capítulo primero
=, _i.e._, of the author's _Facundo_, from which this and the preceding selection are taken.
[146] =No se olvide=, _Let it not be forgotten_.
[147] =que en éstos=. Translate as if it were =y que en éstos=.
[148] =a su tiempo=, _at the proper time_.
[149] =ocupa=. The subject is =labrador=.
[150] =lo variado=, _the variety_.
[151] =Todo lo contrario=, _Just the opposite_.
[152] =Los límites de la propiedad no están marcados=. Later on, when Sarmiento became president, he introduced wire fences to indicate the boundary lines of the _estancias_.
[153] =aunque no sepan qué hacerse=, _though they may not know what to do with themselves_.
[154] =la corbata=. To a gaucho the cravat is the mark of the city man.
[155] =El año 41=, _i.e._, 1841.
[156] =¡Cómo me ha de ir!= _How do you suppose!_
[157] =estas dos frases=, _i.e._, =¡En Chile! ¡y a pie!= _In a foreign land! and on foot!_ Chile, moreover, being a mountainous country, ill suits the gaucho accustomed as he is to the plains of Argentina. Being horseless is of course always a calamity for a gaucho, whether in the pampa or far from it.
[158] =se dan=. V. 2, 9.
[159] =dónde se le han visto rastros al león=, _where the tracks of the lion_ (_puma_) _have been seen_.
[160] =se fraterniza=, lit., _it is fraternized_; trans., _there drinking and the prodigality of those with means induce comradeship_.
[161] =empiezan a echarse=, _begin to be laid_.
[162] =la Península=, _i.e._, Spain.
[163] =¡guerra a cuchillo!= _war to the knife!_ The Spanish general, José Palafox Melfi, defender of the city of Zaragoza against the besieging troops of Napoleon (1808-1809), being asked by the French general to surrender, answered with the famous words above mentioned. For this heroic defense of Zaragoza he was made Duke of Zaragoza.
[164] =a más de un arma=, _besides being a weapon_.
[165] =a la par de jinete=. After the words =a la par= the words =de hacer alarde= are understood and =ser= is understood before =jinete= and =valiente=.
[166] =una esgrima=, _a form of dueling_.
[167] =Así se ve a estos gauchos=, _thus these gauchos are seen_.
[168] =por brillar=. V. 18, 15.
[169] =si _corre a la partida_=, _if he gets the better of the rural guards_.
[170] =si su conducta posterior=..., _i.e._, Rosas protected murderers because he himself turned out to be the greatest of murderers later on when he became dictator.
[171] =En cuanto a los juegos de equitación=. Darwin, speaking of the horsemanship of the gaucho, says: "General Rosas is also a perfect horseman--an accomplishment of no small consequence in a country where an assembled army elected its general by the following trial: a troop of unbroken horses, being driven into a corral, were let out through a gateway, above which was a crossbar; it was agreed that whoever should drop from the bar on one of these wild animals, as it rushed out, and should be able, without saddle or bridle, not only to ride it, but also to bring it back to the door of the corral, should be their general. The person who succeeded was accordingly elected; and doubtless made a fit general for such an army. This extraordinary feat has also been performed by Rosas."
[172] =Uno le arroja un tiro de bolas=, _Some one takes a shot at him with the bolas_. The _bolas_ used by the gauchos to catch cattle and game are of two kinds; they may consist of two round stones covered with leather and united by a leather thong about seven or eight feet long; or they may consist of three balls united to a common center. The balls differ in size and weight, depending on the kind of game the gauchos wish to catch. They are twirled around the head and hurled at the feet of the fleeing animal. Light bolas of the first kind are called =lives=. Cf. 82, 12.
[173] =vese salir al jinete corriendo=, _the rider is seen to emerge running_.
[174] =que han parado en bandidos=, _who have ended by becoming bandits_.
[175] =van a perderse en el crimen=, _are lost in crime_.
[176] =que conquistara=, trans., _that once conquered_.
[177] =Lagos Pontinos=, _the Pontine Marshes_, the low country surrounding Rome.
[178] =los Zumalacárregui, los Mina=. Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788-1835) and Javier Mina (1789-1817) were intrepid guerrilla fighters who distinguished themselves in the Peninsular War against Napoleon, and later died in struggles against their own compatriots.
[179] =Sierra Leona=, British colony on the western coast of Africa, between French Guinea and Liberia.
[180] =que=, apocopated form of =porque=.
[181] =capataz de carretas=, _foreman of a train of ox-carts_. For boldness and ruggedness these foremen may well be compared with the American pioneers who crossed the prairies in the forties.
[182] =algún famoso de tiempo atrás=, _some one famous in former days_.
[183] =Por supuesto, que=. The =que= is redundant.
[184] =suele haber=, _there are wont to be_.
[185] =lo=. Cf. 29, 2.
[186] =lo arbitrario=, _the arbitrariness_.
[187] =sin que sus secuaces duden de ello=, _without his followers doubting it_. The student must bear in mind that, whereas _without_ in English is used only as a preposition, in Spanish its equivalent =sin= is used as a conjunction when, as in this case, it is followed by =que=. Spanish clauses introduced by =sin que=, therefore, must be translated by the preposition _without_ plus the _gerund_ of the verb.
[188] =comandante de campaña=, an officer exercising both civil and military authority in the country; trans., _country prefect_.
[189] =Todavía una circunstancia nueva=, _Still another circumstance_.
[190] =en su obediencia=. =Su= refers to =el gobierno=.
[191] =Así el gobierno papal=. The pontificate of Gregory XVI (1831-1846) was notoriously ill-advised.
[192] =el sultán=. Mustafa IV in 1806, by imperial firman, ratified the election of Mehemet Ali by the sheiks to the pashalik of Egypt. Mehemet Ali (1769-1849), pasha and afterwards viceroy of Egypt, though an illiterate of humble birth, was an extraordinarily clever and astute man. It was only through the intervention of the powers that in 1849, after the rout of the Ottoman forces at the battle of Nezib, he was forced to be satisfied with only the hereditary Viceroyalty of Egypt.
[193] =destronase=. The subject is =Mehemet Ali=.
[194] =revolución=, _i.e._, the social revolution after the war of independence.
[195] =López e Ibarra, Artigas y Güemes, Facundo y Rosas=. V. Introduction.
[196] =la ciudad=, _i.e._, Buenos Aires.
[197] =el camino que él había traído=, _the path he had followed_.
[198] =otros tantos=, _so many_. The naming of such worthless men as those mentioned to the post of prefect was the equivalent of eliminating that number of prefects.
[199] =la revolución de las ciudades=, _i.e._, against the Spaniards.
[200] =la desasociación=, _i.e._, =de la campaña=.
[201] =en la desocupación=, _originating in idleness_.
[202] =Estos focos=, _i.e._, =la pulpería=, =la estancia=, =la venta=.
