part i

. pp. 413-414.

[217] Elliott, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_.

[218] The following description is taken from the Ethnographic Appendices to Sir H.H. Risley's _India Census Report_ of 1901.

[219] Irvine's _Army of the Mughals_, p. 82.

[220] _Ibidem_, p. 232. Gopal is a name of Krishna.

[221] Lit. armour-bearers. Colonel Tone writes: "I apprehend from the meaning of this term that it was formerly the custom of this nation, as was the case in Europe, to appear in armour. I have frequently seen a kind of coat-of-mail worn by the Maratha horsemen, known as a _beuta_, which resembles our ancient hauberk; it is made of chain work, interlinked throughout, fits close to the body and adapts itself to all its motions."

[222] In order to obtain redress by Dharna the creditor or injured person would sit starving himself outside his debtor's door, and if he died the latter would be held to have committed a mortal sin and would be haunted by his ghost; see also article on Bhat. The account here given must be exaggerated.

[223] Elphinstone's _History_, 7th ed. p. 748.

[224] _Ibidem_, p. 753.

[225] Some information has been obtained from a paper by Mr. Harbans Rai, Clerk of Court, Damoh.

[226] Rajendra Lal Mitra, quoted in art. on Beria.

[227] Greeven, op. cit. pp. 29, 33.

[228] Op. cit p. 334.

[229] Greeven, p. 66, quoting from _Echoes of Old Calcutta_.

[230] Crooke, _op. cit._

[231] Crooke, _op. cit._ para. 52.

[232] Ibbetson, _op. cit._ para. 227.

[233] Greeven, _op. cit._ p. 21.

[234] The fruit of the _achar_ (_Buchanamia latifolia_).

[235] _Acacia arabica_.

[236] _Acacia catechu_.

[237] Some writers consider that Balmik, the sweeper-saint, and Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana, are not identical.

[238] Page 38.

[239] Page 8.

[240] Page 54.

[241] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 599.

[242] Sir H. Risley, _l.c._, art. Dom.

[243] _Institutes_, x. 12-29-30.

[244] _Ibidem_, iv. 239, quoted by Mr. Crooke, art. Dom.

[245] Probably not within the house but in the veranda or courtyard.

[246] _Ibidem_.

[247] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dom, para. 34.

[248] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[249] _Ibidem_.

[250] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[251] _Hindu Tribes and Castes_, quoted by Sir H. Risley, art. Dom.

[252] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[253] Ibbetson, _l.c._ para. 596.

[254] _Ibidem_, para. 601.

[255] _L.c._ pp. 25, 26.

[256] _Rajputana Gazetteer_, vol. i. p. 165.

[257] A Muhammadan form of marriage.

[258] Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 63.

[259] Cunningham's _Archaeological Survey Reports_, xx. p. 24.

[260] _Ibidem_.

[261] General Cunningham's enumeration of the _pals_ is as follows: Five Jadon clans--Chhirkilta, Dalat, Dermot, Nai, Pundelot; five Tuar clans--Balot, Darwar, Kalesa, Lundavat, Rattawat; one Kachhwaha clan--Dingal; one Bargjuar clan--Singal. Besides these there is one miscellaneous or half-blood clan, Palakra, making up the common total of 12 1/2 clans.

[262] Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_, para. 582. Sir D. Ibbetson considered it doubtful, however, whether the expression referred to the Mina caste.

[263] Major Powlett, _Gazetteer of Alwar_.

[264] _Asiatic Studies_, vol. i. p. 162.

[265] Quoted in Dowson's _Elliott's History of India_, iii. p. 103.

[266] Dowson's _Elliott_, iv. pp. 60, 75, 283, quoted in Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_.

[267] _Census Report_ (1881), para. 582.

[268] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P._ art. Meo.

[269] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 589.

[270] _Archaeological Reports_. vol. xx. p. 26.

[271] _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces_, vol. iii. p. 496.

[272] Baden Powell's _Land Systems of British India_, vol. iii. p. 116.

[273] _Punjab Ethnography_, p. 289.

[274] _Brief View_, p. 43.

[275] Crooke, _loc. cit._

[276] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. Gopal Parmanand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Saugor, and Mr. Shamsuddin, Sub-Inspector, City Police, Saugor.

[277] _Brief View_.

[278] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey Draft Monograph on Jingar_.

[279] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mochi.

[280] _Eastern India_, vol. iii. p. 105.

[281] Rajendra Lal Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_, vol. i. pp. 222, 223.

[282] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 326.

[283] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.

[284] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bind.

