Chapter XIII

of Oribasius’ “De Facultate Metallicorum,” which is embraced in one of the only three authentic treatises of his that have reached us, the first being part of a compilation relative to seventy medical books, whilst the second is a Synopsis, or rather an abridgment, of the first, and the third is called _Euporistes_, or manual of practical medicine.

REFERENCES.--“Dict. Hist. de la Médecine,” par N. F. J. Eloy, Mons, 1778, Vol. III. 419–422; Eunapius, “Vitæ Philos. et Soph.”; Sprengel (Kurt Polycarp Joachim), “Hist. de la Médecine”; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XXV. p. 561; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XXXVIII. pp. 786–789; Fabricius (Johann Albert), “Bibliotheca Græca,” Vols. IX. p. 451; XII. p. 640, and XIII. p. 353; Linden (Joannes Antonides van der) “... de scriptis medicis,” Amst., 1651, pp. 476–477.

=Orpheus=, to whom Gilbert alludes (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. ii.;

## Book II. chap. iii. and Book V. chap. xii.) is supposed to be the

Vedic Ribhu. Orpheus is a very important figure in Greek legend, whose existence is denied by Aristotle, but to whom are attributed many writings such as the _Argonautica_, _Lithica_, _Bacchica_, _Orphica_, etc.

REFERENCES.--“La Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XXV. pp. 607–608; “Biog. Générale,” Vol. XXXVIII. pp. 868–877; “English Cyclopædia,” Vol. IV. pp. 592–593.

=Oviedus=, GONZALUS--Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdès--was one of the earliest historiographers of the New World (1478–1557), whose principal work--“Summario de las Indias Occidentales,” printed 1525--Gilbert says (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.) contains earliest mention of the fact that in the meridian of the Azores there is no variation.

REFERENCES.--The complete edition of Oviedus’s writings which appeared in 1850; “Thesaurus Liter. Botanicæ,” 1851, p. 218; Ticknor (George), “Hist. of Span. Lit.,” 1849.

=Parmenides=, an ancient philosopher, native of Southern Italy, living in fifth century A.D., and the most prominent of the followers of the Eleatic School (founded by him and Xenophanes), has embodied a brief summary of his tenets in a work called “Nature,” of which an able analyzation is to be found in the ninth “Encycl. Brit.,” Vol. XVIII. pp. 315–317. Gilbert’s only allusion to him is at Book V. chap. xii. of _De Magnete_, where he says that the ancient philosophers, as Thales, Heraclides, Anaxagoras, Archelaus, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Parmenides, Plato and the Platonists--nor Greek philosophers alone, but also the Egyptian and the Chaldean--all seek in the world a certain universal soul, and declare the whole world to be endowed with a soul.

Parmenides has also left fragments of a poem on astronomy which was published by Scaliger.

REFERENCES.--Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “Hist. de la Philos.” (tr. M. Tissot), Vol. I; Fabricius (Johann Albert), “Biblioth. Græca,” Vol. I. p. 798; “Diog. Lært.,” IX. 23; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. II. p. 220; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XII. p. 307; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XXXIX. pp. 227–230; Dr. Friedrich Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy,” New York, 1885, Vol. I. pp. 54–57; Paul Tannery, “Pour l’Histoire de la Science Hellène,” Paris, 1887, Chap. IX. pp. 218–246.

=Paulum Venetum.= _See_ Marco Polo, at A.D. 1271–1295.

=Paulus Venetus.= _See_ Sarpi, Pietro at A.D. 1623.

=Philolaus=, the Pythagorean, was born at Crotona and flourished about 374 B.C. He was a disciple of Archytas, was the first known writer on the subject of physics, and it is said his writings were so highly esteemed that Plato employed three books of Philolaus for the composition of his “Timæus.” Gilbert says (_De Magnete_,

## Book VI. chap. iii.) that Philolaus, whom he calls an illustrious

mathematician and a very experienced investigator of nature, would have the earth to be one of the stars and to turn in an oblique circle around the fire, just as the sun and moon have their paths.

In the “Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik,” Leipzig, 1899, Vol. IX. pp. 275–292, will be found “Note sur le charactère de l’astronomie Ancienne,” by Paul Mansion, explaining the seven systems of Ancient Astronomy and showing the centre of the world to be, according to Philolaus, a central fire, or vital flame of the entire planetary system; whilst Eudoxus,[66] Ptolemæus and Tycho Brahé believed it to be the earth immovable; Heraclides of Pontus asserted that it was the earth rotating from West to East; and both Aristarchus and Copernicus maintained that it was the Sun.

REFERENCES.--Fabricius (Johann Albert), “Bibliotheca Græca”; Rose’s “New Gen. Biog. Dict.,” London, 1850, Vol. XI. p. 102; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. II. p. 224; Chaignet (Antelme Edouard), “Pythagore et la Philosophie Pythagoricienne,” 1873; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1859, Vol. I. p. 65; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XII. p. 823.

=Philostratus=, FLAVIUS, to whom Gilbert alludes briefly at Chap. XXXVIII. book ii. of his _De Magnete_ as affirming that the stone _pantarbes_ attracts to itself other stones, was an eminent Greek sophist, born at Lemnos between 170 and 180 A.D., whose only writings known to us are accounts of the lives of Apollonius of Tyana[67] and of the Sophists. These were first published, Paris, 1608, and a part thereof have found a good translator in M. A. Chassang, who entitled his book “Le Merveilleux dans l’Antiquité,” Paris, 1862.

REFERENCES.--Letronne (Jean Antoine), “Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscrip.,” N. S., Vol. X. p. 296; Gibbon (Edward), “Roman Empire,” Vol. III. p. 241; Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “Hist. de la Philos. Ancienne,” Vol. XII. chap. vii.; Fabricius (Johann Albert), “Bibliotheca Græca,” Vol. V. p. 540; Miller, in the “Journal des Savants,” 1849; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XL. pp. 3–5; ninth “Encycl. Britan.,” Vol. XVIII. pp. 796–797.

=Plancius=, PETER, who is alluded to in Edward Wright’s address to Gilbert, was a Dutch theologian and astronomer--“a most diligent student, not so much of geography as of magnetic observations”--(1552–1622), the first to recommend the Dutch expeditions to the Indies and who prepared the necessary instructions and maps to ensure their success. His universal map has been alluded to at the Blundeville entry, A.D. 1602. In the article on Dr. Kohl’s Collection of Early Maps (“Harv. Univ. Bull.,” Vol. III. p. 305) allusion is made to a map of America by Peter Plancius, 1594, which is spoken of by Blundeville in his “Exercises” as “lately put forth in the yeere of our Lord 1592.”

REFERENCES.--Wagenaar (Jan), “Histoire de la Hollande,” Vol. IX. p. 140, and also “Histoire d’Amsterdam,” Vol. I. p. 407, and Vol. III. p. 219; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XL. p. 403; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XII. p. 1129.

=Plotinus of Alexandria=, the father of Neoplatonism, lived 205–270 A.D. His writings were left to the editorial care of Porphyry, who arranged them in six divisions, each of which was subdivided into nine books, or Enneads. Plotinus maintains that men belong to two worlds, that of the senses and that of pure intelligence, and it depends upon ourselves as to which one we will direct most our thoughts and finally belong. The fire-firmament of Plotinus is alone referred to by Gilbert in the third chapter of the last book of _De Magnete_.

REFERENCES.--“Neoplatonism,” and works cited in the Encyclopædias, also the works on Plotinus, especially by Kirchner (Carl), 1854, by Brenning (Emil), “Die Lehre ... Plotin ...” (1864), and by Kleist (E. C. von) (1884); Plotini, “Operum Philosophicorum Omnium,” Basilæ, 1580, Liber III, Ennead II, p. 115; Kingsley (Charles), “Alexandria and her Schools,” Camb., 1854; Grucker (Emile), “De Plotinianis,” Paris, 1866; Lewes (George Henry), “History of Philosophy from Thales to Comte,”[68] London, 1867; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XII. p. 1198; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XL. pp. 487–494; Dr. Fried. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philos.,” tr. of Geo. S. Morris, 1885, Vol. I. pp. 240–252; Bouillet (Marie Nicolas), “Les Ennéades de Plotin,” 1857.

=Ptolemæus=, CLAUDIUS, the great Egyptian mathematician, geographer and astronomer who flourished in middle of the second century after Christ, is frequently alluded to throughout four of the books of _De Magnete_, and Gilbert makes direct reference to the “Opus Quadripartitum,” “Cosmographia” and “Geographia.” The last is, however, the work with which Ptolemy’s name is most prominently connected. It was the standard up to the time of the marine discoveries of the fifteenth century, and has been translated and published into editions too numerous to mention here.

It may be added that the “Geographia Universalis” issue of 1540 is the first to embrace a proper map bearing the name “America,” and that, to the identical account of Columbus which originally appeared in the 1522 and 1525 editions, Servetus appended a few words concerning the absurdity of putting the claims of Americus Vespuccius before those of the real discoverer.[69] The first book in which the name America was formally given to the new Continent is entitled “Globus Mundi,” published 1507–1510, and attributed to Henricus Loritus--de Glaris--Glareanus. The suggestion of the name had, indeed, been made by the geographer Waldseemüller (Martinus Hylacomylus) of Freiburg, in his “Cosmographiæ Introductio,” published at St. Dié, in Lorraine, April 25, 1507, but the “Globus Mundi” was first to put it into effect.

The Waldseemüller suggestion above alluded to is thus translated: “And the fourth part of the world, having been discovered by Americus, it may be called Amerige; that is, the land of Americus, or America.” In 1901, Prof. Jos. Fischer, of Beldkirch, discovered, at Wolfegg Castle in Würtemberg, two huge maps, measuring together eight feet by four and a half feet, which proved to be those of Waldseemüller, of which all trace had been lost for centuries. They were reproduced in London, during the year 1903, and were thus alluded to by one of the writers at the time:

“Ever since Humboldt first called attention to the ‘Cosmographiæ Introductio’ no lost maps have ever been sought for so diligently as those of Waldseemüller. It is not too much to say that the honour of being their lucky discoverer has long been considered as the highest possible prize to be obtained amongst students in the field of ancient cartography. But until the summer of 1901, although many copies of the book are known in various editions, no specimen of either the globe or map has ever been seen or heard of in modern times. Some historians and geographers have even gone so far as to state definitely that they were never issued at all, and the book published alone. Others have held that they never got beyond their manuscript form, while some have contended that they were actually issued with the book, but, being separate, had become lost in the course of time. The writers holding this last view have been brought to their belief by tracing the supposed influence of the St. Dié cartography in later maps, and these authorities have been proved to be right by Prof. Fischer’s discovery. The expectation that the missing map would be found to bear the name of AMERICA on the newly discovered Western Lands has also been duly realized.”

REFERENCES.--“Le nom d’Amérique et les grandes mappemondes ... de 1507 et 1516,” in “Annales de Géographie,” 15 Janvier 1904, pp. 29–36; “History of North America,” by Alfred Brittin, Philadelphia, 1903, at p. 293, Vol. I of which is a fine reproduction of a sheet from Waldseemüller’s “Cosmographiæ Introductio” published in May 1507, showing the passage that first suggested calling the new world by the name of America; “Martinus Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs, par un géographe bibliophile” (M. d’Avezac), Paris, 1867; “Geographical Journal,” Vol. XIX. pp. 201–209, 389; Humboldt, “Examen Critique,” Paris, 1836, Vol. I. p. 22; also Vol. IV and Vol. V _passim_; “Amerigo Vespucci,” Vol. II. pp. 129–179 of Justin Winsor’s “Narrative and Critical History of America,” Boston, 1889. See also the geography and maps of Loritus (Henricus), _Glareanus_, in the “Geographical Journal” for June 1905; “Le Journal des Savants” for December 1830; April and May 1831; August 1840; October and December 1843; July 1847; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part i. pp. 420–424, 684–688, and part. ii. p. 1390; also Vol. II. p. 231.