[203] =en Facundo Quiroga=,... For translation rearrange the sentence thus: =últimamente en Facundo Quiroga veremos= (understood) =la campaña triunfante en todas partes sobre las ciudades, y éstas, siendo= (understood) =dominadas en su espíritu, gobierno, civilización, veremos= (understood) =formarse, al fin, el gobierno=, etc. In the series =espíritu, gobierno, civilización= the conjunction =y= is omitted by asyndeton.
[204] =montaña=, _i.e._, the Andes.
[205] =Santiago del Estero=. V. map.
[206] =descollaran=, _had excelled_.
[207] =Cuzco=, city in Peru, capital of the ancient empire of the Incas. V. map.
[208] =Es su... vagabunda=, _The entire forest traversed by him in his wanderings is the scene of his activities_.
[209] =Si parece que=, etc., _It seems indeed as if the treble string, etc._
[210] =_Zupay_=. It is of interest to note in this connection that the gaucho of the pampa calls this spirit =Mandinga=, who, although evilly inclined toward men, does at times do them favors.
[211] =Salamanca=. The University of Salamanca was famous in the Middle Ages as a great center of learning. Its motto was _Salamanca, maestra de todas las ciencias_. In the thirteenth century Pope Alexander IV, by a bull, made it one of the four great academies of the world. In Argentina, the word =Salamanca= has become synonymous with learning used for evil purposes, and means both witchcraft and the school where witchcraft is taught.
[212] "=payar=". Music plays an important part in all the gatherings among Argentine countrymen. Two =payadores=, or bards, engage in a musical contest: each man sings in turn, accompanying himself on the guitar on any improvised subject, and at the end the audience expresses its approval of the winner by its applause.
[213] =enano de la siesta=, _the dwarf of the noonday nap_. Tradition has it that ghosts walk about in the quiet hours of the noonday nap. This is not surprising if one bears in mind the deep stillness that pervades small Spanish-American towns, particularly those in the interior.
[214] =montes saladinos=, _saline mountains_. Cf. 42, 14.
[215] =evoca=. The subject is =ave= in the preceding sentence.
[216] =Turay=, Quichua for _brother_.
[217] =atrapado a garrote=, _clubbed to death_.
[218] =pescado en fisga en el remanso del río=, _harpooned in the still waters of the river_.
[219] =si no=, _if not_; _or else_.
[220] _=ashpa-mishqui=_, _=tiu-simi=_, _=cayanes=_, _=queyas=_, _also =moro-moros=_ (83, 3), Quichua names of different varieties of bees.
[221] =en escasez=, _without game_.
[222] =boleada a lives=, _brought down with light =bolas=_. Cf. 64, 5.
[223] =tupo=, Quichua name for a measure of any sort; trans., _jar_.
[224] =el locro de su refrigerio habitual=, _his customary ration of =locro=_.
[225] The brother has taken a position on some branch of the tree beneath =la horqueta más alta=, so that he could pull on his lasso in the manner of a pulley. From this point, when his sister had reached the =horqueta más alta=, he could pretend he was going up, although in reality he was going down.
[226] =En progresiva nitidez de sombra=, _With gradual and clear-cut shadows_.
[227] Note omission of =es= after =ninguna=.
[228] =payador=. Cf. 79, 16.
[229] "=payadas de contrapunto=". A contest such as the one described in the note to page 79, line 16, is called a =payada de contrapunto=.
[230] =Hácese... silencio=, _Silence falls again_.
[231] =Juan sin Ropa=, picturesque name given to the devil by the gauchos.
[232] =le ha encontrado=, _i.e._, =a la leyenda=; trans., _has found in it_.
[233] =la doctrina bíblica del _Génesis_=, _i.e._, the downfall of man.
[234] =su orgullo=, _i.e._, _the pride of_ =Santos Vega=.
[235] =Juan Díaz de Solís=, a famous Spanish explorer of the sixteenth century who discovered the Río de la Plata, in 1516, and called it Mar Dulce, thinking he had discovered a sea. Landing on the island of Martín García, he was killed by the Charrúa Indians, a very warlike tribe that occupied the Plata basin.
[236] =Sebastián Gaboto=. The name Cabot is usually connected with Newfoundland, but it has historical importance for Argentina also. Sebastian was the son of the well-known North American explorer, John Cabot. He explored the Plata and Paraná rivers during the reign of Charles V.
[237] =suyos=, _i.e._, =los hombres de don Nuño de Lara=.
[238] =brindando... amistad=, _in which Spaniards and Indians, mingling freely, drank to the god of friendship_.
[239] =entrada ya la noche=, _when night had already fallen_.
[240] =luego que supo su cautividad=, _as soon as he learned of her captivity_.
[241] =llegó a permitirles=, _went so far as to permit them_.
[242] =a saetazos=, _by arrow shots_.
[243] =pudo=. Translate as if it were =hubiera podido=.
[244] =_Corral_=. As with the English stage the first theatrical performances in Argentina were produced in a courtyard, or open lot.
[245] =Una chispa... rancho=. Religious holidays in Catholic countries are often celebrated with display of fireworks, particularly St. John's day, June 24.
[246] "=pacui=". Quichua Indian name for owl, same as =kacuy=.
[247] =¿oísteis hablar de María?= _have you heard people speak of Mary?_
[248] =asomado=, _appearing or looking out_.
[249] =me habéis prometido=. The pronoun understood is =vos=, equivalent here to =tú=. This usage is very common in Argentina. From a very dignified form of address, employed as a rule in addressing kings, it has come to be used in Argentina as the most familiar and colloquial form of address.
[250] =Será=, trans., _Can it be?_ Note use of the future to denote probability or possibility.
[251] =pero mientras más grande, mientras más sublime=..., =menos digna=..., _but the greater, the more sublime_..., _the less worthy_....
[252] =confiada=, _trusting_ or _in confidence_.
[253] =¡Vaya un gran mérito!= _Well, that is indeed a great virtue!_
[254] =cámara=, _i.e._, =de diputados=, _chamber of deputies_.
[255] =¡Bendición del cielo!= _Thank heaven!_
[256] =¡Dejar la fría...!= The infinitive is used elliptically with exclamatory force: trans., _What a joy to leave...!_
[257] =Manuela Rosas=. The daughter of the Dictator Juan Manuel Rosas.
[258] =si su amistad con la mía=, _if her friendship toward me_.
[259] =de esa austera integridad=, _i.e._, =de Alberto=.
[260] =contra él=, _i.e._, =Alberto=.
[261] =a lo alto de la sala=, _i.e._, the speaker's platform.
[262] =desolados=, _panic-stricken_.
[263] =Palermo=, a suburb of Buenos Aires.
[264] =como Isaac=. Reference to the sacrifice of Isaac. Cf. Genesis 22:9.
[265] =desolada=, _grief-stricken_.
[266] =la mostró=. The commoner usage (so also 100, 28, =rasgóla=) is =le=.
[267] =Luján=. V. map.
