, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to _Lyginodendron_. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cxcvii.+ p. 193.

=Osborne, T. G. B.= (09) The lateral roots of _Amyelon radicans_ Will. and their _Mycorhiza_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 603.

=Palibin, J.= (01) Quelques données relatives aux débris végétaux contenus dans les sables blancs et les grès quartzeux de la Russie méridionale. _Bull. Com. Geol._ tome +xx.+ p. 447.

—— (04) Pflanzenreste vom Sichota-Alin Gebirge. _Verhand. K. Russ. Mineral. Ges._ Bd. +xlii.+ Lief. i. p. 31.

=Patrick, J. S.= (44) On the Fossil vegetables of the Sandstone of Ayrshire. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 283.

=Pavolini, A. F.= (09) _La Stangeria paradoxa_ Th. Moore. _Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Italiano_ [N.S.], vol. +xvi.+ p. 335. _Firenze._

=Pax, F.= (07) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora der Karpathen. _Engler’s Bot. Jahrb._ Bd. +xxxviii.+ p. 272.

=Pearson, H. H. W.= (06) Notes on South African Cycads. I. _Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc._ vol. +xvi.+ p. 341.

—— (06²) Some observations on _Welwitschia mirabilis_. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cxcviii.+ p. 265.

—— (09) Further observations on _Welwitschia_. _Ibid._ vol. +cc.+ p. 331.

—— (12) On the Microsporangium and Microspore of _Gnetum_, with some notes on the structure of the Inflorescence. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 603.

—— (15) A note on the inflorescence and flower of _Gnetum_. _Ann. Bolus Herb._ vol. +i.+ pt. iv. p. 152.

—— (15²) Notes on the Morphology of certain Structures concerned in Reproduction in the genus _Gnetum_. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +viii.+ pt. viii. p. 311.

=Penhallow, D. P.= (91) See Dawson and Penhallow.

—— (97) _Myelopteris topekensis_ n. sp. a new Carboniferous Plant. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 15.

—— (00) Notes on the North American species of _Dadoxylon_. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_ [2], vol. +vi.+ sect. iv. p. 51.

—— (02) Notes on Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of Canada. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_ [2], vol. +viii.+ sect. iv. p. 31.

—— (03) Notes on Tertiary Plants. _Ibid._ vol. +ix.+ sect. iv. p. 83.

—— (04) The anatomy of the North American Coniferales together with certain exotic species from Japan and Australia. _Amer. Nat._ vol. +xxxviii.+ pp. 243, 523.

—— (07) A Manual of the North American Gymnosperms. _Boston._

—— (08) Report on a collection of Fossil woods from the Cretaceous of Alberta. _The Ottawa Naturalist_, vol. +xxii.+ No. iv. p. 82.

=Phillips, J.= (71) The Geology of Oxford and the valley of the Thames. _Oxford._

=Pilger, R.= (03) Taxaceae. _Das Pflanzenreich_ (A. Engler), Heft +xviii.+ (iv. 5). _Leipzig._

=Platen, P.= (08) Untersuchungen fossiler Hölzer aus dem Westen der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. _Leipzig._

=Pomel, A.= (49) Matériaux pour servir à la flore fossile des terrains jurassiques de la France. _Amt. Ber. Versam. Ges. deutsch. Naturforsch. und Ärzte. Aachen._

=Porsch, C.= (05) Der Spaltöffnungsapparat im Lichte der Phylogenie. _Jena._

—— (10) _Ephedra campylopoda_ C. A. Mey. eine entomophile Gymnosperme. _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. +xxviii.+ p. 404.

=Potonié, H.= (88) Die fossile Pflanzen-Gattung _Tylodendron_. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. geol. Landes._ p. 311.

—— (96) Ueber Autochthonie von Carbonkohlen-Flötze und der Senftenberger Braunkohlen-Flötze. _Ibid._ (1895), p. 1.

—— (02) Fossile Hölzer aus der oberen Kreide Deutsch-Östafrikas. Die Reisen des Bergassessors Dr Dantz in Deutsch-Östafrika in den Jahren 1898–00. _Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, Bd. +xv.+ Heft iv. p. 227.

—— (03) Pflanzenreste aus der Jura-formation. _Durch Asien._ Bd. +iii.+ Lief. i. _Berlin._

—— (04) Abbildungen und Beschreibungen fossilen Pflanzen-Reste. Lief. +ii.+ No. 40. _K. Preuss. geol. Landes. Bergakad._

=Potonié, H.= and =C. Bernard=. (04) Flore Dévonienne de l’étage H. de Barrande. _Leipzig._

=Prankerd, T. L.= (12) On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed _Lagenostoma ovoides_ Will. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xl.+ p. 461.

=Prestwich, J.= (54) On the structure of the strata between the London Clay and the Chalk in the London and Hampshire Tertiary systems. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +x.+ p. 75.

=Raciborski, M.= (91) Flora Retycka Pólnocnego Stoku Gór Świętokrzyskich. _Rozprawy Wydzialu Akad. Umiej. Krakowie_, tom. +xxiii.+

—— (92) Przyczynek do Flory Retyckiej Polski. _Ibid._ tom. +xxii.+ p. 1.

—— (92²) _Cycadeoidea Niedźwiedzkii_ nov. sp. _Akad. wiss. Krak. Oktober_ 1892.

=Radais, M.= (94) L’anatomie comparée du fruit des Conifères. _Ann. Sci. nat._ [7], vol. +xix.+ p. 165.

=Ratte, F.= (87) Note on two new fossil plants from the Wianametta shales. _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ [2], vol. +i.+ p. 1078.

—— (88) Additional evidence on Fossil Salisburiae from Australia. _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ [2], vol. +ii.+ p. 159.

=Rattray, C.= (13) Notes on the pollination of some South African Cycads. _Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa_, vol. +iii.+ p. 259.

=Reid, Clement= and =Eleanor M. Reid=. (08) On the Preglacial Flora of Britain. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 206.

—— (10) The Lignites of Bovey Tracey. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cci.+ p. 161.

—— (15) The Pliocene Floras of the Dutch-Prussian border. _Meded. Rijksopsporing Delfstoffen_, No. 6. _The Hague._

=Renault, B.= (79) Sur un nouveau groupe de tiges fossiles silicifiées de l’époque houillière. _Compt. Rend._ tome +lxxxviii.+ p. 35.

—— (80) Sur une nouvelle espèce de _Poroxylon. Compt. Rend._ tome +xci.+ p. 860.

—— (80²) Cours de Botanique fossile. Tome +i.+ _Paris._

—— (83) Cours de Botanique fossile. Tome +iii.+

—— (85) Cours de Botanique fossile. Tome +iv.+

—— (87) Note sur le _Clathropodium Morieri_. _Bull. soc. Linn. Normand._ [4], vol. +i.+ p. 3.

—— (88) Les Plantes fossiles. _Paris._

—— (89) Sur un nouveau genre fossile de tige cycadéenne. _Compt. Rend._ vol. +cix.+ p. 1173.

—— (96) Note sur le genre Métacordaite. _Soc. d’hist. nat. d’Autun._

=Renault, B.= and =R. Zeiller.= (85) Sur un nouveau type de Cordaitée. _Compt. Rend._ vol. +c.+ p. 867.

—— (86) Sur quelques Cycadées houillières. _Ibid._ vol. +cii.+ p. 325.

=Rendle, A. B.= (96) Gymnospermae. The Plants of Milanji, Nyasa-Land, collected by Mr A. Whyte. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +iv.+ [2], p. 60.

—— (04) The Classification of Flowering plants. Vol. +i.+ _Cambridge_.

=Renier, A.= (07) Trois espèces nouvelles, _Sphenopteris Dumonti, S. Corneti_ et _Dicranophyllum Richiri_ du Houiller sans Houille de Baudour, Hainaut. _Ann. soc. géol. Belg_. vol. +xxxiv.+ Mém. p. 181.

—— (10) Documents pour l’étude de la paléontologie du terrain houiller. _Liège_.

—— (10²) Paléontologie du Terrain Houiller. _Liège_.

=Renner, O.= (04) Über Zwitterblüthen bei _Juniperus communis. Flora_, Bd. +xcii.+ p. 92.

=Richards, J. T.= (84) On Scottish Fossil Cycadaceous leaves contained in the Hugh Miller Collection. _Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh_.

=Robertson, Agnes=. (02) Notes on the anatomy of _Macrozamia heteromera_ Moore. _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +xii.+ pt. i. p. 1.

—— (04) Studies in the Morphology of _Torreya californica_ Torrey. _New Phyt_. vol. +iii.+ p. 205.

—— (06) Some points in the Morphology of _Phyllocladus alpinus_ Hook. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xx.+ p. 259.

—— (07) The Taxoideae; a phylogenetic study. _New Phyt_. vol. +vi.+ p. 92.

=Rosen, F.= (11) Die biologische Stellung der abessinischen Baumlobelie (_Lobelia Rhynchopetalum_). _Beit. Biol. Pflanzen. Cohn und Rosen_, Bd. +x.+ Heft ii. p. 265.

=Rothert, W.= (99) Ueber parenchymatische Tracheiden und Harzgänge im Mark von _Cephalotaxus-Arten_. _Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges_. Bd. +xvii.+ p. 275.

=Rushton, W.= (15) Structure of the wood of Himalayan Junipers. _Journ. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xliii.+ p. 1.

—— (16) The Development of ‘Sanio’s Bars’ in _Pinus Inops. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxx.+ p. 419.

=Russow, E.= (72) Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Leitbündel-Kryptogamen. _Mém. l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St Pétersbourg_ [vii], tome +xix.+ p. 1.

—— (83) Zur Kenntniss des Holzes, insonderheit des Coniferenholzes. _Bot. Cent_. Bd. +xiii.+ p. 29.

=Salisbury, E. J.= (13) Methods of Palaeobotanical reconstruction. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 273.

—— (14) On the structure and relationship of _Trigonocarpus shorensis. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxviii.+ p. 39.

=Sanday, Elizabeth=. (07) See Berridge and Sanday.

=Sandberger, F. von=. (64) Die Flora der oberen Steinkohlenformation im badischer Schwarzwalde. _Verh. Nat. Ver. Carlsruhe_, vol. +i.+ p. 30.

—— (90) Ueber Steinkohlenformation und Rothliegendes im Schwarzwald und deren Flora. _Jahrb. K.k. geol. Reichs_. Bd. +xl.+ Heft i. p. 77.

=Sanio, K.= (74) Anatomie der Gemeinen Kiefer (_Pinus silvestris_ L.). _Pringsheim’s Jahrb_. Bd. +ix.+ p. 78.

=Saporta, G. de=. (62) Études sur la végétation du sud-est de la France à l’époque Tertiaire. _Ann. Sci. Nat_. tome +xvi.+ [4], p. 309.

—— (62²) _Ibid._ tome +xvii.+ p. 191.

—— (65) _Ibid._ tome +iii.+ [5], p. 5.

—— (65²) _Ibid._ tome +iv.+ p. 5.

—— (68) _Ibid._ tome +ix.+ p. 5.

—— (68²) Note sur la flore fossile des regions arctiques. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [2], tome +xxv.+ p. 315.

—— (73) Études sur la végétation du sud-est de la France à l’époque Tertiaire. _Ann. Sci. nat._ tome +xvii.+ [5], p. 81.

—— (74) Sur la présence d’une Cycadée dans le dépôt Miocène de Koumi (Eubée). _Compt. Rend._ vol. +lxxviii.+ p. 1318.

—— (75) Sur la découverte de deux types nouveaux de Conifères dans les schistes Permiens de Lodève (Hérault). _Ibid._ vol. +lxxx.+ p. 1017.

—— (78) Observations sur la nature des végétaux réunis dans le groupe des _Noeggerathia_; généralités et type du _Noeggerathia foliosa_ Sternb. _Ibid._ vol. +lxxxvi.+ p. 746.

—— (78²) _Ibid._ Types du _Noeggerathia flabellata_ L. and H. et du _N. cyclopteroides_ Goepp. _Ibid._ vol. +lxxxvi.+ p. 801.

—— (78³) _Ibid._ Type des _Noeggerathia expansa_ et _cuneifolia_ de Brongniart. _Ibid._ vol. +lxxxvi.+ p. 860.

—— (78⁴) Sur le nouveau groupe Paléozoique des Dolerophyllées. _Ibid._ vol. +lxxxvii.+ p. 393.

—— (82) Sur quelques types de végétaux récemment observés à l’état fossile. _Ibid._ vol. +xliv.+ p. 922.

—— (84) Paléontologie Française. Plantes Jurassiques, tome +iii.+

—— (91) _Ibid._ tome +iv.+ Types Proangiospermiques.

—— (93) Revue des travaux de Paléontologie végétale. _Rev. Gén._ tome +v.+ p. 1.

=Saporta, G. de= and =A. F. Marion=. (76) Recherches sur les végétaux fossiles de Meximieux. _Arch. Mus. d’hist. nat. de Lyon. Lyon._

—— (78) Révision de la flore Heersienne de Gelinden. _Mém. cour. et Mém. sav. étrang._ tome +xli.+ (_Acad. roy. sci. etc. Belg._).

—— (85) L’Évolution du Règne végétal. Tome +i.+ Les Phanérogames. _Paris._

=Saxton, W. T.= (10) Contributions to the life-history of _Widdringtonia cupressoides_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +l.+ p. 31.

—— (10²) Contributions to the life-history of _Callitris_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 557.

—— (10³) Notes on the anatomy of _Widdringtonia_ and _Callitris_. _S. African Journ. Sci._ p. 282.

—— (10⁴) The development of the embryo of _Encephalartos_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlix.+ p. 13.

—— (12) Note on an abnormal prothallus of _Pinus maritima_ L. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 943.

—— (13) Contributions to the life-history of _Actinostrobus pyramidalis_ Miq. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvii.+ p. 321.

—— (13²) The classification of Conifers. _New Phyt._ vol. +xii.+ p. 242.

—— (13³) Contributions to the life-history of _Tetraclinis articulata_, Masters, with some notes on the Phylogeny of the Cupressoideae and the Callitroideae. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 577.

=Schauroth, C. von=. (52) Herr von Schauroth an Herrn Beyrich. _Zeit. Deutsch. geol. Ges_. Bd. +iv.+ p. 538.

=Schenk, A.= (67) Ueber die Flora der schwarzen Schiefer von Raibl. _Würzburg. Naturwiss. Zeitsch_. vol. +vi.+ p. 10.

—— (68) Ueber die Pflanzenreste des Muschelkalkes von Recoaro. _Benecke’s Geog.-Pal. Beit_. Bd. +ii.+ _München_.

—— (68²) Beiträge zur Flora der Vorwelt. _Palaeontol_. Bd. +xvi.+ p. 218.

—— (71) Die fossilen Pflanzen der Wernsdorfer Schichten in der Nordkarpathen. _Ibid_. Bd. +xix.+ p. 1.

—— (80) Ueber fossile Hölzer aus der _Libyschen Wüste. Bot. Zeit_. Bd. +xxxviii.+ p. 657.

—— (82) Ueber _Medullosa elegans. Engler’s Jahrb_. Bd. +iii.+ p. 156.

—— (82²) Die von dem Gebrüdern Schagintweit in Indien gesammelten fossilen Hölzer. _Engler’s Bot. Jahrb_. Bd. +iii.+ p. 353.

—— (83) Fossile Hölzer der libyschen Wüste (_Die Libysche Wüste_, Bd. +iii.+).

—— (89) Ueber _Medullosa_ Cotta. _Abh. K. Sächs. Ges. Wiss_. Bd. +xv.+ p. 523.

=Schlechtendal, D. von=. (02) _Thuja occidentalis thuringiaca. Zeitsch. Naturwiss. Stuttgart_. Bd. +lxxv.+ p. 33.

=Schmalhausen, J.= (83) Die Pflanzenreste der Steinkohlenformation am östlichen Abhange des Ural Gebirges. _Mém. Acad. S. Pétersbourg_, vol. +xxxi.+ No. 13.

—— (83²) Beiträge zur Tertiär Flora süd-west Russlands. _Palaeontol. Abh. (Dames and Kayser)_, Bd. +i.+ Heft iv. p. 285.

—— (87) Die Pflanzenreste der Artinskischen und Permischen Ablagerungen im Osten des Europäischen Russlands. _Mém. Com. géol. St Pétersbourg_, vol. +ii.+ No. iv. p. 1.

—— (90) Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von der Akad. der Wiss. zur Erforschung des Janalandes und der Neusibirischen Inseln in den Jahren 1885, 1886 ausgesandten Expedition. Abt. +ii.+ Tertiäre Pflanzen der Insel Neusibirien. _Mém. l’acad. Imp. Sci. St Pétersbourg_ [vii], vol. +xxxvii.+ No. 5.

=Schneider, W.= (13) Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen über die Kurztriebe einiger Arten von _Pinus. Flora_ [N.F.], Bd. +v.+ p. 385.

=Schroeter, C.= (80) Untersuchung über fossile Hölzer aus der arctischen Zone. (Heer’s _Flor. Foss. Arct_. vol. +vi.+ 1882.)

—— (97) Ueber die Vielgestaltigkeit der Fichte (_Picea excelsa_ Link.). _Vierteljahr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich_. Jahrg. +xlii.+ p. 125.

=Schuster, J.= (11) Ueber Goeppert’s _Raumeria_ im Zwinger zu Dresden. _Sitzber. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss_. p. 489.

—— (11²) _Weltrichia_ und die Bennettitales. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand_. Bd. +xlvi.+ No. 11.

—— (11³) _Pagiophyllum Weismanni_ im unteren Hauptmuschelkalk von Würzburg. _Geog. Jahresheft_, Bd. +xiii.+ p. 149.

—— (11⁴) Bemerkungen über _Podozamites. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges_. Bd. +xix.+ Heft 7, p. 450.

=Schütze, E.= (01) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Triassischen Koniferen-Gattungen _Pagiophyllum_, _Voltzia_, _Widdringtonites_. _Jahresheft Ver. Vat. Naturkunde, Stuttgart_, p. 256.

=Scott, D. H.= (97) The anatomical characters presented by the peduncle of Cycadaceae. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xi.+ p. 399.

—— (99) On the structure and affinities of Fossil Plants from the Palaeozoic rocks. III. On _Medullosa anglica_, a new representative of the Cycadofilices. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. +cxci.+ p. 81.

—— (99²) On the primary wood of certain Araucarioxylons. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xiii.+ p. 615.

—— (02) On the Primary structure of certain Palaeozoic stems with the _Dadoxylon_ type of wood. _Trans. R. Soc_. vol. +xl.+ p. 331.

—— (03) The origin of seed-bearing plants. _R. Instit. Great Brit. Weekly Evening meeting_, Febry. 15.

—— (06) On _Sutcliffia insignis_, a new type of Medulloseae from the Lower Coal Measures. _Trans. Linn. Soc_. vol. +vii.+ pl. iv. p. 45.

—— (09) The Palaeontological Record. II. Plants. _Darwin and Modern Science_, Art. +xii.+ _Cambridge_.

—— (12) The structure of _Mesoxylon Lomaxi_ and _M. poroxyloides. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 1011.

—— (11) The Evolution of Plants. _London_.

—— (14) On _Medullosa pusilla. Proc. R. Soc_. vol. +lxxxvii.+ p. 221.

—— (15) The Heterangiums of the British Coal Measures. _British Assoc_. (_Manchester Meeting_ 1915). (Abstract.)

=Scott, D. H.= and =E. C. Jeffrey=. (14) On Fossil Plants showing structure, from the base of the Waverley shale of Kentucky. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. 205, p. 315.

=Scott, D. H.= and =A. J. Maslen=. (07) The structure of the Palaeozoic seeds _Trigonocarpus Parkinsoni_ Brongn. and _T. Oliveri_ sp. nov. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxi.+ p. 89.

—— (10) On _Mesoxylon_, a new genus of Cordaitales. _Ibid_. vol. +xxiv.+ p. 236.

=Sellards, E. H.= (03) _Codonotheca_, a new type of spore-bearing organ from the Coal Measures. _Amer. Journ. Sci_. vol. +xvi.+ p. 87.

—— (07) Notes on the spore-bearing organ _Codonotheca_ and its relationship with the Cycadofilices. _New Phyt_. vol. +vi.+ p. 175.

=Sernander, R.= (93) Die Einwanderung der Fichte in Skandinavien. _Engler’s Bot. Jahrb_. Bd. +xv.+ p. 1.

=Seward, A. C.= (90) _Tylodendron_ Weiss and _Voltzia heterophylla_ Brong. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +vii.+ [3], p. 218.

—— (93) On the genus _Myeloxylon_. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxv.+ p. 1.

—— (94) On _Rachiopteris Williamsoni_ sp. nov., a new Fern from the Coal-Measures. _Ibid_. vol. +viii.+ p. 207.

—— (96) A new species of Conifer, _Pinites Ruffordi_, from the English Wealden formation. _Journ. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xxxii.+ p. 417.

—— (96²) Notes on the geological history of Monocotyledons. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +x.+ p. 205.

—— (97) On _Encephalartos Ghellinckii_ Lem., a rare Cycad. _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +ix.+ p. 340.

—— (97²) A contribution to our knowledge of _Lyginodendron. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xi.+ p. 65.

—— (97³) On the association of _Sigillaria_ and _Glossopteris_ in S. Africa. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +liii.+ p. 315.

—— (97⁴) On the leaves of _Bennettites. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +ix.+ p. 273.

—— (00) Notes on some Jurassic plants in the Manchester Museum. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc_. vol. +xliv.+ pt. iii. No. 8.

—— (03) On the occurrence of _Dictyozamites_ in England, with Remarks on European and Eastern Mesozoic Floras. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +lix.+ p. 217.

—— (06) Notes on Cycads. _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +xiii.+ pt. +v.+ p. 299.

—— (07) Permo-Carboniferous plants from Kashmir. _Rec. Geol. Surv. India_, vol. +xxxvi.+ pt. i. p. 57.

—— (07²) Jurassic plants from Caucasia and Turkestan. _Mém. com. géol. St Pétersbourg_ [N.S.], Livr. 38.

—— (10) Article “Gymnosperms,” _Encyclop. Brit_. edit. 11, vol. +xii.+ _Cambridge_.

—— (11) Jurassic plants from Chinese Dzungaria. _Mém. com. geol. St Pétersbourg_ [N.S.], Livr. 75.

—— (11²) The Jurassic Flora of Sutherland. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb_. vol. +xlvii.+ pt. iv. p. 643.

—— (11³) Links with the Past in the Plant world. _Cambridge_.

—— (11⁴) The Jurassic Flora of Yorkshire. The _Naturalist_, January, 1911.

—— (12) Mesozoic plants from Afghanistan and Afghan-Turkestan. _Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Pal. Ind_. [N.S.], vol. +iv.+ mem. No. 4.

—— (12²) A petrified _Williamsonia_ from Scotland. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. +cciii.+ p. 101.

—— (12³) Jurassic plants from Amurland. _Mém. com. geol. St Pétersbourg_ [N.S.], Livr. 81.

—— (13) A contribution to our knowledge of Wealden Floras, with special reference to a collection of plants from Sussex. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +lxix.+ p. 85.

—— (14) Antarctic Fossil plants. _British Antarctic_ (_Terra Nova_) _Expedit._ 1910. _Nat. Hist. Report, Geology_, vol. +i.+ No. 1. _London_.

—— (14²) Wealden Floras. _Hastings and East Sussex Naturalist_, vol. +ii.+ No. 3, p. 126.

=Seward, A. C.= and =N. Bancroft=. (13) Jurassic Plants from Cromarty and Sutherland, Scotland. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb_. vol. +xlviii.+ pt. iv. p. 867.

=Shaw, F. J. F.= (08) A contribution to the anatomy of _Ginkgo biloba_. _New Phyt._ vol. +vii.+ p. 85.

—— (09) The seedling structure of _Araucaria Bidwillii_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 321.

=Shaw, W. R.= (96) Contribution to the life-history of _Sequoia sempervirens_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxi.+ p. 332.

=Shirley, J.= (98) Additions to the Fossil Flora of Queensland _Geol. Surv. Bull._ No. 7. _Brisbane._

=Siebold, P. F. von.= (70) Flora Japonica, 1842–70. _Leipzig._

=Sifton, H. B.= (15) On the occurrence and significance of “bars” or “rims” of Sanio in the Cycads. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lx.+ p. 400.

=Sigrianski, A.= (13) Quelques observations sur l’_Ephedra helvetica_ Mey. Univ. Genève. _Faculté des sciences_, _Prof. Chodat_ [8], Fasc. +x.+

=Sinnott, E. W.= (09) Paracedroxylon, a new type of Araucarian wood. _Rhodora_, vol. +ii.+ No. 129, p. 165.

—— (11) Some features of the anatomy of the foliar bundle. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +li.+ p. 258.

—— (13) The morphology of the reproductive structures in the Podocarpineae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvii.+ p. 39.

=Smith, F. G.= (07) Morphology of the trunk and development of the microsporangium of Cycads. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xliii.+ p. 187.

=Smith, J. E.= (1797) Characters of a new genus of plants named _Salisburia_. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +iii.+ p. 330.

=Solereder, H.= (99) Systematische Anatomie der Dicotyledonen. _Stuttgart_. —— (08) _Ibid._ Ergänzungaband.

=Solms-Laubach, Graf zu.= (84) Die Coniferenformen des Deutschen Kupferschiefers und Zechsteins. _Pal. Abhand._ (_Dames and Kayser_), Bd. +ii.+ Heft ii. p. 81.

—— (90) Die Sprossfolge der _Stangeria_ und der übrigen Cycadeen. _Bot. Zeit. Jahrg._ +xlviii.+

—— (91) On the Fructification of _Bennettites Gibsonianus_ Carr. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +v.+ p. 419.

—— (92) See Capellini and Solms-Laubach.

—— (93) Ueber die in den Kalksteinen des Kulm von Glätzisch-Falkenberg in Schlesien enthaltenen Structur bietenden Pflanzenreste. _Bot. Zeit. Jahrg._ +li.+ p. 197.

—— (97) Ueber _Medullosa Leuckarti_. _Ibid._ Heft +x.+ p. 175.

—— (99) Das Auftreten und die Flora der rhätischen Kohlenschichten von La Ternera (Chili). _Neues Jahrb. Min. Beilage_, Bd. +xii.+ p. 581.

—— (04) Die strukturbietenden Pflanzengesteine von Franz Josefs Land. _K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand._ Bd. +xxxvii.+ No. 7, p. 3.

—— (06) Die Bedeutung der Palaeophytologie für die systematische Botanik. _Mitt. Philomath. Ges. in Elsass-Lothringen_, Bd. +iii.+ p. 353.

—— (10) Über die in den Kalksteinen des Culm von Glätzisch-Falkenberg in Schlesien erhaltenen structurbietenden Pflanzenreste. IV. _Völkelia refracta_, _Steloxylon Ludwigii_. _Zeitsch. Bot._ Jahrg. +ii.+ Heft viii. p. 529.

=South, F. W.= and =R. H. Compton=. (08) Notes on the anatomy of _Dioon edule_ Lind. _New Phyt._ vol. +vii.+ p. 222.

=Spiess, Karl von.= (02) _Ginkgo_, _Cephalotaxus_, und die Taxaceen. Eine phylogenetische Studie. _Öster. Bot. Zeitsch._ Jahrg. +lii.+ p. 432.