=Puteanus=, GUILIELMUS--Dupuis, and not Dupuy--French physician of the sixteenth century, professor at the University of Grenoble, is the author of “De Medicamentorum,” Lyons, 1552, which was reproduced with a treatise of Cousinot under the title “De Occultis Pharmacorum” two years later. To Puteanus, Gilbert alludes (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i. and Book II. chap. iii.) saying that he discusses the loadstone briefly and crudely and deduces its power, not from a property of its whole substance unknown to any one and incapable of demonstration (as Galen held and, after him, nearly all physicians), but from “its substantial form as from a prime motor and self-motor, and as from its own most potent nature and its natural temperament, as the instrument which the efficient form of its substance, or the second cause, which is without a medium, employs in its operations. So the loadstone attracts iron not without a physical cause, and for the sake of some good.” But nothing like this, adds Gilbert, is done in other bodies by any substantial form unless it be the primary one, and this Puteanus does not recognize.

REFERENCES.--“Biographie Générale,” Vol. XV. p. 367; Larousse, “Dict. Universel,” Vol. VI. p. 1420.

=Pythagoras=, celebrated Greek philosopher (569–470 B.C.) who, as Hegel says, “First made thought and not sense the criterion of the essence of things.” He is said to have travelled widely and, according to one of his biographers, he learned geometry from the Egyptians, arithmetic from the Phœnicians, astronomy from the Chaldæans, religious formulæ and ethical maxims from the Magians, and obtained other scientific and religious knowledge from the Arabians and the Indians. He settled finally at Crotona in Lower Italy, during the year 529 B.C. and there established the school that has made him famous.

To a complete exposition of the Pythagorean school or sect, the “Biographie Générale” devotes, in Vol. XLI, twenty-four full columns, whilst the notices of the Pythagoreans which Aristotle gives in the first book of the “Metaphysics” contain about all that is of importance in their theory.

According to the report of Philolaus of Croton, the Pythagoreans taught the progressive movement of the non-rotating Earth, its revolution around the focus of the world (the central fire, _hestia_), while Plato and Aristotle imagined that the Earth neither rotated nor advanced in space, but that, fixed to one central point, it merely oscillated from one side to the other. Humboldt, from whose “Cosmos” the above is taken, further says that the figurative and poetical myths of the Pythagorean and Platonic pictures of the universe were as changeable as the fancy from which they emanated, and he cites Plato, who, in the _Phædrus_, adopts the system of Philolaus, whilst, in the _Timæus_, he accepts the system according to which the earth is immovable in the centre and which was subsequently called the Hipparchian or Ptolemaic.[70]

REFERENCES.--Ueberweg (Dr. Friedrich), “History of Philosophy,” tr. of Geo. S. Morris, New York, 1885, Vol. I. pp. 42–49; Butler (William Archer), “Lectures on Ancient Philosophy”; Gilbert, _De Magnete_, Book II. chap. ii., and Book V. chap. xii.; Chas. Rollin, “Ancient History,” London, 1845, Vol. I. pp. 383–384; Iamblichus’ “Life of Pythagoras,” translated from the Greek by Thos. Taylor; “Dict. des Sc. Philos.,” Paris, 1852, Vol. V. pp. 297–312; Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “History of Ancient Philosophy,” London, 1846, Vol. I. pp. 326–357; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. II. p. 232; Roeth (Eduard), “Geschichte,” 1846–1858; Cantor (Moritz), “Geschichte der Mathematik,” Leipzig, 1894, Vol. I. pp. 137–201; Grote (George), “Greece,” Vol. IV. pp. 525–551; Chaignet (Antelme Edouard), “Pythag. et la Phil. Pyth.,” 1873.

=Reinholdus=, ERASMUS. _See_ Erasmus.

=Rhazès=--Razes--Rasis--Rasaeus--Abu-Bekr Al-Rázi--Muhammad Ibn Zakariya--one of the most famous of the ancient Arabian physicians, is the author of “De simplicibus, ad Almansorem,” the ten books of which contain a complete system of medicine.[71] In Book I. chap. xv. of _De Magnete_, reference is made to Chap. LXIII. liber ix. of Rhazès’ work, entitled “De Curatione omnium partium,” wherein an electuary of iron slag, or of prepared steel filings, is spoken of as a highly commended and celebrated remedy for dried-up liver, the Arabs believing that iron opens the spleen and the liver.

REFERENCES.--“Journal des Sçavans,” Vol. LXXVI for 1725, p. 220, and Vol. LXXXV for 1728, p. 412; “Journal des Savants” for February 1892, pp. 118–126 _passim_, and for March 1892 (“l’Alchimie de Razes”), pp. 190–195, also for May 1851, p. 288, giving names of all the leading alchemists; “Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik,” Vol. VI., Leipzig, 1892, pp. 43–44, 76; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XIII. p. 747; Freind (John), “History of Physic”; Eloy (N. F. J.), “Dict. Hist. de la Médecine,” Vol. IV. pp. 56–61; Haller (Albrecht von), “Bibliotheca Botanica”; Sprengel (Kurt Polycarp Joachim), “Hist. de la Médecine.”

=Ruellius=, JOANNES--Jean Ruel--(1479–1537), was a French physician, attached to the court of François I--, who wrote a Commentary on Dioscorides, published 1516, 1529, 1543, as well as several medical treatises. The one by which he is best known is the “De Natura Stirpium,” Paris, 1536, reprinted four times at Basle and at Venice, from which Gilbert extracts (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.) the mention by Ruellius that the loadstone’s force, when failing or dulled, is restored by the blood of a buck.

REFERENCES.--“Sc. de Ste Marthe, Elogia Doct. Gallorum”; Eloy (N. F. J.), “Dict. hist. de la Méd.”; “Biographie Générale,” Vol. XLII. pp. 864–865.

=Rueus=, FRANCISCUS--François de la Rüe--(1520–1585), Flemish naturalist who long practised in his native country and the author of “De Gemmis aliquot ...” 1547, 1565, which was printed, with the book on “Philosophy of Vallesius” in 1588, 1595, 1652, also at Franckfort in 1596, and together with the “Similitudines ac Parabolæ” of Lev. Lemnius in 1626. Gilbert’s only reference to him is briefly made in the opening chapter of _De Magnete_.

REFERENCES.--Valère, André, “Bibl. Belgica,” p. 240; Mercklein (Georg Abraham), “Lindenius renovatus,” 1686, pp. 297, 304; Le P. Lelong, “Bibl. Sacr.,” p. 935; “Biog. Générale,” Vol. XXIX. p. 702.

=Scaliger=, JULIUS CÆSAR (1484–1558), a famous Italian scholar who practised medicine at Verona until 1525 and afterwards devoted his time to writing on various subjects, as shown in the “Biographie Générale,” Vol. XLIII. pp. 446–450. Of the works cited in latter, should be extracted, as best known: “In Aristotelis ... de plantis,” 1556; “In Theophrasti, de causis plantarum,” 1566; “De Subtilitate ad Cardanum,” 1557, 1560, 1576, 1592, 1634.

It is to the last-named important work that Gilbert frequently alludes (_De Magnete_, Book I. chaps. i. xvi; Book II. chaps. i. iii. iv. xxxviii.; Book iv. chap. i.). He says, more particularly, that Scaliger strays far from truth when, in treating of magnetic bodies, he speaks of diamond attracting iron, also that he keeps the loadstone and iron in bran to protect them from the injurious action of the atmosphere, and that Scaliger, in order to explain the difference of variation for change of locality, brings in a celestial cause to himself unknown, and terrestrial loadstones that have nowhere been discovered; and seeks the cause not in the “siderite mountains,” but in that force which formed them, to wit, in the part of the heaven which overhangs that northern point.

REFERENCES.--Teissier (H. A.), “Eloges des hommes illustres”; Coupé (Jean Marie Louis), “Soirées littéraires,” Vol. XV; Nicéron (Jean Pierre), “Mémoires,” XXIII; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. VIII. pp. 692–693.

=Silvaticus=--Sylvaticus--Matthæus Moretus, well-known Italian savant living in 1344, physician to the King of Naples, one of the professors at Salerno,[72] and author of “Matth. Silvatici, medic. de Salerno, Liber cibalis et Medicinalis Pandectarum ...” originally published at Naples, 1474. This work, dedicated to Ferdinand, King of Sicily, is an Encyclopædic Dictionary and one of the most important books we have of the history of medicine in the Middle Ages, and at beginning of the Italian Renaissance. The citations made by Græsse (“Trésor,” Vol. VI. p. 406), state that Silvaticus was the owner of a private botanical garden at Salerno (Chap. CXCVII. s.v. “Colcasia” of the Opus Pandectarum), and allude to Thos. Frognall Dibdin’s “Bibliotheca Spenceriana,” Vol. IV. London, 1815, pp. 24–25, and Van der Meersch, “Rech. sur les impr. Belges,” etc., Vol. I. pp. 384, etc.

REFERENCES.--“Repertoire et sources historiques du Moyen Age,” par l’abbé Ulysse, Joseph Chevalier, Paris, 1877–1886, p. 2089; Argellati (Philippo), “Bibliotheca Mediolan.,” 1745; Tiraboschi (Girolamo), “Storia della Letteratura Italiana,” 1807, Vol. I. p. 275; Sbaralea (Joannes Hyacinthus), “Supplementum ... Scriptores ordinis,” 1806, p. 529; Tafuri (Giovanni Bernardino), “Scrittori ... di Napoli,” 1749, Vol. II. pp. 67–70; “Thesaur. Lit. Bot.,” 1851, p. 185; Brunet (Jacques Charles), “Manuel du Libraire,” 1864, Vol. V. pp. 387–388; Watt (Rob.), “Bibliotheca Britannica,” Edinburgh, 1824, Vol. II. p. 856 _h_; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XIV. p. 1308; Paul Lacroix, “Science and Literature of the Middle Ages,” p. 117; Ludovico Hain, “Repertorium Bibliographicorum,” Vol. II. part ii. Nos. 15192–15202, pp. 375–376; Gilbert, _De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.

=Solinus=, CAIUS JULIUS--_Grammaticus_--a Roman writer who lived in latter part of the second century, the author of a compilation in fifty-seven chapters which contains a sketch of the world as it was known to him, but which is supposed to have been taken entirely from Pliny’s “Natural History.” It was originally published under the title of “Collectanea rerum mirabilium,” the second edition being headed “Polyhistor.” This was one of the earliest known printed books, having first appeared at Venice in 1473, and it has since been translated into many foreign languages, notably during 1600, 1603, and 1847.

The most important of the three references Gilbert makes to Solinus is found in _De Magnete_, Book II. chap. xxxviii., where it is said that Pliny and Julius Solinus tell of the stone _cathochites_, affirming that it attracts flesh and that it holds one’s hand, as loadstone holds iron and amber holds chaff. But that, says he, is due solely to its viscosity and its natural glutinousness, for it adheres most readily to a warm hand.

REFERENCES.--Dodwell (Henry, the elder), “Dissertationes Cyprianicæ”; Moller (D. W.); C. J. Solino, in “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XLIV. pp. 153–154; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XXX. p. 232.

=Thebit Ben-Kora=--Thabit Ibn Corrah--Abū Thabit Ibn Kurrah--Tebioth ben Chorezen (Houzeau, No. 1130), one of the most brilliant and accomplished scholars produced by the Arabs (836–901), called by Delambre “Le Ronsard de l’Astronomie,” is the author of many treatises on mathematics, and on other scientific subjects, the mention of the titles of which take up nearly two folio pages of Casiri’s “Catalogue.” Especially is he shown in latter as having translated into Arabic the chief works of Archimedes, Apollonius, Euclid and Ptolemy also the Physics and Analytics of Aristotle and many of the works of Hippocrates and Galen.