[268] =pudiendo... momento=, _since he might be recognized and denounced at any moment_.
[269] =Amigo también=, _Being also a friend_.
[270] =contestó... ofrecimiento=, _replied expressing his thanks for the offer_.
[271] =De vuelta en su casa=, _When he had returned home_.
[272] =póngase en salvo=, _take refuge_.
[273] =Colonia=, city in Uruguay. V. map.
[274] =Mendoza=. San Martín made ready his army in this province prior to the invasion of Chile. V. map.
[275] =¿Se trabaja ahora?= _Are they working now?_
[276] =cuerpo de guardia=, _headquarters of the guard_.
[277] =de servicio=, _on duty_.
[278] =ratificándose en que=, _reiterating that_.
[279] =es que no=. The =no= is redundant; omit it in translating.
[280] =¡Que... semejante!= _Never let such an occurrence happen again in your life!_
[281] =Río Bamba=, city in Ecuador. V. map.
[282] =Lavalle= (Juan, 1794-1841), one of the heroes of the war of independence.
[283] =bajo los fuegos de la infantería=, _under the protection of the_ (_Spanish_) _infantry fire_.
[284] =habiendo pasado=. The subject is =Lavalle=.
[285] =Sucre=. V. 239, 14.
[286] =dejamos dicho=, _we have said_.
[287] =por ser=. Note the difference in the use of =por= here and in line 23 where it means _in order to_; translate here, _because the hour was_.
[288] =saltándosele las lágrimas=, _with tears in his eyes_.
[289] =¡Cómo se pierde un escuadrón tan valiente!= _To think that such a brave squadron is being destroyed!_
[290] =permítamelo=. The pronoun =lo= refers to =ir con mis guías=.
[291] =Poníanse recién=. Argentinism for =acababan de ponerse=.
[292] =sin que... laureles=, lit., _without its falling to the lot of more than fifty to gather the laurels_.
[293] =anfiteatro de la Edad Media=. That is, the condition and civilization of Ecuador were then medieval; trans., _medieval amphitheater_.
[294] =algunos=, _i.e._, =ombús=.
[295] =madrastra=, lit., _stepmother_, hence _unkindly, harmful_.
[296] =su follaje=, _i.e._, =de los demás árboles=.
[297] =_montes_=. Note the pun on the word =monte=, which may mean a _wood_ or a _mountain_.
[298] =no ansiaba=. The negative is redundant.
[299] =lo estamparon=. =Lo= refers to =pie=.
[300] =los leones de Necochea=. Reference to mounted troops of this famous leader during the war of independence. Necochea was in command of the Argentine forces at the battle of Junín (1824), where he and his mounted grenadiers covered themselves with glory at a moment when the success of the battle seemed to be in danger.
[301] The apparent contradiction in dates, =6 de mayo= and =31 de marzo= (=134, 10=), is due to the fact that a part of the author's letter, at the end of the second paragraph, has been omitted, and that the third paragraph refers to events which took place the year following the first date.
[302] =nuestra bandera=, _i.e._, the Argentina flag, the colors of which are sky-blue and white.
[303] =días de _capa_=, lit., _days of cloak_, _i.e._, of clouds; trans., _bad weather_.
[304] =_cabo_, acabador=. Notice pun on =cabo=, _end_ or _cape_, and =acabador=, _that which puts an end to anything_.
[305] =Aconcagua=, province of Chile opposite the Argentine province of Mendoza.
[306] =del bípedo delantero=, _i.e._, =del arriero=.
[307] =para adelante o para atrás=, _forward or backward_.
[308] =me parecía... revés=, _for it seemed to me that the animal was headed in a direction opposite to mine_.
[309] =con envidia del aficionado a jardines=, _an object of envy to the lover of gardens_.
[310] =de rojo y amarillo guirnaldas preciosas=. The commoner word order is =guirnaldas preciosas de rojo y amarillo=.
[311] =en otros=, _i.e._, =en otros cactus=.
[312] =remedaban=. The subject is =guirnaldas=.
[313] =Arauco=, province of Chile, scene of the struggles between the Spaniards and the Araucanian Indians in Ercilla's epic, _La Araucana_.
[314] =que tal parece=, _for such it appears_.
[315] =estos instrumentos pedestres=, _i.e._, =las espuelas= in line 4. The use of =pedestre= in the sense _of the feet_ is not accurate.
[316] =El pobre=, _i.e._, =animal=.
[317] =teatro de Carlos Alberto=, theater in Buenos Aires.
[318] =Bellini= (Vincenzo), Italian composer, born in Catania, Sicily, in 1801. His most famous operas are _I Puritani_, _La Sonnambula_, and _Norma_. His music is characterized by sweetness and melancholy.
[319] =_¡Casta Diva!_= one of the best known arias of the opera _Norma_, sung by the priestess Norma after whom the opera is named.
[320] =se ofreció a los ojos de _Norma_=, _i.e._, as the author sings the famous aria he identifies himself with the priestess who is supposed to sing it in the opera.
[321] =Murillo= (Bartolomé Esteban, 1617-1682), famous Spanish painter, born in Seville. His _Asunción de la Virgen_ is one of the great masterpieces of art.
[322] =original como pocos=, lit., _original as few_; trans., _unique in its originality_.
[323] =nos encontramos hasta tener=, _we went along till we had_.
[324] =El _Salto_=. Reference to the falls of the river Mapocho, in the province of Santiago, Chile.
[325] =formas redondas dadas contra la voluntad del granito=, _round shapes assumed despite the resistance of the granite_.
[326] "=la gota horada la piedra, _non vi sed saepe cadendo_=." The whole Latin expression is "_non vi sed saepe cadendo gutta cavat lapidem_". Trans., "_not through violence but by constant dripping a drop of water hollows stone_." Ovid's _Epistolae ex Ponto_, IV, 60, 5.
[327] =Cambray=, city in northern France, also spelled Cambrai; famous for its manufactories of cloth, from which we get the English word _cambric_.
[328] =fábrica de Monpelas=, a firm in France, famous for its perfumes and soaps.
[329] =y de ella=, _i.e._, =de la lucha=, in 139, 18.
[330] (=no puede por menos=), trans., (_without a doubt_).
[331] "=soñar e imaginar con desaliño=", "_to dream and give free rein to the imagination_".
[332] =El camino a vapor=, _The railroad_.
[333] =el Valdivia, el Hernán Cortés, el Pizarro=, names of Spanish _conquistadores_; the first conquered Chile and died in combat against the Araucanian Indians; the second conquered Mexico, despite the opposition of his own countrymen under Narváez, who had been sent to capture Cortés for disobeying orders; Pizarro conquered Peru. Cf. 2, 6.
[334] =en manos de los misioneros=. Reference to the missionaries who always accompanied Spanish expeditions. One of the hard things in history is to reconcile the cruelty of the _conquistadores_ and the gentle, patient endeavor of the missionaries to convert the Indians to Christianity.
