Part II

(_N. Sh. Soc._), and in _Old Southwark and its People_ (1878) and _The Play-houses at Bankside in the Time of Shakespeare_ (_Walford’s Antiquarian_, 1885, vii. 207, 274; viii. 55). J. Q. Adams, _Shakespearean Play-houses_ (1917), is a comprehensive and valuable work, which reached me when this chapter was practically complete. I am glad to find that our results so generally agree. The chief London maps have been reproduced by the _London Topographical Society_ and on a smaller scale by G. E. Mitton, _Maps of Old London_ (1908). Some are also given as illustrations in G. P. Baker, _The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist_ (1907). They are classified by W. Martin, _A Study of Early Map-Views of London_ in _The Antiquary_, xlv (1909), 337, 406, and their evidence for the Bankside analysed by the same writer, with

## partial reproductions, in _The Site of the Globe Play-house of

Shakespeare_ (1910, _Surrey Archaeological Collections_, xxiii. 149).

The evidence of the maps as to the position of the theatres is obscured, partly by uncertainties as to the dates and authorships both of the engravings and of the surveys on which they were based, and partly by the pictorial character of the topography. They are not strict plans in two dimensions, such as modern cartographers produce, but either drawings in full perspective, or bird’s-eye views in diminished perspective. The imaginary standpoint is always on the south, and the pictorial aspect is emphasized in the foreground, with the result that, while the Bankside theatres, but not those north of the river, are generally indicated, this is rarely with a precision which renders it possible to locate them in relation to the thoroughfares amongst which they stand. This is more

## particularly the case since, while the general grouping of

buildings, gardens, and trees appears, from a comparison of one view with another, to be faithfully given, it is probable that the details are often both conventionally represented and out of scale. The following classification is mainly borrowed from Dr. Martin: (_a_) Pre-Reformation representations of London throwing no light on the theatres; (_b_) _Wyngaerde_, a pictorial drawing (_c._ 1543–50) by A. Van der Wyngaerde (_L. T. Soc._ i; Mitton, i); (_c_) _Höfnagel_, a plan with little perspective by G. Höfnagel, from a survey of _c._ 1554–7 (cf. A. Marks in _Athenaeum_ for 31 March 1906), published (1572) with the title _Londinum Feracissimi Angliae Regni Metropolis_ in G. Braun and F. Hohenburg, _Civitates Orbis Terrarum_ (L. T. Soc. ii; Mitton, iv); (_d_) _Agas_, an engraving with more perspective, but generally similar to that of Höfnagel and possibly from the same survey, but drawn after 1561, and assigned by G. Vertue, who reproduced it (1737), to Ralph Agas (L. T. Soc. xvii; Mitton, ii); (_e_) _Smith_, a coloured drawing by William Smith, possibly based on Höfnagel or Agas, in _B. M. Sloane MS._ 2596, reproduced in H. B. Wheatley and E. W. Ashbee, _W. Smith_, _The Particular Description of England, 1588_ (1879), and in G. P. Baker, _The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist_ (1907), 18; (_f_) _Bankside Views_, small representations of the same general character as (_c_), (_d_), and (_e_), used as backgrounds to pictures and described by W. Martin in _Antiquary_, xlv. 408; (_g_) _Norden_, engravings in slight perspective of ‘London’ and ‘Westminster’ by P. Van den Keere in J. Norden, _Speculum Britanniae_ (1593), from survey of about the same date (L. T. Soc. vii; Mitton, v, vi; Furnivall, _Harrison’s Description of England_,