Chapter XI

.), from which Mycenæ has lately supplied bronze rapiers perfectly formed as the steels of Bilboa and Toledo. The fifth Chapter (No. XII.) continues the ancient history of the Sword by describing the various blades of progressive Rome, whose wise choice and change of arms enabled her to gain the greatest battles with the least amount of loss. To this I have appended, for geographical and chronological symmetry, in a sixth and last chapter (No. XIII.), a sketch of the Sword among the contemporary Barbarians of the Roman Empire, Dacians, Italians, Iberians, Gauls, Germans, and the British Islands. This portion of the Sword history, however, especially the Scandinavian and the Irish, will be treated at full length in Part II.

Here, then, ends the First Part, which Messrs. Chatto and Windus have kindly consented to publish, whilst my large collection of notes, the labour of years, is being ordered and digested for the other two. I may fairly hope, if all go well, to see both in print before the end of 1884.

In the following pages I have confined myself, as much as was possible, to the Sword; a theme which, indeed, offers an _embarras de richesses_. But weapons cannot be wholly isolated, especially when discussing origins: one naturally derives from and connects with the other; and these relations may hardly be passed over without notice. I have, therefore, indulged in an occasional divagation, especially concerning the axe and the spear; but the main line has never been deserted.

Nor need I offer an excuse for the amount of philological discussion which the nomenclature of the Sword has rendered necessary. If I have opposed the Past Masters of the art, my opposition has been honest, and I am ever open to refutation. Travellers refuse to believe that ‘Aryanism’ was born on the bald, bleak highlands of Central Asia, or that ‘Semitism’ derives from the dreary, fiery deserts of Arabia. We do not believe India to be ‘the country which even more than Greece or Rome was the cradle of grammar and philology.’ I cannot but hold that England has, of late years, been greatly misled by the ‘Aryan heresy’; and I look forward to the study being set upon a sounder base.

The illustrations, numbering 293, have been entrusted to the artistic hands of Mr. Joseph Grego, who has taken a friendly interest in the work. But too much must not be expected from them in a book which intends to be popular, and which is, therefore, limited in the matter of expense. Hence they are fewer than I should have desired. The libraries of Europe contain many catalogues of weapons printed in folio with highly finished and coloured plates which here would be out of place. That such a work upon the subject of the Sword will presently appear I have no doubt; and my only hope is that this volume will prove an efficient introduction.

To conclude. I return grateful thanks to the many _mitwerkers_ who have assisted me in preparing this monograph; no more need be said, as all names will be mentioned in the course of the work. A journey to the Gold Coast and its results, in two volumes, which describe its wealth, must plead my excuse for the delay in bringing out the book. The manuscript was sent home from Lisbon in December 1881, but the ‘tyranny of circumstance’ has withheld it for nearly two years.

RICHARD F. BURTON.

_Postscript._ An afterthought suggests that it is only fair, both for readers and for myself, to own that sundry quotations have been borrowed at second-hand and that the work of verification, so rightly enjoined upon writers, has not always been possible. These blemishes are hardly to be avoided in a first edition. At Trieste, and other places distant from the great seats of civilisation, libraries of reference are unknown; and it is vain to seek for the original source. Indeed, Mr. James Fergusson once wrote to me that it was an overbold thing to undertake a History of the Sword under such circumstances. However, I made the best use of sundry visits to London and Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and other capitals, and did what I could to remedy defects. Lastly, the illustrations have not always, as they ought, been drawn to scale, they were borrowed from a number of volumes which paid scant attention to this requisite.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

_Academy (The)_, a Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art.

Agricola, _De Re Metallicâ_, First published in 1551.

Akermann (J. Y.), _Remains of Pagan Saxondom_. London: Smith, MDCCCLV.

Amicis (Edoardo de), _Marocco_. Milan: Treves, 1876.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Historian of the Lower Empire. Fourth century.

Anderson (J. R.), _Saint Mark’s Rest: the Place of Dragons_, edited by John Ruskin, LL.D. Allen: Sunnyside, Orpington, Kent, 1879.