[335] =elementos antiguos=, allusion to belief in the elements, air, fire, earth, water, by the ancient philosophers of Greece.
[336] =está llamada=. The subject is =la ciencia de la mecánica=, 141, 6.
[337] =Anfiones=. Amphion, a Theban prince, was reputed to have built Thebes by charming the stones into their places with his lyre.
[338] =el fiat=, _the will_.
[339] =La América=. The definite article may be used in Spanish before the name of a continent or country for personification.
[340] =las columnas de ningún Hércules=. The pillars of Hercules is the name applied to the Strait of Gibraltar in Greek mythology. Hercules, among his other feats, separated the mountains Calpe, the promontory of Gibraltar in Spain, and Ábila, ancient name of a mountain in Morocco. Calpe and Ábila are the pillars of Hercules. Previous to Columbus' time, it was thought that these pillars were the end of the world and the barrier to exploration.
[341] =la tierra... California=, _i.e._, from Tierra del Fuego (_land about the Straits of Magellan_) to upper California.
[342] =El inca Garcilaso=. He was the son of one of the _conquistadores_ of Peru and a princess of Inca descent. He wrote _Comentarios Reales del Perú_ and _La Florida del Inca_.
[343] =sin salir de casa=, _i.e._, =de la Argentina=.
[344] =Betis=, ancient name of the Guadalquivir, a river in Andalusia, southern Spain.
[345] =Góngora=. He was the chaplain of Philip III of Spain; his writings have given rise to the term _Gongorism_, which is applied to a metaphorical and far-fetched style. Cf. _euphuism_ in English.
[346] =Bufón=, _Buffon_, French naturalist (1707-1788).
[347] =un ave=. With feminine words beginning with an initial stressed a it is common to use an old apocopated form of the feminine article, which looks like the modern masculine form of the article.
[348] "=fruta del monte=". Peaches are so common in the province of Buenos Aires that they are called "fruit of the woods". In this connection Darwin says: "Among the introduced kinds may be enumerated poplars, olives, peach, and other fruit trees; the peaches succeed so well that they afford the main supply of firewood to the city of Buenos Aires."--_The Voyage of the Beagle_.
[349] =_ab initio_=, _from the beginning_; a stock Latin quotation.
[350] "=caminos que caminan=", descriptive of the Plata and the Paraná, rivers which move continuously and are highways of travel and commerce.
[351] =la Escritura=: _i.e._, Job 39:17.
[352] =se convierta=. The subject is _el espacio_, line 3.
[353] =Calvario=, mountain on which Christ was crucified; here synonymous with suffering.
[354] =las Conchas=. V. map.
[355] =la Recoleta=. V. map.
[356] =sería=. Note use of the conditional to express probability in past time.
[357] =la vela de las armas=. In the days of chivalry the squire kept watch over his arms the night before being knighted.
[358] =y a fe... quien=, _and indeed it did not ill befit one who_.
[359] =Poitiers=. The English under the Black Prince in 1356 defeated the French here. As a descendant of the defeated French, Santiago de Liniers had an opportunity to avenge the defeat of his forefathers.
[360] =invasión de Popham=. In 1806 Popham, a famous British admiral, proposed the seizure of Buenos Aires to the English government. For this purpose he was sent in command of a fleet to attack Buenos Aires.
[361] =se debía oír a Liniers=, _heed should be given to Liniers_.
[362] =Caballero de Malta=. In the eleventh century the Knights Hospitalers were established in Jerusalem to furnish shelter to the pilgrims. The order became successively the Knights of St. John, the Knights of Rhodes, and, in 1530, the Knights of Malta, when Charles V ceded that island to them. Now it exists as an honorary order only.
[363] =Gibraltar y Menorca=. During the War of American Independence France and Spain attempted to wrest these two places from England, but succeeded only in recovering Minorca. Liniers took an active part in both these campaigns.
[364] =amaneciendo... Buenos Aires=, _finding themselves at dawn in view of Buenos Aires_.
[365] =Olivos=. V. map.
[366] =San Isidro=. V. map.
[367] =Corrales de Miserere=. V. map.
[368] =el jefe=, _i.e._, Liniers.
[369] =Beresford=. He was in command of the British infantry forces landed by Popham.
[370] =dejaban entrever=, _showed_. The subject is =pedidos=.
[371] =Pueyrredón=. Later chosen Director of Argentina.
[372] =Vencedor=, _if victorious_; =vencido=, _if vanquished_.
[373] =era=. The imperfect is used here, instead of the conditional, for emphasis.
[374] =el Retiro=. V. map.
[375] =salvó=. The object is =las dos millas=.
[376] =calle del Correo=. To-day known as =calle Florida=, the Fifth Avenue of Buenos Aires.
[377] =Plaza Mayor=. To-day =Plaza de Mayo=.
[378] =había que prevenirse=, _preparation had to be made_.
[379] =no resolviéndose a abandonar=, _being unable to bring themselves to abandon_.
[380] =con rendirse a discreción=, _provided he surrendered unconditionally_.
[381] =afirmándola con una salva=, _asserting its power with a salvo_.
[382] =Callao=, city and port of Peru.
[383] =era nacido=. The more common usage is =había nacido=.
[384] =recuerdo=. Reference to the statue of Falucho in Buenos Aires.
[385] =Tablada de Lurín=, tollhouse of Lurín; in the suburbs of Lima.
[386] =la independencia del Perú=. San Martín declared the independence of Peru in 1821.
[387] =se caracteriza como... militar=, _can be characterized as a profound political and military plan_.
[388] =con la espada de Chacabuco y Maipo=, _i.e._, the two most decisive battles fought by San Martín in Chile, in 1817 and 1818. These victories gave Chile its independence.
[389] =emancipación de un mundo=, _i.e._, South America.
[390] =Bolívar= (Simón). Together with San Martín he brought about South American independence. He had been triumphant in the North and founded the republic of Gran Colombia, now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783, and died in 1830. The hopes and ambitions for which he had fought (a great republic by the name of Gran Colombia) had been set at naught in his own times by the revolt of the constituent members.
[391] =Chimborazo=, lofty mountain and volcano in Ecuador.
[392] =Pichincha=, volcano in Ecuador; the allied troops of Bolívar and San Martín won a decisive victory over the Spaniards in this vicinity in 1822. Cf. 126, 1.
[393] =que=. The antecedent is =genio=, referring to =Bolívar= in line 3.
[394] =todo lo refería a=, _considered everything in relation to_.
[395] =Astrea=, the goddess of Justice in Greek mythology.
[396] =vaso opaco de la Escritura=, _unassuming chosen vessel of the Scriptures_.
[397] This sentence has no principal verb. Supply =murió=--.
[398] =la una=, _i.e._, =de Bolívar=.
[399] =la otra=, _i.e._, =de San Martín=.
[400] =su=, _i.e._, =del Perú=.
[401] =su=, _i.e._, =de San Martín=.