—— (03) _Ibid._ Jahrg. +liii.+ p. 1.

=Sprecher, A.= (07) Le _Ginkgo biloba_ L. _Genève._

=Squinabol, S.= (92) Contribuzioni alla flora fossile dei terreni terziarii della Liguria. _Gênes_, 1889–92.

=Stapf, O.= (89) Die Arten der Gattung _Ephedra_. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +lvi.+

—— (96) On the Flora of Mount Kinabalu in North Borneo. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ [2], vol. +iv.+ p. 69.

—— (14) _Encephalartos Hildebrandtii._ _Bull. Miscell. Information_, _R. Bot. Gard. Kew_, No. 10, p. 386.

=Starr, Anna M.= (10) The microsporophylls of _Ginkgo_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlix.+ p. 51.

=Staub, M.= (85) _Pinus palaeostrobus_ Etting. in der fossilen Flora Ungarns. _Természetrajzi Füzetek_, +ix.+ p. 47.

—— (96) Die Fossilen Ctenis-Arten und _Ctenis hungarica_ n. sp. _Földtani Közlöny_, vol. +xxvi.+

=Stefani, C. de.= (01) Flore Carbonifere e Permiane della Toscana. _R. Inst. Stud. sup. pratici e di perfezionamento in Firenze._

=Stenzel, G.= (76) Beobachtungen an durchwachsenden Fichtenzapfen. _Nov. Act. Leop. Carol._ Bd. +xxxviii.+

—— (88) See Goeppert and Stenzel.

=Sterzel; J. T.= (83) Ueber _Dicksonia Pluckeneti_ (Schloth.). _Bot. Cent._ Bd. +xiii.+ p. 282.

—— (00) Gruppe verkieselter Araucariten Stämme. _Bericht Naturwiss. Ges. Chemnitz_, Bd. +xiv.+

—— (03) Ein verkieselter Riesenbaum aus dem Rothliegenden von Chemnitz. _Ibid._ Bd. +xv.+ p. 23.

—— (07) Die Karbon- und Rotliegendfloren im Grossherzogtum Baden. _Mitt. Badisch. geol. Landes._ Bd. +v.+ Heft ii. p. 347.

—— (12) Der “verkieselte Wald” im Garten des König Albert Museums und des Orth-Denkmal in Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf. _Bericht Naturwiss. Ges. Chemnitz_, Bd. +xviii.+ p. 51.

=Stiles, W.= (08) The anatomy of _Saxegothaea conspicua_ Lind. _New Phyt._ vol. +vii.+ p. 209.

—— (12) The Podocarpeae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 443.

=Stirling, J.= (00) Notes on the Fossil Flora of South Gippsland Jurassic beds. _Rep. on the Vict. coal-fields_, No. 7. (_Dpt. Mines, Victoria._)

=Stokes= and =Webb=. (24) Descriptions of some fossil vegetables of the Tilgate Forest in Sussex. _Trans. Geol. Soc._ [2], vol. +ii.+ p. 421.

=Stopes, Marie C.= (03) On the leaf of _Cordaites_. _New Phyt._ vol. +ii.+ p. 91.

—— (04) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fortpflanzungsorgane der Cycadeen. _Flora_, Bd. +xciii.+ Heft iv. p. 435.

—— (05) On the double nature of the Cycadean integument. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xix.+ p. 561.

—— (07) The Flora of the Inferior Oolite of Brora (Sutherland). _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxiii.+ p. 375.

—— (10) Adventitious budding and branching in _Cycas_. _New Phyt._ vol. +ix.+ p. 235.

—— (10²) The internal anatomy of _Nilssonia orientalis_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 389.

—— (11) The Dragon tree of the Kentish Rag, with remarks on the treatment of imperfectly petrified wood. _Geol. Mag._ [5], vol. +viii.+ p. 55.

—— (11²) The name of the Dragon tree. _Ibid._ p. 468.

—— (11³) A reply to Prof. Jeffrey’s article on _Yezonia_ and _Cryptomeriopsis_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 269.

—— (11⁴) On the true nature of the Cretaceous plant _Ophioglossum granulatum_ Hr. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 903.

—— (14) The “Fern Ledges” Carboniferous Flora of St John, New Brunswick. _Dpt. Mines, Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem._ 41, No. 38, _Geol. Ser. Ottawa._

—— (14²) A new _Araucarioxylon_ from New Zealand. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 341.

—— (15) Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The Cretaceous Flora. Pt. ii. Lower Greensand (Aptian) plants of Britain. _London._

—— (16) An early type of the Abietineae(?) from the Cretaceous of New Zealand. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxx.+ p. 111.

=Stopes, M. C.= and =K. Fujii.= (10) Studies on the structure and affinities of Cretaceous Plants. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cci.+ p. 1.

=Stopes, M. C.= and =E. M. Kershaw=. (10) The anatomy of Cretaceous Pine leaves. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 395.

=Stopes, M. C.= and =D. M. S. Watson=. (08) The present distribution and origin of the calcareous concretions in coal-seams known as “coal-balls.” _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cc.+ p. 167.

=Strasburger, E.= (66) Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Spaltöffnungen. _Pringsheim’s Jahrb._ Bd. +v.+ p. 297.

—— (91) Ueber den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungsbahnen in den Pflanzen. _Histol. Beit._ Heft iii. Jena.

=Strübing, O.= (88) Die Vertheilung der Spaltöffnungen bei den Coniferen. (_Inaug. Diss. Univ. Königsberg._)

=Stur, D.= (68) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der geologischen Verhältnisse der Umgegend von Raibl und Kaltwasser. _Jahrb. K.k. geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +xviii.+ p. 71.

—— (77) Die Culm Flora. Heft ii. _Wien._

=Suzuki, Y.= (10) On the structure and affinities of two new Conifers and a new fungus from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido (Yezo). _Bot. Mag. Tokyo_, vol. +xxiv.+ No. 284, p. 183.

=Sykes, M. G.= (10) (See also Thoday, M. G.) The anatomy of _Welwitschia mirabilis_ Hook. f. in the seedling and adult stages. _Trans. Linn. Soc_. vol. +vii.+ pt. ii. p. 327.

—— (10²) The anatomy and morphology of the leaves and inflorescences of _Welwitschia mirabilis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. +cci.+ p. 179.

=Takeda, H.= (13) A theory of transfusion-tissue. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 359.

—— (13²) Some points in the anatomy of the leaf of _Welwitschia mirabilis. Ibid_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 347.

=Tate, R.= (67). On the secondary fossils from S. Africa. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +xxiii.+ p. 130.

=Tenison Woods, J. E.= (83) On a species of _Brachyphyllum_ from Mesozoic coal beds, Ipswich, Queensland. _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W_. vol. +vii.+ p. 659.

=Thibout, E.= (96) Recherches sur l’appareil mâle des Gymnospermes. _Lille_.

=Thiselton-Dyer, W. T.= (72) On some Coniferous remains from the Lithographic stone of Solenhofen. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +ix.+ p. 1.

—— (01) The carpophyll of _Encephalartos. Ann. Bot_. vol. +xv.+ p. 548.

—— (01²) Persistence of the leaf-traces in _Araucaria_. _Ibid_. vol. +xv.+ p. 547.

—— (02) Enumeration of the plants known from China proper, Formosa, etc. Cycadaceae. _Journ. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 559.

=Thoday, Mary G.= (=Sykes, M. G.=). (11) The female inflorescence and ovules of _Gnetum africanum_, with notes on _G. secundum_. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxv.+ p. 1101.

=Thoday, M. G.= and =Emily M. Berridge=. (12) The anatomy and morphology of the Inflorescences and flowers of _Ephedra_. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 953.

=Thomas, F.= (66) Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Coniferen-Laubblätter. _Pringsheim’s Jahrb_. Bd. +iv.+ p. 23.

=Thomas, H. Hamshaw=. (11) The Jurassic Flora of Kamenka in the district of Isium. _Mém. com. géol. St. Pétersbourg_ [N.S.], Livr. 71.

—— (12) Note on the occurrence of _Whittleseya elegans_ Newb. in Britain. _Palaeobot. Zeitsch_. Bd. +i.+ Heft i. p. 46.

—— (13) On some new and rare Jurassic plants from Yorkshire: _Eretmophyllum_, a new type of Ginkgoalean leaf. _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +xvii.+ pt. iii. p. 256.

—— (13²) The Fossil Flora of the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. I. The Flora of the Marske quarry. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +lxix.+ p. 223.

—— (15) On some new and rare Jurassic plants from Yorkshire: The male flower of _Williamsonia gigas_. _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc_. vol. +xviii.+ pt. iii. p. 105.

—— (15²) On _Williamsoniella_, a New Type of Bennettitalean Flower. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. vol. 207, p. 113.

=Thomas, H. H.= and =Nellie Bancroft=. (13) On the cuticles of some recent and fossil Cycadean fronds. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +viii.+ pt. v. p. 155.

=Thompson, W. P.= (10) The origin of ray-tracheids in the Coniferae. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +l.+ p. 101.

—— (12) Ray-tracheids in _Abies_. _Ibid._ vol. +liii.+ p. 53.

—— (12²) The anatomy and relationship of the Gnetales. I. The genus _Ephedra_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 1077.

—— (12³) The structure of the stomata of certain Cretaceous Conifers. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +liv.+ p. 63.

—— (16) The Morphology and Affinities of Gnetum. _Amer. Journ. Bot._ vol +iii.+ p. 135.

=Thomson, R. B.= (07) The Araucarineae, a Protosiphonogamic method of Fertilisation. _Science_ [N.S.], vol. +xxv.+ p. 272.

—— (09) On the pollen of _Microcachrys tetragona_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlvii.+ p. 26.

—— (13) On the comparative anatomy and affinities of the Araucarineae. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +cciv.+ p. 1.

—— (14) The spur-shoot of the Pines. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lvii.+ p. 362.

=Thomson, R. B.= and =A. E. Allin.= (12) Do the Abietineae extend to the Carboniferous? _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +liii.+ p. 339.

=Tison, A.= (09) Sur le _Saxegothaea conspicua_ Lind. _Mém. soc. Linn. Normand._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 139.

—— (12) Sur la persistance de la nervation dichotomique chez les Conifères. _Bull. soc. Linn. Normandie_ [vi], vol. +iv.+ p. 30.

—— (12²) See Lignier and Tison.

=Tupper, W. W.= (11) Notes on _Ginkgo biloba_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +li.+ p. 374.

=Tuzson, J.= (09) Monographie der fossilen Pflanzenreste der Balatonseegegend. _Result. der Wiss. Erforsch. des Balatonsees_, Bd. +i.+ Teil i. _Budapest._

—— (09²) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Ungarns. _Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ung. Geol. Reichs._ Bd. +xxi.+ Heft viii. p. 233.

—— (14) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Ungarns. _Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ungarisch. Geol. Reichs._ Bd. +xxi.+ Heft viii.

=Unger, F.= (45) Synopsis Plantarum Fossilium. _Leipzig_.

—— (47) Chloris Protogaea. _Leipzig._

—— (49) Einige interessante Pflanzenabdrücke aus der K. Petrefactensammlung in München. _Bot. Zeit._ p. 345.

—— (51) Die Fossile Flora von Sotzka. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +ii.+ Abt. ii. p. 131.

—— (52) Ueber einige fossile Pflanzen aus den lithographischen Schiefer von Solenhofen. _Palaeontograph._ Bd. +ii.+ p. 251.

—— (52²) Iconographia plantarum fossilium. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen fossiler Pflanzen. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +iv.+ p. 73.

—— (54) Zur Flora des Cypridinenschiefers. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xii.+ p. 595.

—— (54²) Jurassische Pflanzenreste. _Palaeontograph._ Bd. +iv.+ p. 39.

—— (59) Der versteinerte Wald bei Cairo. _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xxxiii.+ p. 209.

—— (67) Die fossile Flora von Kumi. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xxvii.+ p. 27.

=Veitch’s= Manual of the Conifers. (00) _London._

=Velenovský, J.= (81) Die Flora aus den Ausgebrannten Tertiären Letten von Vršovic bei Laun. _Abh. böhm. Ges._ [vi], Bd. +ii.+

—— (87) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Pflanzen des böhmischen Cenomans. _Sitzber. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss._ Jahrg. 1886, p. 633.

—— (88) Ueber einige neue Pflanzenformen der böhmischen Kreideformation. _Ibid._ Jahrg. 1887.

—— (89) Květena Českého Cenomanu. _Abh. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss._ [vii], Bd. +iii.+

—— (07) Vergleichende Morphologie der Pflanzen. Teil ii. _Prag._

=Vernon, R. D.= (12) On the geology and palaeontology of the Warwickshire coalfield. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxviii.+ p. 587.

=Vetters, K. L.= (84) Die Blattstiele der Cycadeen. (Inaug. Diss.) _Leipzig._

=Vierhapper, F.= (10) Entwurf eines neuen Systems der Coniferen. _Jena._

=Ward, L. F.= (85) Synopsis of the Laramie group. _6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv._

—— (87) Types of the Laramie Flora. _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ +xxxvii.+

—— (88) The geographical distribution of Fossil Plants. _8th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv._ (1887–88).

—— (94) Fossil Cycadean trunks of North America, with a revision of the genus _Cycadeoidea_ Buckland. _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_, vol. +ix.+ p. 75.

—— (94²) Recent discoveries of Cycadean trunks in the Potomac formation of Maryland. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxi.+ No. vii. p. 291.

—— (94³) The Cretaceous Rim of the Black Hills. _Journ. Geol._ vol. +ii.+ No. iii. p. 250.

—— (96) Some analogies in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe and America. 16_th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv._

—— (98) Descriptions of the species of _Cycadeoidea_ or fossil Cycadean trunks thus far determined from the Lower Cretaceous rim of the Black Hills. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol. +xxi.+ p. 21.

—— (00) Elaboration of the Fossil Cycads in the Yale Museum. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +x.+ p. 327.

—— (00²) Description of a new genus and 20 new species of fossil Cycadean trunks from the Jurassic of Wyoming. _Proc. Washington Acad. Sci._ vol. +i.+ p. 253.

—— (00³) Report on the petrified forests of Arizona. _Depart. of the Interior, Washington._

—— (04) A famous fossil Cycad. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xviii.+ p. 40.

=Warming, E.= (77) Recherches et remarques sur les Cycadées. _Oversigt K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh._ (_Copenhagen_), p. 16.

=Warren, E.= (12) On some specimens of fossil woods in the Natal Museum. _Ann. Natal Mus._ vol. +ii.+ pt. iii. p. 345.

=Webber, H. J.= (01) Spermatogenesis and fecundation of _Zamia_. _U. S. Dpt. Agric. Bur. Plant Industry, Bull_. No. ii.

=Weiss, C. E.= (72) Fossile Flora der jüngsten Steinkohlen-formation und des Rothliegenden im Saar-Rhein-Gebiet. _Bonn_, 1869–72.

—— (74) Note in _Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges_. Bd. +xxvi.+ p. 616.

—— (79) Die Flora des Rothliegenden von Wünschendorf bei Lauban in Schlesien. _Abh. geol. Specialkarte von Preussen_ Bd. +iii.+ Heft i. p. 1.

=Weiss, F. E.= (12) Report of the 80th meeting (Portsmouth) of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, p. 550.

—— (13) The root-apex and young root of _Lyginodendron_. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc_. vol. +lvii.+ pt. iii.

—— (13²) A Tylodendron-like fossil. _Ibid_. vol. +lvii.+ pt. iii.

=Wernham, H. F.= (11) Floral Evolution; with particular reference to the sympetalous Dicotyledons. _New Phyt_. vol. +x.+ p. 73.

=Wettstein, R. V.= (90) Die Omorika-Fichte, _Picea omorica_ (Panc.). _Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xcviii.+ Abt. i. p. 503.

—— (11) Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. (Edit. ii.) _Leipzig_.

=Wherry, E. T.= (12) Silicified wood from the Triassic of Pennsylvania. _Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia_, vol. +lxiv.+ pt. ii. p. 366.

=White, D.= (90) On Cretaceous Plants from Martha’s Vineyard. _Amer. Journ. Sci_. vol. +xxxix.+ p. 93.

—— (01) The Canadian species of the genus _Whittleseya_ and the systematic relations. _The Ottawa Naturalist_, vol. +xv.+ No. iv. p. 98.

=White, D.= and =C. Schuchert=. (98) Cretaceous series of the West coast of Greenland. _Bull. Geol. Soc. America_, vol. +ix.+ p. 343.

=Wieland, G. R.= (99) A study of some American Fossil Cycads. Pt. ii. The Leaf structure of _Cycadeoidea_. _Amer. Journ. Sci_. vol. +vii.+ p. 305.

—— (02) Notes on living Cycads. I. On the Zamias of Florida. _Ibid_. vol. +xiii.+ p. 331.

—— (06) American Fossil Cycads. _Washington_.

—— (08) Historic Fossil Cycads. _Amer. Journ. Sci_. vol. +xxv.+ p. 93.

—— (08²) Two new Araucarias from the Western Cretaceous. _Geol. Surv. South Dakota_.

—— (09) The Williamsonias of the Mixteca Alta. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xlviii.+ p. 427.

—— (11) On the Williamsonia Tribe. _Amer. Journ. Sci_. vol. +xxxii.+ p. 433.

—— (11²) A study of some American Fossil Cycads. Pt. +v.+ _Ibid_. vol. +xxxii.+ p. 133.

—— (12) _Ibid_. pt. vi. On the smaller flower-buds of _Cycadeoidea_. _Ibid_. vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 73.

—— (13) The Liassic Flora of the Mixteca Alta of Mexico, its composition, age, and source. _Ibid_. vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 251.

—— (14) A study of some American Fossil Cycads. Pt. vii. Further notes on disk structure. _Ibid_. vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 117.

—— (16) American Fossil Cycads. Vol. +ii.+ Taxonomy. _Washington_.

=Wiesner, J.= (03) Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. Bd. +ii.+ _Leipzig._

=Wild, G.= (00) On new and interesting features in _Trigonocarpus olivaeformis_. _Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc._ vol. +xxvi.+ pt. +xv.+ p. 434.

=Williamson, W. C.= (40) On the Distribution of Fossil remains on the Yorkshire coast from the Lower Lias to the Bath Oolite inclusive. _Trans. Geol. Soc._ [2], vol. +v.+ p. 223.

—— (51) On the structure and affinities of the plants known as Sternbergiae. _Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc._ [2], vol. +ix.+ p. 340.

—— (69) On the structure and affinities of some exogens from the Coal Measures. _Monthly Micros. Journ._ vol. +ii.+ p. 66.

—— (70) Contributions towards the history of _Zamia gigas_ L. and H. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 663.

—— (72) Notice of further researches among the plants of the Coal Measures. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +xx.+ p. 435.

—— (72²) On the structure of the Dicotyledons of the Coal Measures. _Rep. 41st meeting_ (_Edinburgh_) _of the Brit. Assoc._ p. 111.

—— (74) On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. VI. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +clxii.+ p. 675.

—— (76) On some fossil seeds from the Lower Carboniferous beds of Lancashire. _Rep. 45th meeting_ (_Bristol_) _of the Brit. Assoc._ p. 159.

—— (86) On the morphology of _Pinites oblongus_. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc._ vol. +x.+ [3], p. 189.

—— (87) On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. XIII. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. 178.

—— (90) _Ibid._ XVII. _Ibid._ vol. +clxxxi.+ p. 89.

=Wiliamson, W. C.= and =D. H. Scott.= (94) The root of _Lyginodendron oldhamium_ Will. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol. +lvi.+ p. 128.

—— (95) Further observations on the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. III. _Lyginodendron and Heterangium_. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. +clxxxvi.+ p. 703.

=Wills, Lucy.= (14) Plant cuticles from the Coal Measures. _Geol. Mag._ [6], vol. +i.+ p. 385.

=Wills, L. T.= (10) The fossiliferous Lower Keuper rocks of Worcestershire. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._ vol. +xxi.+ p. 249.

=Winkler, C.= (72) Zur Anatomie von _Araucaria brasiliensis_. _Bot. Zeit._ Jahrg. +xxx.+ p. 581.

=Witham, H.= (30) On the vegetable fossils from Lennel Braes near Coldstream, upon the banks of the Tweed in Berwickshire. _Phil. Mag._ vol. +viii.+ p. 16.

—— (31) Observations on fossil vegetables accompanied by representations of their internal structure as seen through the microscope. _Edinb. Journ. Sci._ vol. +v.+ p. 183.

=Worsdell, W. C.= (96) The anatomy of the stem of _Macrozamia_ compared with that of other genera of Cycadeae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +x.+ p. 601.

—— (97) On transfusion-tissue, its origin and function in the leaves of Gymnospermous plants. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +v.+ [2], p. 301.

—— (98) The vascular structure of the sporophylls of the Cycadaceae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xii.+ p. 203.

—— (98²) The comparative anatomy of certain genera of the Cycadaceae. _Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 437.

—— (99) Observations on the vascular system of the female flowers of Conifers. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 527.

—— (00) The comparative anatomy of certain species of _Encephalartos_. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +v.+ pt. xiv. p. 445.

—— (00²) The affinities of the Mesozoic fossil _Bennettites Gibsonianus_ Carr. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xiv.+ p. 717.

—— (01) Contributions to the comparative anatomy of the Cycadaceae. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +vi.+ pt. ii. p. 109.

—— (01²) The vascular structure of the flowers of the Gnetaceae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xv.+ p. 766.

—— (04) The structure and morphology of the ovule. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xviii.+ p. 57.

—— (05) Fasciation, its meaning and origin. _New Phyt._ vol. +iv.+ p. 55.

—— (06) The structure and origin of the Cycadaceae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xx.+ p. 129.

=Wright, W. B.= (14) The Quaternary Ice Age. _London._

=Yabe, H.= (13) Mesozoische Pflanzen von Omoto. _Sci. Rep. of the Tokoku Imp. Univ._ (ser. ii. Geol.), Bd. +i.+ Heft iv. p. 57.

=Yates, J.= (55) Notice of _Zamia gigas_. _Proc. Yorks. Phil. Soc._ vol. +i.+ p. 37.

=Yokoyama, M.= (94) Mesozoic plants from Kozuke, Kii, Awa, and Tosa. _Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan_, vol. +vii.+ pt. iii. p. 201.

—— (05) Mesozoic plants from Nagato and Bitchu. _Ibid._ vol. +xx.+

=Young, J.= (69) _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. +i.+ pl. +iv.+ (No text.)

—— (76) Catalogue of the Western Scottish fossils. _Glasgow._

=Young, Mary S.= (07) The male gametophyte of _Dacrydium_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xliv.+ p. 189.

—— (10) The morphology of the Podocarpineae. _Ibid._ vol. +l.+ p. 81.

=Zalessky, M.= (05) Über Früchte aus den Untercarbon-Ablagerungen des Mstabeckens in Nord Russland. _Bull. acad. Imp. sci. St. Pétersbourg_, tome +xxii.+ No. iii. p. 113.

—— (05²) Notiz über die obercarbonische Flora des Steinkohlenreviers von Jantai in der südlichen Mandshurei. _Verhand. K. Russ. Min. Ges. St. Pétersbourg_ [2], Bd. +xlii.+ p. 385.

—— (09) Communication préliminaire sur un nouveau _Dadoxylon_ provenant du Dévonien supérieur du bassin du Donetz. _Bull. acad. Imp. sci. St. Pétersbourg._

—— (10) On the discovery of the calcareous concretions known as coal balls in one of the seams of the Carboniferous strata of the Donetz basin. _Ibid._ p. 477.

—— (11) Étude sur l’anatomie du _Dadoxylon Tchihatcheffi_ Goepp. sp. _Mém. com. géol. St. Pétersb._ [N.S.], Livr. 68, p. 1.

—— (11²) Note préliminaire sur le _Coenoxylon Scotti_, nov. gen. et sp. _Études Paléobotaniques_, pt. +i.+ _St. Petersburg_.

—— (12) Sur le _Cordaites aequalis_ Goepp. sp. de Sibérie et sur son identité avec la _Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi_ Bunb. sp. de la Flore du Gondwana. _Mém. com. géol. St. Pétersb._ [N.S.], Livr. 86.

—— (12²) On the impressions of plants from the coal-bearing deposits of Sudženka, Siberia. _Bull. soc. Natural. Orel._ pt. +iv.+

—— (13) Flore Gondwanienne du Bassin de la Pétchora. I. Rivière Adzva. _Bull. soc. Oural. d’amis des Sci. Nat. à Ekatérinebourg_, vol. +xxxiii.+

=Zang, W.= (04) Die Anatomie der Kiefernadel und ihre Verwendung zur systematischen Gliederung der Gattung _Pinus_. (Diss. Inaug.) _Giessen._

=Zeiller, R.= (78) Sur une nouvelle espèce de _Dicranophyllum_. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], vol. +vi.+ p. 611.

—— (80) Note sur quelques plantes fossiles du terrain permien de la Corrèze. _Ibid._ vol. +viii.+ [3], p. 196.

—— (96) Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa vie et ses travaux. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], vol. +xxiv.+ p. 197.

—— (00) Sur les végétaux fossiles recueillis par M. Villiaume dans les gîtes charbonneux du Nord-ouest de Madagascar. _Compt. Rend._ Jun. 5.

—— (02) Nouvelles observations sur la flore fossile du bassin de Kousnetzk (Sibérie). _Ibid._ tome +cxxxiv.+ p. 887.

—— (05) Sur les plantes Rhétiennes de la Perse recueillies par M. J. de Morgan. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [4], tome +v.+ p. 190.

—— (05²) Sur quelques empreintes végétales de la formation charbonneuse supracrétacée des Balkans. _Ann. Mines._

—— (08) See Douvillé and Zeiller.

—— (11) Note sur quelques végétaux infraliasiques des environs de Niort. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [4], tome +xi.+ p. 321.

—— (11²) Sur une flore triasique découverte à Madagascar. _Compt. Rend._ vol. +cliii.+ p. 230.

—— (12) Sur quelques végétaux fossiles de la Grande Oolite de Marquise. _Bull. soc. acad. Boulogne-sur-mer_, tome +ix.+ p. 5.

—— (N.D.) See Malloizel and Zeiller.

=Zeiller, R.= and =P. Fliche=. (04) Découverte de strobiles de _Sequoia_ et de Pin dans le Portlandien des environs de Boulogne-sur-mer. _Compt. Rend._ tome +cxxxvii.+ p. 1020.

=Zeiller, R.= and =L. M. Vidal.= (02) Sobre algunas impresiones vegetales del Kimeridgense de Santa María de Meyá. _Mem. Real Acad. Cienc. y Artes Barcelona_, vol. +iv.+ No. 26.

=Zigno, A. de.= (53) Découverte d’une flore Jurassique analogue à celle de Scarborough dans les couches oolitiques des Alpes Vénitiennes. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [2], vol. +x.+ p. 268.

—— (73–85) Flora fossilis formationis Oolithicae. Vol. +ii.+ _Padua_, 1873–85.

=Zopf, W.= (92) Ueber einige niedere Algenpilze (Phycomyceten) und eine neue Methode ihre Keime aus dem Wasser zu isoliren. _Abh. Naturforsch. Ges. Halle_, Bd. +xvii.+ p. 79.