Incidentally it may be added that geometry, to which Thebit Ben-Kora gave particular attention, was named by the Arabs _handassah_, and that the _Tahrir Hendassiat_ contains: the explication, the _data_ and the optics, of Euclid, the _syntaxis magna_ of Ptolemy, the spherics of Theodosius and his book concerning night and day, the spherics of Menelaus, the movable sphere of Autolycus, the _ascendants_ or _horoscopes_ of Asclepius, a treatise of Aristarchus on the discs of the sun and moon, the _lemmas_ or theorems of Archimedes, also his treatise on the sphere and cylinder, the conics of Apollonius and Thebit Ben-Kora, a treatise of Theodosius on the positions, or quiescence, of bodies, etc., etc. (D’Herbelot, art. _Handassah_, and _Aklides_. See also, for origin of geometry, etc. “A Short History of Greek Mathem.,” Jas. Gow, Cambridge, 1884, pp. 123–134.)

The allusions by Gilbert are to be found, Book III. chap. i., and

## Book VI. chap. ix. of _De Magnete_, in which latter it is said that,

Thebitius, in order to establish a law for the great inequalities in the movements of the stars, held that the eighth sphere does not advance by continued motion from west to east, but that it has a sort of tremulous motion, “a movement of trepidation.”

REFERENCES.--“Hist. de la Médecine Arabe,” par Dr. Lucien Leclerc, Paris, 1876, Vol. I. pp. 168–172; Dreyer (J.), “Tycho Brahe,” 1890, pp. 354–356; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part i. pp. 466–467, 702; “History of Mathematics,” Walter W. Rouse Ball, London, 1888, p. 153; “Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik,” Vol. VI, Leipzig, 1892, pp. 25–26.

=Themistius= of Paphlagonia--surnamed Euphrades--was a distinguished Greek orator and writer (about 315–390), whose philosophical works consist of commentaries in the form of paraphrases on some of Aristotle’s writings, one being upon the work “On Heaven,” and the other upon the twelfth book of the “Metaphysics.” The paraphrases were first published by Hermolaus Barbarus in 1481. Gilbert’s only reference is briefly made in _De Magnete_, Book II. chap. iv.

REFERENCES.--Schöll (Carl), “Geschichte d. G. Litt.,” Vol. III. pp. 96, 388, or “Hist. de la Litt. Grecque,” Vol. VI. p. 141; Vol. VII. p. 121; Photius, _cod._ LXXIV; Fleury, “Hist. Eccles.”; Tillemont, “Hist. des Emp.,” Vols. IV and V; Suidas, art. “Themistius”; E. Baret, “De Themistio sophista ...” Paris, 1853; Brucker, “Hist. Crit. de la Phil.,” Vol. II. p. 484.

=Zoroaster=--Zarath ’ustra--Zerdusht--founder of the religious system contained in the Zend-Avesta (religious book of the Parsees, fire worshippers), is said to have been a native of Bactria, near the modern Balkh, and to have lived about 589–513 B.C. That he was an historical personage, equally with Buddha, Confucius and Mahomet, it is now scarcely possible to doubt.

His able biographer in the English Cyclopædia, London, 1868, Vol. VI. pp. 946–948, states that Zoroaster was a great astrologer and magician, and it is said at p. 95 of Mr. A. V. W. Jackson’s admirable work on Zoroaster, published in New York, 1899, that some of the original Nasks of the Avesta are reported to have been wholly scientific in their contents, and that the Greeks even speak of books purported to be by Zoroaster treating of physics, of the stars and of precious stones.

Zoroaster is merely named by Gilbert in manner shown at the Hermes Trismegistus entry.

REFERENCES.--“Life of Zoroaster,” prefixed to Anquetil du Perron’s “Zend-Avesta,” Paris, 1771; Pastoret (Claude Emmanuel J. P. de), “Zoroaster, Confucius et Mahomet comparés,” 1787; Hyde (Thomas), “Historia ... Veterum Persarum ...” Oxford, 1760; “Zend-Avesta, Ouvrage de Zoroastre,” 2 vols. Paris, 1771; Martin-Haug (I.), “Essays,” Bombay, 1862; Malcolm (Sir John), “History of Persia,” 1815; Darmesteter, “Ormazd et Ahriman,” Paris, 1877; Spiegel (Friedrich), “Erânische Alterthumskunde,” Leipzig, 1871–1878; Chas. Rollin, “Ancient History,” London, 1845, Vol. I. pp. 234–235, 237; Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “History of Ancient Philosophy,” London, 1846, Vol. I. p. 52; “History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” Edward Gibbon (Milman), Philad., 1880, Vol. I. pp. 229–230, notes, and, for abridgment of his theology, pp. 231–234; also the Bury ed., London, 1900, Vol. I. pp. 197–198, 456–457; Vol. V. p. 487; “Classical Studies in Honour of Hy. Drisler,” New York, 1894, pp. 24–51; “The Fragments of the Persika of Ktesias,” by John Gilmore, London, 1888, pp. 29–36, 95; “The Great Monarchies of the Ancient Western World,” by Geo. Rawlinson, London, 1865, Vol. I. p. 195; Vol. III. pp. 93, 98, 105, 127, 135–139, 164; Vol. IV. pp. 110, 333; “Essai Historique,” Eug. Salverte, Paris, 1824, Vol. II. p. 503.

To the foregoing “Accounts of Early Writers,” can properly be added the following happy description of “The School of Athens,”[73] as coloured by Raphael and now to be seen among his frescoes in the papal state-apartments (_Stanze_--_Camere_) of the Vatican in Rome, for, it will be observed, most of the leading writers of which we have spoken are therein depicted:

=“The School of Athens”=--_Scuola d’Atene_--represents Philosophy in general, and is, with regard to expression and scholastic knowledge, a wonderful work; for every philosopher, by his posture and gestures, characterises his doctrines and opinions.... Beginning with the Ionian School, on the right, before the statue of Minerva, the aged person whose head is covered with linen, after the Egyptian manner is Thales; whom Raphael has represented as walking with a Stick, because, with that, he measured the Pyramids. Next to Thales is Archelaus of Messenia.... Behind them is Anaxagoras, resting his foot upon a marble book and almost hidden; in reference to the persecutions he underwent. The next figure, standing alone, at a little distance, to show that he is of another School, represents Pythagoras; who seems resolved to continue fixed at one spot, to show the unchangeableness of his ideas ... his head and body being turned different ways shows his metaphorical method of teaching important truths; and the crown, formed by his hair, refers to his initiation in all mysteries. The Figure leaning on a column is Parmenides; close to whom sits a youth, his adopted son Zeno, who is writing something short; referring to a Poem, by Parmenides, which compared, in two hundred lines, all the various Systems of Philosophy. Two masters only of the Eleatic School are introduced; because its followers were few in number. The metaphysics of Parmenides and Zeno gave rise to the Sceptical Philosophy of Pyrrho, expressed by the next figure.... At the opposite side of the Picture, talking with his fingers to a Figure in armour, supposed to represent Alcibiades, is Socrates ... who, like Thales, appears to be walking; because geometry was never taught in a fixed place.... Plato and Aristotle are placed together on a flight of steps in the centre of the Picture: Plato, representative of the speculative school, holds the Timæus: his sublime style is expressed by his attitude, denoting that his thoughts soar above this earth; and the cord attached to his neck marks his initiation at the Eleusinian Mysteries.... Aristotle, founder of ethical and physical philosophy, points earthward. The Figure in shade, nearest to Plato, is Archothæa.... The next Figure, in the same line, indicates roughness of character, and represents Xenocrates.... Behind Socrates and another Figure, Lasthenia, is a bearded old man Zeno of Citium, the founder of the sect called Stoics.... Behind Zeno of Citium is Antisthenes, in shade, because his School is expressed by that of Zeno. On the side of Aristotle, the tallest and most conspicuous Figure is Theophrastus ... said to be the portrait of Cardinal Bembo. The next figures are Strato of Lampsacus, Demetrius Phalereus, Callisthenes, Neophron, Glycon. Behind the last named is Heraclides and in rear of the disciples of Aristotle are Euclid of Megara and Eubulides of Miletus, his pupil: the last hated Aristotle, and is looking angrily at him. The lower part of the Picture, on the side with the statue of Apollo, represents the Philosophy of Leucippus, the disciple of Zeno, though the author of a very opposite system. He first taught the doctrine of Atoms.... Democritus, his most celebrated disciple, is sitting near him--booted, in the manner of his countrymen, the Abderites--and writing upon a stone table, shaped like the sarcophagi among which he used to meditate: he lost his fortune, therefore his dress indicates poverty; and he is represented in deep meditation, to show his uncommon studiousness. Opposite to Leucippus sits Empedocles, resting on a _cube_, though not with _contempt_, according to the principles of Leucippus; because Empedocles adhered, on some points, to the Pythagorean system. The youth holding, before Empedocles, Pythagoras’s Table of the Generation of Numbers and the Harmonies, is Meton.... The Figure in an Oriental costume bending over Pythagoras, represents Averrhoes, or one of the Magi, from which sect the Grecian Schools derived part of their doctrines. Behind Empedocles, is Epicharmus.... The Figure in a toga is Lucretius, placed near Empedocles, as having been his follower; but looking another way, because he differed from his master. This figure is the portrait of Francesco, Duke of Urbino, nephew to Julius II. The person crowned with vine-leaves and resting a book on a pedestal, is Epicurus, looking gay, according to the account given of him, and the Figure leaning upon his shoulder is Metrodorus; next to whom is Heraclitus, wearing a black veil, like that of the Ephesian Diana, in whose temple he exposed his works. Seated on the second step, near the centre of the Picture, is Diogenes, and below him is a Portrait of the great architect, Bramante (under the character of Archimedes), who is tracing an hexagonal figure on the pavement ... the enthusiastic-looking person who points to the hexagon, is supposed to be Archytas of Tarentum; the boy on his knees, is Phenix of Alexandria; and behind him, with a hand on his back, is Ctesibius. In the angle of the picture are Zoroaster and Ptolemy, one holding a celestial and the other a terrestrial globe, as representatives of Astronomy and Geometry; the figure wearing a crown, under the character of Zoroaster, being Alphonso, King of Arragon, Sicily and Naples; the person with a black turban on his head, and likewise holding a Globe, may probably represent Confucius: and the two persons with whom Alphonso seems conversing are portraits of Raphael and of his master Pietro Perugino. The statues and _bassi-relievi_ with which Raphael has ornamented his scene, are emblematical of the different Schools of Philosophy: and the picture, in point of composition, is considered to be his _chef-d’œuvre_, the Sibyls of S^a Maria della Pace excepted.

A more detailed description of the above will be found in the works of Trendelenburg (Berlin, 1843), and of Richter (Heidelberg, 1882), bearing title “Ueber Rafael’s Schule von Athen.”

APPENDIX II

DISCOVERIES MADE BY WILLIAM GILBERT--DESIGNATED IN “DE MAGNETE” BY THE LARGER ASTERISKS

(_Alluded to in the Gilbert_ A.D. _1600 Article, p. 83_)

## Book I. chap. iii. The loadstone ever has and ever shows its

poles, which look toward the poles of the earth and move toward them and are subject to them.

## Book I. chap. vi. The loadstone attracts iron ore, as well as

the smelted metal, the best iron, _acies_, being the most readily attracted.

## Book I. chap. ix. Iron ore attracts iron ore.

## Book I. chap. x. Iron ore has and acquires poles, and arranges

itself with reference to the earth’s poles.

## Book I. chap. xi. Wrought-iron, not magnetized by the loadstone,

attracts iron.

## Book I. chap. xii. A long piece of iron, even not magnetized,

assumes a north and south direction.

## Book I. chap. xiii. Smelted iron has in itself fixed north and

south parts, magnetic activity, verticity, and fixed vertices or poles.

## Book II. chap. ii. Not only do amber and jet attract light

substances: the same is done by the diamond....

## Book II. chap. ii. When the atmosphere is very cold and clear,

the electrical effluvia of the earth offer less impediment.

## Book II. chap. xxv. A strong, large, loadstone increases the

power of another loadstone, and also the power of iron.

## Book II. chap, xxxiv. Why a loadstone is of different power in

its poles as well in the north as in the south regions (two experiments).

