Chapter VII

. The late Mr. Latham was a practical Swordsman, and his long experience as a maker of the ‘white arm’ renders his information thoroughly trustworthy. I wish every success to his son, who now fills his place in an establishment famous for turning out good work.

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Lepsius (Dr. Richard), _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien nach den Zeichnungen der Preussischen Expedition. Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_ (1842–45). Berlin, 1849–59. _Discoveries in Egypt, &c._, translated by Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie, 8vo. London, 1852. _Die Metalle in den Aegyptischen Inschriften_ (Akad. der Wiss., A.D. 1871), the latter translated into French 1877.

Lindsey (Dr. W. Lauder), _Proceedings of Society of Arts of Scotland_, vol. v. 327.

Livy.

Lopez (Vicente Fidel), _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, &c._ Paris: A. Franck, 1871. A copy was sent to me by my old friend John Coghlan, C.E., of Buenos Ayres.

Lubbock (Sir John W.), _Pre-historic Times_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1865. _Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_ (Nillson’s), 3rd edit. London, 1868. _Origin of Civilisation, &c._, 8vo. London, 1870.

Lucan.

Lucretius.

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Manetho (B.C. 285).

Marchionni (Alberto), _Trattato di Scherma, &c._ Firenze: Bencini, 1847.

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Mela (Pomponius), _De Situ Orbis_ (A.D. 41–54). This little work deserves a modern English translation; but what can be said of geographers whose Royal Geographical Society has not yet translated Ptolemy?

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Movers, _Die Phönizier_. Berlin, 1840–56. The book is somewhat antiquated, but still valuable.

Much (Dr. M.), ‘Ueber die Priorität des Eisens oder der Bronze in Ostasien,’ _Trans. Anthrop. Soc. of Vienna_, vol. ix. Separat-Abdruck.

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Oldfield, ‘Aborigines of Australia,’ _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, new series, vol. iii.

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Palestine Exploration Fund, founded 1865; publishes Quarterly Statement. The Society’s office, 1 Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C.

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Paterculus (C. Velleius, B.C. 19).

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Percy (Dr. John), _Fuel, Fireclays, Copper, Zinc, Brass, &c._ London: Murray, 1861. _Metallurgy: Iron and Steel_, ibid., 1864. _Lead_, 1870. _Silver and Gold_, part i., 1880. These works are too well known and too highly appreciated to be noticed except by name.

Petherick (John), _Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa_, 8vo. Blackwoods, Edinburgh, MDCCCLXI. The late author was a Cornish miner who had the honesty not to find coal for Mohammed Ali Pasha of Egypt.

Petronius Arbiter.

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Philo Judæus (A.D. 40).

Pigafetta (Antonio, of Vicenza, who accompanied Magalhaens, the first circumnavigator, 1519–1522), _Primo Viaggio intorno al Globo_, 4to. Milan, 1800; published by Amoretti. He was best known before that date by Ramusio’s work.

Polyænus the Macedonian dedicated his 8 books of 900 Στρατηγήματα to M. Aurelius and L. Verus (A.D. 163).

Polybius (nat. circ. B.C. 204), Πραγματεία, not _Historia_. _Historiarum quæ supersunt._ Lips.: Holtze, 1866; 5 books and fragments out of 40. The writer was a captain in the field besides being an authority on military art, a politician, and a philosopher, who composed for instruction, not for amusement.

Pollux (Julius, A.D. 183), _Onomasticon_.

Porter (Rev. J. L.), author of _A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine_. London: Murray, 1868 (1st edition).

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Ptolmey, _Geographia_.

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_Revue Archéologique_ (under the direction of J. Gailhabaud), année 1–16. Paris, 1844–59, 8vo. Nouvelle Série, année 1, vol. i. &c., 1860, 8vo. _Table Décennale_, nouvelle série, 1860–1869, dressée par M. F. Delaunay. Paris, 1874, 8vo. In progress.