[402] =Macabeo=. Judas Maccabeus, of the Maccabees, led the Jews against the tyrant Antiochus IV, assuming the leadership of the revolt in B.C. 164, upon the death of his father Matathias.
[403] =Moreno= (Mariano), Argentine patriot and statesman. Cf. 195.
[404] =todos cuantos=, _all who_.
[405] =Misiones=. V. map.
[406] =Alto Perú=, old name of the present republic of Bolivia. It became an independent state in 1825, with Bolívar as its first president.
[407] =Artigas= (José, 1746-1826). Although Mitre speaks thus of Artigas, present-day Uruguayans regard him as their national hero. Works published lately on his life show that he was misunderstood. The federal system of government for which he stood obtains to-day in Argentina, though not in Uruguay.
[408] =Güemes= (Martín), Gaucho leader in northern Argentina, whose deeds are commemorated in many tales. He may be compared with Marion, the American guerrilla fighter in the Carolinas during the American War of Independence.
[409] =Rivadavia= (Bernardino), first president of Argentina and supporter of the unitarian or centralized form of republican government. During his presidency he established primary education and encouraged the University of Buenos Aires, which had come into being under his tutelage. He was far in advance of his time.
[410] =en tal sentido=, _of this type_.
[411] =cuyo sentimiento=, _the sentiment for which_.
[412] =Cuyo=. Previous to his invasion of Chile, San Martín was ostensibly Governor of Cuyo, a region including the present provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis. It was in this capacity that he made ready his _Ejército de los Andes_ to attack the Spaniards in Chile.
[413] =las del Norte=. This includes the provinces of Salta, Tucumán, Jujuy, and what was known as Alto Perú, or Bolivia.
[414] =_encabezar partidos_=, _i.e._, =secundarios=. Cf. 181, 17.
[415] =dos derrotas=. The Argentine army of the North had been defeated twice: at Huaquí in June, 1811, and in the battle of Nazareno in January, 1812.
[416] =haciendo por último pie firme=, _making at last a resolute stand_.
[417] =como el vacío de la máquina neumática que apaga los oídos=, _like the vacuum of the pneumatic pump which deadens the hearing_.
[418] =tres Repúblicas=. Argentine by birth, Las Heras fought for the independence of Peru and Chile besides that of his own country.
[419] =en ella=, _i.e._, =en la época colonial=.
[420] =Bayardo=, famous French knight of the fifteenth century who was called "_le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche_", "_the fearless and faultless knight_".
[421] =No se le vió nunca=, _He was never seen_.
[422] =y no... manifestaciones=, _and were felt only through the hidden and persevering force of their cold manifestations_.
[423] =sin que él reclamase jamás su competencia=, _without his ever putting forward his fitness_.
[424] =Huaquí=. The Argentine forces under the command of Balcarce suffered here a severe defeat, after which Pueyrredón took command of the retreating forces.
[425] =algo de interno y de poderoso=, _something profound and powerful_.
[426] =lo manejaba... severidad=, _he wielded it even in the extremes of firmness and severity_.
[427] =compañero de Logia=. Francisco Miranda, a Venezuelan patriot, had been the prime mover in establishing a vast secret society with branches in Europe and America. The purpose of this society was to bring about a republican form of government in all South America. San Martín established a chapter of it in Buenos Aires under the name of =Logia de Lautaro=, and with its support carried through his invasion of Chile and Peru, despite party opposition. =Lautaro= was synonymous with patriotism because it was the name of an Araucanian chief famous for his fierce resistance against Valdivia, the conqueror of Chile.
[428] =con quien... personal=, _with whom he held political views in common and whom he resembled in his personal character_.
[429] =solemnidades patrias=, _national holidays_.
[430] =sol=. The Argentine flag has two horizontal blue stripes and in the middle a white one with the image of the sun in it.
[431] =mayo de 1810=. A reference to the 25th of May, 1810. The first cry of independence was heard in Buenos Aires, and Cisneros, then Viceroy, was put out of power. V. Introduction.
[432] =no él=, _i.e._, he made no efforts at self-glorification.
[433] =Quiere... propios=, _He wishes as it were to do away with the very names_.
[434] =Colonia=, _i.e._, Argentina, prior to its independence.
[435] =Tácito=, Tacitus, famous Roman historian (55-120 A.D.).
[436] =y... chispa=, _hardly any light_.
[437] =Vieytes= (Hipólito), one of the leaders of the Argentine revolution and member of the Junta Gobernativa.
[438] =Virreinato=, _i.e._, Spanish rule in Argentina.
[439] =árbitro de=, _free to_.
[440] =ejerciendo=, _by exercising_.
[441] =Manzanares=, river in Spain, on the banks of which Madrid is located; here synonymous with Spain.
[442] =Congreso=, reference to the Congress of Tucumán, in 1816, which declared the independence of Argentina. Cf. 222.
[443] =El rumbo... estrella=, _The course was pointed toward the best star_, _i.e._, democracy.
[444] =su modo de ser definitivo=, _its established form of government_.
[445] =Salta=, province of Argentina, and its capital. Güemes used to refer to Salta as mi provincia.
[446] =sea que..., sea que=, _whether... or_.
[447] =país accidentado=. Salta and Jujuy, as can be seen from the map, are in a mountainous region.
[448] =la resistencia de la población en masa=. While San Martín was conquering Chile in 1817 and invading Peru in 1821, the Spaniards were trying to fight their way down from Peru into Argentina. Güemes' efforts were most important in holding the Spanish forces back until San Martín struck at the heart of their power, Lima.
[449] =dirección más inteligente=, _i.e._, de San Martín.
[450] =se veía... entrañas=, _saw its very vitals torn_.
[451] =un ejército=, _i.e._, =el ejército del Norte= under Belgrano's command.
[452] =de otro=, _i.e._, San Martín's army.
[453] =guerra civil=. From the very beginning there was, as in the United States, a "Tory" party in Argentina that stood against independence.
[454] =aquél=, _i.e._, Belgrano, who defeated the Spaniards in the battles of Salta and Tucumán.
[455] =el general La Paz= (José María), Argentine statesman and general who, in defense of the unitarian cause, fought against Rosas and made himself famous during the eight-year siege of Montevideo (1835-1843).
[456] =el Dr. Vélez Sársfield=, famous Argentine statesman and jurist; author of the Argentine Civil Code.
[457] =constituído=, _placed_.
[458] =Alí-Bajá de Monvoisin=, reference to the painting by the French artist Monvoisin of Ali Pasha, who was known for his cruelty in Albania and put to death in 1822.
[459] =Ravel= (Pierre-Alfred), French actor of the nineteenth century.
[460] =estudiante de Brienne=, _i.e._, Napoleon, who studied at the military school of that name.
[461] =Mameluco oscuro=, _i.e._, Mehemet-Ali, who, though not a Mameluke himself, fought with the Mamelukes against Napoleon in 1798, and later became Viceroy of Egypt. Cf. 70, 3.