## Book III. chap. xii. Iron becomes magnetized when red-hot and

hammered in the magnetic meridian; also when the iron bars have, for a long time, lain fixed likewise in the north and south position (two experiments).

## Book III. chap. xv. Two more experiments to show that the poles,

equator, centre, are permanent and stable in the unbroken loadstone; when it is reduced in size and a part taken away, they vary and occupy their positions.

## Book IV. chap. ii. Variation is due to inequality among the

earth’s elevations.

## Book V. chap. ii. Illustration of the direction and dip of a

_terrella_ representing the earth relative to the standard representation of the globe of the earth, at north latitude 50°.

## Book V. chap. iii. Instrument for showing by the action of a

loadstone, the degree of dip below the horizon in any latitude.

## Book V. chap. vi. Of the ratio of dip to latitude and the cause

thereof.

## Book V. chap. xi. Of the formal magnetical act spherically

effused.

APPENDIX III

THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

UNABRIDGED

Commenced in 1665, as a periodical, by H. Oldenberg, first Secretary of the Society, and continued by him up to June 1677. Afterwards, successively edited by N. Grew, R. Plot, W. Musgrave, R. Walker, Sir H. Sloane, E. Halley, C. Mortimer, and other Secretaries, up to March 1752, when the publication began to be superintended by a Committee of the Royal Society. From 1665 to 1678, the publication was regularly made, with exception of six months between 1677 and 1678.

The title-page, “Philosophical Transactions giving some account of the present undertakings, studies and labours of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of the world,” was maintained up to the sixty-sixth volume, for year 1776, when it gave place to “The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.”

From 1679 to 1682, no volumes appeared, the lacunæ being (partly) made up through the seven numbers of “Philosophical Collections” issued by Robert Hooke (Nos. 1–7, one volume 4to).

From 1683 to the present time, the publication has gone on uniformly, with exception of years 1688–1690, during which nothing was published, and of years 1691–1692, the proceedings of which appear in a volume (sometimes marked Vol. 16 and sometimes Vol. 17), containing the numbers 192–195.

Reference to “The Bibliographer’s Manual,” by Wm. Thomas Lowndes (London, 1863, Part VIII. pp. 2143–2146) and to Samuel H. Scudder’s “Catalogue of Scientific Serials” (Cambridge, Mass., 1879, p. 27) will show how the different unabridged volumes have been made up, viz. Vols. 1–65 cover the years 1665–1775; Vols. 66–81 cover the years 1776–1791; Vols. 82–142 cover the years 1792–1852; Vols. 143–166 cover the years 1853–1876.

Regular dates followed up to Vol. 177, issued 1886–1887, since when the publication has appeared in two series, viz. A (Physical) and B (Biological). The volumes now running are A 220, B 210.

In addition to the above, there have appeared, amongst many publications:

“A General Index ... to all the Philosophical Transactions from the beginning to July 1677,” London, 1678.

“A General Index ... from January 1667–1668 to December 1693,” London, 1694. And one by James Briggs, 1665–1817.

“A General Index to the Philosophical Transactions from the first to the end of the seventieth volume,” by Paul Henry Maty (viz. 1665–1780, which was continued for 1781–1820 as Part II and for 1821–1830 as Part III).

“Index to Volumes 1–17” (London, 1787); “Index to Volumes 71–110” (London, 1821); “Index for years 1821–1830” (London, 1833); “Index to Volumes 1–120” (London, 1842).

“Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions of July 1670” (by W. Holder), London, 1678.

“Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions for October 1702” (by M. Lister), London, 1702.

“Miscellanea Curiosa ... being the most valuable discourses read and delivered to the Royal Society,” 3 Vols., London, 1723–1727.

“Abstracts of the Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions”: 1800–1830, Vols. I-II; 1831–1843, Vols. III-IV; 1843–1850, Vol. V; 1850–1854, Vol. VI. From Vol. VI, continued as the “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” the years 1854–1905 being represented by Vols. VII-LXXVI (issued, from this date onward, in two series (A, Physical, and B, Biological); about two volumes each year).

“Catalogue of Scientific Papers. Compiled and published by the Royal Society of London”: 1800–1863, A to Z, Vols. 1–6; 1864–1873, A to Z, Vols. 7–8; 1874–1883, A to Z, Vols. 9–11; 1800–1883, A to Z, Vol. 12; 1884–1900, A to B, Vol. 13, reaching Vol. 17 in 1920.

Four volumes of Subject Index to the above have appeared, treating of Pure Mathematics, Mechanics, Heat, Light and Sound, Electricity and Magnetism.

ABRIDGED

The several Abridgments may be properly collated as follows (through Lowndes, Scudder, Bolton, also through the private lists of the different copies found in Hartwell House, November 1843, and given to the compiler by Mr. Latimer Clark), viz.: From 1665 to end of 1700, by John Lowthorp, 3 vols., Vols. I, II, III[74]; from 1700 to year 1720–1721 by Ben. Motte, 2 vols.[75]; from 1700 to year 1720 by Henry Jones, 2 vols., Vols. IV, V[76]; from 1720 to year 1732 by Mr. Reid and John Gray, 1 vol.[77]; from 1719 to year 1733, by John Eames and John Martyn, 2 vols., Vols. VI, VII[78]; from 1732 to year 1744, by John Martyn, 2 vols., Vols. VIII, IX[79]; from 1743 to year 1750, by John Martyn, 2 vols., Vol. X (two parts).

“Memoirs of the Royal Society; or a New Abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions from 1665 to 1740,” by Benjamin Baddam, 10 Vols. (first edition, 1665–1735; second edition, 1665–1740).

“The Philosophical Transactions from their commencement in 1665 to 1800 abridged with notes and illustrations, by Charles Hutton, George Shaw and Richard Pearson,” 18 vols., the last volume containing a General Index to the whole which covers 116 pages.[80]

Translations, in French, of some of the abridged and unabridged volumes are to be found recorded at p. 109 of Scudder’s “Catalogue,” already mentioned, one of the most important being “La Table des mémoires imprimés dans les Transactions Philosophiques ... 1665–1735,” by M. De Brémond, Paris, 1739.

Translations have also been made in Latin, for the first five years, and some were published in Italian during 1729 and 1731–1734.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE

The Philosophical Magazine, 1798–1813, 42 vols. United in 1814 with the Journal of Natural Philosophy, etc., and continued under the title of The Philosophical Magazine and Journal, etc., 1814–1826, 26 vols., the sixty-eight volumes being called the first series. During 1827 it was united with the Annals of Philosophy or Magazine of Chemistry and it became then

The Philosophical Magazine or Annals of Chemistry, etc., 1827–1832, eleven vols., making up the second series. From 1832 to 1840, after amalgamating with Edinburgh Journal of Science, sixteen volumes were published under the name of

The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, and, during 1840–1850, twenty-one volumes appeared under the name of

The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, in all thirty-seven volumes constituting the third series. The fourth series, of fifty volumes, was issued 1851–1875; the fifth series 1876–1900; and the sixth series, which began in 1901, is still running as we go to press.

LE JOURNAL DES SÇAVANS (SAVANTS)

_Le Journal des Sçavans_ (Scudder, “Catal. of Sc. Serials,” 1879, p. 97). Published 1665–1792, with Supplements to 1707–1709 and a _Continuation_ in 1797.

_Journal des Sçavans_ (“Catal. of Ronalds’ library,” 1880, p. 261). Published 1665–1748, 1749–1792, 1816–1845.

_Le Journal des Sçavans_ (“British Museum Catalogue of Periodical Publications--Paris,” pp. 1369–1370). Published from 1665 to 1828. Edited successively by the Sieur de Hedonville, by J. Gallois, and others. With a Supplement for 1672–1674, and a Supplement for each of the years 1707, 1708 and 1709--142 volumes, Paris, 1681–1828, also 1723.

The “Journal des Sçavans” was commenced January 5, 1665, and suppressed March 30, 1665, after the publication of only thirteen numbers. Its publication was resumed January 4, 1666, during which year forty-two numbers were issued. In 1667, there appeared only sixteen numbers; only thirteen in 1668; four in 1669; one in 1670; three in 1671; eight in 1672; none in 1673; and only two in 1674. From 1674 to 1723, a number was published either once a fortnight or once a week, and, from 1724 to 1792, a number appeared every month. In December 1792, the publication was discontinued, but it was resumed January 4, 1797. On the 18th of June of the same year, however, it was again discontinued until September 1816, after which a number was for a time published regularly once a month.

“Table Générale des matières contenues dans le Journal des Sçavans ... depuis l’année, 1665 ... jusqu’ en 1750 inclusivement ...” 10 vols., Paris, 1753–1764.

Another edition of vols. 1–105, Amsterdam, 1679–1753, also 1685.

Another edition of the years 1725–1760, Paris, 1725–1760.

“Annales des Sciences ... faisant suite au Journal des Sçavans,” Amsterdam, 1804–1806.

“Journal des Sçavans, combiné avec les Mémoires de Trévoux. Suite des 170 Volumes ...,” Amsterdam, 1756–1757.

“Journal des Sçavans, combiné avec les meilleurs Journaux Anglais,” January 1779 to December 1781, Amsterdam, 1779–1781.

_Journal des Savants_ (“British Museum Catalogue of Periodical Publications--Paris,” pp. 1370–1371). Edited successively by P. C. F. Danon, le Brun, and others from 1816.

“Table méthodique et analytique des articles ... 1816–1858,” Paris, 1860.

“Table analytique des articles ... 1859–1908,” Paris, 1909.

APPENDIX IV

List of additional works, relating to subjects treated of in this “Bibliographical History,” which have not before been especially mentioned herein and which are deemed worthy of perusal:

1486. Reisch (Father Gregory), “Æpitome ... Marg. Phil. ... Scibili.”

1495. Roberti de Valle Rotho, Magensis ... “Compendium a Plinio data ...”

1535. Stœffler (J.), “Cœlestium ... totius sphericæ ...”

1536. Mela (Pomponius), “De situ orbis.”

1537. Maurius, “Sphera Volgare.”

1544. Ulstadius (P.), “Cœlum Philosophorum ...”

1548. Leonicerus (James), “Compendium de meteoris ...”

1555. Navagero (A.), “Orationes ... carmin ... nonnulla. ...”

1558. Göbel (Severin), “De Succino.”

1560. Pedemontani (Alex.), “De Secretis ...”

1562. Carpentarius (J.), “Descriptionis universæ naturæ.”

1571. Titelmanni (Franc.), “Naturalis Philos. Compendium.”

1571. Fulco-Fulke, “A goodly gallery ... Meteors ...” (also published in 1634 and 1670).

1572. Biringuccio (V.), “Pyrotechnie.”

1572. Lemnius (Levinus), “Occulta naturæ miraculæ.”

1574. Zacaire (D.), “Livres sur l’arithmétique ... métaux,” etc.

1582. Rao (Cesare), “I Meteori.”

1582. Camorano (R.), “Compendio de la arte de navegar ...”

1586. Malfanti (G.), “Le météore.”

1592. Digges (Thomas), “A prognostication ...”

1596. Gallucci (G. P.), “Ratio fabric andi ... magnetica acu.”

1596. Vuccher (Jean Jacques), “Les secrets et merveilles ...”

1596. Bodin (J.), “Universæ naturæ theatrum ...”

1604. Herlicius (D.), “Tractatus de fulmine.”

1604. Harward (S.), “Discourse of ... lightning.”

1605. Morales (G. de), “Libro de las virtudes ...”

1607. Bollenatus Burgundo-gallus, “Theses physicæ ...”

1609. Goclenius (R.), “Tract. ... de magnetica curatione.” (See also his “Mirabilium naturæ liber,” published in 1643.)

1610. Arlensis, “Sympathia septem metallorum ...”

1610. Argolus (Andreas), “Epistola ad Davidem ...”

1615. Godigno (N.), “De Abissinorum rebus.”

1615. Foscarini (P. A.), “Epistola ...”

1621. Drebbel (C.), “De natura elementorum.”

1621. Tarde (J.), “Les usages ... esguille aymantée.”

1627. Fromondi (L.), “Meteorologicum ...” (See reference to Fromondi _infra_ at 1781 date. He employed heart pulsations to calculate the distance of thunder.)