Anderson (Joseph), _Scotland in Early Christian Times_. Rhind Lectures in Archæology for 1879. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1882.

_Anthropologia_ (London Anthropological Society. Established Jan. 22, 1873; first number, Oct. 1873; died after fifth number, July 1875.)

_Anthropological Institute (The Journal of)_. London: Trübner.

_Anthropological Review_, Vol. I.-III. London: Trübner, 1863–65.

Antiquaries of London (Society of), from the beginning in 1770 to 1883.

_Antiquities of Orissa_, by Rajendralala Mitra, 2 vols. fol.; published by Government of India.

Apuleius (A.D. 130).

_Archæologia, or Tracts relating to Antiquity_, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, from the commencement in 1749 to 1863.

Archæological Association, vol. iv., _Weapons, &c., of Horn_.

_Archæology (Transactions of the Society of Biblical)_, London: Longmans; beginning in 1872.

Aristophanes.

Aristotle, _Meteorologica, &c._

Arrian (Flavius), A.D. 90, _Anabasis, &c._

_Athenæum (The)_, Journal of English and Foreign Literature, &c.

Athenæus (A.D. 230), _Deipnosophists_.

Baker (Sir Samuel White), _The Nile Tributaries_. London: Macmillan, 1866. _The Albert Nyanza._ London, 1868.

_Balthazar Ribello de Aragão; Viagens dos Portuguezes, Collecção de Documentas_, por Luciano Cordeiro, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1881. The learned Editor is Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society of Lisbon.

Barbosa (Duarte), _A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar_, translated for the Hakluyt Society, London, by Honourable Henry E. (now Lord) Stanley, 1866. Written about A.D. 1512–14, and attributed by some to Magellan.

Barth (Henry), _Travels, &c., in Central Africa_ 1849–1855; 5 vols., 8vo. London: Longmans, 1875.

Barthélemy (Abbé J. J.), _Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce, &c._, 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1788.

Bataillard (Paul) _On Gypsies and other Matters_, Société Anthropologique de Paris, 1874.

Beckmann (John), _A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_, translated by W. Johnston. London: Bell and Daldy, 1872 (fourth edition, revised). It is a useful book of reference and wants only a few additions.

Berosus (B.C. 261), _Fragments_, edit. Müller.

Bollaert (William), _Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches_. London: Trübner, 1860.

Bologna, _Congrès d’Archéologie et d’Anthropologie Préhistoriques, Session de Bologna_, 1 vol. 8vo. Fava and Garagnani: Bologna, 1871.

Bonnycastle (Captain R. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Spanish America, &c._ Philadelphia: A. Small, 1817.

Borlase (William), _Observations on the Antiquities, &c., of the County of Cornwall_. Oxford, 1754.

Boscawen (W. St. Chad), Papers in Society of Biblical Archæology.

Boutell (Charles), _Arms and Armour_. London, 1867.

Brewster (Sir David), _Letters on Natural Magic_, 12mo. London, 1833.

Brugsch (Heinrich), _A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c._, by Henry Brugsch-Bey (now Pasha). Translated from the German by the late Henry Danby Seymour; completed and edited by Philip Smith, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1879. The first part has been published in French, Leipzig, 1859. The archaistic German style of _Geschichte Aegypten’s_ is very difficult.

_Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien._ Cairo: Mourès, 1882.

Bunsen (Baron C. C. J.), _Egypt’s Place in Universal History, &c._, with additions by Samuel Birch, LL. D., 5 vols. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1867.

Burnouf (Émile), _Essai sur le Veda, ou Études sur les Religions, &c., de l’Inde_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1863. ‘L’Age de Bronze,’ _Revue des deux Mondes_, July 15, 1877.

Burton (R. F.), _A Complete System of Bayonet Exercise_. London: Clowes, 1853. The _Athenæum_, Nov, 24, 1880. _Camoens, his Life and his Lusiads_, 2 vols. 12mo., Quaritch, 1881. _To the Gold Coast for Gold_. London: Chatto and Windus, 1883.