[285] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, _loc. cit._

[286] The clever writer referred to in the preceding line.

[287] Breast-cloth.

[288] This article is mainly compiled from papers by Mr. Hira Lal and Babu Gulab Singh, Superintendent of Land Records, Betul.

[289] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 158.

[290] _Butea frondosa_.

[291] _Phyllanthus emiblica_.

[292] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Chatterji, retired E.A.C., Jubbulpore; Professor Sadashiva Jairam, M.A., Hislop College, Nagpur; and Mr. C. Shrinivas Naidu, First Assistant Master, Sironcha, Chanda; and from the Central Provinces District Gazetteers.

[293] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes,_ art. Nai.

[294] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nai, para. 5.

[295] The following account is largely taken from Mr. Nesfield's _Brief View of the Caste System_, pp. 42, 43.

[296] _Eighteenth Century Middle-Class Life_, by C.S. Torres, in the _Nineteenth Century and After_, Sept. 1910.

[297] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 17.

[298] _Ibidem_, p. 107.

[299] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 330.

[300] In the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.

[301] D.B. Pandian, _Indian Village Life_, under Barber.

[302] Quoted in Malcolm's _Sketch of the Sikhs, Asiatic Researches_, vol. xi., 1810, p. 289.

[303] Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson's account of the Sikhs in _Punjab Census Report_ (1881).

[304] _Sketch of the Sikhs_, _ibidem_, pp. 284, 285.

[305] Professor Blümners, _Home Life of the Ancient Greeks_, translation, p. 455.

[306] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 370.

[307] Hendley, _Account of the Bhils_, _J.A.S.B._ vol. xxxiv., 1875, p. 360.

[308] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 528.

[309] S.C. Roy, _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 369.

[310] W. Kirkpatrick in _J.A.S.B._, July 1911, p. 438.

[311] _Golden Bough_, 3rd ed. vol. viii. p. 153.

[312] _G.B._, 3rd ed., _Balder the Beautiful_, vol. ii. p. 103.

[313] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 45.

[314] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 234.

[315] _Ibidem_, vol. i. p. 242.

[316] _Ibidem_, vol. i. pp. 368, 369.

[317] Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 270.

[318] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 226.

[319] _Religion of the Semites_, note i. pp. 483, 484.

[320] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muhammadans of Gujarat_, p. 52.

[321] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 368.

[322] Yule's ed. i. 50, quoted in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 470.

[323] Mr. V.A. Smith, _Early History of India_, 2nd ed. p. 128.

[324] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 33.

[325] Lev. xiv. 9 and Deut. xxi. 12.

[326] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

[327] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 370.

[328] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

[329] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sarwaria.

[330] _Occult Review_, October 1909.

[331] _Orpheus_, p. 99, and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_; p. 220.

[332] Hanuman is worshipped on this day in order to counteract the evil influence of the planet Saturn, whose day it really is.

[333] Pots in which wheat-stalks are sown and tended for nine days, corresponding to the Gardens of Adonis.

[334] _Religion of the Semites_ p. 324.

[335] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 203.

[336] In 1911 the Naodas numbered 700 persons in the Central Provinces. About 1000 were returned in Central India in 1891, but in 1901 they were amalgamated with the Mallahs or Kewats. This article is based on a paper by Mr. P.R. Kaipitia, Forest Ranger.

[337] This article is partly compiled from notes furnished by Mr. Aduram Chaudhri and Mr. Jagannath Prasad, Naib-Tahsildars.

[338] See art. Kanjar.

[339] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 588.

[340] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Beria.

[341] _Asiatic Researches_, vol. vii., 1803, by Captain Richardson.

[342] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nat.

[343] Crooke, _l.c._, art. Nat.

[344] _Ibidem._

[345] Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1886), para. 588.

[346] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xx. p. 186, quoted in Mr. Crooke's article.

[347] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs_, p. 171.

[348] _As. Res._ vol. xvi., 1828, p. 213.

[349] _Melia indica_.

[350] _Bengali Festivals and Holidays_, by the Rev. Bihari Lal De, _Calcutta Review_, vol. v. pp. 59, 60.

[351] Based on papers by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office, and Mr. Mir Patcha, Tahsildar, Bilaspur.

[352] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.

[353] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.

[354] _Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 6.

[355] Note by Mr. Tawney as Deputy Commissioner of Chhindwara, quoted in _Central Provinces Census Report_ of 1881 (Mr. Drysdale).

[356] Sir C.A. Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 70.

[357] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 406.

[358] _Bengal Census Report_ (1901).