1630. Longinus (Cæsar), “Trinium magicum ...”

1631. Kœnio (H.), “Fulminum theoria meteor. ...”

1632. Remmelinus (Joannes L. U.), “Instrumentum magneticum ...”

1637. Ward (S.), “Magnetis reductorium ...” (See also his “Wonders of the loadstone,” published in 1640.)

1638. Fludd (Robert), “Philosophia Moysaica ...”

1641. Fabricius (Hildanus), “Observationum et curationum ...”

1643. Servius (Petrus), “Dissertatio de Unguento ...”

1645. Blæu (G. and J.), “Théatre du Monde.”

1646. Henricus (Regius), “Fundamenta physices.” (See also his “Philosophia naturalis,” published in 1654.)

1649. Zucchi (Nicolo), “Nova de machinis philosophia.”

1651. Reæl (F.), “Observ. ... æn de magneetsteen ...”

1656. Irvine (C.), “Medicina magnetica ...”

1657. Turner (Robert), “Ars Notaria.”

1662. Rattray (Sylvester), “Theatrum sympatheticum ...”

1662. Westen (Wynant Van), “Het eerste deel ...”

1663. Helvetius (J. F.), “Theatr. Herculis. ...” (See also his “Disputatio Philosophica,” published in 1677.)

1664. Power (Henry), “Experimental Philosophy.”

1665. Johnston (J.), “Thaumatographia naturalis.”

1666. Accademia del Cimento, “Saggi di naturali esperienze.”

1666. “Mémoire d’Homberg, sur l’électr. d’un globe de soufre.”

1667. Colepress (Samuel), “Account of some magnetical experiments.”

1668. Leotaudus (Vincent), “Magnetologia ... magnetis philos.”

1668. Vitalis (H.), “De magnetica vulnerum curatione.”

1673. Mentzel (M. Chn.), “De lapide bononiensi in obscuro lucenti.”

1674. Oughtred (W.), “Descript. ... double horiz. dyal. ...”

1676. Heidel (W. E.), “Johannis Trithemii ...”

1677. Dechales (C. F. M.), “Art de naviguer ...”

1677. Hartmann (Philip Jacob), “Succini Prussici ...”

1679. Schielen (J. G.), “Bibliotheca enueleata.”

1681. Senguerd (W.), “Philosophia naturalis ...”

1682 Hiller (L. H.), “Mysterium artis. ...”

1684. Lana-Lanis (Franciscus de), “Magisterii ... et artis ...”

1684. Marana (G. P.), “L’espion du Grand Seigneur ...”

1685. Friderici (J. B.), “Cryptographia ...”

1686. “Recueil d’expériences sur l’aimant ...” published anonymously at Lyons.

1687. Dalance (M. D.), “Traité de l’aimant ...”

1688. Bartholinus (C. T.), “Specimen philos. naturalis ...”

1688. Boulanger, “Traité de la sphère du monde.”

1689. Blagrave (Joseph), “Astrological practice of physick.”

1689. Eschenbach (A. C.), “Orphei Argonautica ...”

1689. Rennefort (Souchu de), “L’aiman mystique.”

1691. Cecchi, “Saggi di naturali esperienze.”

1692. Brown (R.), “Disputatio philosophica ...”

1692. Cellio (Marco Antonio), “De terra magnete.”

1693. Gregorio (D.), “Lettera intorno all’ elettricità.”

1695. Hale (Sir M.), “Magnetismus magnus ...”

1697. Zwinger (Theodor), “Scrutinum magnetis ...”

1698. Ballard, on the magnetism of Drills in the _Philos. Trans._, for the year 1698, p. 417.

1698. Tredwey (Robert), in the _Philos. Trans._, Vol. XIX. p. 711.

1700. Cesi (In.), “De meteoris dissertatio.”

1707. “Curiöse speculationes ... speculirt,” Leipzig and Chemnitz.

1714. Billingsley (C.), “Longitude at sea ...”

1718. Du Petit, Albert, “Secrets Merveilleux ...”

1718. Luderus (G.), “De methodis ... declin. ... magnetis ...”

1719. Ditton, “Longitude and latitude found by the inclinatory and dipping needle.” (See also the edition published in London during 1721.)

1722. Quellmalz (S. J.), “Dissertatio de magnete ...”

1723. Santanelli (F.), “Philosophiæ reconditæ ...”

1729. Abercorn (J. Hamilton, Earl of), “Calculations ... virtue of loadstones.”

1729. Wischoff (C.), “De Wonderwerken Godts.”

1730. Bailey (Nathan), “Loadstone,” in “Dictionarium Britannicum.”

1731. Reibelt (J. J. A.), “Thes ... magnetis mysteriis ...”

1732. Derham (W.), “Physico-theology.”

1734. Marana (G. P.), “Letters writ by a Turkish Spy.”

1739. Brémond (François de), in _Philos. Trans._, Vol. XLI. p. 614.

1740. Mortenson, “Dissertatio de electricitate ...” Upsal. (Also the 1742 edition.)

1743. Lobe (W.), “De vi corporum electrica.”

1744. Akenside (Mark), Book III of “The Pleasures of Imagination.”

1745. Piderit (J. R. A.), “Dissertatio inaugaralis ...”

1745. Psellus (M. C.), “De lapidum virt. Græc. ac Latine.”

1745. Rosenberg (A. G.), “Versuche einer Erklarung ...”

1745. Winkler (J. H.), “Quædam electricitatis ...” (See _Philos. Trans._ for 1745, p. 307.)

1746. Elvius (Petrus), “Historisk berättelse ...”

1746. Lohier fils, “Globules lumineux ...”

1746. Sguario-Squario (Euseb.), “Due Dissertazione ...”

1746. Trembley (A.), at p. 58, Vol. XLIV of the _Philos. Trans._

1747. Carli (G.), “Dissertazione ... bussola nautica ...”

1747. Faure (G.), “Conghietture fisiche ... machina elettrica.”

1747. Franklin (Georg), “Declaratio phænomenorum ...”

1747. Gottsched (Johann Christoph), “Nov. Prosp. in hist. electr. ...”

1747. Maffei (Scipione), “Della formazione de’ Fulmini.”

1747. Vasquez-y-Morales (D. Jos.), “Ensayo sobre la Electricidad ...” (This is the translation of Nollet’s work, to which is added “Historia de la Elett.”)

1748. Collina (Egondio), “Considerazioni ... bussola nautica ...” (claims that the compass was in use during the tenth or eleventh century).

1748. Rackstrow (B.), “Miscellaneous Observations ...”

1748. “Recueil de traités sur l’électricité ...” (published at Paris).

1749. Belgrado (Giacomo), “I fenomeni elettrici ...”

1749. Darcet, “Description d’un électromètre.”

1749. Mangin, “Question nouvelle ... sur l’électricité ...”

1749. Plata (F. M.), “Dissertatio de electricitate ...”

1750. Krafft (G. W.), “Prælectiones ... physicam theoreticam.”

1750. Secondat de Montesquieu (J. B.), “Histoire de l’électricité.”

1751. Berthier, J. E., “Attractions et répulsions électriques.”

1751. Binat (Rev. F.), “Electricorum effectuum.”

1752. Guérin, “Histoire générale et particulière de l’électricité.”

1752. Penrose (F.), “Treatise on electricity,” also “Essay on Magnetism.”

1753. Rabiqueau (C.), “Le spectacle du feu élémentaire ...”

1753. Wolf (C.), and Bina (A.), “Physica experimentalis ...”

1755. Frisi (Paolo), “Nova elect. theoria,” also his “De existentia et motu ætheris ...”

1755. Landriani (G. B.), “Nova electricitatis theoria ...”

1755. Premoli (C. P.), “Nova electricitatis theoria.”

1756. Cartier (J.), “Philosophia electrica ad menten ...”

1757. Butschany (Matthias), “Dissertatio ex phænom. electricis.”

1759. Egeling (J.), “Disq. phys. de electricitate.”

1759. Fayol, “Observations sur un effect singulier ...”

1760. Avelloni (D.), “Lettera ... al fuoco elettrico ...”

1760. Dutour (E. P.), “Recherches ... matière électrique.”

1760. Oberst (J.), “Conjecturæ ... magnetis naturam ...”

1760. Tillet, “Sur l’incendie.”

1761. Laborde (J. B.), “Le clavecin électrique ...”

1761. Wakeley (Andrew), “The Mariner’s compass rectified,” as revised by Wm. Mountaine.

1762. Paulian (A. H.), “Conjectures nouvelles ...” likewise “Nouvelles conjectures sur les causes des phénomènes éiectriques,” published at Nîmes. (See also his “Electricité soumise ...” Avignon, 1768.)

1764. Meyer (Johann Friedr.), “Chymische versuche ...”

1765. Schmidt (N. E. A.), “Vom magnete,” published at Hanover.

1767. Cellesius (Fabricius), “De naturali electricitate ...” A very rare work published at Lucca.

1769. Krunitz (Johann Georg), “Verzeichnis der vornehmsten schriften vonder Electricitat ...” published at Leipzig.

1771. Barletti (Carlo), “Nuove sperienze elettriche ...”

1771. Berdoe (M.), “Inquiry into the influence of the electric fluid in the structure and formation of animated beings.” This curious work was published at Bath, where Mr. Berdoe’s book “On the electric Fluid” was also published in 1773.

1772. Herbert (J. Edler von), “Theoriæ phænomenorum ...” also “Dissertatio ... aquæ ...” published at Labacii during the same year.

1772. Para, “Cours complet. ...” also “Théorie ...” published in 1786.

1773. “Essay on electricity ... late discoveries of Jas. Dævin, C. M. F., Bristol.”

1774. Fontana (Felice), “Descrizioni ed usi ... dell’ Aria.”

1774. Pasumot (Fra.), “Observations sur les effets de la foudre ...”

1775. Detienne, “Peculiar construction of conductor of electrical machine for increasing the action thereof.”

1775. Jacquet de Malzet (Louis Sebastien), “Lettre ... sur l’électrophore.”

1775. Simmons (John), “An essay on the cause of lightning.”

1776. Changeux (P. N.), “Météorographie, ou l’art d’observer les phénomènes de l’atmosphère,” published at Paris.

1776. Landriani (Marsiglio), “Osservazioni sulla poca ...”

1776. Rossler (T. F.), “Progr. de luce primigenia.” He says that the light before the creation of the sun, mentioned by Moses, was an electrical light. See besides “Le soleil est un aimant,” by R. P. Secchi (“_Le Cosmos_,” 453, Paris, 1854).

1776. Schinz (Salomon), “Specimen phys. ...” also “Supplementum speciminis physici de Electricitate,” published at Turici in 1777.

1777. Chigi (Aleso.), “Dell’ Elettricità terrestre-atmosferica dissertazione” (_Bibl. Ital. di El. e Magn._, p. 30).

1777. Gross (Johann Friedr.), “Précis des poses électriques.”

1777. Vairano (Josephus), “Diatriba de Electricitate.”

1777. Weigel (Chr. Ehrenfried), “Grundriss der reinen v. angewandt. Chemie.”

1778. Chaptal (J. A. C.), “Observations sur l’influence de l’air ...” (published in the Reports of the Toulouse Academy, first series).

1778. Steavenson (Robert), “Dissert. de electricitate ...”

1779. Lüdicke (A. F.), “Comment. de attract. magnetum ...”

1780. Hemmer (Johann Jacob), Articles in the Commentat. Acad. Theodoro-Palatine published at Mannheim.

1780. Pilatre des Rozier in the _Journal de Physique_, Vols. XVI and XVII.

1780. Tozzetti (Targioni), “Atti e memorie inedite ...”

1781. Bianchi (Iso), his “Elogium on Libertus Fromondi,” published at Cremona.

1781. Brisson, “Dictionnaire de Physique.”

1781. Gabler (Matthias), “Theoria Magnetis.”

1781. Lacépède, “Essai sur l’électricité naturelle et artificielle.”

1782. _Le Mercure de France_, No. 23, for June 1782.