Rhind (A. Henry), _Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants, &c._ 1862.

Richtofen (Baron Ferdinand von), _China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien_. Vol. i. published in 1877; vol. ii. (4to.), Remier: Berlin, 1882. It has not yet found a translator.

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Roteiro (Ruttier) _da Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, corrected by the late Professor Herculano and Baron do Castello de Pavia. Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa, MDCCCLI. (2nd edition).

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Rougemont, _L’Age de Bronze_, 1866.

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Sallust.

Sayce (Rev. A. H.), ‘On the Hamathite Inscriptions,’ _Trans. Soc. Bibl. Archæol._, vol. iv. part 1. Mr. Sayce has read other papers containing notices of more modern ‘Hittite’ finds; but I have failed to procure copies.

Schliemann (Dr. Henry), _Troy and its Remains_, translated and edited by Philip Smith. London: Murray, 1875. _Mycenæ and Tiryns_, ibid. 1878. _Ilios_, ibid. 1880.

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Silius Italicus (nat. A.D. 25).

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Smith (George), _Assyrian Discoveries_. London: Sampson Low & Co., 6th edit., 1876. The learned author wore himself out by travel, and died young.

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Smith (Dr. William), _Dictionaries_. London: Taylor & Walton—

1. _Greek and Roman Geography_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1856–57.

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Spensley (Howard), _Cenni sugli Aborigeni di Australasia, &c._ Venezia: G. Fischer, 1881.

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Strabo (B.C. 54?).

Suetonius (C. Tranquillus).

Tacitus (Cornelius).

Taylor (Rev. Isaac), _Etruscan Researches_. London: Macmillan, 1874.

Texier, _Description de l’Asie Mineure_. Paris, 1849–52.

Theophrastus (B.C. 305), _Opera Græca et Latina_, J. G. Schneider, 5 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1818–21.

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Varnhagen (the late F. Adolpho de): _Historia Geral do Brazil_, 2 vols. 8vo. Laemmert: Rio de Janeiro, 1854, Useful as ‘documents pour servir.’

Varro (Terentius, nat. B.C. 116), _De Lingua Latina_.

Vegetius (Fl. Renatus, A.D. 375–92), _De Re Militari_.

Virgil.

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Wilkinson (Sir J. Gardner), _The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, their Private Life, Government, Laws, Arts, Religion, and History_ (originally written in 1836), 6 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1837–41. The author abridged his life-labour with the usual unsuccess, and called it _A Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians_, 2 vols. post 8vo. London: Murray, 1874.

Wilkinson (the late Henry, the eminent Sword-cutler in Pall Mall), _Observations on Swords; to which is added Information for Officers going to join their Regiments in India_. Pall Mall, London. No date.

Willemin, _Choix des Costumes Civiles et Militaires_. Paris, 1798.

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Wright (the late Thomas), ‘On the True Assignation of the Bronze Weapons,’ &c., _Trans. Ethno. Soc._, new series, vol. iv.

Woldrich (Prof. A.), _Mittheilungen der Wien. Anthrop. Gesell._ Wien, 1874.

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Worsäae (J. J. A.), _Afbildninger fra det Kon. Mus. for Nordiske Oldsager i Kjöbnhavn_, Ordnede og forklarede af J. J. A. W. (aided by Magnus Petersen and Aagaard). Kjöbnhavn: Kittendorf, and Aagaard, 1859. The order is in careful accordance with the _Three Ages_. Worsäae’s _Prehistoric Annals of Denmark_ were translated by W. J. Knox, 8vo., London, 1849, and there is a _Leitfaden der Nordischen Alterthumerskunde_ by Worsäae, Kopenhagen, 1837.

Wurmbrand (Count Gutaker), _Ergebnisse der Pfahlbauuntersuchungen_. Wien, 1875.

Yule (Colonel Henry), _The Book of Marco Polo the Venetian_, 2nd edit. London: Murray, 1875. The learned and exact writer favoured me with a copy of his admirable work, without which it is vain to read of ‘The Kingdoms and the Marvels of the East.’