Cæsar (Julius), _Opera Omnia_, Delphin edit., variorum notes, 4 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1819.

Calder (J. E.), _Some Account of the Wars of Extirpation and Habits of the Native Tribes of Tasmania_, Journ. Anthrop. Instit., vol. iii. 1873.

Cameron (Commander Verney Lovett, C.B., D.C.L., &c.), _Across Africa_. London: Daldy and Isbister, 1877.

Camoens, _Os Lusiadas_.

_Catalogue du Bulak Muséum_, by the late Mariette-Bey (afterwards Pasha). Cairo: A. Mourès, imprimeur-éditeur.

_Catalog. Die Ethnographisch-Anthropologische Abtheilung des Museums Godefroy in Hamburg_, vol. i. 8vo. L. Frederichsen u. Co. 1881.

Caylus (Comte de), _Recueil d’Antiquités Égyptiennes, &c._, 8 vols. 4to. Paris, 1752–70.

Celsus (A. Cornelius), _De Medicinâ_, edit. princeps. Florentiæ, a Nicolao impressus, A.D. 1478.

Chabas, _Études sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Égyptiennes_, 1872.

Chaillu (Paul B. du), _Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, &c._ London: Murray, 1861. The _Gorilla-book_.

Chapman (Captain George), _Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art of Fencing_. London: Clowes, 1861.

Clapperton (Captain H.), _Journal of a Second Expedition into Africa_, 1 vol. 4to. London, 1829.

Clermont-Ganneau (Charles), _Horus et Saint George, &c._ Extrait de la _Revue Archéologique_, Dec. 1877. Paris: Didier et C^{ie}. The author is a prolific writer and a highly distinguished Orientalist.

Cochet (Jean Benoît Désiré, Abbé), _Le Tombeau de Childéric I., Roi des Francs_. Restitué à l’aide de l’archéologie et des découvertes récentes, 8vo. Paris: 1859.

Cole (Lieutenant H. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Catalogue of Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum_.

—— _Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir_, prepared under the authority of the Secretary of State for India from photographs, plans, and drawings taken by order of the Government of India. London, 1869. 4to.

—— _The Architecture of Ancient Delhi, especially the buildings around the Kutb Minar_, fol. London, 1872.

Cooper (Rev. Basil H.), _The Antiquity and the Use of Metals and especially Iron, among the Egyptians_, Transac. Devonshire Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1868.

Cory (Isaac Preston), _Ancient Fragments of the Phœnician, Chaldæan, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, and other writers_, 8vo. London, 1832. Very rare. New edit. Reeves and Turner: London, 1876.

Crawfurd (John), _On the Sources of the Supply of Tin for the Bronze Tools and Weapons of Antiquity_, Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. 1865.

Cunningham (General A.), _The Bhilsa Topes, &c._, 8vo. London, 1854. _Ládak, &c._, royal 8vo. London, 1854. _Archæological Survey of India_, 6 vols. 8vo. Simla, 1871–78.

Czoernig (Baron Carl von), jun. _Ueber die vorhistorischen Funde im Laibacher Torfmoor_. Alpine Soc. of Trieste, Dec. 8, 1875.

Daniel (Père Gabriel), _Histoire de la Milice Françoise, et des Changemens qui s’y sont faits, depuis l’établissement de la Monarchie Françoise dans les Gaules, jusqu’à la fin du Régne de Louis le Grand_, 7 vols. 8vo. À Amsterdam; au dépens de la Compagnie (de Jésus), MDCCXXIV. It is a standard work as far as it goes.

Davis (Sir John F.), _The Chinese: a general Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants_, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Knight, MDCCCVI.

Day (St. John Vincent), _The Prehistoric Use of Iron and Steel_. London: Trübner, 1877. When sending me a copy of his learned and original study, Mr. Day wrote to me that he is bringing out a second edition, in which his ‘collection of additional matter will modify and correct certain of his former views.’