1782. Sans (M. de), in the _Journal de Médecine_ for this year.

1783. Milner (Thomas), “Exper. and Observ. in Electricity.”

1785. Bruno (M. de), “Recherches ... fluide magnétique.”

1787. Crell (L. F. F.), the miscellaneous scientific articles in his _Chemische Annalen_, published at Helmstadt.

1787. Hoffmann (C. L.), _Magnetist_, published at Frankfort.

1789. Pasqual (A. R.), “Descrub. ... aguja nautica ...”

1790. Fréméry (N. C. de), “Dissertatio ... de fulmine.”

1790. Segnitz (F. L.), “Specimen ... elect. animali ...”

1791. Peart (Edward), “On electricity ... Magn. ... and El. Atmospheres,” published at Gainsboro’.

1792. Aberg (V. J.), “... vim magneticam et electricam.”

1792. Carminati (Bassiano), in Brugnatelli’s _Giorn. Fis. Med._, II. p. 115.

1792. Reil (J. C.), “Uber thierische elektricität.”

1793. Creve (J. C. I. A.), “Beiträge zu Galvanism ...” published at Leipzig and at Frankfort. (See his “Phénomènes du galvanisme” in the _Mém. de la Société méd. d’émulation_.)

1793. Hauch (Adam Wilhelm von), his articles in the _Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. Ny Samml_, published at Copenhagen.

1794. Gutle (J. C.), “Zaubermechanik od. Beschreibung ...” published at Nürnberg.

1794. Hopf (C. G.), respond E. Eschenmayer, “Dissert. sistens ... theoriæ” (Sue, Vol. I. p. 133).

1797. Bressy (Jos.), “Essai sur l’électricité de l’eau.”

1798. Hoffmann (J. C.), “Anweisung gute Elektrisirmaschinen ...” published at Leipzig.

1798. Tingry (P. F.), two articles, “Sur la phosphorescence des corps” and “Sur la nature du fluide électrique,” published in the _Journal de Physique_, Vol. XLVII.

1798. Walker (Ralph), “A treatise on the magnet ...”

1799. Arnim (L. A. von), “Versuch einer theorie ...” published at Halle.

1799. “Proceedings of the Am. Phil. Soc.,” Old Series, Vol. IV. p. 162, for “An Essay tending to improve intelligible signals ...”

1800. Hulme (N.), see his “Experiments and Observations ...” in the _Philos. Trans._ for 1800, Part I. p. 161, as well as Vol. IV of Reuss’s _Repertorium_.

1800. Treviranus (Gottfried R.), see articles in _Gilb. Annal._, Vol. VII as well as in Vol. VIII.

APPENDIX V

MERCATOR’S PROJECTION

THE JUST CLAIM OF THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN, EDWARD WRIGHT

MERCATOR, GERARDUS (latinized form of Gerhard Kremer), 1512–1594, a Flemish geographer and mathematician, who is mentioned at pp. 79, 508, 516 of this “Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism,” is reported to have invented a new method of making maps. The name of Mercator, it is said, was given to Kremer on account of the great usefulness of his reported invention to mercators or merchants.

Mercator’s earliest map was published in 1537. One year later appeared his Map of the World (rediscovered during 1878 in New York), and, in 1541, he introduced a terrestrial globe which was followed, ten years afterwards, by his equally well-known celestial globe. Then appeared, in 1568–1569, the first edition of his celebrated planisphere, intended for use in navigation, which is the earliest known map on what is called “Mercator’s Projection,” and, in later years, he brought out many other maps as well as geographical tables, etc., which are too numerous to be specified here. [See article _Mercator_ in the Belgian “Biographie Nationale,” Vol. XIV, 1897, and consult likewise “L’œuvre géographique de Mercator” by Van Ostroy, “Meyers Konversations Lexikon,” 1897, Vol. XII, pp. 153–154, also “La Nouvelle Biographie Générale” de Mr. le Dr. Hœfer, Vol. XXV. p. 11.]

The original constructor of the chart known as “Mercator’s Projection” is, however, said to be a very able English mathematician, Edward Wright (1560–1615) who is alluded to herein at pp. 78, 79, 520, 524, 532. He was the designer of a very large sphere for Prince Henry, which showed the motion of the planets, etc., and he predicted the eclipses for a period of 17,100 years.

So much has been said herein regarding different well-known maps that the following cannot but prove interesting. It is in apparently just claim on behalf of Edward Wright to the above-named invention, and, as stated in the volume published during 1880 by John Davis for the Hakluyt Society, the first Map of the World that was engraved in England on Wright’s (Mercator’s) projection is fully described by Mr. C. M. Coote in a Note at pp. 85–95 of the Davis “Voyages and Works.” That map, he says, was published one year after Wright had explained the principle of the projection in his “Certain Errors.” From Mr. Coote’s description, the following is extracted:

What appears to have escaped the notice of Hallam, and those who have attempted to describe it at various times down to our day, is, that our map is laid down upon the projection commonly known as Mercator’s. So little appears to be known as to the early history of this projection, that as recently as April 16, 1878, it has been suggested by Mr. Elias F. Hall that charts upon this projection were not in general use among seamen at a period much earlier than 1630. Still more recently it has been gravely asserted that a distinguished Admiral of the American navy only knew of it as the Merchant’s projection, and that he never knew that there was such a man as Mercator. In 1569 was produced at Duisbourg, Mercator’s well-known _Mappemonde_, and many years elapsed before it attracted the notice of other mapmakers. However interesting it may be to us as a monument of geography, it is now admitted that, as regards the projection, it is only approximately correct up to latitude 40. For the want of a demonstration of the true principles upon which such a projection was to be laid down, beyond the legend on the _Mappemonde_, it found but few imitators. The only three known to us are Bernardus Puteanus of Bruges in 1579, Cornelius de Jode in 1589, and Petrus Plancius in 1594. Of the first and third no examples of their maps on this projection are known to exist, these two doubtless had all the imperfections of the original Mercator. De Jode’s “Speculum Orbis Terrarum” of 1589 is remarkable, as, while being on the old plane projection with the lines of latitude and longitude equidistant, there is to be seen on it a feeble attempt to divide the central meridional line according to the idea of Mercator, one of the best possible proofs how imperfectly this idea was understood by Mercator’s own fellow-countrymen. About 1597 was published by Jodocus Hondius in Amsterdam, a map entitled Typus Totius Orbis Terrarum, etc., easily to be recognized by an allegorical figure, at the bottom of it, of a Christian soldier armed for the fight against all the powers of evil. This is on the true projection, known as Mercator’s, but which is really that of Edward Wright. From Hondius’ connection with Mercator, and whose joint portraits from the frontispiece of the well-known Atlas of the latter, it might with good reason be supposed that Hondius acquired the art of projecting this map from Mercator, yet if one thing is more certain than another in the history of this projection, it is the fact that Hondius did not acquire this art from Mercator or his map, but from Edward Wright, the friend and colleague of Hakluyt.

In proof of this, the following evidence is adduced. We learn from Blundeville that, at some previous period, probably as early as 1592, Wright sent his friend, the author, “a table to drawe thereby the parallells in the Mariner’s Carde, together with the vse thereof in trewer sort, with a draught” or diagram of the projection. These, it is evident, were extracts from Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” then in MS. Wright, in his preface to the reader, in his work when printed, bitterly complains that he was induced to lend MS. to Hondius, who, with its aid and without Wright’s consent, prepared and published several “mappes of the World, which maps had been vnhatched, had not he [Hondius] learned the right way to lay the groundwork of some of them out of his book.” That the above Typus is one of the printed maps complained of, seems to be proved by the allusion to Wright to be found on it.

The strongest evidence against the theory of Hondius having acquired this art from Mercator, is the fact that in none of the subsequent editions of Mercator’s Atlases edited by him is there a map on this projection to be found. The truth is, that to Wright, and not to Mercator, is due the honour of being the first to demonstrate the true principles upon which such maps were to be laid down by means of the now well-known Tables of meridional parts.

The first legitimate attempt to lay down a map upon the really true projection, is no other than the original of our map. Before proceeding to point out some of its remaining points of interest, it will be convenient here to endeavour to remove one or two misapprehensions respecting it, which are even now entertained by more than one of our eminent booksellers.

Mr. Quaritch, without adducing the least amount of evidence, asserts that “Hakluyt intended to insert this map in his work of 1589.” This is impossible, as from internal evidence it could not possibly have been produced at an earlier period than 1598 or 1599, as has been before pointed out. Upon this point we fear that Mr. Quaritch has allowed himself to be misled by the pardonable blunder of Hallam. Again he says, that Hakluyt calls the original of our great map a terrestrial globe. This is also a mistake. When Hakluyt said a globe, he meant one, and not a map; such a globe as he describes was forthcoming in 1592, at a period midway between the first edition of the “Voyages” and the appearance of our map. The only example of this globe at present known to exist is preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple.

Hitherto one of the difficulties in describing and establishing the identity of this map has been its anonymous authorship. Mr. Quaritch, in an otherwise fair appreciation of the writer’s labours in this direction, has thought fit, in another part of his catalogue, to charge the writer with appropriating Mr. Quaritch’s labours in this matter of authorship. The charge has found no foundation in any fact whatsoever. The writer’s conclusions about it were based solely upon a comparison made between our map and a globe, two things which Mr. Quaritch has confounded. The globe referred to is known to be by Molyneux, the reference to it in the title of the map led the writer to the not unnatural inference that they were by one and the same author. This position the writer strengthened by two quotations from a scarce tract by the late Dr. J. G. Kohl of Bremen, which was published twenty years before Mr. Quaritch’s catalogue of 1877 [No. 11919] saw the light. The conclusion arrived at by the writer, without any assistance from Quaritch, was that our map, circa 1600, was a new one, on a new projection, made by one of the most eminent globe-makers of his time, probably under the superintendence of Hakluyt. The evidence upon this point is of course strongly circumstantial only, which future research may either refute or confirm. Be this as it may, one thing is now quite certain, namely, that our map, to a very great extent, bears evidence upon the face of it of the handiwork of another of Hakluyt’s friends and colleagues, hitherto unsuspected, we take it, even by Mr. Quaritch. Allusion has been already made to Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” the first edition of which was published in 1599. In 1610 appeared the second edition, in which mention is made of a general map, which map it has not been our good fortune to see, as the copy in our national library is without it. Several editions were subsequently published by Moxon. In these are to be seen copies of a map laid down upon lines almost identical with ours. They have geographical additions up to date, and also indicate the variations of the compass. These later maps are avowedly ascribed to Wright, and a comparison of any one of them with our map most certainly points to one common source, namely, the original. The conclusion is therefore irresistible, that whatever may be due to Molineux or Hakluyt in the execution of the original, it also represents the first map upon the true projection by Edward Wright. It will be observed as a somewhat happy coincidence that Hallam’s almost first words of introduction to our map are a reference to the Arctic work of Davis, 1585–1587. On the map is also to be observed a record of the discovery by the Dutchman Barents, of northern Novaya Zemlya, in his third voyage in 1596. This is the latest geographical discovery recorded upon it, which serves not only to determine the date of the map, but to establish for it the undoubted claim of being the earliest one engraved in England, whereon this last important Arctic discovery is to be found. The striking similarity between our map and Molineux’s globe, in the delineations of these Arctic discoveries of Davis and Barents, seems to point to the conclusion that, so far as the geography is concerned, they both came from one source, namely, the hands of Molyneux.