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE

FOREWORD ix

INTRODUCTION xi

LIST OF AUTHORITIES xxiii

I. PREAMBLE: ON THE ORIGIN OF WEAPONS 1

II. MAN’S FIRST WEAPONS—THE STONE AND THE STICK. THE EARLIEST AGES OF WEAPONS. THE AGES OF WOOD, OF BONE, AND OF HORN 16

III. THE WEAPONS OF THE AGE OF WOOD: THE BOOMERANG AND THE SWORD OF WOOD; OF STONE, AND OF WOOD AND STONE COMBINED 31

IV. THE PROTO-CHALCITIC OR COPPER AGE OF WEAPONS 53

V. THE SECOND CHALCITIC AGE OF ALLOYS—BRONZE, BRASS, ETC.: THE AXE AND THE SWORD 74

VI. THE PROTO-SIDERIC OR EARLY IRON AGE OF WEAPONS 97

VII. THE SWORD: WHAT IS IT? 123

VIII. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND IN MODERN AFRICA 143

IX. THE SWORD IN KHITA-LAND, PALESTINE AND CANAAN; PHŒNICIA AND CARTHAGE; JEWRY, CYPRUS, TROY, AND ETRURIA 172

X. THE SWORD IN BABYLONIA, ASSYRIA AND PERSIA, AND ANCIENT INDIA 199

XI. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT GREECE: HOMER; HESIOD AND HERODOTUS: MYCENÆ 220

XII. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT ROME: THE LEGION AND THE GLADIATOR 244

