part ii

. p. 34.

[17] From _jihar_, a tree or shrub.

[18] _Acacia catechu_.

[19] _Dhan_ properly means wealth, _cf._ the two meanings of the word stock in English.

[20] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), para. 180.

[21] _Ibidem_.

[22] _Bawan_ = fifty-two.

[23] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_ p. 490, App. B, Gujar.

[24] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[25] _Ficus glomerata_.

[26] See the article entitled 'An Anthropoid.'

[27] _Bombay Gazetteer; Nasik_ p. 26.

[28] This is the rule in the Nagpur District.

[29] From a note by Mr. A. K. Smith, C.S.

[30] Circle Inspector Ganesh Prasad.

[31] _Semicarpus anacardium_.

[32] 'Oh, Lord Mahabir, give me a child, only one child.'

[33] _Beast and Man in India_, p. 44. But, according to the same writer, the Hindus do say, 'Drunk as an owl' and also 'Stupid as an owl.'

[34] _Crotalaria juncea_.

[35] The 3rd Baisakh (May) Sudi, the commencement of the agricultural year. The name means, 'The day of immortality.'

[36] Furnished by Inspector Ganesh Prasad.

[37] _Dam_: breath or life.

[38] These paragraphs are largely based on a description of a Wardha village by Mr. A.K. Smith, C.S.

[39] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, para. 45.

[40] The references to English farming in this paragraph are taken from an article in the _Saturday Review_ of 22nd August 1908.

[41] _Report on the Territories of the Raja of Nagpur_.

[42] _Rasmala_, ii. 242.

[43] A freebooting tribe who gave their name to Kathiawar.

[44] This article is partly based on papers by Nanhe Khan, Sub-Inspector of Police, Khurai, Saugor, and Kesho Rao, Headmaster, Middle School, Seoni-Chhapara.

[45] Literally 'The Month of Separatica.' It is the eighth month of the Muhammadan year and is said to be so called because in this month the Arabs broke up their encampments and scattered in search of water. On the night of Shab-i-Barat God registers all the actions of men which they are to perform during the year; and all the children of men who are to be born and die in the year are recorded. Though properly a fast, it is generally observed with rejoicings and a display of fireworks. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, p. 570.

[46] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P.,_ art. Kunjra.

[47] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, _ibidem_.

[48] This article is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal and by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.

[49] _North Arcot Manual_, vol. i. p. 220.

[50] Vol. i. p. 224.

[51] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_.

[52] In this article some account of the houses, clothes and food of the Hindus generally of the northern Districts has been inserted, being mainly reproduced from the District Gazetteers.

[53] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Kurmi.

[54] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 8.

[55] _Crotalaria juncea_. See article on Lorha for a discussion of the Hindus' prejudice against this crop.

[56] There are several Chaurasis, a grant of an estate of this special size being common under native rule.

[57] _Boswellia serrata_.

[58] _Eugenia Jambolana_.

[59] 2 lbs.

[60] Elliot, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 115.

[61] The custom is pointed out by Mr. A. K. Smith, C.S.

[62] _Central Provinces Census Report_ (1911), p. 153.

[63] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 153.

[64] Or his big toe.

[65] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 158.

[66] In _Indian Folk Tales_.

[67] _Ficus R_.

[68] He is also known as Katia or Kattaha Brahman and as Mahapatra.

[69] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 54.

[70] _Sorghum vulgare_, a large millet.

[71] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 365.

[72] A measure of 400 lbs.

[73] _Butea frondosa_.

[74] A measure containing 9 lb. 2 oz. of rice.

[75] _Ficus glomerata_.

[76] From Ganga, or the Ganges, and _ala_ a pot.

[77] _Cajanus indicus_.

[78] _Phaseolus mungo_.

[79] _Phaseolus radiatus_.

[80] _Bombax malabaricum_.

[81] _Acacia arabica_.

[82] _Cassia tora_.

[83] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), p. 340.

[84] _Schleichera trijuga_.

[85] _Hindus of Gujarat_, App., art. Vaghri, footnote.

[86] _Religion of the Semites_.

[87] Mackintosh, _Report on the Manbhaos._.

[88] See articles on Khairwar and Kewat.

[89] Colonel Ward's _Mandia Settlement Report_ p. 29.

[90] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 14.

[91] _Symplocos racemosa_.