[462] =Medusa=, one of three sisters in Greek mythology, whose hair was turned into a tangle of serpents because she incurred the wrath of Minerva. Any one who looked at her was turned to stone.
[463] =no había cómo hacerlo callar=, _there was no way of making him keep quiet_.
[464] =famoso expediente=. When two women came before Solomon, each claiming a newly born child as hers, he ordered that the child be cut into two parts so that each claimant might have a half. The true mother was found to be the one who, for the love of her son, abandoned her claim rather than cause his death.
[465] =amanezca mañana=, _appears at dawn tomorrow_.
[466] =¡tú eres...!= _you are the culprit!_
[467] =que está=... The antecedent is =él=, referring to =Facundo=.
[468] =que nada desmiente=, _that nothing can belie_.
[469] =Júpiter Tonante=. Jupiter was represented as the Thunderer in Greek mythology.
[470] =después de habérselo anunciado=. The more correct usage is, =después que se lo han anunciado=.
[471] =continuando de=, unusual for =continuando a=.
[472] =el movimiento revolucionario de nuestra literatura=. The publication of Echeverría's _La Cautiva_ in 1837 inaugurated a movement towards the Americanization of literature in Argentina. Cf. 24, 13.
[473] =Podría presentársele=, _He might be presented_.
[474] =las obras de Echeverría=. His most important works are _Elvira o la novia del Plata_, _Los Consuelos_, _Lara o la Partida_, _Las Rimas_ (which contain among other shorter poems _La Cautiva_), _El Dogma Socialista_, and _Cantos a Mayo_.
[475] =Cuando se trata de evitar que los hombres de letras se puerilicen=, _When it is a question of keeping men of letters from becoming childish_.
[476] =desdeñoso como Horacio=. The Latin poet Horace has expressed his distaste for the rabble in his often-quoted verse: _Odi profanum vulgus_, "_I hate the ignorant rabble_."
[477] =el bienvenido=, _i.e._, =el escritor bienvenido=, _the favorite writer_.
[478] =el malogrado argentino=. Besides his voyage to Europe in 1825, Echeverría had to exile himself from his country twice owing to the persecution of the Dictator Rosas.
[479] =que se refieren al bien de la sociedad=, _which deal with the welfare of society_.
[480] =la invisible confidente=, _i.e._, =la musa=.
[481] =Rompió la tradición clásica=. Cf. 24, 13.
[482] =perdiendo=, with concessive force, _though losing_.
[483] =Tucumán=. V. map.
[484] =las Provincias Unidas de la Plata=. Until 1853, the date of the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the republic of Argentina was known by the above name.
[485] =del pueblo que la realizaba=. The pronoun =la= refers to =declaración=, in the previous sentence; trans., _of the people that proclaimed it_.
[486] =seis años después=, etc. The first revolutionary uprising took place the 25th of May, 1810. The great victories of Chacabuco and Maipo did not come until 1817 and 1818.
[487] =las armas=, _the armies_--by metonymy.
[488] =Proclamada=, with concessive force, _Though proclaimed_.
[489] =que habría de retardar por otro medio siglo=, _which was to retard for another half century_. It was not till 1853 that the Constitution was adopted. Even then it took some ten years more before the old feud between federalists and unitarians was settled.
[490] =las dos grandes revoluciones=, _i.e._, in North and in South America.
[491] =a que se lanzara Francia=, _upon which France had embarked_.
[492] =un gobierno propio=, _a government of their own_.
[493] =imperio militar=, _i.e._, of Napoleon Bonaparte.
[494] =Año Terrible=. The period in French history from May 31, 1793, (that is, from the fall of the Girondins), to July 27, 1794, (date of the fall of Robespierre), is known as the "Reign of Terror".
[495] =antes bien=, emphatic form of =antes=, _rather_.
[496] =a la del Sur=, _i.e._, =por lo que toca a la América del Sur=, _as regards South America_.
[497] =una como presunción=, _a certain superior assumption_.
[498] =se aguardan=. V. 2, 9.
[499] =se apresura=, _is anxious_.
[500] =y de aquí=, _and hence it is_. The verb =es= is understood.
[501] =esos próceres=, _i.e._, the leaders of the Revolution.
[502] =habría pecado por exceso=, _would have gone too far_.
[503] =excepto en cuanto reconocían=, _except in so far as they recognized_.
[504] =por razón de su origen=, _i.e._, by reason of their common nationality.
[505] =hace notar=, _brings out_.
[506] =el cabildo abierto=, _the town meeting_.
[507] =nunca se insistirá demasiado=, _one can never insist too much_. Notice that =insistirá= is future of probability or possibility.
[508] =cuando no=, _if not_.
[509] =puesto que=, _since_.
[510] =plantea=. The subject is =democracia=.
[511] =haciendo que los representantes lo sean en común de las grandes divisiones políticas=, lit., _bringing it about that the representatives be so in common from the great political divisions_; trans., _electing their representatives at large from the great political divisions_, _i.e._, the representatives represent a province and not a district.
[512] =se pretendía hacerle desempeñar=, _they_ (=la gente culta de las ciudades=) _intended to have it_ (the people) _play_.
[513] =exteriorizando los cuales=, _upon manifesting which_.
[514] =Aunque figuras menores=. The verb =son= is understood.
[515] =habiendo algunos=, _there being some_.
[516] =o sea el voto secreto=, _that is, the secret ballot_. Mr. Hipólito Irigoyen, the present incumbent of the presidency, is the first Argentina president to have been elected by the secret or Australian ballot.
[517] =esa ley=, _i.e._, of the Australian ballot.
[518] =su= refers to =poder=.
[519] =inhibiendo=, trans., _to prevent_.
[520] =de cuya presión... los sirven=, _the results of whose pressure oftentimes are laws favorable to them, though ostensibly not meant to be such_.
[521] =que en el acto de celebrarse el Congreso de Tucumán=, _than on the occasion when the Congress of Tucumán was held_.
[522] =después de seis años de rotas las hostilidades=, _six years after the breaking out of hostilities_.
[523] =llevaba involucrados=, _carried within itself_.
[524] =de este último=, _i.e._, =el proceso idealista=.
[525] =Uno de ellos=, _i.e._, one of the =caudillos=. V. Introduction.
[526] =a su alrededor=, _around it_.
[527] =que habría de regir=, _which was to rule_.
[528] =Córdoba=. V. map. Its university, having been founded in 1613, is the third oldest in South America, that of San Marcos in Lima (which was founded in 1551) and that of Bogotá (founded in 1572) having preceded it.
[529] =Charcas=, capital of Bolivia, to-day called Sucre. It used to be known also under the names of Chuquisaca and La Plata. Its famous university was founded in 1623. It has a school of law, theology, and medicine.
[530] =Santiago de Chile=, capital of Chile. V. map. The university was founded in 1738.
[531] =Colegio de San Carlos=, in Lima, Peru.