XIII. THE SWORD AMONGST THE BARBARIANS (EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE) 262

CONCLUSION 280

INDEX 281

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. INDIAN WÁGH-NAKH 8

2. WÁGH-NAKH, USED BY MARÁTHÁS 8

3. BALISTES CAPRISCUS; COTTUS DICERAUS; NASEUS FRONTICORNIS 9

4. SPEAR OF NARWHAL; SWORD OF XIPHIAS; RHINOCEROS-HORN; WALRUS TUSKS 10

5. NARWHAL’S SWORD PIERCING PLANK 10

6. METAL DAGGERS WITH HORN CURVE 10

7. MÁDU OR MÁRU 11

8. THE ADAGA 12

9. SERRATED OR MULTIBARBED WEAPONS 13

10. WEAPONS MADE OF SHARK’S TEETH 13

11. ITALIAN DAGGER, WITH GROOVES AND HOLES FOR POISON 13

12. SWORD WITH SERRATED BLADE OF SAW-FISH 13

13. ANCIENT EGYPTIANS THROWING KNIVES 18

14. JAPANESE WAR-FLAIL 21

15. TURKISH WAR-FLAIL 21

16. MORNING STAR 21

17. DEER-HORN ARROW-HEAD 24

18. HORN WAR CLUBS WITH METAL POINTS 24

19. DOUBLE SPEAR AND SHIELD 24

20. SPINE OF DIODON 24

21. WALRUS TOOTH USED AS SPEAR POINT; TOMAHAWK OF WALRUS TOOTH 24

22. STING OF MALACCAN LIMULUS CRAB 25

23. THE GREENLAND NUGUIT 25

24. NARWHAL SHAFT AND METAL BLADE 25

25. JADE PATTU-PATTUS 25

26. BONE ARROW-POINT FOR POISON; IRON ARROW-HEAD FOR POISON 26

27. WILDE’S DAGGER 26

28. HOLLOW BONE FOR POISON 26

29. BONE KNIFE 26

30. BONE ARROW-POINT ARMED WITH FLINT FLAKES 26

31. BONE SPLINTER EDGED WITH FLINT FLAKES 26

32. HARPOON HEAD 29

33. LISÁN IN EGYPT AND ABYSSINIA 32

34. LISÁN OR TONGUE 32

35. TRANSITION FROM THE BOOMERANG TO THE HATCHET 34

36. AUSTRALIAN PICKS 34

37. INDIAN BOOMERANGS 35

38. BOOMERANG AND KITE 36

39. AFRICAN BOOMERANGS 36

40. TRANSITION FROM THE MALGA, LEOWEL OR PICK TO THE BOOMERANG 37

41. THE STICK AND THE SHIELD 38

42. THROW-STICKS 38

43. OLD EGYPTIAN BOOMERANG 39

44. BULAK SWORD 39

45. HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTION ON WOODEN SWORD OF BULAK 39

40. TRANSITION FROM CELT TO PADDLE SPEAR AND SWORD FORMS 41

47. CLUBS OF FIJI ISLANDS 41

48. WOODEN SWORDS AND CLUBS OF BRAZILIAN INDIANS 41

49. PAGAYA, SHARPENED PADDLE 42

50. CLUBS 43

51. PADDLES 43

52. SAMOAN CLUB 44

53. WOODEN SABRE 44

54. WOODEN CHOPPER 44

55. KNIFE (WOOD), FROM VANNA LAVA 44

56. IRISH SWORD 45

57. WOODEN RAPIER-BLADE 45

58. FRAGMENTS OF STONE KNIVES FROM SHETLAND 46

59. FLINT DAGGERS 46

60. AUSTRALIAN SPEARS ARMED WITH FLINTS AT SIDE 48

61. SWORD OF SABRE FORM, WITH SHARKS’ TEETH 48

62. DITTO, ARMED WITH OBSIDIAN 48

63. WOOD- AND HORN-POINTS 49

64. MEXICAN SWORD OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, OF IRON WOOD, WITH TEN BLADES OF BLACK OBSIDIAN FIXED INTO THE WOOD 49

65. MAHQUAHUITLS 50

66. MEXICAN WARRIOR 50

67. MEXICAN SWORD, IRON-WOOD, ARMED WITH OBSIDIAN 50

68. MEXICAN SPEAR-HEAD (FIFTEENTH CENTURY), BLACK OBSIDIAN, WITH WOODEN HANDLE 50

69. NEW ZEALAND CLUB 50

70. AUSTRALIAN SPEARS, WITH BITS OF OBSIDIAN, CRYSTAL, OR GLASS 51

71. ITALIAN POISON DAGGERS 51

72. ARAB SWORD, WITH DOWN-CURVED QUILLONS, AND SAW BLADE 51

73. SEPHURIS AT WADY MAGHARAH (OLDEST ROCK TABLETS). THIRD DYNASTY 61

74. SORIS AND THE CANAANITES AT WADY MAGHARAH (OLDEST ROCK TABLETS), FOURTH DYNASTY 61

75. TABLET OF SUPHIS AND NU-SUPHIS AT WADY MAGHARAH. (FOURTH DYNASTY.) 62

76. THE WINGED CELT, OR PALSTAVE 71

77. COPPER CELTS IN THE DUBLIN COLLECTION 72

78. SCYTHE-SHAPED BLADE 73

79. STRAIGHT BLADE 73

80. STRAIGHT BLADE 73

81. SCYTHE-SHAPED BLADE 73

82. FINE SPECIMEN OF EGYPTIAN DAGGER IN POSSESSION OF MR. HAYNS, BROUGHT BY MR. HARRIS FROM THEBES 80

83. BRONZE KNIFE, FROM THE PILE-VILLAGES OF NEUCHÂTEL 82

84. PERUVIAN KNIFE. METAL BLADE, SECURED IN A SLIT IN THE HAFT BY STRONG COTTON TWINE 82

85. OLDEST FORM (?) 88

86. METAL CELTS 88

87. KNIFE FOUND AT RÉALON (HAUTES ALPES) 88

88. THE GLAIVE 89

89. EGYPTIAN AXES OF BRONZE 89

90. IRISH BATTLE-AXE 91

91. AXE USED BY BRUCE 91

92. GERMAN PROCESSIONAL AXE 91

93. HALBARDS 92

94. HALBARDS 93

95. BECHWANA’S CLUB AXE; THE SAME, EXPANDED; THE SAME, BARBED; SILEPE OF THE BASUTOS; HORSEMAN’S AXE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 93