[92] Raja Lachman Singh's _Bulandshahr Memo,_ p. 182, quoted in Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lodha.

[93] _Narsinghpur Settlement Report_ (1866), p. 28.

[94] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, p. 24.

[95] A small millet.

[96] Every twelfth year when the planet Jupiter is in conjunction with the constellation Sinh (Leo).

[97] _Butea Frondosa_.

[98] This is known as _lodha_.

[99] The Rajjhars are a low caste of farmservants and labourers, probably an offshoot of the Bhar tribe.

[100] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh_, art. Lohar.

[101] Dowson, _Classical Dictionary, s.v._

[102] In Uriya the term, _Ghantrabela_ means a person who has illicit intercourse with another. The Ghantra Lohars are thus probably of bastard origin, like the groups known as half-castes and others which are frequently found.

[103] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 624. (Ibbetson.)

[104] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal,_ art. Lohar

[105] About 15 acres.

[106] _Berar Census Report_, 1881 (Kitts).

[107] _Punjab Ethnography_, para. 624.

[108] _Bombay Gazetteer_, xvi. 82.

[109] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. P.B. Telang, Munsiff Seoni-Malwa, and Mr. Waman Rao Mandloi, naib-tahsildar, Harda.

[110] This derivation is also negatived by the fact that the name Maharatta was known in the third century B.C., or long before the Rastrakutas became prominent.

[111] _Bombay Gazetteer; Gujarat Hindus_, p. 338.

[112] Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1881).

[113] _Bombay Gazetteer, l.c._ text and footnote by R. v. J. S. Taylor.

[114] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 143.

[115] See article on Panwar Rajput.

[116] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 144.

[117] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ p. 144.

[118] Described in the articles on Kurmi and Kunbi.

[119] _Loc. cit_.

[120] _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus, loc. cit._

[121] In Berar for ten days--Kitts' _Berar Census Report, l.c._

[122] 3rd Baisakh (April) Sudi, commencement of agricultural year.

[123] _Berar Census Report, l.c._

[124] _Berar Census Report, l.c._

[125] _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus_.

[126] It was formerly suggested that the fact of the Mahars being the chief worshippers at the shrines of Sheikh Farid indicated that the places themselves had been previously held sacred, and had been annexed by the Muhammadan priests; and the legend of the giant, who might represent the demonolatry of the aboriginal faith, being slain by the saint might be a parable, so to say, expressing this process. But in view of the way in which the Mehtars worship Musalman saints, it seems quite likely that the Mahars might do so for the same reason, that is, because Islam partly frees them from the utter degradation imposed by Hinduism. Both views may have some truth. As regards the legends themselves, it is highly improbable that Sheikh Farid, a well-known saint of northern India, can ever have been within several hundred miles of either of the places with which they connect him.

[127] From Mr. C. Brown's notes.

[128] _C.P. Police Gazette_.

[129] Kitts, _l.c._

[130] _Ibidem_.

[131] Stated by Mr. C. Brown.

[132] Vol. ii. p. 237.

[133] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xii. p. 175.

[134] Rev. A. Taylor in _Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarat Hindus_, p. 341 f.

[135] The following passage is taken from Forbes, _Rasmala_, i. p. 112.

[136] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xi p. 73.

[137] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xi. p. 73.

[138] Grant Duff; _History of the Marathas_, vol. i. p. 24.

[139] _Nagpur Settlement Report_ (1899), p. 29.

[140] This article consists of extracts from Sir H. Risley's account of the caste in the _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_.

[141] See lists of exogamous septs of Mahli, Sandal, Munda and Puri in Appendix to _Tribes and Castes cf Bengal_.

[142] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 326.

[143] This article is based on papers by Mr. Hira Lal and Suraj Baksh Singh, Assistant Superintendent, Udaipur State, with references to Mr. Crooke's exhaustive article on the Majhwars in his _Tribes and Castes_.

[144] Crooke, art Majhwar, para. 1.

[145] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Manjhi.

[146] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Manjhi, para. 4.

[147] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of Bengal,_ art. Manjhi, para. 63.

[148] _Ibidem,_ para. 54.

[149] _Ficus glomerata_.

[150] Based entirely on Colonel Dalton's account in the _Ethnology of Bengal_, and Sir H. Risley's in the _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_.