ERRATUM

_For_ =Elwes, H. J.= and =A. Henry= (=60=) _read_ (=06=)

INDEX

_Abies magnifica_ 75

_Acanthocarpus_ 305

_A. xanthioides_ 305

_Acrostichum crinitum_ 568

_Adiantides_ 173

_Adiantites_ 173

_A. bellidulus_ 173, 174, 307

_Aetheotesta_ 304, 319, 331, 332

_A. elliptica_ 138, 330–332

_A. subglobosa_ 331

_Agathis_ 221, 222, 250, 283

_A. australis_ 221

_A. macrophyllus_ 221

_A. vitiensis_ 221

_Alethopteris_ 86, 89, 93, 106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 329

_A. aquilina_ 108

_A. decurrens_ 95

_A. Grandini_ 108, 117, 144, 325

_A. lonchitica_ 93, 108, 117

_A. Serlii_ 117

_Alnus_ 263

_Alstroemeria_ 304

_Amphibennettites_ 418

_A. Bleicheri_ 418

_A. Renaulti_ 418

_Amyelon_ 261

_A. radicans_ 261

Andrews, E. B. 305

_Androstrobus_ 496, 505, 506

_A. Balduini_ 505

_A. borealis_ 505

_A. Guerangeri_ 505

_A. Nathorsti_ 506

_A. Scotti_ 506

_A. sibirica_ 505

_A. zamioides_ 505

_Aneimia rotundifolia_ 539

_Aneimites_ 173

_A. fertilis_ 169, 172

_Angiopteris_ 87, 88, 107

_Anomozamites_ 464, 465, 473, 548–551

_A. Balli_ 586

_A. minor_ 465, 466

_A. Muelleri_ 510, 551

_A. Schmidtii_ 574

_Antarcticoxylon_ 294–299

_A. Priestleyi_ 296–299

_Antherangiopsis rediviva_ 503

_Anthodiopsis Beinertiana_ 126

_Antholithes liliacea_ 264

_Antholithus_ 224, 264

_A. Pitcairniae_ 264

_Anthrophyopsis_ 578, 579

_A. crassinervis_ 581

_A. Nilssoni_ 581

_A. obovata_ 581

_Araucaria_ 222, 250, 251, 299

_A. Bidwillii_ 160

_A. imbricata_ 221

_Araucarioxylon_ 224, 248–250, 295

_A. antiquum_ 285

_A. australe_ 255

_A. Beinertianum_ 199

_A. saxonicum_ 253

_Araucarites_ 240, 295, 504

_A. Beinertianus_ 199

_A. Brandlingii_ 254

_A. Buchianus_ 210

_A. Oldhami_ 245

_A. Tchihatcheffi_ 248

Arber, A. 308, 345, 346

Arber, E. A. N. _Passim_

_Arberia_, 352

_Archaeopitys_ 290

_A. Eastmanni_ 288, 290

_Arctopodium_ 200–204, 207

_A. insigne_ 201

_A. radiatum_, 201

Artis, F. E., 247

_Artisia_, 246–251, 253, 256

_A. alternans_, 248

_A. transversa_, 231, 247

_Aspleniopteris Nilssoni_, 558

_Asplenium nidus_, 581

_Asterochlaena_, 203, 205, 207

_A. kirgisica_, 165

_Asterophyllites_, 261

_Asteropteris noveboracensis_, 203

_Asterotheca_, 168

_Attolia speciosa_, 327

_Aulacopteris_, 106

_Bambusium_, 277

_B. Imhofi_, 280

Bancroft, N., 147, 446, 455, 489

_Beania_, 502, 503, 512, 568

_B. Carruthersi_, 502, 503

_B. gracilis_, 502, 503

_Bennettites_, 367–371

_B. dacotensis_, 403–408

_B. Gibsonianus_, 370, 386, 448. See also _Cycadeoidea Gibsoniana_

_B. Morierei_, 383, 384, 429, 447. See also _Cycadeoidea Morierei_

_B. portlandicus_, 368

_B. Saxbyanus_, 386

Benson, M., 54, 55, 61–63, 71, 78–81, 125, 226, 228, 275, 313

Berger, R., 335, 341, 342, 349, 354

Berry, E. W., 575

Bertrand, C. E., 214, 267–269, 306, 340

Bertrand and Renault, 219

Bertrand, P., 110–116, 140, 165, 200–205, 210, 323, 335, 342, 348, 357

_Bignonia_, 336

Binney, E. W., 35, 36, 39, 105

_Blastolepis_, 460

_B. acuminata_, 460

_B. falcata_, 460

_B. Otozamitis_, 460

Boissier, E., 336

_Bolpopodium_, 479

_Boroviczia_, 358, 360, 363

_B. Karpinskii_, 358–360

_Botryoconus_, 264, 265

_Bowenia_, 4, 7–9, 20, 27–29, 87, 139, 315

_B. serrulata_, 27

_B. spectabilis_, 20

_B. spectabilis_ var. _serrata_, 20

Bower, F. O., 12, 196, 475

Braun, A., 12

Braun, F., 475, 477, 537

Brenchley, W. E., 46, 47

Brongniart, A., _Passim_

Brown, R., 368, 448, 480

Buckland, W., 367–371, 448

_Bucklandia_, 372, 368, 408, 425, 426, 478–490, 523, 524, 531, 546

_B. anomala_, 481–483

_B. buzzardensis_, 486

_B. indica_, 488, 489

_B. Mantelli_, 481

_B. Milleriana_, 483, 484

_B. (Fittonia) Rigauxi_, 496

_B. Ruffordi_, 496

_B. Saportana_, 481, 569

_B. (Fittonia) squamata_, 487, 496

_B. squamosa_, 487

_B. Yatesii_, 484–86

Buckman, J., 588

_Bulbopodium_, 368, 369, 479

_B. micromerum_, 417

Bunbury, C. E. F., 240

Burlingame, L., 62, 312

Calamarieae, 190

_Calamopitys_, 190–197, 200, 248

_C. americana_, 193, 200

_C. annularis_, 193, 194, 198, 199

_C. Beinertiana_, 199

_C. Saturni_, 190–194, 198

_Calamopteris_, 190, 196

_C. Hippocrepis_, 196

_Calamosyrix_, 190

Calamoxyleae, 190

_Callipteris_, 109, 142, 169

_Callixylon_, 290–293

_C. Trifilievi_, 291–293

_Calymmatotheca_, 50, 51

_C. acuta_, 67

_C. Stangeri_, 50, 57

Cambier and Renier, 235

_Cardiocarpon_, 264

_C. acutum_, 169, 337

_C. anomalum_, 264

_C. barcellosum_, 351

_C. Branneri_, 348

_C. compressum_, 345

_C. emarginatum_, 335, 389

_C. triangulare_, 338

_Cardiocarpum fluitans_, 348

_Cardiocarpus_, 171, 224, 265, 302, 303, 307, 333–345, 354

_C. angustodunensis_, 336, 341

_C. areolatus_, 355

_C. bicaudata_, 348

_C. (Philocarpus) bicornutus_, 349

_C. cornutus_, 350

_C. drupaceus_, 334, 338

_C. drupaceus_ var. _expansus_, 339

_C. indicus_, 140, 141, 352

_C. ingens_, 353

_C. nummularis_, 339

_C. sclerotesta_, 334, 338–340, 356

_C. tenuis_, 339, 341

_Cardiopteris_, 136, 360

Carpentier, A., 65–67, 81, 110–113, 365

_Carpolites_, 363, 364

_C. sulcatus_, 362

_Carpolithes_, 353, 497

_C. alata_, 118

_C. conica_, 498

_C. granulatus_, 168

_C. Lindleyi_, 264

_C. membranaceus_, 355

_C. Milleri_, 141

_C. nitidulus_, 174

_C. samaroides_, 356

_C. sulcata_, 359, 362

_Carpolithus_, 326, 363–365, 497–500

_C. bivalvis_, 365

_C. Bucklandi_, 498

_C. conicus_, 365, 498, 499

_C. Nathorsti_, 66

_C. Pomelii_, 499

_C. Wildii_, 325, 365

Carruthers, W., _Passim_

_Cassytha_, 302

_Caulopteris Adamsi_, 245

_Cephalotaxus_, 346

_C. pedunculata_, 222

_Ceratozamia_, 6, 9, 10, 19, 24, 28, 409, 507, 529

_Ceratozamia Hofmanni_, 508

_C. mexicana_, 16, 19, 21, 22, 30, 281, 536

_Ceropegia peltata_, 247

Chamberlain, C. J., 9, 29, 391

_Cheilanthites elegans_, 72

Chodat, R., 53, 54, 60, 116, 161

Cladoxyleae, 200–210

_Cladoxylon_, 165, 200–207, 209, 210

_C. dubium_, 201, 202

_C. Kidstoni_, 149, 205, 206, 213

_C. mirabile_, 201–203, 206

_C. taeniatum_, 202, 205

_Clathraria_, 480, 490

_C. anomala_, 481, 491

_C. Lyelli_, 480, 481

_Clathropodium foratum_, 479

_C. sarlatense_, 479

_Clepsydropsis_, 204, 205

_Codonospermum_, 138, 304, 319, 330, 331, 361

_C. anomalum_, 330, 331, 359

_C. olivaeforme_, 330, 331

_Codonotheca_, 67, 124–126, 128

_C. caduca_, 67, 124, 125

_C. pusilla_, 126

_Coenoxylon_, 252, 293, 294

_C. Scotti_, 293

_Colpospermum_, 362, 363

_Colpoxylon_, 109, 142–145, 283

_C. aeduense_, 109, 142, 143

_Colymbetes_, 491–494

_C. Edwardsi_, 491–494

_Compsotesta_, 333, 347

_C. Brongniarti_, 347

Compter, G., 280, 500

_Condylites_, 467

_C. squamatus_, 467

_Conites Bucklandi_, 487

_Conostoma_, 64, 71, 79, 81, 303, 306, 309, 312–317, 326

_C. anglo-germanicum_, 315

_C. intermedianum_, 79

_C. oblongum_, 308, 313–315

_C. ovale_, 79

Corda, A. J., 70, 200, 223, 281, 504, 505

_Cordaianthus_, 142, 220, 224, 264–270

_C. acicularis_, 267

_C. Grand’Euryi_, 268, 269

_C. Lacattii_, 268

_C. Minieri_, 279

_C. Pitcairniae_, 232, 233, 266, 267

_C. Volkmanni_, 266, 267

_C. Williamsoni_, 267, 268

_C. Zeilleri_, 268

_Cordaicarpon_, 334

_C. Cordai_, 334, 335

_Cordaicarpus_, 220, 224, 240, 266, 333, 334, 335, 337, 342, 364

_C. Cordai_, 232, 350, 354, 355

_C. ingens_, 353

_Cordaicladus_, 220, 224, 245

_Cordaioxylon_, 220, 223, 248, 250

_C. Brandlingii_, 254

_Cordaispermum_, 335

Cordaitales, 214–299

Cordaiteae, 219–284

_Cordaites_, 137, 175, 176, 211, 214–217, 219–283 (_passim_), 294, 299, 335

_C. aequalis_, 238, 239, 243

_C. australis_, 240

_C. borassifolius_, 233, 236, 281

_C. circularis_, 139, 237, 276

_C. Clerci_, 239, 243

_C. communis_, 233

_C. crassifolius_, 226, 237

_C. crassus_, 226

_C. Delvali_, 235

_C. Felicis_, 226, 228, 230, 275

_C. gracilis_, 236

_C. grandifolius_, 235, 276

_C. (Noeggerathiopsis) Hislopi_, 238–245, 262

_C. Lacoei_, 237

_C. lancifolius_, 233

_C. linearis_, 236

_C. lingulatus_, 227, 229, 233–235

_C. Mansfieldi_, 232

_C. microstachys_, 236

_C. Newberryi_, 293

_C. Ottonis_, 232

_C. palmaeformis_, 235

_C. principalis_, 226, 229–233, 266, 335

_C. Robbii_, 233, 350

_C. robustus_, 227

_Cordaixylon_, 223

_Cornucarpus_, 337

_C. acutus_, 337

_Corylus colurna_, 60

_Corypha_, 381

Cotta, C. B., 89, 96, 105

Crié, L., 255

_Crossotheca_, 52–54, 113

_C. Hoeninghausi_, 53, 54, 57

_C. Hughesiana_, 52

_Crossozamia_, 368, 500, 529

_C. Hennocquei_, 500

_C. Moraeana_, 500

_Ctenidopsis_, 580

_Ctenis_, 511, 512, 532, 578–583

_C. asplenioides_, 581, 582

_C. falcata_, 532, 580, 582

_C. fallax_, 581

_C. hungarica_, 580, 581

_C. Kaneharai_, 582

_C. latifolia_, 583

_C. lunzensis_, 580

_C. orovillensis_, 582, 583

_C. Potocki_, 580, 582–584

_C. remotinervis_, 582

_C. sulcicaulis_, 580, 582–584, 586, 587

_C. Zeyschneri_, 580, 582

_Ctenophyllum_, 528

_C. angustifolium_, 556

_C. grandifolium_, 585

_C. latifolium_, 585

_C. pecten_, 528

_C. Wardi_, 585

_Ctenopsis_, 585

_Ctenopteris_, 511, 512

_Cyathea_, 88

Cycadales, 1–34

Cycadeae, 8

_Cycadella_, 374, 385, 417, 418

_C. ramentosa_, 379, 417

_C. wyomingensis_, 418

_Cycadeoidea_, 282, 367–417

_C. buzzardensis_, 372, 486

_C. colossalis_, 382, 408–410

_C. dacotensis_, 403–408, 434, 449

_C. Dartoni_, 380, 384

_C. etrusca_, 384, 438

_C. excelsa_, 374

_C. Gibsoniana_, 374, 377, 386–395, 411, 420, 455, 456, 470

_C. gigantea_, 372, 380, 411–416, 478

_C. ingens_, 378

_C. Jenneyana_, 372, 375, 412, 416

_C. McBridei_, 403

_C. Marshiana_, 372, 408, 409, 412

_C. marylandica_, 373

_C. megalophylla_, 367

_C. micromyela_, 369, 374, 376, 415, 418, 456, 488

_C. microphylla_, 367, 371

_C. montiana_, 384

_C. Morierei_, 395–403, 456, 456, 478

_C. nana_, 372

_C. Niedźwiedzkii_, 412

_C. nigra_, 374

_C. Peachiana_, 388

_C. pumila_, 369, 372, 417

_C. pygmaea_, 368, 417

_C. Reichenbachiana_, 409–412, 416

_C. Saxbyana_, 386, 388

_C. Stilwelli_, 374

_C. superba_, 372, 408

_C. Wielandi_, 375, 376

_C. Yatesii_, 371, 372, 484

_Cycadeomyelon_, 481, 490, 491

_C. Apperti_, 490, 491

_C. densicristatum_, 491

_Cycadeorachis_, 591

_Cycadeospermum_, 496, 497

_C. Pomelii_, 499

_Cycadeostrobus_, 503, 504

_C. Brunonis_, 504

_C. elegans_, 504

_C. sphaericus_, 504

_C. truncatus_, 504

_Cycadinocarpus_, 333, 334, 336, 341, 496, 497

_C. angustodunensia_, 326, 341

_Cycadites_, 367, 368, 529, 558–672

_C. Blandfordianus_, 561

_C. confertus_, 561

_C. constrictus_, 561

_C. gramineus_, 561

_C. gyrosus_, 509, 562

_C. pecten_, 520, 522

_C. pectinoides_, 520, 522

_C. rajmahalensis_, 571, 572

_C. rectangularis_, 501, 565, 566

_C. Renaulti_, 566

_C. Roemeri_, 559

_C. Saladini_, 565

_C. Saportae_, 14, 559

_C. sibiricus_, 561

_C. Steenstrupi_, 559

_C. sulcicaulis_, 578

_C. taxodinus_, 509, 562

_C. tenuisectus_, 563, 576

_Cycadocephalus_, 473–477

_C. Sewardi_, 473–475

_Cycadolepis_, 482, 494–496

_C. pilosa_, 494

_C. villosa_, 494

_Cycadorachis_, 590, 591

_C. abscissa_, 590

_C. armata_, 590

_C. tuberculata_, 591

_Cycadospadix_, 141, 494, 500, 501, 504

_C. Hennocquei_, 501

_C. integer_, 501

_C. Milleryensis_, 338

_C. Pasinianus_, 500

_Cycadoxylon_, 185–187

_C. Fremyi_, 186, 187

_C. robustum_, 186, 187

_Cycas_, 4–13, 27, 29, 34, 89, 94, 109, 157, _etc._

_C. angulata_, 21

_C. Beddomei_, 13

_C. Cairnsiana_, 14

_C. circinalis_, 4, 13, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27

_C. media_, 30, 33

_C. Micholitzii_, 13, 14, 33

_C. pectinata_, 21, 22

_C. revoluta_, 5, 7, 10, 22, 27, 30

_C. Ruiminiana_, 21, 22

_C. Rumphii_, 20

_C. Rumphii_ var. _bifida_, 13

_C. siamensis_, 11, 12, 27, 30, 160

_Cyclocarpon_, 334–336, 349

_C. nummularium_, 335

_C. tenue_, 335

_Cyclocarpus_, 340, 346

_C. nummularis_, 341

_Cyclopteris_, 109, 130, 136, 139, 276, 496

_C. Jenksiniana_, 496

_C. Klipsteinii_, 544

_Cyclospermum_, 333, 335, 340, 341

_Cyclozamia_, 541

_Cylindropodium_, 368, 386, 478, 479

_Dadoxylon_, 223, 248–260, 289–295

_D. australe_, 252, 255, 256

_D. Brandlingii_, 251, 254, 260

_D. Buchianum_, 220

_D. Kayi_, 256, 258

_D. materiarum_, 252, 256, 257

_D. medullaris_, 254

_D. meridionale_, 255

_D. Newberryi_, 252

_D. Nicoli_, 255

_D. nummularium_, 255

_D. oldhamium_, 35, 38

_D. ouangonidium_, 252

_D. Pedroi_, 252, 258, 259, 275

_D. permiense_, 259

_D. protopityoides_, 255

_D. Spenceri_, 294

_D. spetzbergense_, 260

_Dammara albens_, 281

_Dammarites Bayeri_, 283

_Danaea elliptica_, 475

_Davallia aculeata_, 48

_D. tenuifolia_, 77

Dawes, J. S., 247

Dawson, Sir J. W., 173, 203, 238, 247, 256, 277, 463

Dawson and Matthew, 252

Dawson and Penhallow, 196

De la Beche, 540

_Decagonocarpus_, 357

_D. olivaeformis_, 357

Depape and Carpentier, 317

_Desmiophyllum_, 236, 278

_D. Solmsi_, 282

_Dicksonites_, 167

_Dicranophyllum_, 246

_Dictyo-Cordaites Lecoi_, 238

_Dictyopteris_, 546

_D. falcata_, 546

_D. Schützii_, 113

_Dictyothalamus_, 127

_D. Schrollianus_, 113, 127

_Dictyoxylon_, 35, 36, 72

_D. Grievii_, 72

_D. oldhamium_, 38

_D. radicans_, 261

_Dictyozamites_, 379, 511, 546–548

_D. falcatus_, 546

_D. falcatus_ var. _distans_, 547

_D. falcatus_ var. _grossinervis_, 547

_D. falcatus_ var. _obtusa_, 546

_D. grossinervis_, 547

_D. Hawelli_, 547, 548

_D. indicus_, 346

_D. Johnstrupi_, 547, 548

_Dioon_, 8, 9, 19, 29, 30, 455

_D. edule_, 10, 15, 16, 19, 27, 28, 34, 464

_D. Purpusii_, 19

_D. spinulosum_, 10, 19, 23, 25, 417

_Dioonites_, 509, 528, 556, 572

_D. Buchianus_, 537

_D. saxonicus_, 537

_D. spectabilis_, 367

_Diplopterotesta_, 360, 361

_D. spitzbergensis_, 359, 360

_Diplotesta_, 265, 333, 346, 347

_D. avellana_, 322

_D. Grand’Euryana_, 322, 346

_Diplotmema_, 77

_D. elegans_, 72

Dolerophylleae, 132

_Dolerophyllum_, 124, 130–139, 229, 237, 276, 331, 332

_D. Berthieri_, 130, 133, 136–138

_D. fertile_, 130, 131, 137, 138

_D. Goepperti_, 132–134, 137, 138

_D. pseudopeltatum_, 136, 137

_Doleropteris_, 136

Doleropteroideae, 132

Dorety, H. A., 30, 162

Dorrien-Smith, A. A., 25

_Dory-Cordaites_, 224, 227, 265, 321

_Dory-Cycadolepis_, 494

Dunker, W., 528, 529, 544, 558

Duns, J., 170

_Echinostipes_, 368

_Edraxylon_, 38, 47

Edwards, W. N., 343

Eichwald, E., 132

Elkins and Wieland, 292

_Encephalartopsis_, 508

_E. nervosa_, 508, 580

_Encephalartos_, 6–10, 14, 23, 28, 29, 34, 158, 372, 487, 507, 508, 529, 587

_E. Altensteinii_, 14, 15, 21, 25, 27, 412

_E. Barteri_, 9, 27, 30, 158

_E. caffer_, 14, 16

_E. cretaceus_, 508

_E. denticulatus_, 507

_E. Fredericki-Guilielmi_, 14, 16

_E. Ghellinckii_, 11, 14, 529, 561

_E. Gorciexianus_, 508, 510

_E. Hildebrandti_, 9

_E. horridus_, 27

_E. Laurentianus_, 14

_E. Lehmanni_, 14, 320

_E. longifolia_, 14, 536

_E. villosus_, 22

Endlicher, S., 285, 503

_Endolepis vogesiacus_, 278

_Eolirion primigenium_, 282

_Eremopteris_, 169–172

_E. artemisaefolia_, 169–171

_E. Macconchii_, 172

_E. Neesii_, 169

_Eriotesta_, 319, 332

_E. vetutina_, 332

_Eristophyton_, 194, 197, 200, 248

_E. Beinertianum_, 199, 295

_E. fasciculare_, 197–199

_Erodium_, 304, 364

Ettingshausen, C. von, 529, 551, 578, 581

_Eu-Cordaites_, 224

_Eu-Ctenis_, 580

_Euphorbia_, 247

_Eury-Cycadolepis_, 494–496

_E. Jenkinsiana_, 496

_Euryphyllum_, 238, 245

_Eu-Zamites_, 521, 531

Feistmantel, O., 240, 443, 445, 494, 514–517, 546, 561, 572, 574, 577, 586

_Feistmantelia_, 139, 491

_F. bengalensis_, 139

_F. oblonga_, 491

Felix, J., 67, 70, 227, 250

Fiedler, H., 123, 335, 336, 349, 351

_Filicites Bechei_, 539, 540

_F. Bucklandi_, 537

_F. (Sphenopteris) elegans_, 72

_F. Pluckeneti_, 166

_Fittonia_, 478, 487

_F. Brongniarti_, 395

_F. insignis_, 487

_F. Rigauxi_, 487

_F. Ruffordi_, 483

_F. squamata_, 487

_Flabellaria_, 223, 233

_F. chamaeropifolia_, 281

Fliche, P., 278, 279, 280, 368, 504

Fontaine, W. M., 385, 500, 508, 578, 580, 582

Fraine, E. de, 95, 96, 149, 153, 155, 161

_Fričia nobilis_, 505

Fries, E., 566

_Fumaria officinalis_, 72

_Gangamopteris_, 258, 338, 352

_G. Seixasi_, 351

_Gaudrya_, 319, 332

_G. lagenaria_, 332

_G. trivalvis_, 332

Geinitz, H. B., 334, 365, 552

Gibbs, L. S., 61

_Ginkgo biloba_, 7, 61, 62, 119, 135, 139, 173, 222, 251, 266, 294, 301, 306, 327, 333, 338, 339, 398, 499, 502

_Gleichenia_, 74, 88

_Glossopteris_, 141, 354

_G. indica_, 140

_Glossozamites_, 530

_G. brevis_, 530

_G. Schenkii_, 541

_G. Stoliczanus_, 530

_Glyptostrobus_, 127

Gnetales, 160

_Gnetopsis_, 304, 309, 314, 317, 318

_G. anglica_, 318

_G. elliptica_, 314, 317, 318, 359

_Gnetum_, 401

_G. africanum_, 401

_G. Gnemon_, 63

Goeppert, H. R., 96, 126, 127, 173, 210, 264, 285, 289, 295, 305, 336, 411, 412, 527

Goeppert and Stenzel, 86, 96, 102, 163, 252, 295

Goldenburg, F., 236

_Gomphostrobus_, 253

Gordon, W. T., 181, 183, 288, 312

Gothan, W., 51, 248–252

Gourlie, W., 36, 37

Grand’Eury, C., _Passim_

Grieve, G., 72

Griffith, W., 28, 302

_Guilelmites_, 365

Halle, T. G., 280, 443, 457, 473, 517, 518, 521, 522, 527, 540, 547, 550, 563, 565, 575

_Haplocalamus_, 190

Heer, O., 174, 280, 336, 358, 360, 462, 520, 525, 530, 541, 549, 563

Helmacher, R., 349

Hemingway, W., 94, 317

_Hemitelia_, 48

_Heterangium_, 51, 70–85, 86–94, 98, 109, 156, 157, 162, 168, 179–183, 193, 194, 214, 309, 312, 316

_H. alatum_, 84

_H. Andrei_, 84

_H. bibractense_, 84

_H. bohemicum_, 84

_H. cylindricum_, 83

_H. Duchartrei_, 83

_H. Grievii_, 71–73, 79–82

_H. hibernicum_, 84

_H. Lomaxi_, 72, 83

_H. minimum_, 83

_H. paradoxum_, 72

_H. polystichum_, 84

_H. punctatum_, 84

_H. Renaulti_, 84

_H. Sturi_, 84, 183

_H. tiliaeoidea_, 71, 81–84

_Hexagonocarpus_, 116, 303, 322, 323, 356

_H. crassus_, 356

_H. Hookeri_, 357

_H. Noeggerathi_, 359

_Hexapterospermum_, 116, 119, 140, 319, 321–323, 348, 356

_H. modestae_, 357

_H. Noeggerathii_, 322, 357

_H. pachypterum_, 321

_H. stenopterum_, 321, 322

Hick, T., 67

_Hierogramma_, 200–204

_H. mysticum_, 201

_Hisingera_, 569

_Holcospermum_, 343, 361–363

_H. dubium_, 363

_H. sulcatum_, 357, 359, 361–363

Holden, H. S., 109

Holden, R., 243, 559, 560, 563, 565

Hollick, A., 461

Hollick and Jeffrey, 491

Hooker, Sir J., 10, 60

Hooker and Binney, 118, 301

Howse, R., 170, 232

_Hysterites Cordaitis_, 233

_Iodes_, 46

Johnson, T., 51, 52, 84

_Jordania_, 334, 336

_J. bignonioides_, 336, 351

_J. moravica_, 347

_Juglans_, 222

_J. regia_, 246

_Kaloxylon_, 67

_K. Hookeri_, 38, 67

_Kalymma_, 190, 192, 194–196

_K. grandis_, 192, 195, 196

_K. striata_, 196

Karsten, G., 30

Kershaw, E. M., 28, 61

Kidston, R., 51–53, 56, 110, 112, 168

Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan, 185

Klein, L., 145

_Knorria taxina_, 232

Kosmovsky, C., 238

_Krammera_, 277, 281

_K. mirabilis_, 280

Krasser, F., 420, 553, 576, 580

Kraus, G., 28, 210, 295

Kubart, B., 70, 71, 84, 183

Kurtz, F., 589

Kutorga, S., 132

_Lagenidium_, 62

_Lagenospermum_, 64–66, 174, 309

_L. Arberi_, 173, 307

_L. glandiforme_, 360

_L. nitidulum_, 174

_L. oblongum_, 65, 66

_L. Sinclairi_, 57, 64, 66, 81

_Lagenostoma_, 55–66, 71, 81, 116, 122, 125, 160, 173, 303, 307–317, 325, 326, 329, 497