Arctic discovery did not escape the notice of our immortal Shakespere. In some fifty lines preceding his supposed reference to our map in “Twelfth Night,” occur the following words. “You are now sailed into the north of my lady’s opinion, where you will hang like an icicle on a Dutchman’s beard.” The antithetical idea being of course the equatorial region of the lady’s opinion. If the date assigned to it is correct it is probable in the extreme that the thought underlying these words was suggested to the mind of Shakespere by a glance at the upper portion of our map, evidently well known in his time as a separate publication. The remaining points that call for notice are as follows. The improved geography of the whole of the eastern portion of our map, as compared with its contemporaries, and the traces of the first appearance of the Dutch under Davis and Houtman at Bantam. On all the maps was to be seen the huge Terra Australis of the old geography. This, as Hallam remarked, had been left out on our map; but what is so remarkable is that upon it is to be observed, rising “like a little cloud out of the seas, like a man’s hand,” the then unknown continent of Australia. It will be observed that Hallam describes the original as “the best map of the sixteenth century.” Mr. Quaritch improves upon this, and says it is “by far the finest chartographical labour which appeared, from the epoch of the discovery of America down to the time of d’Anville.” If this implies a reference to our map as a work of art, _i. e._ an engraving, we beg to differ from him, as such terms are misleading. As a specimen of map engraving, it will not compare with even its pirated prototype by Hondius. The art of engraving by Englishmen, more particularly that of maps, was at this period, as is well known, in its infancy. Maps and illustrations for books were for the most part executed abroad, and those who did work here were almost all foreigners. The two best known were Augustus Ryther, who executed among other things the maps for Saxton’s Atlas, and Hondius, who did those for Speed’s Atlas. Mr. Richard Fisher writes: “We have scarcely any record of any Englishmen practising engraving in this country prior to the commencement of the seventeenth century.” The names, however, of two are afforded us by Davis himself in his Introduction to the “Seaman’s Secrets,” namely, those of Molyneux and Hillyer. It is to be hoped that the position of our map in the history of cartography is secured upon firmer grounds than those suggested by the best intentions of Mr. Quaritch. It was the writer’s belief in this that first led him to express the hope that the original of the facsimile, so admirably done for the Society, would henceforth be as firmly associated with Shakespere’s “Twelfth Night” as it certainly is now, not only with the page of Hakluyt, but with the publications of the Society that bears his name.

INDEX

(_Embracing much additional data._--See _Preface_)

A

Abano--Apponensis, Aponus, Apianus, Apian, Bienewitz--Pietro di, “Tractatus de Venenis”; “Conciliator differentiarum ...,” 26, 35, 124, 501, 515, 526, 527. _See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori ...,” Vol. I. Part I. pp. 1–11; Bayle, Pierre, “Dictionnaire Historique ...,” Vol. I. pp. 383–386.

Abbas Messanensis. _See_ Maurolico.

Abbeville, Hist. Chr. d’, par Nicolas Sanson, 108

Abbott, Evelyn, translator of Max Duncker’s “History of Antiquity,” 7

Abd-Allatif--Movaffik, Eddin--Arabian physician (1162–1231), “Relation de l’Egypte,” 299

Abderites (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Abel, Dr. Clarke, of Brighton (_at_ A.D. 1816, Phillip, W.), 437

Abercorn, J. Hamilton, Earl of, “Calculations ... loadstones.” _See_ Hamilton, James.

Aberdeen University (_at_ Sir David Brewster), 466

Aberg, Ulrich Johann, “Comparatio ... magneticam,” 1792, 556

Abhand. Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften, 192

Abhand. d. Göttingen Kön. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 445

Abhand. d. Mathem. ... Kön. Baierische Akad. der Wissenschaften: München, 1808–1824, 433, 477

Abhand. d. Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Halle, 414

Abhand. zur Geschichte der mathematik: Leipzig, 126, 520, 535, 538, 541

Abilgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801), “Tentamina electrica,” 249

Abohalis. _See_ Avicenna.

Abrégé de l’Astronomie. _See_ Lalande, J. J. le François de.

Abrégé de l’histoire des Sarrazins. _See_ Bergeron, Pierre.

Absorption, dielectric (_at_ Faraday, Michael), 498

Abstracts of the papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions, 548. _See_ Royal Society, London.

Abul-Wéfa (Aboulwéfa), al bouzdjani (930–998), 93, 94, 512, 516

“Academia cæsarea leopoldino-carolina ... naturæ curiosum. ...” Hist. Nova Acta, etc.: Breslau Academy, 216, 273, 451

Academia electoralis inoguntina scientiarum utilium. Nova Acta, etc.: Erfurt, 12 Vols., 218

Academia electoralis scientiarum, _also_ called Academia Theodoro-Palatina.

Academia scientiarum imperalis petropolitana. Commentarii, Nova Acta, etc.: St. Petersburg Imperial Academy, 140, 204, 214, 232, 273, 274, 368

Academia secretum naturæ, 75

Academia Theodoro-Palatina ... Commentarii (Historia et Commentationes). _See_ Manheim, _also_ Hemmer, J. J.

Académie de l’industrie française, Journal des travaux de l’, 421

Académie de Marine, 274

Académie de Médecine: Paris, 237

Académie des Curieux de la Nature. _See_ Academia ... naturæ curiosum....

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres: Paris, 8, 520, 533

Académie des Sciences (Institut), Paris, Mémoires, Histoire, Table, etc. (_Comptes Rendus, Les_, will be found under separate head), 18, 34, 72, 81, 115, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 160, 161, 162, 169, 171, 177, 178, 183, 190, 192, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 214, 218, 220, 235, 237, 240, 248, 249, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 286, 288, 299, 300, 302, 303, 320, 329, 335, 337, 354, 380, 386, 387, 389, 395, 396, 407, 411, 412, 454, 455, 456, 460, 462, 466, 471, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 497

Académie du Gard, 10

“Academy and Literature,” 99. (In June 1902, “Literature” was incorporated with “The Academy.”)

Academy of Lignitz, 174

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., 356

Academy of Sciences. _See_ American, Bavarian, Barcelona, Belgium, Besançon, Brescia, Brussels, Cambridge (U.S.A.), Copenhagen, Genoa (147), Lyons, Madrid, Manheim, Montpellier, Padua, Paris, Prague, Naples, Saint Petersburg, Stockholm, Turin, Washington, etc.

Accademia Bonon. et Istituto, Commentarii, 7 Vols. 1731–1791. _See_ Bologna Academy.

Accademia del Cimento, Saggi di naturali esperienze (Essays of natural experiments), Firenze (Florence), 96, 129, 143, 554. _See_ Tozzetti, Antinovi, _also_ Magalotti, Iatromathematical school. Experiment at A.D. 1684, 143

Accademia Etrusca, Cortona, Italy, Memoirs, etc., Vols. I.-IX. 1755–1791, 58

Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei, Roma, Atti, etc., 71, 380

Accumulator, electrical (secondary battery), first constructed by Ritter, J. W., 380

Acerbi (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V.), 363

Achard, Franz Carl (1753–1821), 262–263, 275, 282, 327, 332

Achromatic telescope, first construction, 214. _See_ Kelly, John.

Acide galvanique (Journal de Paris, No. 362). _See_ Robertson, E. G., 351

Ackermann, Johann Friedrich (1726–1804), “Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung”--on the contact theory--1792; “Versuch einer ... Körper”; “Nachrichten ...,” 249, 284, 327

Acoromboni, Francesco (_at_ Sarpi, Pietro), 112

Acosta, C. d’, and Monardes, Nicholas, 516

Acosta, Joseph d’ (1540–1599), 21, 78, 118

“Acta Helvetica Physico-Mathematico. ...” _See_ Basle, Basel.

Acton, J. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Adam, Melchior, “Vitæ Germanorum Medicorum,” 508, 513

Adamantus. _See_ Origen.

Adamas, 15

Adams (_at_ Hali Abbas), 518 (_Appendix_, Barker’s Lemprière).

Adams, Charles Kendall, 38. _See_ Johnson’s Universal Cyclopædia, 38

Adams, George (1750–1795), “Essay on Electricity,” 1784, 1785, 1787, 1792, 1799; “Lectures ...,” 22, 160, 174, 201, 205, 206, 212, 231, 241, 258, 262, 263, 271, 280–281

Adams, John, President of U.S., 328

Adams’s language, the language of the Germans or Teutonic, 517

Adanson, Michel (1727–1806), 192–193, 218, 230, 296, 298, 374; “Histoire naturelle du Senegal,” etc.

Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), “The Spectator” (March 1, 1711 to Dec. 6, 1712), 99

Adelard (Aetheland) of Bath--Adelardus Bathonïensis (twelfth century), 1302, 57

Adsigerius, Petrus, by W. Wenckebach, 1865, 48, 53

Ægineta--Æginata, Ægenita--Paulus. _See_ Paulus Ægenita.

Ælianus, Claudius (Greek writer who fl. _c._ A.D. 250), 270

Æneas, the tactician (_at_ 341 B.C.), 12

“Æpinus atomized,” 218

Æpinus, Franciscus Maria Ulricus Theodorus (1724–1802), Mathematical theory of electricity (_at_ A.D. 1759); “Sermo Academicus de similitudine vis electricæ atque magneticæ”; Petropoli, 1758; “Exposition de la théorie de l’électricité de M. Æpinus”: Paris, 1787, 17, 185, 205, 215, 217–218, 286, 309, 310, 353, 415, 472, 553

Aerolites, Meteorites, Meteorolites, Meteors, 125, 151, 161, 258, 295, 313, 314, 315, 376, 380, 396, 414, 503. _See_ Fisher, E. G.; Fletcher, L.; Naidinger, W. R. von; Bjorn, Hans O.; Moigno, F. N. M.; Perego, Antonio; _also_ the references given by S. P. Thompson in his “Notes on the _De Magnete_ of Dr. William Gilbert,” 1901. _Consult_, likewise, the A.D. entries herein, as follows: 1790, Vassalli-Eandi, p. 295; 1794, Chladni, p. 313; 1801, Fourcroy, p. 354; 1803, Biot, E. C., p. 380; 1820, Laplace, p. 462

Aerolites, spontaneous ignition of, 313

Æschylus (525–456 B.C.), 3, 4. _See_ Euripides.

Æther--Ether--Ether theory, 12, 133, 183, 184, 213, 254, 360, 404, 498, 503

Ætius, Amidenus, Greek physician (fl. fifth to sixth century), 26, 27

“Afhandl. i Fisik” (Berzelius), 370

Affaitatus, Fortunius--Affaydatus--Italian physicist, 71. _See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol. I. Part I. p. 165.

Africanus, Sextus Julius, Optical signals, 22

Agamemnon’s line of optical signals, 3, 4

Agathias of Myrene (fl. sixteenth century), “De imperio ... gestis Justiniani,” 1648, 10

Agencies of electricity (Humphry Davy), 364

Aglave et Boulard, “Lumière Electrique,” 150, 152, 154, 166, 350

Agricola, Georgius--Bauer--Landmann (1494–1555), “De re metallica,” 501–502. _See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 139–140.

Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1486–1535), 82, 502; “De occulta philosophia,” etc. _See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 145–156.

Agulhas (Aguilhas), Cape (the Needles)--Capo d’Agulhas, most southerly point of Africa. _See_ Wm. Gilbert, by Gilbert Club, 1900, p. 178; _also_ Wm. Gilbert, by P. F. Mottelay, 1893, p. 266.

Ahrens, J. E. W., “Dissertatio ... qualitate et quantitate electricitis ...”: Kiel, 1813.

Aikin, John (1747–1822), “General Biography,” 10 Vols. 1799–1815, 92, 131, 245, 311

Air, plate of, electrified like a plate of glass, 205, 215, 217

Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801–1892), 335, 461

Akademie der Wissenschaften und ihre Gegner. _See_ Bavarian Academy.

Akenside, Mark, “The pleasures of imagination,” 555

Akin, C. K., on the origin of electricity (Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambridge), 1866.

Albategnius, Mahometes--Machometes Aractensis--Al-Battānī, a very prominent Arabian astronomer and mathematician (_d._ A.D. 929), 502

Al-Battānī. _See_ Albategnius.