96. HINDU HATCHET FROM RAJPUTANA 94

97. GERMAN HATCHET OF BRONZE PERIOD 94

98. BURGUNDIAN AXE; FRANCISQUE OR TAPER AXE 94

99. IRON SCRAMASAX 94

100. SCRAMASAX 94

101. GUNNAR’S BILL 95

102. VOULGES 95

103. EGYPTIAN SACRIFICIAL KNIVES (IRON) 101

104. IRON SMELTING FURNACE AMONGST THE MARÁVE PEOPLE 118

105. PORTABLE AFRICAN BELLOWS 121

106. THE ITALIAN FOIL 125

107. POMMEL; QUILLONS; PAS D’ANE 125

108. DOUBLE GUARD (GUARD AND COUNTERGUARD) 125

109. STRAIGHT QUILLONS AND LOOPS 125

110. FANTASTIC FORM 125

111. THE THREE FORMS OF THE SWORD 126

112. DELIVERING POINT 127

113. THE INFANTRY ‘REGULATION’ SWORD 129

114. SCYMITAR 130

115. CLAYMORE 130

116. } DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING THE DIRECT }

117. } AND THE OBLIQUE CUT } 130

118. SECTIONS OF SWORD-BLADES 131

119. FOIL WITH FRENCH GUARD 133

120. REGULATION SWORD FOR INFANTRY 133

121. SCYMITAR-SHAPE 133

122. YATAGHAN 134

123. ORNAMENTAL YATAGHAN AND SHEATH 134

124. SECTIONS OF THRUSTING-SWORDS 135

125. PIERCED BLADE 136

126. PIERCED BLADE AND SHEATH 136

127. FLAMBERGE 136

128. GERMAN MAIN-GAUCHE 136

129. PATERNOSTER 136

130. MALAY KRÍS 137

131. WAVE-EDGED DAGGER 137

132. SAW-TOOTH BLADE 137

133. MAIN-GAUCHE 137

134. SWORD-BREAKERS 138

135. ONE-EDGED WAVE BLADE 138

136. COUNTERGUARD 138

137. TOOTHED-EDGE 138

138. HOOKED-EDGE 138

139. EXECUTIONER’S SWORD 139

140. JAPANESE TYPE 139

141. CHINESE SABRE-KNIFE 139

142. OLD PERSIAN SWORD 139

143. SCYMITAR 139

144. OLD TURKISH 140

145. CHINESE 140

146. OLD TURKISH SCYMITAR 140

147. THE DÁO 140

148. SAILOR’S CUTLASS 140

149. HINDU KITÁR 140

150. GOLD COAST 141

151. BRONZE DAGGER; SWORD 145

152. SINGLE-STICK IN EGYPT 153

153. EGYPTIAN SOLDIER AND SHIELD 153

154. EGYPTIAN SOLDIERS 153

155. EGYPTIAN SOLDIER 153

156. EGYPTIANS FIGHTING, FROM PAINTINGS OF THEBES; EGYPTIAN SOLDIERS, FROM THEBAN BAS-RELIEFS 153

157. BRONZE HATCHETS IN WOODEN HANDLES, BOUND WITH THONGS 154

158. POLE-AXES 154

159. KHETEN OR WAR-AXES 154

160. DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EGYPTIAN KHOPSH (KOPIS), WITH EDGES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE 156