_L. Kidstoni_, 64

_L. Lomaxi_, 51, 55–62, 311

_L. oblonga_, 65

_L. ovoides_, 55, 62–64, 311

_L. physoides_, 62, 301

_L. Sinclairi_, 64, 65

_L. urceolaris_, 65

Leckenby, J., 421

_Lepidanthium_, 477

_Lepidocaryon_, 265, 333, 346, 347

_L. avellana_, 346

_Lepidodendron_, 125, 212, 271

Leslie, T. N., 242, 256

Lesquereux, L., 110, 123, 131, 156, 232, 235, 305, 326

Leuthardt, F., 280, 550, 553

Lignier, O., 34, 63, 217, 229, 247, 386, 415, 428, 432–434, 455

Lindley and Hutton, _Passim_

Linnaeus, 363, 364

_Linopteris_, 86, 109, 113

_L. obliqua_, 111, 113

_Lobelia Rhynchopetalum_, 12

Loddiges, C., 368

Lomax, J., 46, 90

Lotsy, J., 86, 117

_Lycostrobus_, 506

_Lyginodendron_, 36

_L. anomalum_, 289

_L. Landsburgii_, 36, 37

_L. oldhamium_, 38, 70. See also _Lyginopteris oldhamia_

_L. robustum_, 187

_L. Sverdrupi_, 38

Lyginopterideae, 35–85, 89, 162

_Lyginopteris_, 35–70, 74–78, 84, 86–94, 98, 109, 186, 189–191, 194, 198, 214, 273, 293, 295, 309, 316, 369

_L. lacunosum_, 70

_L. oldhamia_, 38–51, 56, 72

_L. tristichum_, 70

_Lygodium_, 88, 180

McBride, T. H., 403

McCoy, Sir F., 240

McLean, R. C., 59

_Macropterygium_, 554

_Macrozamia_, 7, 9, 10, 19, 24, 28, 29, 100, 157, 158, 391, 529, 531

_M. Denisoni_, 16, 28

_M. Fraseri_, 16, 28, 499

_M. gibba_, 504

_M. heteromera_, 19, 27, 33

_M. Macleayi_, 536

_M. Moorei_, 6

_M. Preissii_, 23

_M. spiralis_, 19

_Malacotesta_, 363

_M. oblonga_, 363

Manoxylic, 7

Mantell, G., 478, 480, 481

_Mantellia_, 367, 368

_M. nidiformis_, 367

_Marattia_, 107

_Mariopteris_, 111

Marsh, A. S., 385

_Masculostrobus_, 505

Maslen, A. J., 271

_Matonia_, 88, 190

Matte, H., 30, 159, 160

_Medullosa_, 86–110, 119, 144, 149–157, 161, 164, 165, 183, 190, 196, 207, 209, 319

_M. anglica_, 87–98, 102, 105, 107, 108, 145–158, 161, 180, 219

_M. centrofilis_, 95–97, 157

_M. elegans_, 105–107

_M. gigas_, 100

_M. Leuckarti_, 87, 102–105, 108, 142–145, 154–159, 165

_M. Ludwigii_, 163

_M. porosa_, 89, 92, 157

_M. pusilla_, 94–96

_M. Solmsi_, 92, 148, 157

_M. Solmsi_ var. _gigantea_, 100, 101, 158

_M. Solmsi_ var. _lignosa_, 92

_M. Solmsi_ var. _typica_, 101

_M. stellata_, 87, 89, 96, 97, 100–103, 157, 158, 164

_M. stellata_ var. _corticata_, 92, 99, 100, 158

_M. stellata_ var. _gigantea_, 92, 100

_M. stellata_ var. _lignosa_, 100

_M. stellata_ var. _typica_, 97–99

Medulloseae, 86–165

_Megadendron saxonicum_, 253

_Megalorhachis_, 204

_M. elliptica_, 204

_Megalospermum_, 326

_Megaloxylon_, 175–180, 182, 183, 198, 297

_M. Scotti_, 175–180

_Mesopitys_, 248, 294–296

_M. Tchihatcheffi_, 293–296, 299

_Mesoxylon_, 214, 217, 220, 225, 226, 246, 248, 253, 256, 262, 266, 270–276, 294, 295, 299

_M. Lomaxi_, 274, 275, 297

_M. poroxyloides_, 274, 275

_M. Sutcliffi_, 271–274

_Metacordaites_, 260

_M. Rigolloti_, 254, 260

Mettenius, G., 30

_Microcycas_, 6, 7, 10, 19, 23, 30, 62, 162, 163

_M. Calocoma_, 27

_Microspermum_, 343, 365

Miller, H. 449, 536, 584

Miquel, F. A. W., 528, 569

_Mitrospermum_, 307, 333, 336, 345, 346

_M. compressum_, 314, 338, 345

_Mittagia_, 63, 64

_M. seminiformis_, 63

Morière, J., 369, 395, 415

Morris, J., 264, 512, 514, 528

Mougeot, A., 99

_Musocarpus_, 361

_M. difformis_, 361

_M. prismaticus_, 361

_Myelopteris_, 106, 154

_Myeloxylon_, 89, 93, 96, 99, 105–108, 119, 123, 139, 144, 154, 155, 196,207, 329

_M. Landrioti_, 93, 102, 105, 108

_M. radiatum_, 103, 105, 107, 108

_M. topekense_, 108

_Myrica_, 262

_M. Gale_, 61, 318

_Naiadea obtusa_, 588

Nathorst, A. G., _Passim_

_Nephrolepis Duffi_, 543

Neuropterideae, 87

_Neuropteridophylla_, 86

_Neuropteris_, 56, 86, 89, 106, 109–112, 115, 117, 126, 130, 139, 342, 357

_N. auriculata_, 116

_N. Carpentieri_, 112

_N. gigantea_, 110–113, 116, 140

_N. heterophylla_, 110, 111, 113–117

_N. obliqua_, 115, 116, 124

_N. pseudogigantea_, 112

_N. Schlehani_, 116

_Neuropterocarpus_, 116

_N. Kidstoni_, 114

_Neuropteromedullosa_, 156

_Neurospermum_, 116, 344

_Neurotheca_, 110

Newberry, J. S., 128, 131, 320, 507, 589

_Nilssonia_, 511, 512, 548, 549, 551, 555, 566–578

_N. bohemica_, 576

_N. brevis_, 567–571

_N. compta_, 555, 569, 573, 574, 576, 578

_N. densinervis_, 575

_N. elongata_, 566

_N. Johnstrupi_, 575

_N. mediana_, 551

_N. nipponensis_, 574

_N. orientalis_, 568, 572, 575, 576

_N. ozvana_, 576

_N. polymorpha_, 567–573

_N. princeps_, 576, 577

_N. pterophylloides_, 367, 567, 572, 573

_N. rajmahalensis_, 571

_N. saighensis_, 570

_N. Schaumburgensis_, 578

_N. Schmidti_, 574

_N. Sturii_, 576

_N. taeniopteroides_, 575

_N. tenuicaulis_, 556, 576

_N. tenuinervis_, 569, 575

Nilssoniales, 511, 566–587

_Nilssoniopteris_, 569

_Niponophyllum_, 282, 283

_N. cordaitiforme_, 282

_Noeggerathia_, 589, 590

_N. crassa_, 227

_N. cyclopteroides_, 132

_N. foliosa_, 588

_N. Goepperti_, 132

_N. palmaeformis_, 235, 238

_Noeggerathianthus_, 264

_Noeggerathiopsis_, 220, 238–243

_N. Hislopi_, 238, 241, 276, 277. See also _Cordaites (Noeggerathiopsis) Hislopi_,

_Odontopteris_, 86, 106, 109

Oldham and Morris, 443, 488, 514, 561, 572, 574, 576, 577

Oliver, F. W., 55, 61–64, 79, 119, 122, 301, 306–309, 321–326, 329

Oliver and Salisbury, 308, 313, 317

Oliver and Scott, 56, 60

_Oreodoxites Martianus_, 338

Osborne, T. G. B., 261, 262

_Otopteris mediana_, 541

_O. tenuata_, 543

_Otozamites_, 460, 467, 500, 511, 514, 517, 521, 522, 528, 530, 537–545, 546, 587, 589

_O. abbreviatus_, 521, 522

_O. angustatus_, 514–516

_O. Beani_, 541–544, 587, 588

_O. Bechei_, 538–541, 544

_O. bengalensis_, 542

_O. bengalensis_ var. _obtusa_, 543

_O. brevifolius_, 447

_O. Bucklandi_, 541

_O. Bunburyanus_, 542, 543

_O. contiguus_, 543

_O. decorus_, 544

_O. distans_, 515

_O. Feistmanteli_, 539, 543

_O. giganteus_, 544

_O. Goeppertianus_, 483, 538, 544

_O. gracilis_, 515, 516

_O. graphicus_, 540

_O. groenlandica_, 537

_O. Hennocquei_, 540

_O. Hislopi_, 515, 516, 521, 522

_O. indosinensis_, 541

_O. Izuimensis_, 544

_O. Klipsteini_, 530, 543, 544

_O. lagotis_, 544

_O. linearis_, 541, 544

_O. molianus_, 541

_O. obtusus_, 537–541

_O. obtusus_ var. _ooliticus_, 540

_O. oregonensis_, 544

_O. Polakii_, 541

_O. tenuissimus_, 543

_O. Terquemi_, 540

_O. vicetinus_, 540

_Ottokaria_, 124, 139–141

_O. bengalensis_, 116, 139, 140

_Pachytesta_, 90, 115–117, 144, 304, 319, 323–236

_P. gigantea_, 323, 325

_P. incrassata_, 324, 325

_Palaeanthus problematica_, 461

_Palaeopitys_, 210

_P. Milleri_, 210

_Palaeospathe aroidea_, 132

_Palaeoxylon_, 100, 289

_Palaeoxyris_, 477

_P. microrhombea_, 477

_Palaeozamia_, 442, 443, 513, 514

_P. acutifolia_, 514

_P. affinis_, 514, 515

_P. bengalensis_, 514

_P. cutchensis_, 514, 515

_P. longifolia_, 281

_P. pecten_, 421

_P. recta_, 534

_P. rigida_, 514, 515

_P. Rubidgei_, 585

_Palmacites_, 118

_Parapitys_, 294, 295

_P. Spenceri_, 294, 295

Parkinson, J., 367

_Paullinia_, 88

Pearson, H. H. W., 28, 402

_Pecopteris Pluckeneti_, 166–168, 171, 308

_P. Sterzeli_, 168

_Pecopteromedullosa_, 156

_Pelourdea_, 277–281

_P. hadroclada_, 280

_P. Imhofi_, 280

_P. keuperiana_, 280

_P. megaphylla_, 281

_P. mirabilis_, 281

_P. vogesiaca_, 278, 279, 281

Penhallow, D. P., 108, 251

Phillips, J., 281, 520, 522, 558, 578

_Phoenicopsis_, 236, 278, 280

_Phylladoderma_, 244

_P. Arberi_, 244

_Phyllocladus_, 122

_Phyllotaenia_, 280

_P. hadroclada_, 280

_P. longifolia_, 280

_Physostoma_, 62, 64, 125, 304, 309–316, 326, 329, 359

_P. elegans_, 62, 309, 311, 314

_Pilularia_, 58, 64, 327

_Pinites_, 35

_P. Brandlingii_, 254

_P. Goepperti_, 210

_P. medullaris_, 289

_P. Withami_, 289

_Pissadendron_, 285

_Pitcairnia_, 264

Pityeae, 285–299

_Pityoxylon chasense_, 251

_Pitys_, 183, 285–289, 290

_P. antiqua_, 285–291

_P. Dayii_, 288

_P. primaeva_, 287–289

_P. Withami_, 286, 289

_Plagiozamites_, 530, 589, 590

_P. carbonarius_, 590

_P. Planchardi_, 509, 589, 590

_Platylepis_, 369, 415, 478

_P. micromyela_, 479

_Platypterygium_, 586

_P. Balli_, 555, 556

_P. densinerve_, 575

_P. Rogersianum_, 576

_Platyspermum_, 114, 343, 362, 363

_P. sulcatum_, 362

_Poa-Cordaites_, 224, 227, 236, 280, 283

_P. tenuifolius_, 236

_Podocarpus_, 61, 262

_Podocarya_, 386, 449

_Podozamites_, 281, 529, 588

_P. Milleri_, 536

_P. Zitteli_, 530

_Polylophospermum_, 319, 322, 329, 330

_P. stephanense_, 322, 329

_Polypodioides pecteniformis_, 522, 523

_Polypodium heracleum_, 145, 190

_P. irioides_, 566

_P. quercifolium_, 145, 190

_Polypterocarpus_, 357, 358, 361

_P. anglicus_, 321, 324, 357

_Polypterospermum_, 319, 323

_P. Renaulti_, 322, 323

Pomel, A., 368, 497, 500, 529, 541

Poroxyleae, 214–219

_Poroxylon_, 83, 142, 214–219, 226, 262, 270, 275, 276, 295, 343

_P. Boysseti_, 214, 218, 219

_P. Duchartrei_, 214

_P. Edwardsii_, 216–219

_P. stephanense_, 217, 219

Potonié, H., 38, 111, 112, 166, 249, 549, 590

_Potoniea_, 113, 116, 117, 128, 129

_P. adiantiformis_, 111, 112, 131

Prankerd, T. L., 62, 63

Priestley, R., 296

_Primula auricula_, 91

Protocycadaceae, 161

Protopityeae, 210–213

_Protopitys_, 207, 209–213, 255

_P. Buchiana_, 210–213

_Psaronius_, 88, 168, 253

_Pseudoctenis_, 528, 556, 584–587

_P. Balli_, 586

_P. crassinervis_, 585

_P. eathiensis_, 584, 585

_P. ensiformis_, 585

_P. Lanei_, 586

_Pseudocycas_, 14, 511, 558–565

_P. insignis_, 560, 562, 565

_P. Roemeri_, 560, 564

_P. Saportae_, 560, 563, 564

_P. Steenstrupi_, 560, 561, 563

_Psygmophyllum_, 276

_P. Delvali_, 235

_P. flabellatum_, 238

_P. majus_, 235

_Pteridotheca Butterworthi_, 54

_Pterispermostrobus_, 66, 67, 126

_P. bifurcates_, 65, 66, 126

_Pterophyllum_, 511, 548–558

_P. aequale_, 556

_P. angustifolium_, 576

_P. Bavieri_, 555

_P. blechnoides_, 509, 552

_P. Braunianum_, 554, 556, 558

_P. Bronni_, 553, 554

_P. Buchianum_, 529

_P. Cambryi_, 509, 552

_P. Carterianum_, 586

_P. concinnum_, 549

_P. Cottaeanum_, 509, 552

_P. crassinerve_, 550

_P. distans_, 557

_P. Dunkerianum_, 527, 528, 557

_P. Fayoli_, 509, 551, 552

_P. Footeanum_, 557

_P. Goeppertianum_, 544

_P. gonorrachis_, 509

_P. Grand’Euryanum_, 509, 552

_P. inconstans_, 555

_P. inflexum_, 509

_P. Jaegeri_, 548–550, 553

_P. longifolium_, 553

_P. Lyellianum_, 557, 558

_P. majus_, 548

_P. marginatum_, 550

_P. medianum_, 576

_P. minus_, 548

_P. Morrisianum_, 578, 586

_P. Nathorsti_, 556

_P. Nilssoni_, 551, 557, 558

_P. oblongifolium_, 530

_P. pecten_, 512, 517

_P. princeps_, 573, 576, 586

_P. rigidum_, 523

_P. Rogersianum_, 554, 575

_P. saxonicum_, 537

_P. Schaumburgense_, 578

_P. Schenki_, 555

_P. Tietzei_, 554, 555

_P. Williamsonis_, 573

_Pterospermum_, 343, 357

_P. anglicum_, 357

_Pterozamites_, 529

_Ptilophyllum_, 379, 512–529, 539

_P. acutifolium_, 446, 517, 521, 522

_P. acutifolium_ var. _maximum_, 515

_P. Anderssoni_, 525, 527

_P. antarcticum_, 525, 527

_P. boreale_, 525–527, 530

_P. cutchense_, 478, 514–517, 521, 522, 524

_P. cutchense_ var. _curvifolium_, 515

_P. Dunkerianum_, 527

_P. hirsutum_, 520

_P. pecten_, 437–440, 443, 445, 512–525

_Ptilozamites_, 511, 512

_Ptychotesta_, 319, 321, 322, 348

_P. pachypterum_, 322

_P. tenuis_, 321, 322

_Ptychoxylon_, 142, 145, 186–190

_P. Levyi_, 187–190

Pychnoxylic, 7

_Pycnophyllum_, 223

_Rachiopteris aspera_, 47

_R. Williamsoni_, 154, 155

Raciborski, M., 412, 578, 581, 582

_Radiculites reticulatus_, 217

_Radiospermum_, 64

_R. ornatum_, 323

Rattray, C., 28

_Raumeria_, 409

_R. Reichenbachiana_, 384, 385

_R. Schulziana_, 412

Reichenbach, —, 253

Reid, Mr and Mrs Clement, 300

Renault, B., _Passim_

Renier, A., 116

_Retinodendron_, 181

_Rhabdocarpos Mansfieldi_, 326

_Rhabdocarpus_, 90, 115, 116, 215, 333, 341–344, 362, 364

_R. Boschianus_, 320

_R. elongatus_, 174

_R. Lilleanus_, 342

_R. Mansfieldi_, 326

_R. multistriatus_, 362, 363

_R. Oliveri_, 344

_R. orientalis_, 174

_R. ovoides_, 354

_R. subtunicatus_, 115, 342

_R. tunicatus_, 115, 341, 342, 362

_Rhabdospermum_, 116, 307, 333, 335, 339–344, 347

_R. cyclocaryon_, 340, 344

_Rhetinangium_, 85, 181–183

_R. Arberi_, 181–183

_Rhexoxylon_, 87, 101, 146–149, 207

_R. africanum_, 146–149

_Rhipidopsis ginkgoides_, 140

_Rhiptozamites Goepperti_, 238, 244, 245

_Rhizo-Cordaites_, 224, 237

_Rhizophidium_, 62

_Rhynchogonium_, 358–363

_R. costatum_, 358, 359

_R. sulcatum_, 358, 360

_Rhynchopetalum montanum_, 12

Richards, J. T., 536, 584

Richter, P. B., 200

Roehl, von, 136

Salisbury, E. J., 122, 307, 320

_Samaropsis_, 168–171, 236, 245, 265–267, 303, 333–338, 345–354

_S. acuta_, 167–171

_S. alata_, 351

_S. Baileyi_, 351

_S. barcellosus_, 350, 351

_S. bicaudata_, 348, 350

_S. bignonioides_, 350

_S. Crampii_, 349

_S. emarginata_, 337, 349, 350

_S. fluitans_, 142, 338, 348, 350

_S. indica_, 352, 353

_S. Leslii_, 352, 353

_S. marginata_, 337

_S. Milleri_, 353

_S. moravica_, 349, 352

_S. Newberryi_, 350

_S. Pitcairniae_, 266

_S. Seixasi_, 350, 351

_S. spitzbergensis_, 360

_S. ulmiformis_, 336

Saporta, G. de, 368, 369, 422, 429, 434, 449, 477–479, 494, 499, 500, 589

Saporta and Marion, 132, 137, 138, 317, 395, 501, 505

_Sarcotaxus_, 265

_S. angulosus_, 347

_S. avellana_, 346

_S. olivaeformis_, 347

Schenk, A., 97, 164, 282, 336, 529, 550, 554, 555, 568, 578, 581

Schimper, W. P., 127, 477, 500, 501, 505, 530, 554

Schimper and Mougeot, 278

_Schizodendron_, 250

_Schizopodium_, 369

_S. Renaulti_, 369

_Schizospermum_, 319

_Schizoxylon_, 200, 203

_S. taeniatum_, 201

Schlotheim, E. F. von, 166

Schmaulhausen, J., 174, 233, 238, 244, 245

Schuster, J., 411, 412, 477

_Schützia_, 124–127

_S. anomala_, 126, 127

_S. Bennieana_, 127

_S. permiensis_, 127

_Scolopteris_, 168

Scott, D. H., _Passim_

Scott and Jeffrey, 191, 196

Scott and Maslen, 119, 122, 330

_Scuto-Cordaites_, 237

_S. Grand’Euryi_, 238

Sellards, E. H., 126

_Senecio praecox_, 287

_Senftenbergia_, 63

_Sequoia_, 217

_Serjania_, 88

_Sewardia latifolia_, 589, 591

Shaw, F. J. F., 160

Shirley, J., 255

_Sigillaria_, 214

_Sigillariopsis_, 214

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu., _Passim_

_Sorocladus stellata_, 110

_Sparganum_, 93, 105, 184, 191

Spencer, J., 294

_Sphaereda paradoxa_, 502

_Sphaerostoma_, 71, 78–81, 307, 309, 316, 319

_S. ovale_, 79, 80, 312, 313

_Sphenophyllum_, 110

_Sphenopteridophylla_, 86

_Sphenopteris_, 109

_S. artemisaefolia_, 169

_S. crithmifolia_, 169, 170

_S. dissecta_, 77, 81

_S. Dubuissonis_, 56

_S. elegans_, 72, 75, 77, 78, 81

_S. Hoeninghausi_, 47–53, 56, 70

_S. Linkii_, 51

_S. obtusifolia_, 81

_S. obtusiloba_, 65

_S. refracta_, 208

_S. Schaumberg-Lippeana_, 66

_Sphenozamites_, 587–589

_S. Belli_, 588, 589

_S. Geinitzianus_, 589

_S. Geylerianus_, 588

_S. robustus_, 589

_S. Rochei_, 509, 587

_S. Rossii_, 588

_Sporocarpon ornatum_, 309

_Stangeria paradoxa_, 8, 9, 12, 16, 19–22, 29, 30, 32, 34, 159, 160, 312, 386

Staub, M., 578

_Steloxylon_, 163–165

_S. Ludwigii_, 163, 164

_Stenomyelon_, 182–185

_S. tuedianum_, 183–185

_Stenorrachis_, 503

_S. scanicus_, 503, 568

Stenzel, G., 165

_Stenzelia_, 106

_Stephanospermum_, 302–304, 307, 323, 326–329, 345, 497

_S. akenioides_, 311, 314, 319, 326–328

_S. caryoides_, 328, 329

Sternberg, C. von, 118, 362, 487, 522, 555

_Sternbergia_, 247

Sterzel, J. T., 105, 167, 168

_Stigmaria_, 193

Stokes and Webb, 480, 481, 491, 497

Stopes, M. C., _Passim_

_Strobilites_, 124, 141, 142, 500

_S. Milleryensis_, 141, 142, 338

Stur, D., 70, 77, 167

_Sub-Zamites_, 521, 530, 531

Sutcliffe, W. H., 149, 161, 162

_Sutcliffia_, 87, 149–156, 182–185

_S. insignis_, 149–156

_S. Williamsoni_, 154

_Syncardia_, 200, 205

_S. pusilla_, 201, 202

_Taeniopteris_, 1, 86, 511, 568, 576, 583

_T. asplenioides_, 581

_T. vittata_, 467, 470, 472, 508, 569

Tate, R., 534

_Taxospermum_, 265, 333, 346, 347

_T. Grüneri_, 322, 347

_Taxus_, 306, 347, 396

_Teconia_, 46

_Telangium_, 54, 55, 125

_T. Scotti_, 54, 311

_Thinouia scandens_, 88

Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 467

_Thlaspi arvense_, 303

Thoday, Mrs, 28, 160, 161

Thomas, H. H., _Passim_

Thomas and Bancroft, 560

Thomson, R. B., 252, 254

Thomson and Allin, 251

_Thysanotesta_, 304, 364

_T. sagittula_, 304, 314, 359, 364

_Thysopteris elegans_, 65

_Titanophyllum_, 283, 284

_T. Brittsi_, 284

_T. Grand’Euryi_, 283, 284

_Torreya_, 301, 325, 347

_Trigonocarpon_, 117, 118

_Trigonocarpus_, 61, 90, 94, 115–123, 162, 301, 303, 307, 316–329, 345, 499

_T. actaeonelloides_, 354

_T. corrugatus_, 124

_T. Dawesi_, 123, 320

_T. Moyseyi_, 122

_T. multicarinatus_, 320

_T. olivaeformis_, 119

_T. Oliveri_, 122

_T. Parkinsoni_, 118–123, 319–321, 329

_T. pusillus_, 122, 319, 320

_T. rostratum_, 321

_T. schizocarpoides_, 319

_T. shorensis_, 121–124, 319, 320

_T. sporites_, 320

_Trigonocarpum gloagianum_, 358, 360

_Tripterospermum_, 119, 321, 358, 369

_T. ellipticum_, 321, 357

_Tsuga_, 127, 315

_Tylodendron_, 250, 253, 491

Tyson, P., 385

_Tysonia marylandica_, 385

_Ullmannites Beinertianus_, 199

_Ulospermum_, 497

Unger, F., 190, 194, 196, 200, 201, 203, 204, 285, 449

_Vectia_, 419, 420

_V. luccombensis_, 419

Velenovský, J., 281, 504, 505

_Völkelia_, 208–210

_V. refracta_, 208, 209

Vries, H. de, 10

Walch, J. E. J., 497

_Walchia_, 253, 338

Ward, L. F., 368, 369, 385, 409, 417, 491, 497, 582

_Wardia_, 172–174

_W. fertilis_, 171, 172

Warming, E., 25

Warren, E., 256

Watson, D. M. S., 68

Weber and Sterzel, 97, 99, 101, 104, 108

Weiss, C. E., 264, 338

Weiss, F. E., 54, 68

Welsford, E. J., 61

_Weltrichia_, 475–477

_W. Fabrei_, 477

_W. mirabilis_, 476

_W. oolithica_, 477

_Welwitschia_, 160, 161, 336, 380, 403

Wettstein, R. V., 403

White, D., 169, 172, 173, 192, 243, 255, 258, 284, 326

_Whittleseya_, 124–131

_W. brevifolia_, 128

_W. concinna_, 131

_W. elegans_, 128–131

_W. fertilis_, 129, 130

_W. integrifolia_, 131

_W. undulata_, 131

Wieland, G. R., _Passim_

_Wielandia_, 463

_Wielandiella_, 454, 463–467, 472, 473, 478, 481, 550

_W. angustifolia_, 464, 466, 467, 470

_W. punctata_, 446

Wild, G., 119

Williamson, W. C., _Passim_

Williamson and Scott, 42–46, 67, 69, 74, 75, 77

_Williamsonia_, 372, 386, 409, 412, 421–463, 494, 516, 517, 520, 524, 531–534, 538, 546