[532] =véase el estado general del país=, _see the general condition of the country_.
[533] =uno de los más ilustres miembros del Congreso=, _i.e._, Fray Cayetano Rodríguez. Cf. 240, 3.
[534] =chocados=, _clashing_.
[535] =negándose algunos=, _some being opposed_.
[536] =habría que agregar=, _there ought to be added_.
[537] =Alto Perú=, name applied to the present republic of Bolivia during the colonial and revolutionary period.
[538] =la aproximación del enemigo=. The last secret session of the Congress of Tucumán was held January 17, 1817, when the Spanish forces were advancing from the north, after invading the province of Jujuy.
[539] =Lima=, capital of Peru, was founded in 1535 by Pizarro. It was by far the most important South American city during the colonial period.
[540] =a quien tocaría=, _whose lot it would be_.
[541] =el golpe definitivo=. The battle of Ayacucho (1824), fought between the Spaniards and the combined Colombian and Argentine forces under the command of Sucre, Bolívar's lieutenant, put an end to Spanish domination in South America. As a feat of arms it stands among the most brilliant of those recorded in the annals of South American history. Sucre, though his forces numbered but half those of the Spaniards, completely routed them, capturing about one-third of their army, including La Serna, the commander-in-chief, as well as all their baggage and ammunition.
[542] =describiera=. Cf. 66, 16; 223, 16.
[543] =Fray Cayetano Rodríguez= (1761-1823), historian of the proceedings at the Congress of Tucumán. As a poet he wrote a sonnet _Al 25 de Mayo_, and versified on other events of his time.
[544] =no es de extrañar=, _it is not to be wondered at_.
[545] =Se pensó en traer=, _Some thought of bringing_.
[546] =San Martín=, =Belgrano=. Cf. 18, 17, and Introduction.
[547] =uno de los detractores de la monarquía=. One of the few voices raised against the monarchical idea was that of the deputy Anchorena, but his arguments were so specious that they rather strengthened the supporters of the monarchy.
[548] =una mano firme=. Argentina owes in large measure her present republican form of government to Fray Justo de Santa María de Oro, who at the Congress of Tucumán stood out firmly and energetically in behalf of a republic.
[549] =la vía=, _i.e._, of democracy.
[550] =de aquél=, _i.e._, =del Congreso=.
[551] =la larga noche de la anarquía=. The period of internecine struggles, from the expulsion of the Spaniards till the downfall of Rosas and the subsequent adoption of the Federal Constitution.
[552] =el _tercero_ del sur=. On rainy days the streets of Buenos Aires were turned into veritable brooks, which were named numerically, first, second, third, etc.
[553] =D. Juan María Gutiérrez=. Cf. Biographical Notes, p. liii.
[554] =se reducía=. The verb is in the singular because the subjects, =la mesa y el mantenimiento=, are taken to be one and the same thing.
[555] =En toda la línea del norte=, _All along the northern boundary_.
[556] =prebostes de la Hermandad=. The =Santa Hermandad= was a police institution founded in the fifteenth century in Spain, and carried over into her colonies. Its purpose was to keep the highways and the country clear of robbers. A =preboste= was an officer of the =Hermandad=; he exercised both judicial and police powers.
[557] =revolucionaria=. The term _revolutionary_, after the French Revolution, was synonymous with _progressive_.
[558] =brazos aptos=, _men suited for the task_.
[559] =hacían que apenas hubiese una que otra calle, malísimamente empedrada=, _were the cause of there being only a few paved streets, and very poorly paved at that_.
[560] =calle _del Empedrado_=, _Paved Street_.
[561] =las había=, _were there any_.
[562] =la reputación de la belleza=, _a reputation for beauty_.
[563] =su revolución=. The revolution for independence in 1810 was mainly the work of the population of Buenos Aires, whereas the civil revolution that followed later was started by the provinces.
[564] =el poeta de la revolución=, _i.e._, Vicente López y Planes, the author of the _Himno Nacional_.
[565] =el _centro_=, _the "down-town" section_.
[566] =mostrador democrático=, _a people's store_.
[567] =de mostrador corrido=, _with its long counter_.
[568] =penetrar a=, unusual for =penetrar en=.
[569] "=ese caballero=", _i.e._, her husband.
[570] Something similar in the way of courtesy used to be the habit among shop-keepers in this country. Nowadays we find it only with the older generation. Although the author here complains that these pleasant customs have already disappeared in Argentina, it is nevertheless true that Spaniards and Spanish-Americans prefer to do business in a way that still savors of social relationship.
[571] =para sentarse los tertulianos habituales del establecimiento=, _where the habitúes of the establishment could sit_.
[572] =de Aubusson y de Gobelinos=. =Aubusson=, city in France, famous for tapestries; =Gobelinos=, the Gobelins, in the fifteenth century, established a tapestry factory in Paris which is now famous throughout the world.
[573] =dejándolo amontonarse ampulosamente sobre el mostrador=, _permitting it_ (=el lote vendido=) _to heap up in folds on the counter_.
[574] _La Argentina y sus grandezas_.
[575] =vivos de=, _alive with_.
[576] =la guitarra ibera=. The guitar is the national musical instrument of Spain.
[577] =grupa=, here, _poop_, carrying out the figure implied in =los gigantes marinos=.
[578] =El azul blanquecino del cielo=. The verb is =yace=, understood.
[579] =revelan únicamente=, _alone reveal_.
[580] =inmóvil, encantado en medio de la inmensidad=. Cf. _Ancient Mariner_, Part II, 8:
"As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean."
[581] =no sabe salirse de él=, _cannot leave it_.
[582] =tragaderos insaciables=, _i.e._, =las costas de una inmensa nación=.
[583] =Salomón=, king of the Israelites, famous for his wealth as well as for his wisdom.
[584] =la torre de Babel=. According to biblical tradition Noah's sons attempted to build a tower reaching unto heaven.
[585] =Semíramis=, legendary queen of Assyria, said to have founded Babylon and built its storied hanging gardens.
[586] =ciudades-esperanza=, _cities of hope_. A noun is seldom used in Spanish as an adjective to modify another noun, but when that occurs the modifying noun is placed after the noun modified, not before, as in English.
[587] =que veían en ella un escenario sonoro de su actividad intelectual=, _who saw in her an attractive field for their intellectual activity_.
[588] =lo=. Note the use of the neuter article to sum up a preceding idea. In this case the clauses beginning with =lo que= in lines 9 and 10 are recapitulated.
[589] =Bagdad=, city on the banks of the Tigris, in Arabia. It was the capital of an important caliphate, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries, and its name was synonymous with riches and wonders in the Moslem world.
[590] =Toledo=, city in Spain, famous for its Gothic cathedral, which contains many historical and artistic treasures. The metal industries of Toledo were justly renowned in the Middle Ages.
[591] =próximos a=, _ready to_.