Demmin (Auguste), _Illustrated History of Arms and Armour_, translated by C. C. Black, M.A. London: Bell, 1877. The illustrations leave much to be desired; the Oriental notices are deficient, and the translator has made them worse. Otherwise the book gives a fair general and superficial view.

Denham (Major Dixon), Clapperton and Oudney’s _Travels in Northern and Central Africa_, in 1822–24, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1826.

Deschmann und Hochstetter, _Prähistorische Ansiedlungen, &c., in Krain_. Laybach, 1879.

Desor (Edouard), _Les Palafittes, ou Constructions lacustres du lac de Neuchâtel_. Paris, 1865. _Die Pfahlbauten des Neuenberger Sees._ Frankfurt a. M., 1866. Desor et Favre, _Le Bel Age du Bronze lacustre en Suisse_, 1 vol. fol. Neufchâtel, 1874.

Diodorus Siculus (B.C. 44), _Bibliotheca Historica_, P. Wesselingius, 2 vols. fol. Amstelod., 1746.

Dion Cassius (nat. A.D. 155).

Dionysius of Halicarnassus (B.C. 29), _Opera Omnia_, J. J. Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1774.

Dodwell (Edward), _A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece_, 1801–6, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1819.

Douglas (Rev. James, F.A.S.), _Nænia Britannica_, 1793, folio.

Dümichen, _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_. Berlin, 1879.

Ebers (Prof. George), _Aegypten und die Bücher Moses_. Leipzig, 1868. Followed by sundry Germano-Egyptian romances, _An Egyptian Princess_, _Uarda_, _&c._

Edkins (Rev. Dr.), _China’s Place in Philology: an Attempt to show that the Languages of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin_. London, 1 vol. 8vo., 1871.

Ellis (Rev. William), _Polynesian Researches_. London: Murray, 1858.

Elphinstone, _History of India_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1841.

_Encyclopædia Britannica._

—— _Metropolitana._

—— _Penny_ (one of the best).

—— _Knight’s._

Engel (W. H.), _Kypros: eine Monographie_. 2 vols. 8vo. Berlin: Reimer, 1841.

_Ethnological Society of London (Journal of)_ 7 vols. 8vo. 1848–65.

Eusebius (Bishop of Cæsarea, A.D. 264–340), _Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Libri Decem_; denuo edidit F. A. Heinichen, 3 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1868.

Evans (Dr. John), _The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 1 vol. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1872. _The Ancient Implements of Great Britain and Ireland_, ibid. 1881. Both works are admirably well studied and exhaust the subjects as far as they are now known.

Ewbank (Thomas), _Life in Brazil_, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1856; London: Sampson Low and Co., 1856. The Appendix is anthropologically valuable.

Fairholt (F. W.), _A Dictionary of Terms of Art_, 1 vol. 12mo. Virtue and Hall, London, 1849.

Farrar (Canon), _Life, &c., of Saint Paul_. Cassell and Co.: London, Paris, and New York (undated).

Ferguson (Sir James), _Transactions of the Irish Association_.

Fergusson (James), _A History of Architecture_, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1874–76.

Festus (Sextus Pompeius), _De Verborum Significatione_, K. O. Müller. Lipsiæ, 1839. The Grammarian lived between A.D. 100 (Martial’s day) and A.D. 422 (under Theodosius II.).

Ficke, _Wörterbuch der Indo-germanischen Grundsprache, &c._ Göttingen, 1868.

Florus (Annæus: _temp._ Trajan), _Rerum Romanarum libri IV._, Delphin edit., 2 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1822.