_W. angustifolia_, 463

_W. Bibbinsi_, 462

_W. bituberculata_, 457

_W. Blandfordi_, 445, 446, 517

_W. Bucklandi_, 386, 448, 449

_W. Carruthersi_, 439, 447, 448

_W. cretacea_, 461, 462

_W. Cuauhtemoc_, 446

_W. elongata_, 462

_W. Forchammeri_, 461

_W. gallinacea_, 462

_W. gigas_, 421–436, 443–447, 451, 457, 460, 472, 483

_W. hastula_, 422

_W. Haydeni_, 460

_W. indica_, 446

_W. Leckenbyi_, 439, 440, 448, 473

_W. Lignieri_, 472

_W. mexicana_, 459, 460

_W. microps_, 445

_W. minima_, 461

_W. Morieri_, 395

_W. oregonensis_, 461

_W. Otozamitis_, 460

_W. pecten_, 422, 426, 440–442, 445, 456

_W. phoenicopsoides_, 462

_W. problematica_, 461, 462

_W. pyramidalis_, 457

_W. recentior_, 463

_W. Riesii_, 461

_W. scotica_, 374, 391, 396, 403, 415, 440, 447, 449–456, 465, 478, 489

_W. setosa_, 436, 443–445

_W. Smockii_, 461

_Williamsonia_ sp., 443–446, 460

_W. spectabilis_, 435–442, 457, 445, 459, 460, 473, 476

_W. virginiensis_, 462

_W. whitbiensis_, 435, 438–442, 457, 458, 460

_Williamsoniella_, 434, 454, 467–473

_W. coronata_, 467–472

_W. Lignieri_, 472

Wills, L. T., 278

Witham, H., 35, 254, 285, 289

Worsdell, W. C., 30, 33, 34, 46, 155, 159, 160, 162, 403

_Xenoxylon phyllocladoides_, 213

Yabe, H., 578

Yates, J., 421

_Yatesia_, 386, 478

_Y. crassa_, 483

_Y. gracilis_, 483

_Y. Joassiana_, 483

_Y. Morrisii_, 484

_Y. vogesiacus_, 277, 278, 483

_Y. Yatesii_, 484

Yokoyama, M., 537, 578, 582

Young, G., 421

Young, J., 358

_Yucca_, 277

_Yuccites_, 277, 278

_Y. Schimperianus_, 281

Zalessky, M., 70, 191, 194, 197, 198, 238, 243, 244, 291–295, 358, 359, 590

_Zalesskya gracilis_, 180

_Zamia_, 11, 12, 16, 24, 30, 62, 139, 507

_Z. angustifolia_, 16

_Z. Brongniarti_, 395

_Z. crassa_, 504

_Z. floridana_, 16, 24, 25

_Z. furfuracea_, 19

_Z. gigas_, 421

_Z. Goldiei_, 522

_Z. integrifolia_, 16, 76

_Z. linifolia_, 16

_Z. Loddigesii_, 5, 16, 18

_Z. macrocephala_, 503

_Z. muricata_, 587

_Z. pectinata_, 522

_Z. praecedens_, 510

_Z. pseudoparasitica_, 19

_Z. pumila_, 9

_Z. pygmaea_, 4

_Z. Skinneri_, 587

_Z. Wallisii_, 16, 17

Zamieae, 8

_Zamiophyllum_, 529–531

_Zamiopsis_, 512

_Zamiostrobus_, 496, 503

_Z. Loppineti_, 504

_Z. orientalis_, 504

_Z. Saportana_, 505

_Zamites_, 281, 378, 379, 507, 512, 517, 520, 521, 525, 527, 529–537, 589, 590

_Z. Anderssoni_, 521

_Z. antarcticus_, 521, 527

_Z. bohemicus_, 534

_Z. borealis_, 521, 525, 530, 531

_Z. brevipennis_, 521, 525

_Z. Buchianus_, 531, 535–537

_Z. carbonarius_, 590

_Z. Carruthersi_, 535, 536

_Z. claravallensis_, 534

_Z. eathiensis_, 584

_Z. epibius_, 510

_Z. familiaris_, 505

_Z. Feneonis_, 533

_Z. gigas_, 422–426, 443, 510, 521, 530–534

_Z. iburgensis_, 534

_Z. Mantelli_, 532

_Z. Moreaui_, 533

_Z. palaeocenicus_, 510

_Z. pusillus_, 521

_Z. recta_, 534

_Z. Renevieri_, 533

_Z. Schmiedelii_, 534

_Zamites_ sp., 585

_Z. speciosus_, 521, 525

_Z. truncatus_, 532

_Z. Zitteli_, 535

Zeiller, R., _Passim_

Zigno, A. de, 281, 460, 587, 588

Zopf, W., 62, 538

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Wieland (06) p. 190.

[2] _Botanical Magazine_, Tab. 1741.

[3] Matte (04) Pl. +xi.+ fig. 185 (_Microcycas_).

[4] Thibout (96).

[5] Thibout (96) Pl. +iv.+ fig. 3. A branched microstrobilus of a _Macrozamia_ is exhibited in the Botanical Department of the British Museum.

[6] Pearson (06).

[7] Sohns-Laubach (90); South and Compton (08); Smith, F. G. (07).

[8] Chamberlain (13).

[9] Lang (97); (00).

[10] Chamberlain (09) p. 410.

[11] Caldwell (07).

[12] For figures and references, see Coulter and Chamberlain (10).

[13] Chamberlain (12) p. 11.

[14] Saxton (104).

[15] For an explanation of the occurrence of a single cotyledon in _Ceratozamia_, see Dorety (08).

[16] Worsdell (00); (01); Chamberlain (11).

[17] μανός, porous, loose in texture; πυκνόϛ, compact.

[18] Sifton (15).

[19] Worsdell (00); (06). See _postea_, Chap. +xxx.+

[20] Worsdell (98²).

[21] For figures, see Mettenius (60) B.; de Bary (84) A.; le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[22] Wieland (06) pp. 62, 63.

[23] Matte (04) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 111.

[24] Scott (97); Matte (04) p. 164.

[25] The species _Cycas taiwanensis_ was founded by Mr Carruthers (93) on material from Formosa, and _C. revoluta_ has also been recorded from Formosa [Thiselton-Dyer (02) p. 559], but according to Mr Elwes it is very doubtful whether any native Cycad occurs on the island.

[26] Engler (95) p. 92; Stapf (14).

[27] _Gard. Chron._ June 11, 1904, p. 370.

[28] _Bot. Mag._ 1909, Tab. 8232.

[29] Pearson (06).

[30] Chamberlain (12²).

[31] Chamberlain (06).

[32] Webber (01).

[33] Chamberlain (09).

[34] Hooker, J. D. (91) A. p. 98 (footnote).

[35] Pearson (06).

[36] Prof. de Vries kindly informed me in a letter that this estimate is not to be regarded as anything more than a rough guess.

[37] Stopes (10).

[38] Caldwell (07).

[39] Bower (84).

[40] Rosen (11).

[41] Seward (95) A. pp. 15 _et seq._

[42] Braun, A. (75).

[43] Thiselton-Dyer (65) B.; _Bot. Mag._ 1909, Tab. 8242.

[44] Thiselton-Dyer (02) p. 560.

[45] _Gard. Chron._ 1904, June 11, p. 370.

[46] Seward (97).

[47] Braun, A. (75²) p. 376.

[48] _Bot. Mag._ 1818, Tab. 1969.

[49] Matte (04) p. 34.

[50] Seward (95) A. p. 5; Robertson (02) fig. 4.

[51] Vol. +ii.+ fig. 287, p. 389.

[52] Chamberlain (09).

[53] Braun, A. (75); Bornemann (56) A. Pl. +x.+

[54] Caldwell (07); Caldwell and Baker (07).

[55] _Bot. Mag._ 1859, Tab. 5121.

[56] Vol. +ii.+ p. 485.

[57] Lignier (94).

[58] Chamberlain (12³).

[59] For information on the anatomy of reproductive shoots, see Thibout (96); Scott (97); Worsdell (98); Matte (04).

[60] Thiselton-Dyer (01); _Bot. Mag._ 1915, Tab. 8592, 8593. For instances of monstrous cones, see Miquel (69), Wieland (02).

[61] Chamberlain (09).

[62] Dorrien-Smith (11) p. 287.

[63] Stopes (04) p. 467.

[64] Stopes (04) p. 438, fig. 1; Warming (77) Pl. +iii.+

[65] Chamberlain (06).

[66] Kershaw (12).

[67] Stopes (04).

[68] Oliver (13).

[69] Thoday (Sykes) (11); Sykes (10); Thoday (Sykes) and Berridge (12).

[70] Salisbury (14) p. 72.

[71] Kraus (96).

[72] Pearson (06).

[73] Rattray (13).

[74] Worsdell (96); (01).

[75] See _ante_, p. 5.

[76] Chamberlain (11); Wieland (06).

[77] Pavolini (09); Marsh (14).

[78] Matte (08).

[79] Dorety (08²); (09).

[80] Worsdell (96).

[81] Matte (04) especially pp. 185–202. See also Worsdell (00); (06) etc.

[82] Matte (04) p. 210.

[83] Worsdell (98²).

[84] Caldwell (07).

[85] Carano (04); le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[86] Le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[87] Seward (06).

[88] Robertson (02).

[89] Seward (12²).

[90] Worsdell (98).

[91] Lignier (92).

[92] Nestler (95); Porsch (05); Thomas and Bancroft (13); Dušánek (13).

[93] Binney (66).

[94] Unger (50) A. p. 378.

[95] Williamson (69).

[96] Williamson (73) A.

[97] Gourlie (44).

[98] See page 186.

[99] Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 8, 217, 218.

[100] Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 8, 217, 218.

[101] Vol. +ii.+ p. 220.

[102] Nathorst (14) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 1.

[103] Nathorst (04) B. p. 11.

[104] Potonié (99) B. p. 171.

[105] Arber, E. A. N. (02).

[106] Williamson and Scott (95).

[107] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 720.

[108] Williamson (90) Pl. +xii.+ fig. 6.

[109] Williamson (90) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 3, _b._

[110] Williamson and Scott (95) Pl. +xxiii.+ fig. 8.

[111] _Ibid._ p. 722.

[112] Worsdell (06) pp. 140 _et seq._

[113] Lomax (02).

[114] Brenchley (13).

[115] For a description of the method, see Salisbury (13).

[116] Williamson (73) A. p. 403.

[117] Williamson (90).

[118] Vol. +ii.+ p. 299, fig. 232.

[119] Bower (12) Pls. +xxx.+ +xxxiii.+

[120] Höhlke (02).

[121] Williamson (74) Pl. +li.+ fig. 1.

[122] Scott (09) B. fig. 139, p. 375.

[123] Brongniart (28) A. p. 199, Pl. +lii.+ For synonymy, see Kidston (11) p. 42.

[124] Zeiller (88) A. p. 82, Pl. +vi.+

[125] See also Kidston (06) B, fig. 5, p. 417; Renier (10²), Pls. 60, 70.

[126] Kidston (06) B.

[127] Stur (77) p. 257, Pls. +xxv.+ +xxvi.+

[128] Oliver (05) fig. 6.

[129] Gothan (13) p. 40.

[130] Johnson (11).

[131] Kidston (05).

[132] Kidston (06) B.

[133] Zeiller (83) B.

[134] Gothan (13) p. 49.

[135] Chodat (08) B.

[136] Scott (08) B. p. 292.

[137] Weiss, F. E. (12).

[138] Vol. +ii.+ p. 532.

[139] Scott (09) B. p. 400.

[140] Kidston (06) B.

[141] Benson (04) B.

[142] In his account of the ovule of _Stangeria_ Lang (00) discusses the possibility of homologising the ovule with a sorus consisting of one sporangium.

[143] Williamson (77) B. p. 234.

[144] Oliver and Scott (03): (04).

[145] Hörich (06) p. 48.

[146] Kidston (05²) B.

[147] Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[148] Oliver and Scott (04) Pl. +x.+ fig. 28; McLean (12).

[149] Williamson (76).

[150] Oliver (03) p. 462.

[151] Benson (08).

[152] McLean (12).

[153] For figure, see Lotsy (09) p. 714.

[154] Scott (11) p. 105.

[155] Chodat (08) B.

[156] Scott (03).

[157] Scott (09) B. p. 220. See also Oliver (05); Oliver and Scott (04) p. 231.

[158] Gibbs (12) p. 46.

[159] Oliver (06).

[160] Stopes(05); Prankerd (12).

[161] Sykes (10) p. 219; Thoday (Sykes, M. G.) (11) p. 1124.

[162] Shaw (08).

[163] Benson and Welsford (09) p. 633.

[164] Kershaw (09) p. 359.

[165] Benson (08).

[166] Zopf (92) Pls. +i.+ +ii.+

[167] Burlingame (15).

[168] Williamson (77) B.

[169] Williamson (76) p. 160.

[170] Butterworth (97).

[171] Oliver (09) p. 74.

[172] Prankerd (12).

[173] Vol. +ii.+ p. 364, fig. 270.

[174] Berridge (11).

[175] Lignier (13²).

[176] Nathorst (14) p. 29.

[177] Arber (05).

[178] Oliver (09).

[179] Arber (14) p. 102.

[180] Vol. +ii.+ pp. 294, 295.

[181] Vol. +ii.+ p. 529, fig. 352.

[182] Carpentier (11) p. 3.

[183] See page 66.

[184] Kidston (14) p. 160, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[185] _Ibid._ p. 161, Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 9, 10.

[186] Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[187] Carpentier (11).

[188] Arber, E. A. N. (08).

[189] Nathorst (08) p. 10, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 19–21.

[190] Stopes (14) p. 74, Pls. +xvii.+ fig. 45, +xxv.+ fig. 69, text-fig. 15.

[191] See page 124.

[192] Nathorst (14) p. 23, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 43.

[193] Carpentier (13) p. 391.

[194] Williamson (76) B.

[195] Williamson (87) p. 297.

[196] Felix (86) A. p. 51.

[197] Williamson and Scott (94).

[198] Hick (95) p. 114.

[199] Stopes and Watson (08) Pl. +xvii.+ fig. 1.

[200] Weiss, F. E. (13).

[201] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 739.

[202] White (99) B. p. 40.

[203] Felix (86) A.

[204] Zalessky (10).

[205] Kubart (14); (11).

[206] Corda (45) A. Pl. +xvi.+

[207] Kubart (08) fig. 3.

[208] Vol. +ii.+ p. 310, fig. 237, C; p. 311, fig. 238.

[209] Williamson (73) A. p. 403.

[210] Benson (14).

[211] Williamson (72²).

[212] Williamson (73) A.

[213] Williamson (90).

[214] Williamson and Scott (95).

[215] Scott (15).

[216] Scott (15).

[217] Jeffrey (05) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 21.

[218] Kidston (91²) B. p. 49.

[219] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 753.

[220] Williamson and Scott (95) Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 28.

[221] Stur (77) p. 236, Pls. +xiii.+ +xiv.+

[222] Benson (14).

[223] Oliver (09) p. 111.

[224] Grand’Eury (05²).

[225] Carpentier (11) Pl. +xii.+ fig. 1.

[226] For a fuller description, see Williamson and Scott (95).

[227] Scott (09) B. p. 410; (15).

[228] Scott (15).

[229] Renault (79) B. p. 276, Pl. +xiv.+ figs. 4–8; (96) A. p. 251, Pl. +lxv.+ figs. 1, 2.

[230] Renault (96) A. pp. 253, 255.

[231] _Ibid._ p. 252, Pl. +lxv.+ figs. 3, 6.

[232] Kubart (14).

[233] Dr. Scott who has seen sections of this species tells me that it is a striking intermediate form.

[234] Johnson (12).

[235] Scott (15).

[236] Goeppert and Stenzel (81).

[237] Lotsy (09) p. 723.

[238] Zeiller (05) B. p. 725.

[239] Schenck (93) B. Pls. +I–V+, etc.

[240] White, D. (05²) B. p. 389.

[241] Solms-Laubach (97) Pl. +vi.+ fig. 3.

[242] Penhallow (97).

[243] Cotta (32) B. p. 59.

[244] Brongniart (49) A. p. 57.

[245] Scott (99).

[246] Arber, E. A. N. (03).

[247] Renault (76) B.

[248] Arber, E. A. N. (03).

[249] Kidston (05²) B.

[250] Scott (09) B. p. 441 (footnote).

[251] Scott (14).

[252] De Fraine (14).

[253] De Fraine (14) p. 259. See also Kisch (13).

[254] Cotta (32) B. p. 66, Pl. +xiii.+ The well-preserved specimen figured by Cotta in his Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 2 is in the Dresden Museum.

[255] Goeppert (65) A. p. 209, Pls. +xl.–xliii.+

[256] Goeppert and Stenzel (81).

[257] Weber and Sterzel (96) B.

[258] Schenk (89).

[259] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 51; Schenk (89).

[260] No. V. 8093.

[261] Schenk (82). See also Zeiller (90) B. p. 286.

[262] No. 13767, probably identical with _M. stellata_ var. _lignosa_ Weber and Sterzel.

[263] Mougeot (52) A. p. 36, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 8–10.

[264] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 108.

[265] _Ibid._ p. 56.

[266] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 63.

[267] _Ibid._ p. 66.

[268] Renault (96) A. p. 297; (93) A. Pl. +lxxi.+ figs. 1–6.

[269] Brongniart (49) A. p. 77.

[270] Cotta (32) B. p. 63, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 6, 7.

[271] Schenk (89) p. 339.

[272] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 541, Pls. +ii.+ +iii.+

[273] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 123, Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 13–15; Solms-Laubach (97); Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 79, Pls. +iv.+ +v.+ +ix.+

[274] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 15.

[275] Solms-Laubach (97) p. 179.

[276] Scott (99) p. 90.

[277] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 95, Pl. +ix.+

[278] Solms-Laubach (97).

[279] Renault (76) B. p. 7.

[280] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 122; (90) A. p. 287.

[281] Seward (93).

[282] Penhallow (97).

[283] Williamson (76) B. p. 8.

[284] Zeiller (90) B.

[285] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 102, fig. 26.

[286] Seward (93).

[287] Renault (76) B.

[288] Penhallow (97).

[289] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 139.

[290] Page 142.

[291] Holden, H. S. (10).

[292] Vol. +ii.+ p. 568, fig. 371.

[293] Kidston (87) B.

[294] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 117.

[295] Carpentier (11) p. 10.

[296] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 328, Pl. +xlviii.+

[297] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 120.

[298] Zeiller (99) B. p. 52, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 19.

[299] Carpentier (11) p. 12, Pls +xvi.+ +xvii.+

[300] Carpentier (13) p. 387, Pl. +x.+ figs. 1–6.

[301] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 125.

[302] Kidston (14) p. 108.

[303] _Ibid._ p. 112, Pl. +viii.+ figs. 1–7.

[304] Carpentier (11) p. 13, Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 1.

[305] See page 127.

[306] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 273, Pl. +xxxi.+ figs. 2, 4.

[307] Zeiller (90) B. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 9; (00)² B. p. 108, fig. 83. See Vol. +ii.+ p. 572.

[308] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 132, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 7.

[309] Carpentier (13) p. 375, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 1.

[310] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 135, pl. +vi.+ figs. 2–4.

[311] Kidston (04); (04²); (14) p. 107, fig. 5.

[312] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxxii.+ fig. 19.

[313] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 6.

[314] Kidston and Jongmans (11).

[315] Grand’Eury (04); (04²).

[316] _Cf._ also _Rhabdocarpus conicus_ and other forms figured by Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvi.+

[317] Brongniart (74) Pl. +xxi.+; (81) Pls. +ix.–xi.+

[318] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[319] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[320] P. Bertrand (13) p. 129, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2, 7.

[321] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[322] See page 139.

[323] Arber (14) pp. 93, 103, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 47.

[324] P. Bertrand (13) p. 121.

[325] Grand’Eury (04²) p. 785 (footnote).

[326] Chodat (08) B. p. 33, fig. 15.

[327] Lotsy (09) p. 72.

[328] Grand’Eury (04); (04) B.

[329] Brongniart (28) A. p. 137.

[330] Williamson (77) B.; Scott and Maslen (07) p. 90 (footnote) also refer to _Trigonocarpon_ as having been used by Brongniart in 1849.

[331] Brongniart (49) A. p. 91.

[332] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. p. 172.

[333] Hooker and Binney (55).

[334] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. 87.

[335] Wild (00).

[336] Scott and Maslen (07) p. 96.

[337] Scott and Maslen (07).

[338] Arber, A (14).

[339] Oliver (04) p. 97.

[340] Salisbury (14) p. 65.

[341] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 95, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 1.

[342] Lindley and Hutton (37) A. Pl. 221; Arber _loc. cit._ p. 95, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 8.

[343] Fiedler (57) Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 39.

[344] Lesquereux (80) A. Pl. 85; (84) A. Pl. +iii.+

[345] Salisbury (14).

[346] See page 115.

[347] Renault (96) A. p. 399; (93) A. Pl. +lxxxv.+ fig. 9; Salisbury (14) p. 66.

[348] Sellards (03) p. 90; (07).

[349] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 93; (84) A. p. 733, Pl. +xciv.+ figs. 1, 2.

[350] Stopes (14) p. 74. See page 66.

[351] Nathorst (14) p. 23. See page 67.

[352] Geinitz (63) p. 525, Pl. +vi.+

[353] Goeppert (65) p. 161, Pls. +XXIII–IV.+ The specimens figured by Goeppert, which I saw some years ago in the Breslau Museum, do not show the finer characters very clearly.

[354] Goeppert (65) p. 164, Pls. +XXIV–V.+

[355] Schimper (72) A. p. 358.

[356] Kidston (84) Pl. +v.+ fig. 2.

[357] Renault (96) A. p. 379, fig. 73.

[358] Zeiller in Douvillé and Zeiller (08).

[359] See page 124.

[360] Newberry (54).

[361] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 523, Pl. +iv+; (84). For other references see Potonié (04).

[362] White, D. (01).

[363] Thomas, H. H. (12); Kidston (14) p. 166.

[364] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxii+; (96) A. p. 268. See page 137.

[365] Page 111.

[366] White (01) p. 108.

[367] _Ibid._ p. 104, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 3, 3_a_.

[368] Matthew (10).

[369] Stopes (14) p. 78.

[370] Kidston (14) p. 166, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 1–10.

[371] Saporta (78).

[372] Eichwald (55) Pl. +xviii.+ fig. 18; (60) p. 252.

[373] Goeppert (65) p. 157, Pl. +xxi.+ fig. 4.

[374] Saporta (78²).

[375] Saporta and Marion (85) pp. 16, 68.

[376] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 192.

[377] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 217.

[378] Kutorga (42).

[379] Unger (50) A. p. 334.

[380] Renault (96) A. p. 262.

[381] No. V. 8114.

[382] A specimen from Orenburg in the Dresden Museum shows the same surface-features as the British Museum specimen and agrees with the originals of Goeppert’s figures which are in the Breslau University Museum.

[383] Renault (96) A. p. 265, fig. 43.

[384] Renault (96) A. p. 262, Pl. +xxii.+ fig. 1.

[385] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 196, Pl. +xvi+; (90) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 1; Zeiller (06) B. p. 192.

[386] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 556, Pl. +lvii.+

[387] Grand’Eury (04).

[388] Roehl (69) B. Pl. +xvii.+

[389] Saporta and Marion (85) fig. 29.

[390] Renault (96) A, p. 267, Pl. +lxxii.+

[391] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 126.

[392] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[393] Zeiller (06) B. p. 227.

[394] Saporta and Marion (85) fig. 37, p. 76.

[395] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +v.+ figs. 7–9: this specimen, figured as _Dolerophyllum Goepperti_, is very similar to _Cordaites circularis_ [Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 15].

[396] Zeiller (02) B. p. 34, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 9, 10.

[397] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 131, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 6.

[398] Zeiller, _loc. cit._ p. 37.

[399] Feistmantel (79) B. p. 30; (81) A. p. 59, Pl. +xxx.+ fig. 14; (82) B. p. 43, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 5–12. Dr Arber [(05) B. p. 205] has substituted for _Carpolithes_ the more appropriate designation _Cardiocarpus_.

[400] Renault (96) A. p. 329; (93) A. Pl. +lxxiii.+

[401] Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. p. 31. Seward (08) B. p. 101.

[402] Brongniart (49) A. p. 60.

[403] Renault (96) A. p. 299; (93) A. Pls. 66, 67.

[404] Grand’Eury (08) B. p. 1242.

[405] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 125; Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 79. Solms-Laubach [(97) p. 196] draws attention to the resemblances between the leaf-scars of _Colpoxylon_ and _Medullosa_.

[406] Klein (81) Pls. +xxii.–xxiv.+

[407] Bancroft (13).

[408] Page 205.

[409] Scott (06).

[410] de Fraine (12).

[411] Scott (06) p. 53.

[412] de Fraine (12).

[413] Reference should be made to the helpful drawings of models of the vascular system in Miss de Fraine’s paper.

[414] For additional figures of the principal types of _Medullosa_, see Miss Bancroft’s paper (14).

[415] Lotsy (09) p. 719.

[416] Scott (14) p. 998.

[417] Scott (99) p. 89.

[418] Worsdell (96); (98); (00); (06) etc.

[419] Matte (04); (08). See also Bancroft (14); Dorety (09).

[420] Scott (97).

[421] Worsdell (06).

[422] Shaw (09).

[423] de Fraine (12) p. 1060.

[424] Sykes, M. G. (10²); (10).

[425] Matte (04) Pls. +xv.+ +xvi.+

[426] de Fraine (12).

[427] Scott (06) p. 64.

[428] Chodat (08) B. p. 38.

[429] Worsdell (06) pp. 140 _et seq._

[430] Scott (09) B. p. 464.

[431] For a general summary of ‘Pteridosperm anatomy and its relation to that of the Cycads’ see Bancroft (14).

[432] See p. 6.

[433] Dorety (09²) p. 144.

[434] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 126, Pl. +xvii.+

[435] Schenk (89) p. 525, Pl. +i.+ figs. 1–16.

[436] Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 62; (97) p. 197; (10) p. 542, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 9.

[437] P. Bertrand (08); (11) p. 47 (footnote).

[438] In a recent note on _Steloxylon_ to which Dr Scott has drawn my attention Bertrand records the genus from Saalfeld (Upper Devonian) and expresses the opinion that _Steloxylon_ may be a condition of _Cladoxylon_ and not a distinct type—P. Bertrand (14) p. 448.

[439] Vol. +ii.+ p. 576.

[440] Schlotheim (04) A. Pl. +x+, fig. 19.

[441] For synonymy, see Kidston (86) A. p. 125 and Potonié (93) A. p. 81.

[442] Sterzel (83); (86²) B.; Zeiller (06) B. p. 60.

[443] Stur (85) B. p. 293.

[444] Grand’Eury (05).

[445] See also Zeiller (05) B. p. 725.

[446] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xxxiii.+ fig. 7.

[447] Vol. +ii.+ p. 419, fig. 297.

[448] Zeiller (06) B. p. 63.

[449] For a more complete synonymy, see Kidston (03) B. p. 770.

[450] Brongniart (28²) A. Pls. +xlvi.+, +xlvii.+; Lebour (77) Pls. +xxxiii.–iv.+

[451] Kidston (14) p. 156; Duns (72).

[452] Howse (88) p. 45.

[453] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 97; (09) p. 29, Pl. +i.+ fig. 5.

[454] Kidston (83) B. p. 540, Pl. +xxxii.+ fig. 3.

[455] White refers some fronds from the Missouri Coal Measures to _Eremopteris_, but their generic identity with the type-species is open to doubt. White (99) B. p. 16.