161. EGYPTIAN SLING; UNKNOWN WEAPON; SHEATHED DAGGER; HATCHET; SCORPION, OR WHIP-GOAD 157

162. EGYPTIAN DAGGERS 157

163. EGYPTIAN DAGGER OF BRONZE IN BRITISH MUSEUM 157

164. OFFICER OF LIFE-GUARD TO RAMESES II., APPARENTLY ASIATIC 157

165. BRONZE SWORD, FOUND AT AL-KANTARAH, EGYPT 157

166. AXE; SPEAR-HEAD; KHOPSH; LANCE-HEAD 158

167. BELT AND DAGGER 158

168. EGYPTIAN DAGGERS 158

169. ASSYRIAN DAGGERS, SHEATHS, AND BELTS 159

170. SHORT SWORD FROM CAUCASUS 160

171. EGYPTIAN CHOPPER-SWORDS 160

172. EGYPTIAN KHOPSH 160

173. BRONZE DAGGERS AND SHEATH 161

174. SHAPES OF EGYPTIAN BLADES 161

175. SWORD-DAGGERS 161

176. ABYSSINIAN SWORD, A LARGE SICKLE 164

177. SMALLER ABYSSINIAN BLADE 164

178. ABYSSINIAN SWORD IN SHEATH 164

179. FLISSA OF KABYLES 164

180. DANKALI SWORD 165

181. CONGO SWORD 165

182. UNYORO DAGGER-SWORD 166

183. ZANZIBAR SWORDS 166

184. GOLD COAST SWORDS 167

185. ASHANTI SWORD-KNIFE 167

186. SWORDS OF KING GELELE OF DAHOMY 167

187. BEHEADING SWORD 168

188. WASA (WASSAW) SWORD 168

189. KING BLAY’S SWORD 168

190. CAPTAIN CAMERON’S MANYUEMA SWORDLET, SHEATH, AND BELT 169

191. POKWÉ OF THE CAZEMBE’S CHIEFS 170

192. GABOON SWORDS, BOTH EVIDENTLY EGYPTIAN 170

193. CLEAVER OF THE HABSHI PEOPLE 170

194. FRANKISH BLADE, WITH MID-GROOVE OUT OF CENTRE 171

195. CYPRIAN DAGGER 173

196. NOVACULA 189

197. NOVACULA? 189

198. NOVACULA, SICKLE? RAZOR? 189

199. SILVER DAGGER 189

200. COPPER SWORD FROM THE ‘TREASURY OF PRIAM’ 192

201. MARZABOTTO BLADE 195

202. ASSYRIAN SWORD 199

203. ASSYRIAN LANCE, WITH COUNTER-WEIGHT 203

204. ASSYRIAN SPEAR-HEAD 203

205. ASSYRIAN ‘RAZOR’ 203

206. BABYLONIAN BRONZE DAGGER; ASSYRIAN SWORDS; ASSYRIAN BRONZE-SWORD 204

207. DAGGER-SWORD IN SHEATH 204

208. DAGGER-SWORD 204

209. CLUB-SWORD 204

210. FANCY SWORD 204

211. ASSYRIAN SWORDS 205

212. ASSYRIAN SWORDS 205

213. ASSYRIAN DAGGER 205

214. ASSYRIO-BABYLONIAN ARCHER 206

215. ASSYRIAN FOOT SOLDIER 206

216. ASSYRIAN SOLDIER HUNTING GAME 206

217. FOOT SOLDIER OF THE ARMY OF SENNACHERIB (B.C. 712–707) 206

218. ASSYRIAN WARRIOR, WITH SWORD AND STAFF 206

219. ASSYRIAN WARRIORS AT A LION HUNT 206

220. ASSYRIAN EUNUCH 206

221. BRONZE SWORD, BEARING THE NAME OF VUL-NIRARI I., FOUND NEAR DIARBEKR 208

222. PERSIAN ARCHER 209

223. PERSIAN WARRIOR 209

224. THE PERSIAN CIDARIS, OR TIARA 209

225. PERSIAN ACINACES 210

226. PERSIAN ACINACES 210

227. SWORD FROM MITHRAS GROUP 210

228. SWORD IN RELIEF, PERSEPOLIS SCULPTURES 210

229. PERSIAN ACINACES 211

230. DAGGER-FORMS FROM PERSEPOLIS 211