[359] _Ethnography_, p. 248.

[360] _Tribes and Castes_, vol. ii. p. 141.

[361] Panna Lal, Revenue Inspector.

[362] _Sorghum halepense_.

[363] _Shorea robusta_.

[364] In Bilaspur the men have an iron comb in the hair with a circular end and two prongs like a fork. Women do not wear this.

[365] _Jungle Life in India_, p. 134.

[366] This article is compiled from papers by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk, and Hazari Lal, Manager, Court of Wards, Chanda.

[367] The basil plant.

[368] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1868), p. 49.

[369] From a note by Mr. Gauri Shankar, Manager, Court of Wards, Drug.

[370] With the exception of the historical notice, this article is principally based on a paper by Mr. Muhammad Yusuf, reader to Mr. C.E. Low, Deputy Commissioner of Balaghat.

[371] Tod's _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 407.

[372] Foreign elements in the Hindu population, _Ind. Ant._ (January 1911), vol. xl.

[373] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed., p. 303.

[374] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed., p. 288.

[375] _Ibidem_, p. 316.

[376] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed., p. 319.

[377] _Garret's Classical Dictionary of Hinduism_, _s.v._ Jamadagni and Rama.

[378] The following extract is taken from Mr. V.A. Smith's _Early History of India_, 3rd ed. pp. 395, 396. The passage has been somewhat abridged in reproduction.

[379] Malcolm, i. p. 26.

[380] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 215.

[381] A similar instance in Europe is related by Colonel Tod, concerning the origin of the Madrid Restaurant in the Bois de Boulogne at Paris. After Francis I had been captured by the Spaniards he was allowed to return to his capital, on pledging his parole that he would go back to Madrid. But the delights of liberty and Paris were too much for honour; and while he wavered a hint was thrown out similar to that of destroying the clay city. A mock Madrid arose in the Bois de Boulogne, to which Francis retired. (_Rajasthan_, ii. p. 428.)

[382] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 264, 265.

[383] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.

[384] _Memoir of Central India_, i. 96.

[385] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.

[386] Blockmann, i. 252, quoted by Crooke.

[387] Ibbetson, P.C.R., para. 448.

[388] His name, Lakshma Deva, is given in a stone inscription dated A.D. 1104-1105.

[389] The inscription is said to be in one of the temples in Winj Basini, near Bhandak, in the Devanagri character in Marathi, and to run as follows: "Consecration of Jagnarayan (the serpent of the world). Dajíanashnaku, the son of Chogneka, he it was who consecrated the god. The Panwar, the ruler of Dhar, was the third repairer of the statue. The image was carved by Gopinath Pandit, inhabitant of Lonar Mehkar. Let this shrine be the pride of all the citizens, and let this religious act be notified to the chief and other officers."

[390] A few Panwar Rajputs are found in the Saugor District, but they are quite distinct from those of the Maratha country, and marry with the Bundelas. They are mentioned in the article on that clan.

[391] March.

[392] Rice boiled with milk and sugar.

[393] Village headman.

[394] Patwari or village accountant.

[395] _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 59.

[396] _Diospyros tomentosa_.

[397] Gamble, _Manual of Indian Timbers_, p. 461.

[398] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.

[399] P. 62, quoting from Bringand, _Les Karens de la Birmanie, Les Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888), p. 208.

[400] _Tod's Rajasthan_, i. p. 165. But Johar is a common term of salutation among the Hindus.

[401] _Seoni Settlement Report_ (1867), p. 43.

[402] From a collection of notes on Patharis by various police officers. The passage is somewhat abridged in reproduction.

[403] _Ficus R._

[404] _Bassia latifolia_.

[405] _Ficus glomerata_.

[406] Note already quoted.

[407] This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. Aduram Chaudhri and Pandit Pyare Lal Misra of the Gazetteer Office, and extracts from Mr. Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), and Mr. Sewell's note on the caste quoted in Mr. Gayer's _Lectures on the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_.

[408] _Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 19.

[409] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 135.

[410] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Pardhi.

[411] _Jungle Life in India_, pp. 586-587.

[412] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 80.

[413] See Jerdon's _Mammals of India_, p, 97. The account there given is quoted in the _Chhindwara District Gazetteer_, pp. 16-17.

[414] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 75.

[415] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 69, 71.

[416] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 39-40.

[417] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, _ibidem_.

[418] This article is based on papers by Mr. Panda Baijnath and other officers of the Bastar State.

[419] By Dr. Cornish.

[420] _Linguistic Survey_; vol. ix, p. 554; vol. ii.