[456] White (04) B.

[457] Vol. +ii.+ p. 376.

[458] Goeppert (36²) A. p. 216.

[459] See page 64.

[460] Nathorst (14) p. 30, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 18, 60–68.

[461] Schmalhausen (83) Pl. +iv.+ figs. 13–15.

[462] Heer (77) A. Pl. +v.+ pp. 23–25.

[463] Nathorst (14) p. 30, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 59.

[464] Kidston (86) p. 70, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 6.

[465] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 96, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 12.

[466] Seward (99) B.

[467] For additional figures, see Seward (99) B.

[468] Vol. +ii.+ p. 326.

[469] Scott (09) B. p. 476.

[470] Gordon (12). The rich development of secretory tissue suggested the name _Rhetinangium_ (ῥητίνη, resinous gum): the same prefix had previously been adopted by Renault in his genus _Retinodendron_ [Renault (96) A. p. 365].

[471] Scott (15).

[472] Page 90.

[473] Kubart (14).

[474] Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (12).

[475] Similar to the _Dictyoxylon_ type except in the independent and not anastomosing course of the stereome strands.

[476] Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (12) p. 269.

[477] Renault (96) A. p. 307.

[478] Renault (96) A. p. 308, figs. 55, 56.

[479] Seward (97²).

[480] Scott (00) B. p. 364.

[481] A second band is sometimes present. Scott (00) B. p. 484.

[482] πτύξ, a fold.

[483] Renault (89); (96) A; (93) A. Pl. +lxix.+

[484] Scott (09) B. p. 492.

[485] Klein (81).

[486] Richter and Unger (56) B.

[487] Unger (54) p. 599.

[488] Solms-Laubach (96) B.

[489] Zalessky (11).

[490] Scott and Jeffrey (14).

[491] κάλυμμα, a veil or covering.

[492] White (05²) B. p. 384.

[493] Richter and Unger (56) B. p. 174, Pl. +x.+ figs. 1–3; Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 73; Scott (12) p. 1027.

[494] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 326.

[495] _Ibid._ p. 317, Pls. 27, 28, 30, 31.

[496] Scott (02).

[497] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 328, refer to a specimen over 6 cm. in diameter: these authors give several excellent figures of _Kalymma_.

[498] Dawson and Penhallow (91).

[499] ἐριστός, to be disputed.

[500] Zalessky (11).

[501] Scott (99²).

[502] Scott (02).

[503] Scott (02) p. 336.

[504] Page 175.

[505] Scott (12) p. 1027.

[506] Tuzson (09).

[507] Unger and Richter (56) B. p. 178.

[508] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 364.

[509] Solms-Laubach (96) B.

[510] P. Bertrand (08).

[511] Unger and Richter (56) B. p. 179, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 6, 7; Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 52, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 11, 13(?).

[512] Unger and Richter, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 3, 4; Solms-Laubach (96) B. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 10.

[513] See footnote 3, p. 205.

[514] Solms (96) B. p. 53.

[515] Dawson (81) A. p. 299, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 1–9; Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 173, 188.

[516] This type is represented in the Geological Survey Collection (No. 15871).

[517] For figures, see Solms-Laubach (96) B. Pl. +ii.+

[518] No. 15870. Unger and Richter (56) B. Pl. +vii.+ figs. 19–21.

[519] Page 472, fig. 324.

[520] Solms-Laubach (10) p. 540.

[521] Bertrand, P. (11) p. 47.

[522] Since this account was printed my attention has been drawn by Dr Scott to a note by Bertrand in which he considerably modifies his views. He finds that _Hierogramma_ and _Syncardia_ are probably different states of the _petiole_ of _Cladoxylon_ and while agreeing with Solms-Laubach’s conclusions he has been able to add important new facts. Bertrand has now given up the opinion that _Clepsydropsis_ is the petiole of _Cladoxylon_. For further details students should consult the preliminary note which it is hoped will be followed by a fully illustrated memoir [Bertrand, P. (14)].

[523] Solms-Laubach (10) p. 537, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 7, 11, 13.

[524] Bancroft (13).

[525] After the late Herr Völkel of Neurode.

[526] Solms-Laubach (10), Pl. +iii.+ figs. 1–4.

[527] Goeppert (52) Pl. +xii.+

[528] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 164.

[529] P. Bertrand (08).

[530] The name _Palaeopitys_, with which _Protopitys_ might be confused, was used by McNab for an imperfect specimen from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland described as _Palaeopitys Milleri_; McNab (70).

[531] Kraus (92).

[532] Solms-Laubach (93).

[533] Vol. +ii.+ p. 212, fig. 200, A, B.

[534] See page 206.

[535] In the form of the pits on the tracheids and in the structure of the medullary rays the English species (as represented in Dr Kidston’s Collection) agrees very closely with Goeppert’s type.

[536] Gothan (07²) p. 10.

[537] Renault (79) B. p. 272, Pls. +xiii+, +xiv.+

[538] Bertrand and Renault (82); Bertrand, C. E. (89); Renault (96) A. p. 279, (93) A. Pls. +lxxiv.+ +lxxv+; Scott (09) B. p. 500. See also Scott and Maslen (10) Maslen (11) p. 409.

[539] Grand’Eury (05).

[540] Lignier (11²).

[541] Renault (80).

[542] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxiv.+ fig. 8.

[543] See page 270.

[544] See Vol. +i.+ p. 76, fig. 13.

[545] See Vol. +iv.+

[546] For restorations, see Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +d+; good examples of foliage-shoots are figured by Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pls. +lxvi.+ +lxxxi.+; Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +lxiv.+; Kidston (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 2.

[547] Renault (79) B. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 1; Lignier (13²). Cf. _Dolerophyllum_, p. 133.

[548] Sternberg (23) A. Pl. +xviii.+

[549] Brongniart (49) A. p. 65.

[550] Unger (50) A. p. 277.

[551] Tuzson (09) p. 18.

[552] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 257.

[553] Schenk in Schimper and Schenk (90) A. p. 243.

[554] Endlicher (47) p. 298.

[555] Scott (12) p. 1024.

[556] Grand’Eury (05).

[557] Benson (12).

[558] Scott (12) p. 1022.

[559] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 208.

[560] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 321.

[561] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 7.

[562] Lesquereux (78) p. 318.

[563] Felix (86) A. Pl. +iii.+ fig. 1.

[564] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 11 bis; Wills, L. (14).

[565] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 5; Stopes (03) Pl. +ix.+ fig. 1; Lignier (13²).

[566] Benson (12).

[567] Lignier (13²).

[568] Germar (48) B. p. 55, Pl. +xxiii.+

[569] Kidston (93) A. Pl. +iv.+ fig. 16; (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 3.

[570] Kidston (93) A. p. 352.

[571] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. 95.

[572] Howse (88) p. 112, fig. 7.

[573] Geinitz (55) A. p. 40, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 7–16.

[574] Kidston (93) A. p. 355.

[575] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 537, Pl. +lxxviii.+

[576] Geinitz (62) p. 148, Pl. +xxxv.+

[577] Sternberg (23) A. Pl. +xviii.+

[578] Corda (45) A. Pl. +xxiv.+ fig. 8.

[579] Feistmantel (72) p. 293.

[580] Lesquereux (78).

[581] White (99) B. p. 260, Pls. +iii.+ +xvi.+ +xlvi.+

[582] Zeiller records the same fungus on leaves of _Cordaites_ (_Noeggerathiopsis_) _Hislopi_ from Tonkin; Zeiller (03) B. p. 151.

[583] Stopes (14) p. 82.

[584] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +vi.+

[585] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 218, Pl. +xx.+ figs. 1–4.

[586] Zeiller (06) B. p. 182, Pl. +xlvi.+; Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[587] Lignier (13²).

[588] Lesquereux (78) p. 318; (80) A. Pl. +lxxvii.+

[589] Cambier and Renier (10); Renier (10²) Pl. 118.

[590] See _postea_.

[591] Goeppert (64) A. Pl. +xxii.+ fig. 2.

[592] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 199.

[593] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xviii.+; Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxvi.+

[594] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 195.

[595] Kidston (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 2.

[596] Zeiller (80) A. p. 146, Pl. +clxxv.+ fig. 1; Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 225; (90) A. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 5; Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxvii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[597] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 539.

[598] Lesquereux (78) p. 322.

[599] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +vi.+ figs. 4–6.

[600] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 325, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 15.

[601] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +v.+ figs. 7–9.

[602] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 535, Pl. +lxxxvii.+ figs. 2–4.

[603] Grand’Eury, _loc. cit._ p. 324, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 14.

[604] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 603, Pl. +lxiii.+ fig. 6.

[605] Dawson (90) p. 3.

[606] Goeppert (45²) p. 7, Pls. +xxvii.+ +xxviii.+

[607] Zalessky (12) p. 36; (12²). See also Gothan (11).

[608] Kosmovsky (92).

[609] Schmalhausen (79) A. p. 32; Zeiller (96) A.

[610] Zeiller (03) B. For other references see Seward (14).

[611] Wieland (13).

[612] McCoy (74) B. Decade +iv.+ p. 22.

[613] Wieland (13).

[614] Newberry (88) p. 350.

[615] Feistmantel (79²) p. 23; (80²).

[616] Bunbury (61) B. p. 334.

[617] Mellor and Leslie (06) B.

[618] White (08) B. p. 549.

[619] Arber (03) B. p. 178, gives references to other authors.

[620] Zeiller (03) B. p. 149, Pl. +xl.+

[621] Zalessky (12).

[622] White (08) B. p. 549.

[623] Seward and Leslie (08) B. p. 120.

[624] Zalessky (13) p. 20, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 4–6.

[625] The results have not yet been published (September, 1915).

[626] Zalessky (13) p. 23, Pls. +i.+ fig. 4; +ii.+ figs. 7, 9; +iii.+ figs. 3, 5–8, 10, 11.

[627] Schmalhausen (79) A. p. 29.

[628] Zeiller (96) A. (02).

[629] Schmalhausen (87) B. p. 37.

[630] Feistmantel (79²) p. 26; Arber (05) B. p. 186.

[631] Feistmantel (82) p. 42, Pl. +xiv.+; White (08) B. Pl. +x+; Schmalhausen (87) B.

[632] Schmalhausen (87) B. Pls. +v.+, +vii.+

[633] Zeiller (03) B. Pl. +xl.+

[634] Feistmantel (79²) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 6.

[635] Feistmantel (90) A. Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 1, 2.

[636] Zeiller (02) B. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 6.

[637] Renault (79) B. p. 287.

[638] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxxi.+

[639] Harshberger (98).

[640] Artis (25) A. Pl. +viii.+

[641] Sternberg (38) A. p. 192. For examples of _Artisia_, see also Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 581, Pl. +lxv.+

[642] Zeiller (06) B. p. 189.

[643] Dawson (46) p. 135.

[644] Williamson (51).

[645] Lignier (95) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 13.

[646] Gothan (05) p. 28.

[647] See page 199.

[648] Renault (79) B. p. 288.

[649] See page 295.

[650] Felix (86) A. p. 56; Knowlton (90); Zeiller (95) B. p. 627; Penhallow (00) p. 54.

[651] Potonié (02) p. 229.

[652] Gothan (05) p. 13.

[653] Gothan (05) p. 15.

[654] Sterzel (03).

[655] See Chap. +xlv.+

[656] Williamson (77) A. p. 226, Pls. +vii.–ix.+; (80) A. p. 516, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 16; (83²) A. p. 470.

[657] Thomson and Allin (12); Thomson (13) p. 14.

[658] Penhallow (00) p. 76.

[659] White (08) B. p. 583.

[660] Seward and Ford (06) B. p. 341.

[661] Penhallow (00) p. 64, fig. 12.

[662] See page 293.

[663] Gothan (05) p. 16.

[664] See page 259.

[665] Thomson (13) p. 19.

[666] Arber (05) B. p. 191. See _postea_, p. 255.

[667] An account of this wood is being published by Miss Holden.

[668] Matthew (10) p. 77, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+

[669] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) p. 10.

[670] Penhallow (00) p. 67.

[671] Sterzel (00); (03); (12). See also Goeppert (80).

[672] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) Pl. +ii.+ fig. 14.

[673] Witham (33) A.

[674] Scott (09) B. p. 528, fig. 190. See also Penhallow (00) p. 62, with references to literature.

[675] Thomson (13) p. 19.

[676] _Ibid._ p. 16.

[677] Felix (86) A. Pl. +v.+ fig. 4.

[678] White (08) B. p. 579, Pl. +xiii.+

[679] _Ibid._ p. 583, Pl. +xiv.+

[680] Arber (05) B. p. 191, figs. 40–43.

[681] Crié (89).

[682] Shirley (98) p. 14; Arber (05) B. p. 201.

[683] Warren (12).

[684] Dawson (63²).

[685] Penhallow (00) figs. 13, 14, 17.

[686] Arber, E. A. N. (13²).

[687] Zeiller (95) B. p. 619, Pl. +ix.+ figs. 8–19.

[688] White (08) B. p. 577.

[689] Renault (96) A. p. 350; (93) A. Pl. +lxxvii.+

[690] Gothan (10) p. 5, Pl. +i.+ figs. 1–3.

[691] Nathorst (11³) p. 222.

[692] Renault (96).

[693] Williamson (72²).

[694] Williamson (74) A. p. 67.

[695] Renault (79) B. p. 294, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 13–17. See also Scott (09) B. p. 531, fig. 191.

[696] Osborne (09).

[697] Williamson (74) A. Pl. +ix.+ fig. 56.

[698] Mellor and Leslie (06) B.

[699] Brongniart (22) A. Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 7.

[700] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 593.

[701] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. +lxxxii.+

[702] Morris (40) A. Pl. +xxviii.+ fig. 5.

[703] Carruthers (72³) B.

[704] Goeppert (65) p. 152.

[705] Weiss, C. E. (69) B. p. 201.

[706] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 299; (90) A. p. 330.

[707] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 211.

[708] See Chap. +xxxv.+

[709] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. +lxxxii.+; Carruthers (72³) B. p. 7; Kidston (03) B. p. 782; (11) p. 235.

[710] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 592, Pl. +lxxiii.+ fig. 31.

[711] Ettingshausen (52²) p. 5, Pl. +v.+

[712] Renault (79) B. p. 304.

[713] Bertrand, C. E. (11).

[714] Scott and Maslen (10); Scott (12).

[715] Scott (09) B. pp. 511, 526.

[716] Maslen (11).

[717] Maslen (11) Pl. +xxxiii.+ figs. 3–5.

[718] Scott (12) p. 1012, Pls. +lxxxvii.+, +lxxxix.+

[719] Scott (12) p. 1017, Pls. +lxxxviii.+, +xc.+

[720] Benson (12).

[721] See page 270.

[722] See page 132.

[723] See page 238.

[724] Stopes (14); Kidston (02) B. p. 363.

[725] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 213.

[726] Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. p. 42, Pl. +xxi.+

[727] Fliche (10) p. 218, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 2.

[728] See _postea_.

[729] Wills, L. T. (10), p. 296, fig. 26.

[730] Arber (07) Pls. +xvii.–xix.+

[731] Seward (04) B. p. 111.

[732] Arber (09²).

[733] Fliche (10) p. 264, Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 2.

[734] Halle (10).

[735] Salfeld (09) B. p. 26.

[736] Saporta (94) B. p. 216, Pl. +xxxviii.+

[737] Velenovský (85) B. p. 1, Pls. +i.+, +iv.+

[738] See _postea_.

[739] Heer (76) A. p. 86, Pl. +xxx.+ fig. 10.

[740] Leuthardt (03), p. 6, Pl. +i.+

[741] Fliche (10) p. 175, Pls. +xvi.+, +xvii.+

[742] Compter, G. (94), Pl. +iv.+ fig. 9.

[743] Phillips (71) p. 169.

[744] Seward (04) B. p. 110; Arber, E. A. N. (07) p. 117.

[745] Zigno (85), p. 7, Pl. +xxvi.+

[746] Velenovský (85) B. Pls. +i.–iii.+

[747] Stopes and Fujii (10) p. 16, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 14–16.

[748] See _postea_.

[749] Schenk (71) p. 20, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 4.

[750] Zeiller (05²) p. 17, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 8–11.

[751] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 627, Pl. +lxix.+ figs. 1–4.

[752] White (99) B. p. 271.

[753] Witham (33) A. pp. 37, 71.

[754] Witham (30).

[755] Goeppert (81) p. 403.

[756] Endlicher (47) p. 297.

[757] Scott (02) p. 346.

[758] See footnote p. 288.

[759] Scott (99²); Witham (33) A. Pls. +iii.–viii.+ +xvi.+

[760] Scott (02), p. 346, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+, +v.+, +vi.+

[761] Scott (02) p. 355.

[762] Witham (33) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 2.

[763] _Ibid._ p. 39, Pls. +viii.+, +xvi.+; Scott (02) p. 355, Pls. +ii.+, +vi.+

[764] Since this chapter was written Prof. W. T. Gordon has kindly supplied the following summary of his unpublished work on the genus _Pitys_.

‘The re-examination of _Pitys primaeva_ and _P. antiqua_ in the light of the structure exhibited by numerous specimens of a new species recently discovered in Haddingtonshire has shown that all three types are similar as regards the structure of the primary wood. In each case the primary cylinder is comparable with that in _Archaeopitys Eastmanii_ [see p. 290], _i.e._, there are medullary as well as circummedullary xylem-strands. In certain specimens of the new species, _Pitys Dayii_, the bark and leaves are preserved and thus the details of leaf-trace emission from the stem have been determined. The leaves are short and stout and taper gradually to a point, quite distinct from the long, thin, spatulate Cordaitean foliage. The internal structure of the leaf renders it easily distinguishable from the _Cordaites_ type while it tends to accentuate the possible relationship of _Pitys_ with the Lyginodendreae.’

[765] Williamson (78) A. p. 352, Pl. +xxv.+ figs. 90–92; Williamson and Scott (95) p. 770; Seward (97²) p. 80.

[766] Witham (31) A.

[767] Goeppert (50) p. 251; (81).

[768] Brongniart (49) A. 77.

[769] Scott (02) p. 354.

[770] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 345, Pl. +xxxi.+ figs. 31–36; text-figs. 4, 5.

[771] Zalessky (09); (11) p. 29, Pl. +iv.+

[772] Zalessky (11) Pl. +iv.+ fig. 3.

[773] Scott (12) p. 1024.

[774] Elkins and Wieland (14).

[775] Penhallow (00) pp. 64, Pl. +xii.+

[776] Zalessky (11²) p. 13, figs. 1–4.

[777] See page 295.

[778] Zalessky (11) p. 28.

[779] Williamson (80) A. p. 516, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 60.

[780] Scott (02) p. 357, Pls. +ii.+, +vi.+

[781] Scott (12) p. 1028.

[782] Goeppert (45²) p. 11, Pls. +xxix.–xxxv.+; Zalessky (11).

[783] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) p. 33, Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[784] Kraus in Schimper (72) A. p. 381.

[785] Seward (14) p. 17, Pls. +iv.–viii.+

[786] Scott (12).

[787] See page 175.

[788] De Bary (84) A. p. 492; Grossenbacher (15).

[789] See Scott, _Nature_, August 26, 1915.

[790] See Vol. +ii.+ p. 56.

[791] Oliver (06) p. 726.

[792] Hooker and Binney (55).

[793] Oliver (03).

[794] Worsdell (05) p. 58; Salisbury (14) p. 67.

[795] Brongniart (81) p. 31.

[796] For an account of the work of this author see Lang in Oliver (13) p. 178.

[797] See Scott (09) B. p. 543.

[798] Mirande (05).

[799] For definition of _Cardiocarpus_, see page 338.

[800] See page 25.

[801] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 118.

[802] Goeppert (65) p. 177, Pl. +xxvi.+ figs. 27, 28.

[803] Williamson (77) B. p. 262.

[804] Zeiller (88) A. p. 642.

[805] Brongniart (74).

[806] Brongniart (81).

[807] Oliver (04) B. p. 389.

[808] Affourtit and La Rivière (15).

[809] Nathorst (14) p. 32.

[810] See page 173.

[811] Salisbury (14) p. 71.

[812] Salisbury (14).

[813] Oliver (04) B. p. 392.

[814] Oliver (07).

[815] Arber, A. (10) p. 505.

[816] See Chapter +xxxi.+

[817] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[818] Salisbury (14) p. 67.

[819] Oliver (09) p. 99.

[820] Nathorst (14) p. 29.

[821] φυσάω, to blow; φϋσα, a bladder.

[822] Williamson (76) p. 160; (17) B. p. 241, Pl. +xi.+ figs. 77, 78; Pl. +xii.+ fig. 79.

[823] Oliver (09); Oliver and Salisbury (11) _passim_; Salisbury (14) p. 74.

[824] Williamson (80) A. Pl. +xvii.+ figs. 24–28; (83²) A. Pl. +xxxi.+ fig. 27 (called in this case _Sporocarpon anomalum_, no doubt a slip of the pen).

[825] Oliver (09) p. 75.

[826] Williamson (76) p. 160.

[827] Oliver (09) p. 106.

[828] Lang (00) p. 288.

[829] Burlingame (15) p. 19.

[830] Gordon, W. T. (10).

[831] κώνοϛ, a cone.

[832] Williamson (77) B. p. 241, Pls. +xi.+, +xii.+

[833] Page 79.

[834] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[835] For a detailed account of the plinth see Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[836] Page 27.

[837] Page 55.

[838] Renault (84) Pls. +xix.–xxii.+

[839] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 181.

[840] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[841] Renault (96) A. p. 85, Pl. +xlii.+

[842] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 640, Pls. 72, 82.

[843] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 6.

[844] Depape and Carpentier (13) Pl. +xii.+ figs. 1–3.

[845] Kidston (90) p. 64.

[846] Oliver (02) p. 146.

[847] Kershaw (09).

[848] Oliver (04) B. p. 376.

[849] Renault (96) A. p. 272.

[850] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 103, Pl. +viii.+ figs. 48–50.

[851] Brongniart (81) Pl. B. fig. 3.

[852] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 1.

[853] Newberry (73).

[854] _Ibid_. Pl. +xlii.+ fig. 8.

[855] Page 123.

[856] Oliver (04²) B. See also Renault (96) A. p. 398.

[857] Zeiller (88) A. p. 652, Pl. 94, fig. 17.

[858] Salisbury (14).

[859] Brongniart (74) p. 252, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 6–8.

[860] Oliver (04) B. p. 391.

[861] Renault (96) A. p. 404.

[862] Kidston (14) p. 157.

[863] πτύξ, a plate or fold.

[864] Brongniart (74) p. 253, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 9–11; (81) p. 26.

[865] _Ibid_. p. 254, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 12–14; (81) p. 26.

[866] Williamson (77) B. p. 253.

[867] See page 356.

[868] P. Bertrand (13) Pl. +vii.+

[869] Brongniart (74) p. 255, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 1–3; (81) p. 27, Pl. C, figs. 1–3.

[870] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 102, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 38–41.

[871] Kidston (14) p. 158, Pl. +x.+ figs. 6, 7; Pl. +xiv.+ figs. 5–9.

[872] Brongniart (74) p. 249, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 4, 5; (81) Pls. +xvii.–xxi.+

[873] Renault (96) A. p. 389, Pls. 83, 84.

[874] Oliver (02).

[875] Grand’Eury (04).

[876] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 3; (77) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 5.

[877] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. 73.

[878] Zeiller (06) B. p. 229.

[879] Kidston (92) p. 8.

[880] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 91, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 28.

[881] See page 364.

[882] White (99) B. p. 267; Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. 85, fig. 21.

[883] Brongniart (74) p. 259, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 12–15; (81) p. 29, Pl. +xvi.+

[884] Renault (80²).

[885] Oliver (04) B.

[886] Russow (72) Pls. +iii.+, +iv.+

[887] στέφανοϛ, a crown.

[888] Oliver (04) B. p. 395.

[889] Brongniart (81) Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 4, 6.

[890] _Ibid._ p. 373, Pl. +xlii.+ figs. 17–20; +xliv.+ figs. 36–43.

[891] λόφοϛ, a ridge.

[892] Brongniart (74) p. 256, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 6–8; (81) Pl. C, figs. 6–8.

[893] Oliver (04²) B. Pl. +ii.+ figs. 5–10; (07) fig. 1.

[894] Scott and Maslen (07) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 19.

[895] Salisbury (14).

[896] κώδων, a bell.

[897] Brongniart (74) p. 257, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 9–12; (81) p. 28, Pl. C, figs. 9–12.

[898] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvii.+; (96) A. p. 393.

[899] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 659, Pl. 83, figs. 10–26.

[900] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 184, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 5; (90) A. p. 311, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 6.

[901] Zeiller (06) B. p. 227.

[902] See also Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[903] Brongniart (74) p. 260, Pl. +xxiii.+ pp. 16–18; (81) p. 30.

[904] Renault 96 A. p. 272.

[905] Brongniart (74) p. 256, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 4, 5; (81) p. 27, Pl. C, figs. 4, 5.

[906] ἔριον, wool.

[907] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 308, Pls. +iv.+ fig. 12, +vi.+ fig. 5.

[908] See page 264.

[909] Brongniart (28) A. p. 87.

[910] Brongniart (74) p. 245 (81).

[911] Geinitz (62) p. 150; Kidston (11) p. 240; Geinitz (55) A. Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 7–16.

[912] Kidston (94) B. p. 263.

[913] Renault (80²), p. 102.

[914] Fiedler (57) p. 291.

[915] Brongniart (81) Pls. +iv.+, +v.+

[916] Bertrand, C. E. (08²).

[917] Renault (96) A. p. 385.

[918] Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[919] Fiedler (57) p. 288, Pl. +xxviii.+

[920] Schenk (80) p. 660.

[921] Ward (88) p. 802.

[922] Goeppert (65) p. 177, Pl. +xxviii.+ figs. 10, 11.

[923] _Ibid_. fig. 19.

[924] Heer (77) ii. Pl. +xix.+ See also Nathorst (86) Pl. +xxv.+ figs. 10–14.

[925] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 97.

[926] Arber, E. A. N. (09) Pl. +i.+ fig. 5.

[927] Feistmantel (79²)

[928] Schenk (83) A. Pl. +xliv.+ fig. 8.

[929] Seward (97²) A.

[930] White (08) B.

[931] Feistmantel (90) A. p. 164.

[932] Geinitz (80) p. 22, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 11–15.

[933] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 208.

[934] See page 141.

[935] White (08) B. p. 563. See also Vol. +ii.+ p. 517.

[936] Goeppert (65) p. 146, Pl. +xxvi.+ fig. 5.

[937] Heer (77) ii. Pl. +xiv.+

[938] See page 345.

[939] Brongniart (81) p. 20, Pl. +ii.+

[940] Bertrand, C. E. (08²); (08³).

[941] Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[942] This name has been used for a section of a genus of recent Umbelliferae but not as a generic name (De Candolle’s ‘Prodromus,’ Pars +iv.+ p. 105, 1830).

[943] Bertrand (08³) p. 454; (08²) p. 392.

[944] Brongniart (81) Pls. +iv.+ +v.+

[945] Schimper (72) A. p. 208.

[946] Brongniart (81) Pl. +iii.+; Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[947] ῥάβδοϛ, a rod.

[948] Berger (48) p. 20, Pl. +i.+ fig. 8.

[949] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 635.

[950] Bertrand, P. (13).

[951] Arber (14) p. 103.