Fox (A. Lane-, now Major-General A. Pitt-Rivers). This distinguished student of Anthropology, who ranks foremost in the knowledge of early weapons, happily applied the idea of evolution, development, and progress to his extensive collection, the work of some thirty years. To show the successive steps he grouped his objects according to their forms and uses, beginning with the simplest; and to each class he appended an ideal type, towards which the primitive races were ever advancing, making innumerable mistakes, in some cases even retrograding, but on the whole attaining a higher plane. The papers from which I have quoted, often word for word, in my first chapters, are (1) ‘Primitive Warfare,’ sect. i., read on June 28, 1867 (pp. 1–35, with five plates), and Sect. ii., ‘On the Resemblance of the Weapons of Early Races, their Variations, Continuity, and Development of Form,’ read on June 5, 1868 (pp. 1–42, with eight diagrams); and (2) ‘Catalogue of the Anthropological Collection lent for Exhibition in the Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, with (131) Illustrations;’ pt. I. and II. (III. and IV. to be published hereafter), 1874, &c., 8vo., pp. 1–184. The collection, then containing some 14,000 objects, left Bethnal Green for the Western Galleries of the Museum in South Kensington. After a long sojourn there it was offered to the public; but England, unlike France, Germany, and Italy, has scant appreciation of anthropological study. At length it was presented to the University of Oxford, where a special building will be devoted to its worthy reception. I have taken the liberty of suggesting to General Pitt-Rivers that he owes the public not only the last two parts of his work, but also a folio edition with coloured illustrations of the humble ‘Catalogue.’

Genthe (Dr. Hermann), a paper on ‘Etruscan Commerce with the North,’ _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. vi. (from his work _Ueber den estruskischen Tauschhandel nach Norden_). Frankfurt, 1874.

Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E.), _Juventus Mundi_, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1869. ‘Metals in Homer,’ _Contemporary Review_, 1874.

Glas (George), ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands,’ _Pinkerton, Voyages_, vol. xvi.

Goguet (Antoine Yves), _De l’Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des Sciences, et de leur progrès chez les anciens peuples_ (par A. Y. G., aidé par Alex. Conr. Fugère), 3 vols., plates, 4to. Paris, 1758. Numerous editions and translations.

Goguet (M. de), _The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, and their progress among the most Ancient Nations_. English translation by Thompson, 3 vols., plates, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1761.

Gozzadini (Senator Count Giovanni), _Di un antico sepolcro a Ceretolo nel Bolognese_. Modena: Vincenzi, 1872. The author has taken a distinguished place in antiquarian anthropology by his various and valuable studies of Etruscan remains found in and around Felsina, now Bologna. I have ventured upon suggesting to him that these detached papers, mostly printed by Fava, Garagnani, and Co., of Bologna, should be collected and published in a handy form for the benefit of students.

Graah (Captain W. A.), _Narrative of an Expedition to the Eastern Coast of Greenland, &c._ Translated from the Danish (Copenhagen, 1832) by C. Gordon Macdougall, 8vo. London, 1837.

Grant (Captain, now Colonel, James A.), _A Walk across Africa, or Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal_. Blackwoods: Edinburgh, MDCCCLXIV.

Grose (Captain Francis), _Military Antiquities respecting the History of the British Army. From the Conquest to the Present Time._ A new edition with material additions and improvements, 2 vols. 8vo. London, printed for T. Egerton, Whitehall; and G. Kearsley, Fleet Street, 1801. The first edition appeared in 1786, and the learned author died (æt. 52) of apoplexy at Dublin, May 12, 1791.

Grote (George), _History of Greece_, 12 vols. 8vo. 1846–56.

Guthrie (Mrs.), _My Year in an An Indian Fort_. Hurst and Blackett: London, 1877.

Hamilton (Will. J.), _Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia, &c._, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1842.

Hanbury (Daniel), _Science Papers, &c._, edited with Memoir by Joseph Ince, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1876.

Heath (Rev. Dunbar Isidore), _Exodus Papyri_, 8vo. London, 1855. _Phœnician Inscriptions._ London, Quaritch, 1873. ‘Hittite Inscriptions,’ _Journ. Anthrop. Institute_, May, 1880.

_Herodotus_, Rawlinson’s, 4 vols. Murray, 1858. This valuable work wants a second edition revised.