[592] =Salónica=, city and port in northern Greece, captured from the Turks during the recent Balkan War (1912). When the Jews were expelled from Spain during the reign of Philip II, they took refuge in Turkish lands, particularly in Salonica, which to this day is largely populated by them. Their language, a form of Spanish corrupted by years of separation from Spanish-speaking peoples, is called =ladino= and can be easily understood by one speaking Spanish. In New York there is published to-day a =ladino= newspaper in Hebrew characters.
[593] =Potosí=, city in Bolivia famous for its silver mines.
[594] =Midas=, king of Phrygia about whom mythology has woven various legends. Besides the one referred to here, he is said to have irritated Apollo, who inflicted the ears of a donkey upon him.
[595] =Vellocino=, _the Golden Fleece_. Jason and the Argonauts, Greek mythological characters, went to Colchis and brought back the Golden Fleece, after slaying the dragon which kept guard over the fabled treasure.
[596] =tierras de pan llevar=, _grain-producing lands_.
[597] =El Dorado=. The early _conquistadores_ imagined there existed a country marvelously rich somewhere in America, which they called _=El Dorado=_, i.e., _The Golden_.
[598] =la famosa ciudad del Alto Perú=, _i.e._, =Potosí=.
[599] =Quimera=, _Chimera_, monster in Greek mythology slain by Bellerophon, the Corinthian hero. The meaning of _illusion_ has come as a result of the fantastical shape ascribed to the monster.
[600] =la mísera máscara=, _i.e._, the exhausted mines of Peru and California.
[601] =que apenas si bastan=, _which barely suffice_.
[602] =Murat= (Joaquín). He was the son of a humble inn-keeper, and rose to be one of Napoleon's most trusted marshals, and was king of Naples from 1808 to 1814.
[603] =Bernadotte= (Carlos), another marshal of Napoleon, risen from the ranks. In 1818 he became king of Sweden.
[604] =los más=, _the majority_.
[605] =Río Negro=, river in the Argentine pampas. V. map.
[606] =chiripá=, _gaucho trousers_--composed of a piece of cloth wound around the loins and the lower end brought between the legs and fastened in front.
[607] =las colonias de Entre Ríos=. The province of Entre Ríos has many colonies of Jewish farmers.
[608] _=golondrinas=_, name given in Argentina to the immigrants who go back to their native land each year after the harvest.
[609] =los cuatro terrones=, _the niggardly patch_.
[610] =parece escribir el sol... la callejuela oriental=, _the sun seems to write in arabesque characters trembling with lights and shadows upon the whitewashed walls of the narrow oriental streets_.
[611] =a altas horas de la noche=, _in the late hours of the night_.
[612] =una mujer blanca y azul=, _a woman clad in blue and white_, _i.e._, the colors of the Argentine flag.
[613] =Murillo=, Spanish painter. Cf. 138, 19.
[614] =a prevención=, _in their foresight_.
[615] =Van desapareciéndose=, _Gradually there disappear_.
[616] =¡Lo que trabajará...!= _How he will work!_
[617] =Balzac= (Honoré de), French novelist of the nineteenth century.
[618] ="¡Tú serás mío!"= Cf. _Les Illusions Perdues_, by Balzac, chapter entitled, _Un Grand Homme de Province à Paris_.
[619] =entra por mucho=, _plays an important part_.
[620] =entre las temblonas pinceladas del gas=, _among the quivering gleams of gas lights_.
[621] =toma blancuras de leche=, _becomes milk-white_.
[622] =la Mancha=, region in New Castile, Spain, birthplace of Don Quijote, hero of Cervantes' novel, _The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quijote of La Mancha_. The =esforzado hidalgo= mentioned in line 5 is Don Quijote.
[623] =a su encuentro=, _to meet him_.
[624] =se pierden de vista=, _are lost to view_.
[625] =en cuesta=, _on a slope_.
[626] =_Salambó_=, novel by Flaubert, the great French novelist of the nineteenth century. It depicts life in Carthage.
[627] =les da con un pie en la amplia grupa=, _shoves them off_.
[628] =apartando puentes=, _causing bridges to be drawn_.
[629] =río abajo=, _downstream_.
[630] =en la oportunidad debida=, _at the proper time_.
[631] =habría que=, _one should_.
[632] =se advierte=, _it is clear_.
[633] =se cumplan=, _will be met_.
[634] =en este sentido=, _to this effect_.
[635] =la independencia y la acción=, _freedom of action_.
[636] =Otros=, _Different_.
[637] =Hamilton= (Alexander), American statesman and economist (1754-1804).
[638] =pueda ser llevada a juicio=, _can be indicted_.
[639] =se le prive=, _i.e._, =a la nación= mentioned in line 16.
[640] =de la de elegir=, _i.e._, =de la sentencia de elegir=. Trans., _of the power to select_.
[641] =porque el cobro... violencia=, _for preventing the collection of it from being carried out by means of violence_.
[642] =de tal=, _as such_.
[643] =de aquél=, _i.e._, =el capitalista=.
[644] =aparece contrariando visiblemente=, _seems to contradict outright_.
[645] Véase el discurso pronunciado por el Ministro argentino en los Estados Unidos, don Domingo F. Sarmiento, en la fiesta oficial de la Sociedad Histórica de Rhode Island, en presencia del Gobernador del Estado.
[646] =el memorable mensaje=, _i.e._, the Monroe Doctrine.
[647] =la anarquía y las convulsiones=. Reference to period of civil strife in Argentina from 1818 to 1851. V. Introduction.
[648] The period from 1880 to 1890 was one of great financial stress in Argentina. The country became bankrupt during the administration of Juárez Celman (1886-1890). Confidence in Argentina was restored during the administration of Uriburu (1894-1898) by the nation's decision to acknowledge the external indebtedness of the individual provinces.
[649] =entregando a su fallo=. Reference to boundary dispute with Chile regarding southern Patagonia and the region of Atacama in the northwest. The British crown settled the dispute during the summer of 1902.
[650] =del excelentísimo señor presidente de la República=. Julio Roca, who had been president from 1880 to 1886, was president at this time.
[651] =transmita=. The subject of this verb is =el señor ministro= in line 21.
[652] =a fin de que se sirva tenerla=, _so that it_ (=el gobierno de los Estados Unidos=) _may be pleased to consider it_ (=nuestra manera de considerar los sucesos=).
[653] =Quiera el señor ministro aceptar=, _May it please the minister to accept_.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
de la civilización europa=> de la civilización europea {pg 51}
que atrevesó=> que atravesó {pg 115}
cañon=> cañón {pg 155}
invasora y absorvente=> invasora y absorbente {pg 172}
así tambien=> así también {pg 206}
que acuadillaba=> que acaudillaba {pg 208}
=madrasta=, stepmother=> =madrastra=, stepmother {voc.}
=resfuerzo=, reënforcement=> =refuerzo=, reënforcement {voc.}
once and a half rifle distance=> one and a half rifle distance {voc.}