[952] See page 116.

[953] Arber (14) p. 87.

[954] Zeiller (92²) A. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 11.

[955] Arber (14) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 21.

[956] In selecting a generic name for a fossil plant or part of a plant it has not been the universal practice to avoid the use of a designation previously employed for a recent plant. It is clearly in accordance with the Rules adopted by the International Botanical Congress and with general convenience to avoid the employment of the same name for two different generic types even if one is known only in a fossil state. My attention has been called by Mr W. N. Edwards of the British Museum to the fact that the names _Platyspermum_, _Microspermum_, and _Pterospermum_ recently proposed by Dr Arber for Palaeozoic seeds have previously been given to recent flowering plants. Though I have often neglected to consult the _Index Kewensis_ and the _Genera Siphonogamarum_ before proposing a ‘new’ generic term, I fully recognise the importance of avoiding the employment of names in current use or names which have ‘lapsed into synonymy[966].’

[957] See page 361.

[958] Brongniart (74) p. 246; (81) p. 21, Pls. +ix.–xi.+

[959] Bertrand, C. E. (07).

[960] Grand’Eury (05).

[961] Kidston (14) Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 6–8.

[962] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 574.

[963] White (99) B. p. 267.

[964] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xv.+

[965] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvi.+

[966] Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Cong. Internat. Bot. de Vienne, 1905, etc. T. Briquet, Jena, 1912, p. 37.

[967] See page 314.

[968] Arber, A. (10).

[969] μίτρα, a Persian cap.

[970] Williamson (77) B. p. 257, Pls. +xv.+ +xvi.+

[971] Bertrand, C. E. (08²).

[972] Brongniart (74) p. 247, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 12–14; (81) p. 21, Pl. A. fig. 12; Pl. +xiv+; Renault (80²) p. 106, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 12, 13; Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 239, Pl. +xxvi.+ fig. 27.

[973] Bertrand, C. E. (07²).

[974] Brongniart (74) p. 248, Pl. +xxi.+ fig. 17; (81) p. 22, Pl. A. fig. 17; Pl. +vi.+

[975] Bertrand, C. E. (07³) compares _Leptocaryon_ with _Diplotesta_ as regards various structural features.

[976] Renault (80²) p. 108.

[977] Brongniart (74) p. 249, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 18–20; (81) p. 23, Pl. A. figs. 18–20; Pl. +xv.+

[978] Oliver (03) p. 457.

[979] Bertrand, C. E. (07⁴).

[980] Bertrand, C. E. (07⁵).

[981] Brongniart (74) p. 247.

[982] κομψόϛ, elegant.

[983] Bertrand, C. E. (09).

[984] Dawson (66) A. p. 165, Pl. +xii.+ fig. 74; Zeiller (06) B. p. 226; Kidston (11) p. 236.

[985] Zeiller (88) A. p. 644.

[986] White (99) B. p. 266, Pls. +lxi.+ fig. 12, +lxxii.+ fig. 3.

[987] Weiss, C. E. (72) Pl. +xviii.+

[988] Kidston (94) B. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 3; (02) B. Pl. +lviii.+ figs. 5, 6.

[989] Lesquereux (80) A. Pl. +lxxxv.+ fig. 51.

[990] Helmhacher (71).

[991] Zeiller (92²) A. Pl. +xv.+ figs. 9, 10.

[992] Geinitz (75) Pl. +i.+ figs. 10, 11; Weiss, C. E. (79) Pl. +iii.+ figs. 17–19.

[993] Potonié (93) A. Pl. +xxxii.+ figs. 12, 13.

[994] Stopes (14) Pl. +xxv.+ fig. 68.

[995] Arber (14) Pl. +vi.+ figs. 19, 20; (14²) Pl. +xi.+ fig. 5.

[996] For synonymy, see Kidston (11) p. 238, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 3, 3_a_.

[997] Fiedler (57) p. 291.

[998] Stopes (14) p. 89, Pls. +xxi.–xxiii.+

[999] Andrews (75) p. 425, Pl. +xlvi.+ fig. 2.

[1000] Kidston (11) p. 239, Pl. +xii.+ fig. 1.

[1001] Dawson (71) A. Pl. +xix.+ fig. 219; Stopes (14) p. 92.

[1002] Fiedler (57) Pl. +xxviii.+ fig. 36.

[1003] White (08) B. p. 567, Pl. +x.+ fig. 11.

[1004] Newberry (73) Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 8; Lesquereux (80) A Pl. +lxxxv.+ figs. 36, 37.

[1005] Lesquereux (84) A Pl. +cix.+ figs. 13, 15.

[1006] Seward (97²) A p. 332; Arber (05) B. pp. 206, 207.

[1007] White (08) B. p. 559, Pl. +x.+ figs. 5–8.

[1008] Vol. +ii.+ p. 517.

[1009] Seward and Leslie (08) B.

[1010] Zeiller (02) B. p. 37, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 7, 8; Arber (05) B. p. 205, fig. 44.

[1011] Lesquereux (80) A. Pl. 85, figs. 34, 35.

[1012] Feistmantel (79²) p. 30; (81²) p. 59, Pl. +xxx.+ fig. 14; (82) p. 43, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 5–12.

[1013] Arber (05) B. p. 205.

[1014] Vol. +ii.+ p. 500.

[1015] Geinitz (71) p. 174, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 10, 11.

[1016] _Ibid._ (55) A. Pl. +xxi.+; Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +xciv.+ fig. 13; (06) B. p. 224; Kidston (11) p. 240; Arber (14) p. 100.

[1017] Boulay (79) p. 34.

[1018] Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +xciv.+ fig. 12; Kidston (11) Pl. +v.+ figs. 5–7; Arber (14) p. 100.

[1019] Berger (48) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 19, 20.

[1020] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxxii.+ fig. 3.

[1021] _Ibid._ p. 649.

[1022] _Ibid._ Pl. +lxxii.+ figs. 53–55.

[1023] Williamson (77) B. p. 253, Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 115 _a_, 115 _b_.

[1024] Kidston (14) p. 165.

[1025] Bertrand, P. (13) Pl. +vii.+

[1026] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 651, Pl. +lxxii.+ fig. 56.

[1027] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 185, Pls. +xv.+, +xvi.+

[1028] Arber (14) pp. 93, 104, Pl. +viii.+ figs. 51, 52.

[1029] Kidston (14) p. 157, Pl. +xiv.+ figs. 1, 2.

[1030] See page 321.

[1031] Arber, _loc. cit._ p. 102.

[1032] Kidston, _loc. cit._ p. 158.

[1033] Heer (77) i. p. 19, Pl. +v.+ figs. 1–11.

[1034] Nathorst (94) A. p. 48, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 7, 8.

[1035] Young (69) Pl. +iv.+ figs. 9, 10; (76) p. 36.

[1036] Zalessky (05).

[1037] Nathorst (14) p. 23, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 44–51.

[1038] Lindley and Hutton (37) A. Pl. 220.

[1039] Zalessky (05).

[1040] For this information I am indebted to Dr Kidston.

[1041] Nathorst (14) p. 32, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 58.

[1042] Zalessky (05).

[1043] Nathorst (14) p. 27, Pl. +v.+ figs. 19–22; Pl. +xv.+ fig.

[1044] Heer (77) i. p. 24, Pl. +v.+ figs. 18–22.

[1045] Nathorst (14) p. 35, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 77–82.

[1046] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 2–4.

[1047] Brongniart (28) A. p. 137.

[1048] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 184, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 3.

[1049] See page 330.

[1050] Sternberg (38) A. Pl. +x.+ fig. 3.

[1051] Lindley and Hutton (37) A. Pl. 220.

[1052] Zalessky (05) p. 119.

[1053] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 652, Pl. +lxxii.+ figs. 63–66; Renault (96) A. p. 400; (93) A. Pl. +lxxxiv.+ fig. 3.

[1054] Arber (14) p. 95, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 11.

[1055] Kidston (88) B. Pl. +xxiii.+ fig. 4.

[1056] Nathorst (14) p. 28.

[1057] _Ibid._ Pl. +xv.+ figs. 53, 54.

[1058] Williamson (77) B. p. 246, Pl. +xiii.+ figs. 88–93.

[1059] Nathorst (14) p. 33. Pl. +xv.+ figs. 69, 70.

[1060] See page 304.

[1061] Nathorst (14) p. 33.

[1062] Seward (95) A. p. 101.

[1063] Kidston (92) p. 8; Arber (14) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 28.

[1064] Kidston (86⁴) B. Pl. +iii.+ figs. 7 _a_–_c_; Berger (48) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 30, 31.

[1065] See _postea_.

[1066] Arber (14) pp. 90, 100, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 22–27.

[1067] Carpentier (11) p. 7, Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 3.

[1068] Geinitz (62) p. 145, Pl. +xxv.+ figs. 7–9; Goeppert (64) A. p. 145.

[1069] Nathorst (02) p. 3.

[1070] Carruthers (70) p. 694.

[1071] Nathorst (02) p. 23.

[1072] _Ibid._ (09²) pp. 21, 23.

[1073] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 196.

[1074] Buckland (27) _Proc. Geol. Soc. London_, Vol. +i.+ No. 8, p. 80; (28).

[1075] Brongniart (28) A. p. 96.

[1076] _Ibid._ (49) A. p. 59.

[1077] Carruthers (70) p. 678.

[1078] Buckland (37) p. 496, Pls. +lx.+, +lxi.+

[1079] _Ibid._ (28), Pl. +lxi.+ fig. 1. A specimen in the Oxford Museum may be the original of Buckland’s figure.

[1080] Carruthers (70).

[1081] Pomel (49) p. 16.

[1082] Carruthers (70) p. 690.

[1083] Saporta (75) A. pp. 256, 265, Pls. 118, 119.

[1084] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 143.

[1085] Ward (94).

[1086] Fliche and Zeiller (04).

[1087] Saporta (75) A. p. 276, Pl. 120.

[1088] Lignier (01).

[1089] _Ibid._ (13) p. 93.

[1090] Solms-Laubach (91).

[1091] Seward (95) A. p. 139.

[1092] _Ibid._ (04) B. p. 44.

[1093] Wieland (06).

[1094] Stopes (15) p. 309.

[1095] Buckland (37) A. Vol. +ii.+ p. 98, Pl. +lxi.+ fig. 1.

[1096] _Ibid._ (28) Pl. +xlix.+

[1097] Seward (95) A. p. 166.

[1098] Stopes (15) p. 309.

[1099] See page 425.

[1100] Wieland (06) Pls. +vi.–xiii.+

[1101] _Ibid._ (12) p. 88, fig. 10.

[1102] Wieland (06) p. 63, fig. 33.

[1103] See Wieland (06) for additional facts and illustrations.

[1104] See page 417.

[1105] Wieland (06) p. 76; Capellini and Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. +v.+ fig. 6.

[1106] Capellini and Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. +v.+ fig. 2.

[1107] See Chapter +xxxix.+

[1108] See page 489.

[1109] Wieland (99); (06) p. 87.

[1110] Wieland in Ward (05) B. p. 200, Pl. +lxiii.+

[1111] Wieland (14).

[1112] The flowers are frequently described as protandrous but, as Dr Scott pointed out to me, we have no definite evidence on this point.

[1113] Wieland (11²) p. 134; Coulter and Chamberlain (10) p. 67, fig. 55.

[1114] Wieland (06) p. 160, fig. 84.

[1115] _Ibid._ (14).

[1116] See also Wieland (11²) p. 152, fig. 9.

[1117] Capellini and Solms-Laubach (92); Ward (96) p. 505.

[1118] Ward (96) Pl. +civ.+

[1119] Ward (04); Wieland (08).

[1120] Fontaine (89) B. p. 193, Pls. +clxxiv.–clxxx.+

[1121] Ward (94²).

[1122] For an account of the stratigraphy, see Ward (94³).

[1123] Ward (05) B.

[1124] _Ibid._ (00).

[1125] Coemans (66).

[1126] Wieland (13).

[1127] Carruthers (70).

[1128] Lignier (94²).

[1129] See page 395.

[1130] Wieland (06).

[1131] Buckland (37).

[1132] See page 448.

[1133] Carruthers (70).

[1134] _Ibid._ p. 698; for other references, see Seward (95) A. 139.

[1135] Carruthers (70) Pls. +lvii.+, +lviii.+

[1136] Capellini and Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. +v.+ fig. 2.

[1137] See also Stopes (15) p. 47.

[1138] Chamberlain (13). See Chapter +xxviii.+, page 6.

[1139] Solms-Laubach (91).

[1140] See page 449.

[1141] Scott (09) B, p. 571.

[1142] It is possible that, as Scott suggests, a small patch of endosperm is represented in a seed of this species figured by him. Scott (09) B. p. 569, fig. 203, D, _e_.

[1143] See page 396.

[1144] The age was at first believed to be Oxfordian, but Lignier subsequently (09) referred the rocks to a Lower Cretaceous horizon.

[1145] Morière (69).

[1146] Saporta and Marion (81) A.; (85) p. 244; Saporta (91) p. 168, Pls. 148, 149.

[1147] Lignier (94²); (04); (09); (11).

[1148] Saporta (75) A. p. 328, Pl. 123.

[1149] Lignier (94) p. 57; (12).

[1150] Lignier (11).

[1151] Berridge (11); Thoday, M. G. (11).

[1152] Lignier (04).

[1153] Solms-Laubach (91).

[1154] Pearson (09).

[1155] Wettstein (11) p. 388.

[1156] Worsdell (00²).

[1157] McBride (93).

[1158] Ward (98) p. 205.

[1159] Wieland (06) p. 185. See Wieland’s description for further details.

[1160] Ward (98) p. 208.

[1161] Wieland (06) Pls. +vii.–ix.+, +xii.+, +xiii.+

[1162] _Ibid._ Pl. +xix.+ fig. 5.

[1163] _Ibid. passim_; (12).

[1164] Wieland (14).

[1165] This subject is more fully dealt with by Wieland in the Volume published since the above was written [Wieland (16)].

[1166] Goeppert (53).

[1167] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 100.

[1168] Schuster (11). An excellent photograph of the stem is reproduced in this paper.

[1169] Wieland (08) p. 96.

[1170] Raciborski (92²).

[1171] Seward (97) A.

[1172] Wieland (06) Pl. +xix.+ fig. 5.

[1173] Seward (97) A. figs. 3, 4, pp. 24, 32.

[1174] Lignier (01).

[1175] Lignier (01).

[1176] Morière (69).

[1177] Saporta (75) A. Pl. l.

[1178] Ward (94) p. 87; (98) p. 216.

[1179] Wieland (06) p. 79, Pl. +xiv.+

[1180] Chamberlain (09).

[1181] Fliche and Zeiller (04) p. 789, Pl. +xix.+

[1182] Saporta (75) A. p. 262, Pl. 118.

[1183] Ward (99) B. p. 639, Pls. +clvi.+, +clvii.+

[1184] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 143. (I have not seen the actual specimen.—A. C. S.)

[1185] Ward (00²), Pls. +xiv.–xxi.+

[1186] _Ibid._ (05) B. p. 198, Pls. +xlvi.–lxiii.+

[1187] Wieland (06) p. 101.

[1188] Fliche (96) p. 48, Pl. +v.+ figs. 2, 3; Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 1.

[1189] _Ibid._ Pl. v. fig. 3.

[1190] Stopes (15) p. 247, Pls. +xxiii.–xxv.+, text-figs. 72–75.

[1191] Solms-Laubach (04) p. 12, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 5, 6.

[1192] Young and Bird (22) A. For a fuller account of the history of our knowledge of _Williamsonia_, see Seward (95) A. p. 146.

[1193] Williamson (40) p. 230.

[1194] Yates (55).

[1195] Leckenby, A. (64). See also Seward (00) B. p. 190.

[1196] Williamson (70).

[1197] Carruthers (70).

[1198] Saporta (91).

[1199] Seward (97⁴).

[1200] Wieland (11).

[1201] Wieland (13).

[1202] Nathorst (13).

[1203] See page 480.

[1204] Williamson (70) Pl. +liii.+ fig. 5; Seward (97⁴).

[1205] Saporta (75) A. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 1.

[1206] _Ibid._ Pl. +xv.+

[1207] Wieland (11) p. 448, fig. 6.

[1208] Seward (95) A. p. 146.

[1209] Nathorst (09) (11).

[1210] Lignier (07).

[1211] Saporta (91) Pl. 248.

[1212] Nathorst (09) Pl. +iii.+

[1213] Krasser (12).

[1214] Lignier (03).

[1215] Wieland (06) p. 152.

[1216] Lignier (07); Wieland (11) p. 462.

[1217] Nathorst (11) Pl. +ii.+

[1218] Thomas (15²).

[1219] Thomas (15).

[1220] Nathorst (09) p. 6, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+; (11) p. 5, Pls. +i.+, +iii.+; (12).

[1221] Thomas (13²) p. 230, Pl. +xxiv.+ figs. 1–3.

[1222] Capellini and Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. +v.+ fig. 7.

[1223] Nathorst (09) Pl. +i.+ figs. 1–3.

[1224] _Ibid._ (80) p. 39. See also Saporta (91) p. 161, Pl. 248.

[1225] Seward (00) B. p. 201, fig. 35.

[1226] Nathorst (09) p. 14, Pls. +ii.+, +iii.+

[1227] Carruthers (70) p. 694.

[1228] Nathorst (11) p. 19.

[1229] Nathorst (11) p. 9, Pls. +ii.+, +iii.+ See also Nathorst (09) p. 8, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+

[1230] Leckenby (64) A.

[1231] Nathorst (12) p. 7.

[1232] Williamson (70) Pl. +lii.+ fig. 1; Pl. +liii.+ fig. 2.

[1233] Seward (00) B. p. 201, Pl. +ii.+ fig. 7.

[1234] Nathorst (11) p. 19, Pl. +v.+ figs. 1–8; Pl. +vi.+ figs. 1–3. The name _Palaeozamia pecten_ was applied by Leckenby [Leckenby (64) A. p. 77, Pl. +ix.+ fig. 47] both to the fronds and an associated flower which is now recognised as a whorl of microsporophylls. I formerly employed the name _Williamsonia pecten_ for fronds and flowers, but in view of Nathorst’s work it is advisable to follow his example and to use separate names for male and female flowers when there is no proof that they belong to one type; similarly the fronds may conveniently be spoken of as _Ptilophyllum pecten_.

[1235] Nathorst (11) p. 17, Pl. +iv.+

[1236] Nathorst (09) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 1.

[1237] See page 444.

[1238] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +xxxii.+ fig. 2.

[1239] Feistmantel (77²) p. 76; (77⁵) Pl. +ii.+ fig. 5.

[1240] _Ibid._ (77²) Pl. +xliv.+ fig. 2.

[1241] Feistmantel (77²) Pl. +xliv.+ figs. 3, 4.

[1242] Williamson (70) Pl. +lii.+ fig. 1.

[1243] Wieland (11) p. 460, fig. 16 B.

[1244] Nathorst (09) p. 6.

[1245] Feistmantel (77²) Pl. +xli.+ fig. 4; (77) Pl. +i.+ fig. 6; Pl. +ii.+ fig. 4.

[1246] _Ibid._ (76²) p. 52, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 5–7; (77⁵) Pl. +i.+ figs. 4, 5; Pl. +ii.+ fig. 6.

[1247] Feistmantel (77³) p. 181, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1–4; (77¹) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 1–3.

[1248] My thanks are due to Mr Wieland for a photograph of this species that is mentioned but not figured in his paper on the Mexican Flora, Wieland (13).

[1249] Bancroft (13) p. 76, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1–5.

[1250] Seward (95) A. p. 157, Pls. +x.+, +xi.+

[1251] Buckland (37) Vol. +i.+ p. 505, Vol. +ii.+ p. 101, Pl. +lxiii.+ figs. 2–10.

[1252] Unger (50) A. p. 327.

[1253] Brongniart (49) A. p. 88.

[1254] Saporta (91) p. 127, Pls. 238, 239.

[1255] For other references, see Seward (04) B. p. 105.

[1256] Miller (57) B. p. 480. For a detailed description and illustrations, see Seward (12²).

[1257] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 184.

[1258] Bancroft (13).

[1259] Lignier (01).

[1260] Nathorst (11) p. 24, Pl. +v.+ figs. 9–11.

[1261] Wieland (11) p. 462.

[1262] Nathorst (09) p. 10; (11) p. 14.

[1263] Nathorst (09) p. 10.

[1264] Williamson (70) Pl. +lii.+: see also Seward (00) B, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 1.

[1265] Nathorst (09) p. 12, fig. 2.

[1266] Lignier (03²) p. 34.

[1267] In addition to the papers already quoted, reference should also be made to Thomas (15²).

[1268] Wieland (09) p. 430 (the species is here referred to as the ‘El consuelo _Williamsonia_’); (11) p. 461, fig. 17 C.

[1269] Zigno (85) Pl. +xlii.+

[1270] Seward (12) p. 26, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 44; Pl. +vii.+ fig. 86.

[1271] Zigno (85) p. 173, Pl. +xlii.+ figs. 9–11.

[1272] Seward (11²) p. 691, Pl. +v.+ fig. 99.

[1273] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. p. 118, Pl. +xxix.+ fig. 6.

[1274] Nathorst (80) p. 41, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 7.

[1275] Saporta (94) B. p. 105, Pl. +xix.+ fig. 9.

[1276] Newberry and Hollick (95) p. 125, Pl. +xxxv.+ figs. 1–9.

[1277] Hollick (06) p. 107, Pl. +v.+ figs. 27–32; (12) p. 156, Pl. +clxiii.+ fig. 4.

[1278] Newberry and Hollick (95) p. 127, Pl. +xxxvi.+ figs. 1–8.

[1279] Hollick (06) p. 107, Pl. +v.+ figs. 25, 26.

[1280] Ward (99) B. p. 668, Pl. +clxii.+ fig. 20.

[1281] Lesquereux (91) p. 87, Pl. +ii.+ fig. 9.

[1282] Fontaine (89) B. p. 273, Pls. 133, 165.

[1283] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. p. 485, Pl. +cvii.+ fig. 4.

[1284] Ward (05) B. p. 554, Pl. +cxv.+ fig. 11.

[1285] Berry (11) p. 405, Pl. +lxvii.+ figs. 1–4.

[1286] Heer (82) B, p. 59, Pls. +xii.+, +xiii.+

[1287] Dawson (85) p. 12, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 1.

[1288] Nathorst (80) p. 50.

[1289] _Ibid._ (88); (02) p. 9, Pls. +i.–iii.+

[1290] _Ibid._ (09) p. 22, Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[1291] _Ibid._ p. 33.

[1292] South and Compton (08) p. 225, fig. 36.

[1293] For figures of the stem and flowers, see Nathorst (02); (09).

[1294] Thomas (15²).

[1295] Nathorst retains the name _Anomozamites minor_ for the leaves, restricting _Wielandiella_ to the plant as a whole including strobili and stems which usually occur in organic union [Nathorst (13)].

[1296] Nathorst (09) p. 25, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 14–22.

[1297] Thomas (13²), p. 239.

[1298] Nathorst (02) p. 16.

[1299] Thiselton-Dyer (72).

[1300] Wieland (11) p. 458.

[1301] Thomas (15²).

[1302] See page 449.

[1303] See page 463.

[1304] Seward (00) B. +xvi.+ fig. 1; Thomas, H. H. (15²) Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 26.

[1305] Nathorst (02) p. 7, Pl. 1.

[1306] _Ibid._ (09) p. 27, Pl. +viii.+; (12²) Pls. +i.+, +ii.+; (12).

[1307] See the photographs reproduced in Nathorst’s latest and most complete account (12²).

[1308] Bower (97) B.

[1309] Braun (49). (I have not seen this paper.)

[1310] Saporta (91) p. 191, Pls. 253–255.

[1311] See page 428.

[1312] Nathorst (09) p. 28.

[1313] _Ibid._ (11²); (12²).

[1314] Schuster (11²).

[1315] Schimper (72) A. p. 200.

[1316] _Zeitsch. f. Bot._ 1912, p. 456.

[1317] Saporta (91) pp. 204, 206, Pls. 254, 255.

[1318] Mantell (27).

[1319] See page 463.

[1320] Carruthers (70).

[1321] Saporta (75) A. pp. 256 et seq.

[1322] Saporta (75) A. p. 293, Pls. 123, 124.

[1323] See p. 415.

[1324] Saporta (75) A. p. 256.

[1325] Presl in Sternberg (25) A. p. xxxiii.

[1326] Mantell (27).

[1327] Stokes and Webb (24).

[1328] Brongniart (22) A. p. 209; (28) A. p. 128.

[1329] Carruthers (70) p. 682.

[1330] Carruthers (67); (70) p. 688.

[1331] Stopes (15) p. 309. See _postea_, p. 486.

[1332] Nathorst (86) Pl. +xviii.+ fig. 5.

[1333] Stokes and Webb (24) Pls. +xiv.–xvii.+

[1334] Carruthers (70) p. 686, Pl. +liv.+ See also Seward (95) A. p. 123.

[1335] Seward (95) A. p. 132, Pl. +ix.+ fig. 6; (13) p. 101.

[1336] _Ibid._ Pl. +i.+ fig. 2.

[1337] Carruthers (70) p. 689, Pl. +lv.+ fig. 2.

[1338] Seward (04) B. p. 45.

[1339] Carruthers (70) p. 687, Pl. +lv.+ fig. 1.

[1340] Carruthers, p. 689, Pl. +lv.+ figs. 7–9.

[1341] Carruthers (67); (70) p. 688, Pl. +lv.+ figs. 3–6. See also Seward (95) A. p. 166.

[1342] Stopes (15) p. 299, text-figs. 93–97.

[1343] Stopes (15) p. 309, text-figs. 98–100.

[1344] Sternberg (25) A. Pl. 30.

[1345] Brongniart (28) A. p. 128.

[1346] Carruthers (70) p. 686.

[1347] _Ibid._ (70) p. 690, Pl. +lvi.+

[1348] Saporta (75) A. p. 308, Pls. 125, 126.

[1349] _Ibid._ p. 322, Pl. 127, figs. 1–3.

[1350] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +xxxiv.+

[1351] Feistmantel (77²) p. 78.

[1352] Wieland (11) p. 440.

[1353] Seward (00) B. p. 194.

[1354] Bancroft (13).

[1355] For illustrations and further details see Bancroft (13).

[1356] Saporta (75) A. p. 331, Pl. 119, fig. 3.

[1357] Lignier (95) p. 11, fig. 1.

[1358] _Ibid._ p. 15, fig. 2.

[1359] Stokes and Webb (24) Pl. +xlv.+; Mantell (27), etc. See Seward (95) A. pp. 126, 130, etc., for other references.

[1360] Ward (99) B. p. 693, Pl. 169, fig. 19.

[1361] Feistmantel (76²) Pl. +x.+ fig. 2.

[1362] Hollick and Jeffrey (09) B. p. 17.

[1363] Stopes (15) p. 314, Pls. +xxxi.+, +xxxii.+, text-figs. 101–111.

[1364] Saporta (75) A. p. 200, Pl. 114, figs. 4–6.

[1365] Seward (95) A. p. 96.

[1366] Feistmantel (76²) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 5.

[1367] Seward (95) A. p. 98, Pl. +v.+ figs. 2, 6; (03) B. p. 31.

[1368] _Ibid._ (13) p. 101, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 3, 4; Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 6.

[1369] Saporta (75) A. Pl. 127.