231. ACINACES OF PERSEPOLIS 212

232. ACINACES OF MITHRAS GROUP 212

233. HINDÚ WARRIORS 215

234. JAVANESE BLADE, SHOWING INDIAN DERIVATION; HINDÚ SABRE 215

235. BATTLE-SCENE FROM A CAVE IN CUTTACK, FIRST CENTURY A.D. 216

236. THE FIRST HIGHLANDER 217

237. ARJUNA’S SWORD 217

238. JAVANESE SCULPTURES WITH BENT SWORDS 218

239. PESHÁWAR SCULPTURES 218

240. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND ALABASTER KNOB, MYCENÆ 223

241. GOLD SHOULDER-BELT, WITH FRAGMENT OF TWO-EDGED BRONZE RAPIER 228

242. BLADE FROM MYCENÆ 229

243. A LONG GOLD PLATE 229

244. WEAPONS FROM MYCENÆ 229

245. SWORD BLADES FROM MYCENÆ 229

246. SWORD BLADES FROM MYCENÆ 230

247. BRONZE LANCEHEAD (?) 230

248. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND DAGGER 230

249. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORDS AND ALABASTER KNOB 231

250. RAPIER BLADES OF MYCENÆ 232

251. WARRIOR WITH SWORD 232

252. BRONZE SWORD FOUND IN THE PALACE, MYCENÆ 233

253. BRONZE DAGGER: TWO BLADES SOLDERED 233

254. PHÁSGANON 235

255. GREEK PHÁSGANA 235

256. SHORT SWORD (PHÁSGANON) OF BRONZE, FOUND IN CRANNOG AT PESCHIARA, AND PROBABLY GREEK 235

257. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND ALABASTER POMMEL 236

258. KOPIS WITH POMMEL 236

259. KOPIS WITH HOOK 236

260. KUKKRI BLADE OF GHURKAS 236

261. THE DANÍSKO 237

262. GREEK XIPHOS 238

263. GALLO-GREEK SWORD 238

264. GALLO-GREEK SWORD 238

265. MAYENCE BLADE 238

266. GALLO-GREEK BLADE AND SHEATH 238

267. BRONZE PARAZONIUM 239

268. ‘HOPLITES’ (HEAVY ARMED) 240

269. GREEK COMBATANTS WITH SWORD AND LANCE 240

270. ROMAN SOLDIER 246

271. HELMETS OF HASTARII (FROM TRAJAN’S COLUMN); HELMETS OF HASTARII; BRONZE HELMET (FROM CANNÆ) 246

272. HASTATUS (FROM TRAJAN’S COLUMN) 247

273. CENTURION’S CUIRASS, WITH PHALERÆ OR DECORATIONS 248

274. ROMAN SWORD; GLADIUS 255

275. BRONZE TWO-EDGED EARLY ROMAN ENSIS 255

276. SWORD OF ROMAN AUXILIARY 255

277. ROMAN SWORD 255

278. SWORD AND VAGINA (SHEATH) 256

279. SWORD AND VAGINA (SHEATH) 256

280. THE PUGIO 256

281. TWO-EDGED ROMAN STILETTOS 257

282. SWORD OF TIBERIUS 258

283. GERMAN OR SLAV SWORD 263

284. SCRAMASAX FROM HALLSTADT 263

285. DANISH SCRAMASAX 263

286. BLADE AND HANDLE OF BRONZE WITH PART OF EAGLE 265

287. GALLIC SWORD OF BRONZE 266

288. SWORD FOUND AT AUGSBURG 270

289. BRONZE 271

290. THE SPATHA OF SCHLESWIG 272

291. SHORT KELTIC SWORD 272

292. DANISH SWORD 274

293. BRITISH SWORD, BRONZE 278

THE BOOK OF THE SWORD.

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