[151] See _The Khandesh Bhil Corps_, by Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, p. 62.

[152] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, ed. 1897, pp. 25, 26.

[153] Page 130.

[154] _Hinduism_, in 'Religions Ancient and Modern' Series, p. 26.

[155] This article is based principally on Mr. Low's description of the Marars in the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ and on a paper by Major Sutherland, I.M.S.

[156] _C.P. Census Report_ (1891), para. 180.

[157] Schröder, _Prehistoric Antiquities_, 121, quoted in Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Mali.

[158] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 483.

[159] _Ibidem_, para. 484.

[160] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.

[161] Mr. Napier's _Bhandara Settlement Report_, quoted in article on Kohli.

[162] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mali.

[163] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 15.

[164] _La Cité antique_, 21st ed., p. 181.

[165] _The Antiquity of Oriental Carpets_, Sir G. Birdwood (Society of Arts, 6th November 1908).

[166] The derivations of chaplet and rosary are taken from Ogilvy's _Dictionary_.

[167] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ (C.E. Low), para. 59.

[168] _Ibidem, loc. cit._

[169] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.

[170] _Hindu Castes_, vol. i. p. 327.

[171] _Balaghat District Gazetteer, loc. cit._

[172] This article is based on papers by Mr. Shyamacharan, B.A., B.L., Pleader, Narsinghpur, and Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.

[173] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes of the N. W. P. and Oudh_, art. Mallah.

[174] This article is based on papers by Mr. Hira Lal and G. Padaya Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[175] _Papers on the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces_, p. 6.

[176] Rev. A. Wood in _Chanda District Gazetteer_, para. 96.

[177] This article is compiled from notes on the caste drawn up by Colonel Mackenzie and contributed to the _Pioneer_ newspaper by Mrs. Horsburgh; Captain Mackintosh's _Account of the Manbhaos_ (India Office Tracts); and a paper by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.

[178] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.

[179] Dattatreya was a celebrated Sivite devotee who has been deified as an incarnation of Siva.

[180] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.

[181] This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Achyut Sitaram Sathe, Extra Assistant Commissioner.

[182] P. 389.

[183] See also separate article Mang-Garori.

[184] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 147.

[185] _Lectures on the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_, p. 79.

[186] _Cynodon dactylon_.

[187] Dr, Murray Mitchell's _Great Religions of India_, p. 63.

[188] From a note by Mr. Hira Lal.

[189] Times Press, Bombay, 1882.

[190] Kennedy, _Criminal Classes of the Bombay Presidency_, p. 122.

[191] _Lectures on some Criminal Tribes of India_.

[192] This passage is quoted by Mr. Gayer from the Supplement to the Central Provinces Police Gazette of 24th January 1905.

[193] Hutton's _Thugs, Dacoits and Gang-robbers of India_ (1857), pp. 164-168, quoting an account by Captain Barr.

[194] This article is based on papers by Rai Sahib Nanakchand, B.A., Headmaster, Saugor High School, and Munshi Pyare Lal Misra of the Gazetteer office.

[195] _Brief View_, p. 30.

[196] The _tazias_ are ornamental representations of the tomb of Hussain, which the Muhammadans make at the Muharram festival.

[197] This article is based on a note furnished by Mr. M. Aziz, Officiating Naib-Tahsildar, Sironcha.

[198] From a glossary published by Mr. Gupta, Assistant Director of Ethnology for India.

[199] Generally the paternal aunt's son.

[200] _Bassia latifolia_.

[201] Sir H. Risley's _India Census Report_ (1901), Ethnographic Appendices, p. 93.

[202] P. 48, footnote.

[203] _Nasik Gazetteer_, _ibidem_. Elphinstone's _History_, p. 246.

[204] The proper spelling is Bhosle, but Bhonsla is adopted in deference to established usage.

[205] _Bombay Census Report_ (1901), pp. 184-185.

[206] _Rajasthan_, i. 269.

[207] _Ibidem_, ii. 420.

[208] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 87.

[209] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 64.

[210] _Ibidem_, p. 75.

[211] _Bombay Census Report_ (1907), _ibidem_.

[212] _Letter on the Marathas_ (India Office Tracts).

[213] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 75.

[214] Grant-Duff, 4th edition (1878), vol. i. pp. 70-72.

[215] Forsyth, _Nimar Settlement Report_.

[216] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xviii.