[1370] Carruthers (70) Pl. +lvi.+

[1371] I am indebted to Mr Edwards of the Geological Department of the British Museum for making a preparation of the cuticle.

[1372] Tate (67) Pl. +vi.+ fig. 4; Seward (03) B. p. 29, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 3–6.

[1373] For further reference to this generic name, as applied to Palaeozoic seeds, see page 364.

[1374] Nathorst (14) p. 33.

[1375] Ward (00) B. p. 363.

[1376] Pomel (49) p. 16.

[1377] Lindley and Hutton (36) A. Pl. 189. See also Seward (04) B. p. 124.

[1378] Lindley and Hutton (36) A. Pl. 189, figs. 3, 5.

[1379] Seward (95) A. p. 105, fig. 7.

[1380] Saporta (75) A. p. 242, Pl. 117, fig. 9.

[1381] Fontaine (89) B. p. 270, Pls. 135, 136.

[1382] Compter, G. (03).

[1383] Schimper (72) A. p. 207, Pl. +lxxii.+ figs. 18–23.

[1384] Pomel (49) p. 13.

[1385] Schenk (67) A. p. 150, Pl. +xxxiii.+ fig. 10.

[1386] See page 141.

[1387] Zigno (85) p. 156, Pl. +xlii.+

[1388] Saporta (91) p. 466, Pl. 298.

[1389] Seward (11²) p. 699, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 18.

[1390] Saporta (75) A. Pl. 116; (91) Pl. 298.

[1391] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 111.

[1392] Nathorst (86) p. 80, Pl. +xvii.+ fig. 7.

[1393] _Ibid._ (02) p. 6, Pl. +i.+ fig. 11.

[1394] Carruthers (69).

[1395] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 159.

[1396] Seward and Gowan (00) B. p. 143; Seward (00) B. p. 275, Pl. +ix.+ fig. 11.

[1397] Nathorst (02) p. 21, Pl. +i.+ figs. 14, 15.

[1398] Nathorst (02) p. 20, Pl. +i.+ figs. 22, 23.

[1399] _Ibid._ (09²) p. 23.

[1400] See Vol. +iv.+

[1401] Endlicher (40) p. 72. See also Schimper (72) A. p. 201.

[1402] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 125.

[1403] Carruthers (67³) p. 104.

[1404] Heer (77) +ii.+ p. 47, Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 10.

[1405] Fliche (96) p. 27, Pl. +i.+ fig. 3.

[1406] Seward (95) A. pp. 113 _et seq._; (96) A. p. 215; (04) B. pp. 138, 150.

[1407] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 92.

[1408] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 136.

[1409] Corda in Reuss (46) B. Pl. +xlvi.+

[1410] Velenovský (85) B. Pl. 6, Pls. +iii.–v.+

[1411] Carruthers (70) Pl. +liv.+ fig. 6.

[1412] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 116, fig. 61, B.

[1413] Schimper (72) A. p. 199.

[1414] See Vol. +iv.+

[1415] Saporta (75) A. p. 209, Pl. 115, figs. 1, 2.

[1416] Heer (77) +ii.+ p. 47, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 14, 15.

[1417] Nathorst (78²) B. p. 49, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 15, 16.

[1418] Corda in Reuss (46) B. p. 86, Pl. +xlix.+ figs. 10, 11.

[1419] Carruthers (67²) p. 6.

[1420] Velenovský (85) B. p. 8, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 1–3, 6, 11.

[1421] Vol. +ii.+ p. 88.

[1422] Seward (95) A. p. 110, Pl. +ix.+ figs. 1–4.

[1423] I am indebted to Mr W. N. Edwards of the British Museum for the cuticular preparations.

[1424] Newberry (88) p. 346, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 5.

[1425] Lesquereux (91) p. 29, Pl. +i.+ fig. 12.

[1426] Fontaine (89) B. p. 174, Pl. +lxx.+ fig. 4; Pl. +lxxi.+ figs. 3, 4, etc.

[1427] Saporta (74); Saporta and Marion (85) p. 116, fig. 61 C.

[1428] Ettingshausen (88²) p. 272, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 10.

[1429] Thomas, H. H. (15²).

[1430] Gutbier (49) Pl. +viii.+ fig. 7. For a fuller account of Palaeozoic records, see Seward (95) A. p. 9.

[1431] Eichwald (55) Vol. +i.+ Pl. +xv.+ figs. 5, 6; Zeiller (96) A. p. 474.

[1432] Sandberger (64) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 1–4.

[1433] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 109; Zeiller (06) B. p. 194.

[1434] Goeppert (44) Pl. +i.+ fig. 6.

[1435] _Ibid._ (66) Pl. +ii.+

[1436] Saporta and Marion (78) Pl. +i.+ figs. 4, 5.

[1437] _Ibid._ (85) fig. 61, A, p. 116.

[1438] Krasser (03) p. 852.

[1439] Ettingshausen (86) Pl. +viii.+ figs. 19–21; (88) Pl. +viii.+ figs. 19–21.

[1440] Nathorst (12³) p. 36.

[1441] Thomas and Bancroft (13).

[1442] The genus _Ptilozamites_ described briefly in Volume +ii.+ has recently been fully investigated by Antevs[1443] who had access to the rich material in the Stockholm Museum from the Rhaetic beds of Scania. He thinks that the genus is intermediate between _Anomozamites_ and _Ctenopteris_; its systematic position has not been definitely established but, as Antevs says, there seems to be no reason why it should not be a member of the Cycadophyta. In some species, _e.g._ _Ptilozamites fallax_ Nath. and _P. Nilssoni_ Nath., the rachis is forked, while in _P. Heeri_ Nath. with linear fronds reaching a length of 53 cm. the rachis is undivided.

[1443] Antevs (14²).

[1444] See page 502.

[1445] Nathorst (08) Pl. +i.+ figs. 3–5; Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 194, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 12.

[1446] Fontaine (89) B. p. 160, Pls. +lxi.–lxvi.+; Berry (11) p. 354.

[1447] Morris (40) Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 1–4.

[1448] Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. +cii.+

[1449] Morris (41) p. 116.

[1450] _Ibid._ (54) p. 15.

[1451] Oldham and Morris (63) B. p. 27.

[1452] Feistmantel (76²).

[1453] _Ibid._ (76²) p. 42.

[1454] _Ibid._ (77²) Pl. +xl.+ figs. 1, 2.

[1455] _Ibid._ (77²) p. 94, Pls. +v.+ +vi.+

[1456] _Ibid._ (79).

[1457] _Ibid._ (77⁴).

[1458] Seward (00) B. p. 193.

[1459] _Ibid._ (03) p. 227.

[1460] Halle (13²).

[1461] Halle (13²).

[1462] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 184.

[1463] Phillips (29) A. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 22; Pl. +x.+ fig. 4.

[1464] Heer (75) +ii.+

[1465] Halle (13²).

[1466] _Ibid._

[1467] Heer (75) +ii.+ Pls. +xiv.–xvi.+

[1468] Phillips (29) A. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 22; Pl. +x.+ fig. 4.

[1469] Sternberg (23) A. Pl. +xxxiii.+ fig. 1. For other references, see Seward (00) B. p. 190; (04) B. p. 106.

[1470] Brongniart (28) A. p. 94.

[1471] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. 172.

[1472] Brongniart (28) A. p. 94.

[1473] Andrae (53) A. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 1.

[1474] Seward (07²) p. 29.

[1475] Nathorst (04²) B; Halle (13²).

[1476] Halle (13).

[1477] Heer (75) +ii.+ p. 66, Pls. +xiv.+, +xv.+

[1478] Halle (13²) p. 58, Pl. +vii.+

[1479] _Ibid._ p. 56, Pl. +vii.+

[1480] Goeppert (44) p. 52.

[1481] Dunker (46) A. p. 14, Pl. +ii.+ fig. 3; Pl. +vi.+ fig. 4.

[1482] Miquel (51) p. 212.

[1483] Seward (95) A. p. 38.

[1484] Schimper (70) A. p. 127.

[1485] Schenk (71) B. Pl. +xxxvi.+

[1486] Brongniart (28) A. p. 94.

[1487] Schenk (71) B. p. 8.

[1488] Schenk (67) A. Pls. +xxxvi.+—+vii.+

[1489] Goeppert (44) p. 122.

[1490] Pomel (47) p. 342.

[1491] Bornemann (56) A. p. 54.

[1492] Nathorst (90) A. p. 46.

[1493] Seward (95) A. p. 75.

[1494] Zeiller (03) B. p. 165.

[1495] Halle (13²) p. 55.

[1496] Schimper (72) A. pp. 128, 163.

[1497] Kurr, J. G. (45) B. Pl. +i.+ fig. 5.

[1498] Schenk (71) B. p. 8, Pl. +i.+ fig. 8.

[1499] Saporta (94) B. Pl. +xvi.+

[1500] Yokoyama (94) Pl. +xxi.+ fig. 5.

[1501] Feistmantel (79²) p. 18. This statement is based on an examination of the specimen.

[1502] Zeiller (94) B. p. 174.

[1503] Halle (13²) p. 55.

[1504] See page 525.

[1505] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 184.

[1506] Zeiller (03) B. p. 166, Pl. +xliii.+ figs. 3–6.

[1507] Brongniart (28) A. p. 94. See Seward (00) B. p. 178.

[1508] Lindley and Hutton (38) A. Pl. +clxv.+

[1509] Saporta (75) A. Pls. +LXXXVII–XCII.+

[1510] _Ibid_. Pls. +lxxxiv.+, +lxxxv.+

[1511] _Ibid_. Pl. +xciii.+

[1512] Saporta (75) A. Pl. +xciii.+

[1513] Andrae (53) A. Pl. +ix.+

[1514] Frič and Bayer (01) B. fig. 43, p. 92.

[1515] Hosius and von der March (80) B. Pl. +xliv.+ fig. 202.

[1516] Tate (67) Pl. +v.+ fig. 7.

[1517] Seward (03) B. p. 21, Pls. +iii.+ +v.+

[1518] No. 11117.

[1519] Seward (95) A. p. 86, Pl. +vi.+

[1520] _Ibid_. (11²) p. 694, Pl. +x.+ fig. 43.

[1521] Miller (57) B. fig. 136.

[1522] Richards (84) p. 120.

[1523] Ettingshausen (52) B. p. 21, Pl. +i.+ fig. 1; Seward (95) A. p. 79, Pls. +iii.+, +iv.+, +viii.+

[1524] Goeppert (47) Pl. +xxxviii.+

[1525] Fontaine (89) B. p. 182, Pls. +lxviii.–lxxiv.+, etc.

[1526] Yokoyama (94) p. 223, Pls. +xx.+, +xxiii.+, etc.

[1527] Nathorst (90) A. Pls. +ii.+, +iii.+, +v.+

[1528] Braun in Münster (42) B. p. 36.

[1529] Seward (95) A. p. 56.

[1530] Heer (75) +ii.+ Pl. +xxvi.+ fig. 2; the specimen is in the Stockholm Museum.

[1531] Halle (13²) p. 55.

[1532] Zigno (85) Pl. +xlii.+ fig. 9.

[1533] Wieland (13).

[1534] Schenk (67) A. Pl. +xxxiv.+ fig. 7.

[1535] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 186, Pl. +xix.+ figs. 3, 4.

[1536] Seward (95) A. Pl. +i.+ figs. 1, 2.

[1537] Brongniart (25) Pl. +xix.+ fig. 4; Seward (00) B. p. 219; (04) B. p. 39.

[1538] Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. +cxxviii.+

[1539] Zeiller (12) p. 6; Halle (13²) p. 63 (footnote).

[1540] Seward (00) B. p. 218.

[1541] Leckenby (64) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 5; Seward (00) B. p. 213, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+

[1542] Zigno (81) Pl. +xxxiii.+ figs. 3, 4.

[1543] Saporta (75) A. PL. 101.

[1544] _Ibid._ Pl. 99.

[1545] Halle (13²) Pl. +vii.+

[1546] Heer (75) +ii.+ Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 5–8.

[1547] Schenk (67) A. Pls. +xxxiii.+, +xxxiv.+

[1548] Zeiller (03) B. Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 1.

[1549] Krasser (91) p. 12.

[1550] Zeiller (05).

[1551] Lindley and Hutton (32) A. Pl. +xliv.+

[1552] Leckenby (64) A. Pl. +x.+ fig. 2.

[1553] Zigno (85) Pls. +xxxv.–xxxvi.+

[1554] Zigno (53) p. 11; Seward (00) B. p. 211.

[1555] Leckenby (64) A. Pl. +ix.+ fig. 3.

[1556] Feistmantel (79) Pls. +vii.+, +xvi.+

[1557] Möller (03) Pl. +i.+

[1558] Zigno (81) Pl. +xxiv.+; Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 186; Seward (00) B. p. 221.

[1559] Oldham and Morris (63) B. p. 27, Pl. +xix.+; Feistmantel (76²) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 4.

[1560] Dunker (46) A. p. 11, Pl. +ix.+ figs. 6, 7; Seward (95) A. p. 60.

[1561] Saporta (75) A. Pls. +cx.+, +cxi.+

[1562] _Ibid._ Pl. +cx.+

[1563] Thomas (11) p. 83, Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[1564] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. Pl. +xxxviii.+

[1565] Nathorst (13) p. 279.

[1566] Dunker (46) A. p. 14, Pl. +ii.+ fig. 5; Seward (95) A. p. 70, Pl. +i.+

[1567] Oldham and Morris (63) B. p. 37.

[1568] Seward (03).

[1569] Yabe (05) B. Pl. +ii.+ figs. 2–7.

[1570] Halle (12); (13) p. 9, Pl. +v.+ figs. 29–33.

[1571] Bancroft (13).

[1572] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +xxiv.+ figs. 1, 2; Feistmantel (76²) Pls. +iv.–vi.+; (77) Pl. +ii.+

[1573] Yokoyama (89) B, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 10; Pls. +x.+, +xi.+

[1574] Seward (03) p. 217.

[1575] The statement made by me [Seward (11⁴) p. 3] that _Dictyozamites_ occurs in the Falklands is incorrect.

[1576] Nathorst (89); Möller (03) p. 25, Pl. +v.+

[1577] Nathorst (07²) Pl. +iii.+ figs. 2–8.

[1578] Seward (03); Thomas (13²) p. 238; Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 186, Pl. +xix.+ figs. 6–8.

[1579] Brongniart (25).

[1580] Nathorst (81) p. 61.

[1581] Brongniart (28) A. p. 95.

[1582] Heer (75) ii. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 11.

[1583] Schimper (72) A. p. 140.

[1584] Potonié (99) B. p. 281.

[1585] Zeiller (03) B. p. 174.

[1586] Halle (15) p. 515, Pl. +xiii.+ figs. 18–20, 22.

[1587] Heer (76) A. Pl. +xxxv.+ fig. 3.

[1588] Leuthardt (03) p. 20.

[1589] See page 463.

[1590] Thomas (13²) p. 237.

[1591] Schenk (67) A. Pls. +xxxvii.–viii.+

[1592] _Ibid_. Pl. +xxxix.+ fig. 7.

[1593] Thomas and Bancroft (13) Pl. +xix.+ fig. 5.

[1594] Ettingshausen (86) Pl. +viii.+ figs. 19–21.

[1595] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 619, Pl. +lxviii.+

[1596] Arber, E. A. N. (12²).

[1597] Sandberger (64) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 1–4.

[1598] Renault (96) A. p. 322, fig. 64.

[1599] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 109, fig. 58 A.

[1600] Sandberger (64) Pl. +ii.+ figs. 1–4.

[1601] Geinitz (73) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 9.

[1602] Geinitz fig. 8.

[1603] Brongniart (28) p. 95.

[1604] Leuthardt (03) p. 14, Pl. +v.+

[1605] _Ibid_. p. 16, Pl. +v.+

[1606] _Ibid_. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 4; Pl. +viii.+ figs. 3–5.

[1607] Krasser (09).

[1608] Schenk (67) Pl. +ii.+ There are some fine examples from the Raibl beds in the Vienna Geological Survey Collection.

[1609] Arber (07).

[1610] Fontaine (83) B. p. 80, Pls. +xliii.–v.+

[1611] Schimper (72) A. pp. 127, 132.

[1612] Schenk (67) Pl. +ii.+

[1613] Goeppert (44); Schenk (67) A. p. 164, Pl. +xxxviii.+

[1614] Schenk (87) B. p. 6, Pls. +vi.+, +ix.+

[1615] Zeiller (03) B. p. 189, Pl. +xlvii.+ fig. 1.

[1616] Zeiller (03) B. p. 198, Pl. +xlix.+ figs. 1–3.

[1617] _Ibid._ (05) p. 194.

[1618] Braun, F. (43).

[1619] Zeiller (03) B. p. 177, Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 8; Pl. +xliv.+ figs. 1–5.

[1620] Schenk (67) A. Pl. +xxxviii.+ figs. 5–9.

[1621] Zeiller (03) B. Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 7.

[1622] Feistmantel (86) Pl. +ii.+ A. figs. 4–8.

[1623] Seward (00) B. p. 239.

[1624] Seward (11²) p. 694, Pls. +iv.+, +v.+ etc.

[1625] Zeiller (03) B. Pl. +xix.+

[1626] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. Pl. +xxii.+

[1627] Schenk (71) B. Pl. +xxiv.+ fig. 5.

[1628] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +ix.+; Feistmantel (77³) Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[1629] Phillips (29) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 4.

[1630] See Seward (00) B. p. 204.

[1631] Dunker (46) A. p. 14, Pl. +vi.+ figs. 1, 2.

[1632] Seward (95) A. p. 91; see also Schenk (71) Pl. +xxxiv.+

[1633] Sternberg (25) A. p. +xxxii.+

[1634] Brongniart (28) A. p. 93. Specimens named by Brongniart _Cycadites Nilssoniana_ are probably fragments of Dicotyledonous leaves [Nathorst (81) p. 83].

[1635] Holden, R. (14²).

[1636] Nathorst (07³).

[1637] Halle (15).

[1638] Pls. +xii.+, +xiii.+

[1639] Thomas and Bancroft (13).

[1640] Heer (82) B. Pl. +v.+

[1641] _Ibid._ (78) ii. Pl. +iv.+ fig. 1; Nathorst (97²) p. 387.

[1642] Heer (77) ii. Pls. +viii.+, +xxiii.+, +xxv.+

[1643] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pls. +vii.+, +viii.+; Feistmantel (77²) Pl. +xlviii.+ fig. 1; the drawing is very inaccurate.

[1644] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +ix.+

[1645] Feistmantel (79) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 10; Nathorst (09) p. 5, note 2.

[1646] Goeppert (66).

[1647] Zeiller (02) B. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 4.

[1648] Nathorst (07³) Pls. +i.–iii.+

[1649] Seward (95) A. p 29, Pl. +ii.+ fig. 7; Pl. +vi.+ fig. 5; Pl. +viii.+ fig. 2.

[1650] Saporta (94) B. p. 171, Pl. +xxxii.+

[1651] Holden, R. (14²).

[1652] Halle (55), p. 502.

[1653] Schenk (71) B. Pl. +xxxii.+ fig. 1.

[1654] Seward (95) A. pp. 2–7.

[1655] Halle (15), Pl. +xii.+ fig. 12.

[1656] Zeiller (03) B. p. 155, Pl. +xli.+

[1657] Brauns (66) p. 56, Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 7; Schenk (67) A. Pl. +xxxv.+ fig. 11; Seward (04) B. p. 37, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 4; Pl. +ii.+ fig. 1.

[1658] Lignier (13) p. 90, Pl. +ix.+ figs. 18, 19.

[1659] Brongniart (25).

[1660] Nathorst (09²).

[1661] Pages 13, 16.

[1662] Nathorst (09²); Thomas and Bancroft (13).

[1663] Stopes (10²).

[1664] Schenk (67) A. Pl. +xxix.+ figs. 1, 2.

[1665] See vol. +iv.+

[1666] Nathorst (86) Pl. +xviii.+ fig. 5.

[1667] _Ibid_. (09²) p. 28.

[1668] Thomas (13²) p. 241; Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 193.

[1669] Miquel (42) p. 61.

[1670] Schenk (67) A. p. 127, Pls. +xxix.+, +xxx.+; Nathorst (09²) p. 10, Pl. +v.+ figs. 9–13, etc.

[1671] For other references see Nathorst (09²) p. 10.

[1672] Brongniart (25) p. 218.

[1673] Nathorst (09²) p. 12, Pl. +i.+ figs. 2–35, etc.

[1674] Oldham and Morris (63) Pls. +vii.+, +viii.+

[1675] Feistmantel (77³) p. 124.

[1676] Schenk (67) A. Pl. +xxix.+ fig. 10.

[1677] Stopes (10²).

[1678] Nathorst (86) p. 72.

[1679] _Ibid._ (02) p. 18, Pl. +i.+

[1680] _Ibid._ (09²) p. 21, Pls. +vi.+, +vii.+

[1681] Phillips (29) A. p. 148, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 20. See Seward (00) B, p. 223, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 5; text figs. 39, 40.

[1682] Thomas and Bancroft (13) p. 191.

[1683] A specimen in the Natural History Museum, Paris, labelled _N. Williamsonis_ is probably that mentioned by Brongniart.

[1684] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pls. +x.–xiii.+; Feistmantel (77) Pl. +xlvii.+

[1685] Heer (78) ii. Pls. +xxiii.+, +xxiv.+; Seward (12³) p. 27, Pl. +ii.+

[1686] Nathorst (97) p. 13.

[1687] Yokoyama (89) B. Pls. +v.+, +vii.+, +xii.+, +xiii.+; Ward (05) B. Pl. +xvii.+

[1688] Heer (78) ii. p. 18, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 5–9.

[1689] Seward (00) B. p. 230, fig. 41.

[1690] Heer (82) B. Pl. +vi.+

[1691] For figures and references, see Seward (11²) p. 695; Thomas (11) p. 86.

[1692] Halle (13²) p. 47, Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[1693] Fontaine (89) B. Pls. +xxx.–xxxv.+

[1694] Berry (11) p. 362, Pls. +lvii.+, +lviii.+

[1695] Seward (00) B. p. 224.

[1696] Nathorst (97) Pl. +i.+ fig. 18.

[1697] Seward (12) p. 30.

[1698] Yokoyama (89) B.; Nathorst (90) A.

[1699] Stopes (10²).

[1700] Salfield (09) B. Pl. +iii.+ figs. 5–7.

[1701] For references, see Seward (12) p. 31.

[1702] Phillips (29) A. p. 148, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 19.

[1703] Leckenby (64) A. p. 77; Seward (00) B. p. 227, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 1–4.

[1704] Seward (00) B. p. 227.

[1705] Krasser (09) p. 120.

[1706] Seward (11²) p. 697.

[1707] Oldham and Morris (63) B. p. 23, Pls. +x.–xiii.+; Feistmantel (77) Pl. +xlvii.+

[1708] Oldham and Morris (63) B. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 1.

[1709] Dunker (46) A. p. 15, Pl. +i.+ fig. 7, etc.; Seward (95) A. p. 53.

[1710] Schenk (71) B.; Nathorst (90) A.; Yokoyama (94); Fontaine in Ward (05) B.; Yabe (13).

[1711] Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. +ciii.+; Phillips (29) A. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 21.

[1712] Zeiller (00) B. p. 115; Krasser (09) p. 113.

[1713] Ettingshausen (51).

[1714] Schenk (68²).

[1715] Raciborski (94) A. Pls. +xvii.–xix.+

[1716] Staub (96).

[1717] Nathorst (86) p. 43.

[1718] Seward (00) p. 21; (00) B. p. 232, figs. 42, 43.

[1719] Raciborski (94) A. Pl. +xvi.+

[1720] Fontaine (89) B. p. 174, Pls. +lxx.–lxxii.+

[1721] Krasser (09) p. 113.

[1722] Nathorst (86) p. 89, Pls. +vii.+, +viii.+, +xi.+, +xix.+

[1723] Raciborski (92) Pl. +ii.+ fig. 2.

[1724] Staub (96)

[1725] Ettingshausen (51) Pls. +xi.+, +xii.+

[1726] Schenk (68²).

[1727] Raciborski (92) Pl. +ii.+ fig. 2.

[1728] _Ibid._ (94) A. Pl. +xviii.+ fig. 2.

[1729] Yokoyama (06) B. Pl. +ix.+

[1730] Phillips (29) A. p. 148, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 21.

[1731] Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. +ciii.+

[1732] Ward (05) B. p. 113.

[1733] Seward (00) B. p. 235, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 2; Zigno (56) A. Pl. +xxiv.+

[1734] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. Pls. +xxvii.–xxviii.+

[1735] Seward (12) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 43.

[1736] Seward (04) B. p. 115.

[1737] _Ibid._ (00) p. 21.

[1738] Seward (11²) p. 691.

[1739] _Ibid._ p. 792, Pls. +iv.+, +vii.+, +viii.+, +x.+

[1740] Miller (57) B. figs. 133, 135.

[1741] Richards (84) p. 117.

[1742] Seward (95) A. p. 89, fig. 5.

[1743] Tate (67) Pl. +v.+ fig. 3; Seward (03) B. Pl. +v.+ fig. 3.

[1744] Fontaine (83) B. Pls. +xxxix.–xlii.+

[1745] Fontaine in Ward (05) B. Pl. +xxiii.+

[1746] Seward (11²) Pls. +iv.+, +vii.+

[1747] Halle (13²) p. 51, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 8.

[1748] Berry (11) p. 349.

[1749] Oldham and Morris (63) Pl. +xv.+ fig. 4.

[1750] _Ibid._ Pl. +xv.+ fig. 1.; Feistmantel (77) Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 1.

[1751] Thomas (13²) p. 242, Pls. +xxiv.+, +xxvi.+

[1752] _Ibid._ Pl. +xxvi.+

[1753] Feistmantel (86) Pl. +ii.+ A. figs. 4–8.

[1754] Brongniart (49) A. p. 61.

[1755] Zigno (85) p. 105.

[1756] Seward (00) B. p. 215.

[1757] Renault (96) A. p. 327; (93) A. Pl. +lxxxi.+ fig. 1.

[1758] Seward (04) B. p. 119, Pl. +xi.+ fig. 4, text-fig. 12.

[1759] Buckman (45) Pl. +i.+ fig. 2.

[1760] Zigno (85) Pls. +xxxix.+, +xl.+

[1761] Newberry (88) Pl. +viii.+ fig. 14.

[1762] See vol. +iv.+

[1763] Bodenbender (02) p. 40 of the reprint.

[1764] Zeiller (94) B. p. 174, Pls. +viii.+, +ix.+

[1765] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 614, Pl. +lxvii.+ fig. 8.

[1766] Zalessky (05²) p. 401, fig. 13.

[1767] Potonié (93) A. p. 210, Pl. +xxix.+ fig. 5.

[1768] Zalessky (05²) p. 403, figs. 14, 15.

[1769] Bassler (16).

[1770] Saporta (75) A. p. 193, Pl. 114, fig. 3; Pl. 117, fig. 1.

[1771] Fliche and Bleicher (82) p. 21, fig. 4.

[1772] Stopes (15) p. 53.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Transcriber’s Notes:

• Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). • Text enclosed by pluses is in small caps (+small caps+). • Text enclosed by asterisks is in blackletter font (*blackletter*). • Blank pages have been removed. • Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. • An ERRATUM appears to have been pasted onto page 602 of the bibliography, this was moved to follow the bibliography.