Herrera (Antonio, chief chronicler of the Indies), _Historia Geral, &c._, VIII. Decads, 4 vols. folio. Madrid, 1601.

Hesiod, _Opera et Dies; Scutum, &c._ Poetæ Minores Græci, vol. i.

Holub (Dr. Emil), _Seven Years in South Africa_, 2 vols. 8vo. Sampson Low and Co. 1881.

Homer, _Opera Omnia_, by J. A. Ernesti. 5 vols. 8vo. Glasgow, 1814.

Horatius, _Opera Om._, ex edit. Zeunii. Delphin edit., 4 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1825.

Howorth (H. H.), ‘Archæology of Bronze.’ _Trans. Ethno. Soc._, vol. vi.

Humboldt (Baron Alexander von), _Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America_, 3 vols. 8vo. Bohn’s Scientific Library, London, 1852.

_Iron, an Illustrated Weekly Journal of Science, Metals, and Manufactures in iron and Steel_, edited by Perry E. Nursey, C.E., to whom I have to express my thanks.

Isidorus Hispalensis (Bishop of Seville, A.D. 600–636), _Opera Omnia_ (including the ‘Origines’ and ‘Etymologies’), published by J. du Breul, fol. Parisiis, 1601.

Jacquemin (Raphael), _Histoire Générale du Costume, &c._ Du IV^{me} au XIX^{me} Siècle (A.D. 315–1815). Paris.

Jähns (Major Max), _Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von der Urzeit an zur Renaissance_. Technischer Theil: Bewaffnung, Kampfweise, Befestigung, Belagerung, Seewesen. Leipzig: Grunow, 1880. Major Jähns, an officer upon the General Staff of the German army, has produced in 1 vol. imp. 8vo. (pp. 640) a most laborious and useful work, accompanied by an atlas of one hundred carefully drawn plates. He quotes authorities literally by the hundred. The work amply deserves to be translated into English, but its public would, I fear, be very limited.

Josephus (Flavius).

Justinus (Frontinus). _History, Fourth and Fifth Century_, abridged from Trogus Pompeius.

_Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, part i., with a preface and introduction. Printed for the Hindu Kama Shastra Society of London, 1883; for private circulation only. The poet whose name was Mallinaga or Mrillana (of the Vatsyayana family) lived between the first and sixth century of the Christian Æra. This, too, is only known by his poetry. Hindu-land is rich in Kama literature.

Keller (Dr. Ferdinand), _Die Kältischen Pfahlbauten in den Schweizer Seen_. Zürich, 1854–66. There is an English translation _The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_.

King (late Dr. Richard), _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vols. i. and ii.

Klemm (Dr. Gustav Friedrich), _Werkzeuge und Waffen_. Leipzig, 1854. An edition of Klemm’s (G. F.), _Die Werkzeuge und Waffen, ihre Entstehung und Ausbildung_, with 342 woodcuts in the text, 8vo. Published at Sondershausen, 1858. _Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft_, 2 vols. with woodcuts, 8vo. Leipzig, 1854–5.

Kolben (Peter), _Present State of the Cape of Good Hope, &c._, 2 vols. 8vo., 1738.

Kremer (Ritter Adolf von), _Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte_. Wien, 1879.

Lacombe, _Les Armes et les Armures_. Paris, 1868.

_Land and Water_, weekly paper published by William Bates; it contains many articles by the late lamented Mr. Frank Buckland, F.Z.S.

Latham (John): this ‘Assistant-Commissioner for Exhibitions’ (1862, 1867, and 1873), who succeeded in business Messrs. Wilkinson and Son of Pall Mall, and who lately died, gave me copies of his two excellent papers, (1) ‘The Shape of Sword-blades,’ and (2) ‘A Few Notes on Swords in the International Exhibition of 1862’ (_Journal of the R.U.S. Institution_, vols. vi. and vii.). With the author’s permission I have freely used these two valuable professional studies, especially in