Albert, M., “Amer. Ann. d. Artz,” 224

Albertus Magnus, the “Universal Doctor” (1193–1280), “De Mineralibus,” 16, 17, 18, 27, 34, 35–37, 39, 72, 82, 119, 125, 171, 524–525

Albinus, F. B., “Specimen ...” (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Albo, Comte Prosper (_at_ Galvani, A.), 284

Albrecht, Duke of Prussia, 70

Albrecht, G. T., “Geschichte der Electricität,” 206

Albumazar (A.D. 805–885), prominent Arabian astronomer.

Alcazar, Ludovicus (_at_ Zahn, F. J.), 146

Alchimie d’ Avicenne, 40

Alchimie et Alchimistes, 506. _See_ Figuier, Louis G. _Consult also_ “English books on alchemy” in Notes and Queries, 8th ser., xi, 363, 464.

Alchimistes du moyen-âge, 514

“Alchemy of Happiness,” by Mohammed Al-Ghazzali, 38

Alchemystical Philosophers, Lives of, 516

Alcibiades (_c._ 450–404 B.C.), 543

Aldini, Giovanni, nephew of Aldini (1762–1834), 270, 283, 304, 306, 326, 327, 331, 365, 366, 367, 374, 375, 393, 418, 419. _See_ “Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme,” 1804.

Aldrovandi--Aldrovandus--Ulysses, Ulisse (1522–1607), 8, 13, 72, 112, 113, 114, 126. “Musacum Metallicum.”

Alemanni, P. (Phil. Mag., Vol. XXVII. p. 339, 1807), 393

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717–1783), French mathematician, “Eléments de philosophie,” 1759; “Traité de dynamique”: Paris, 1743, 1781, 1796.

Alessandrini, Antonio, “Biografia Italiana”: Bologna, 1858. _See_ Bologna, “Nuovi Annali.”

Alexander Aphrodisacus--Aphrodisiensis (second century A.D.), 503, 511, 512. _See_ Speng, _also_ Joannes Petrus, _Lucensis_.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia (_at_ Schilling, P. L.), 421

Alexander, James (_at_ Franklin, B.), 197

Alexander of Hales (_d._ 1245), 35, 38–39. _Doctor Irrefragabilis._

Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (356–323 B.C.), 81, 333, 530

Alexandre, Jean (_at_ A.D. 1802), 360–361

“Alexandria and her schools,” Charles Kingsley, 534

Alfarabius--Alpharabius--Al-Farabi (870–950), 37–38

Alfonso Diego. _See_ Diego.

Alfonso el IX. (Alfonso--Alonzo--X., according to chronological order); “Las siete Partidas ...,” 60, 544

Alfonso the Tenth. _See_ Alfonso el IX.

Al Gazel--Al Ghazzali (1058–1111), 37, 38

Alibard, Thomas François d’. _See_ Dalibard.

Alibert, C., “Eloges ...,” 240, 258, 284

Alizeau (_at_ Aldini, G.), 305

Alkalies, fixed decomposition of, 340, 341, 343, 372

Allamand, Jean Nicholas Sebastian (1713–1787), 170, 173, 299

Allen, Z., “Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature,” 1852.

Allen, Z., and Hare, R., 449

Allen, Z., and Pepys, W. H., 372. _See also_ Romagnosi; Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol. I. Part I. 403–408; Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 212–213.

Alleyne, S. F., Translator of E. Zeller’s “Hist. of Greek Philosophy,” 511

Allgem. ... Annal. der Chemie. See Scherer, A. N.

Allgem. bauzeitung ... von Förster, L. von: Wien, 1836–1876, 422, 440

Allgem. Deutsche Bibliothek, 256

Allgem. Deutsche Biographie: Leipzig, 218, 384. _See_ Mitscherlich and Tralles, J. G.

Allgem. Encyklopædie. _See_ Ersch and Gruber.

Allgem. Gelehrten Lexicon. _See_ Jöcher, C. G., 71

Allgem. Journal der Chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Allgem. Koust-en-Letterb. _See_ Vorsellmann de Heer.

“Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung”: Halle, 413

Allgem. Magazin der Natur-Kunst. _See_ Lipsiae.

“Allgem. Nördlische Annalen der Chemie ...” _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Alliaco, Cardinal Petrus de--Pierre d’ Ailly (1350–1420), Chancellor of the Paris University; “Imago Mundi,” 34

Allibone, S. Austin, “Critical Dictionary of English Literature,” 92, 102, 132

Almagests of Aboulwéfa, Ptolemy, Riccioli, and others, 55, 512, 513, 516

“Almagestum Novum. Astronomiam ...”; Bologna, 1651. _See_ Riccioli, G. B.

Al-Majusi--Hali Abas, 518

Alphabetical, Autographic, Autokinetic, Automatic, and other telegraphs. _Consult_ Index to Catalogue of Wheeler Gift to Am. Ins. El. Eng., Vol. II. pp. 453–463.

Alphonso Diego. _See_ Diego.

Alphonso, King of Arrago (_at_ School of Athens), 544

Altdorf (Franconia), University of, 129

Althaus, Julius von (_b._ 1791), “Versuche ... elektromagnetismus ...”: Heidelberg, 1821, 326

Alvord, General B. H. W., U.S.A., 259, 260

Amænitates academicæ ...: Stockholm.

Amænitates literariæ ..., 202

Amand, Walkiers de Saint, of Brussels (Lichtenberg Mag., III., 118, 1785), 448, 449

Amatus Lusitanus. _See_ Lusitanus Amatus.

Amaury, Marrigues à Montfort l’, 1773, 385

Amber. _See_ Electron, 10

Amber and the Magnet, different names given to them by the ancients. _See_ the numerous citations made by Dr. S. P. Thompson in his “Notes” on Gilbert’s _De Magnete_.

Amber, historical account of, in Phil. Trans. for the year 1699, Nos. 248 and 249

Amécourt, Ponton d’, 285

America, name given to New World in honour of Am. Vespuccius, 535

American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Boston, 199, 259, 371

American Annual of Scientific Discovery. _See_ Annual.

American Association, 1868, 389, 487

American Association for the advancement of science, 260, 315

American Electrical Society Journal: Chicago, Ill.

American Electrician: New York, 1896–1905.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers: New York, xiv

American Journal of Psychology, 445, 476

American Journal of Science and the Arts: New Haven, U.S.A., 1818 to date. _See_ Silliman, B.

American Meteorological Journal, 321

American Philosophical Society. Transactions, etc.: Philadelphia, Penn., 67, 193, 228, 237, 241, 259, 282, 283, 298, 299, 319, 327, 328, 329, 337, 354, 373, 448, 449, 557

American Polytechnic Review, 367

Amerigo Vespucci, the Florentine. _See_ Vespucci.

Ames, Joseph, Typog. Antiq. (Herbert): London, 1749, 95

Ammersin, Rev. Father Windelinus--Wendelino, of Lucerne, 209

Ammoniacal amalgam first explained by Berzelius and Pontin, 370

Amontous, Guillaume (1663–1705), 143, 149, 254, 301, 434

Amoretti, Carlo (1741–1816), “Nuova scelta d’opuscoli,” 2 Vols.: Milano, 1804 and 1807; “Scelta di Opuscoli,” 36 Vols., and its sequel in 22 Vols.: Milano, 208, 224, 233, 248, 252, 253, 254, 257, 295, 298, 337, 347, 367, 383, 387, 393, 401. _See_ Ritter, Johann Wilhelm.

Amort, Eusebius (1692–1775), “Philosophia Pollingana ...”: Augsburg, 1730.

Ampelius, Ansonio Lucius (fl. third century A.D.), “Liber Memorialis,” 18

Ampère, André Marie (1775–1836), “Théorie des phénomènes électro-dynamiques ...,” 1826; “Memoires sur l’action mutuelle ...,” 1820–22, 1826, 1827; “Analyse des Mémoires ...” (Ann. de Phys. de Bruxelles, Vol. VII.), 7, 344, 352, 356, 375, 380, 420, 421, 422, 452, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 471–476, 478, 482, 483, 484, 485. The unit of current was named after Ampère; the other electrical measures are: the Volt, unit of pressure; the Ohm, unit of resistance, and the Watt, unit of power.

Ampère, A. M., and Babinet, J. _See_ Babinet Jacques; _also_ Nipher, Francis Eugène.

Ampère, Jean Jacques Antoine (1800–1864), 476

Amsterdam, “Vaderlandsche Biblioteek ...,” I., 1773–1796.

Amyot--Amiot--Le Père (1718–1794), 259

Anacharsis, Travels in Greece, 291

Analogia electricitatis et magnetismi. _See_ Swinden, J. H. van, 272; _also_ Cigna, G. F., 224

Analogy between caloric and the electric fluid, 386

Analogy of electricity and lightning. _See_ articles on Franklin and on Nollet.

Anaxagoras of Clazomene (500–428 B.C.), one of the greatest Greek philosophers, 15, 503, 511, 512, 524, 532, 542

Anaximander of Miletus (610–547 B.C.), 503; successor of Thales.

Anaximenes of Miletus (born _c._ 528 B.C.), 503. _See_ Speng.

Andala, Ruardus, “Exercitationes academicæ ...,” 1708, 122

Anciennes relations des Indes et de la Chine, par E. Renandot, 60

Andrew, the Florentine--(Andrea Florentino--mentioned in Guerino’s Venetia, 1477 folio), 57

Andrews, Professor (_at_ Keir, James), 297

Andrieux, Professor François Emile, “Mémoire ...,” 1824, 326, 476

Andry et Thouret, “Observations et recherches sur l’aimant,” 245. (Reuss, Repertorium, xii, 18.)

Angell, John, “Magnetism and electricity,” 28

Angelstrom, D. (_at_ Dalton, J.), 308

Anglade, J. G., “Essai sur le galvanisme,” 326

Angos, Mr. le Chevalier d’, 235

Angström, Anders Jöns (1814–1874), Swedish physicist who wrote extensively on magnetism, heat, and on the Zodiacal Light, 141

Animal Magnetism. _See_ Magnetism, Animal.

Annalen der chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Annalen der chemie, von Liebig (Justus von): Heidelberg.

Annalen der pharmacie. _See_ Liebig, Justus von.

Annalen der physik und chemie, Johann Christian Poggendorff: Leipzig. _See_ Journal der Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der physik und chemie. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der physik und der physikalischen chemie, L. W. Gilbert: Halle und Leipzig. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der telegraphie. _See_ P. W. Brix, _also_ “Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen ...”

Annalen für das universalsystem der elemente ... von Sertürner: Göttingen.

Annalen für meteorologie.... _See_ Johann Lamont.

Annales de chimie. _See_ Mons, Jean Baptiste van.

Annales de chimie et de physique, par Gay-Lussac, etc., Vols. I.-LXXV, etc.: Paris, 119, 140, 157, 195, 218, 230, 233, 247, 248, 249, 261, 270, 279, 280, 284, 290, 291, 294, 297, 299, 306, 321, 335, 340, 344, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 363, 368, 370, 372, 376, 378, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396, 406, 412, 414, 416, 420, 423, 426, 434, 441, 454, 455, 459, 462, 464, 473, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 482, 483, 485, 487, 494, 495

Annales de chimie ..., par De Morveau, etc., Vols. I.-XCVI., 1789–1815. _See_ Paris.

Annales d’électricité et de magnétisme ... publicés, par Mr. Georges Dumont: Paris, 1889–1890.

Annales de geographic et de bibliographie, 34, 58, 59, 536

Annales de la Société de Médecine de Montpellier. _See_ Montpellier.

Annales de la Société des Sciences d’Orléans, Vols. I.-XIV., 1819–1836.

Annales de l’électricité: Bruxelles, 1882–1884.

Annales de l’électricité médicale, 326

Annales de l’Observatoire de Bruxelles. _See_ Brussels, _also_ Quetelet, L. A. J.

Annales de physique de Bruxelles, 476

Annales des mines, 380, 455

Annales des sciences et des arts ... par Maisonneuve: Paris, 1808–1809.

Annales des sciences faisant suite au Journal des Savants, 551

Annales du Magnétisme Animal: Paris.

Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle. _See_ Museum.

Annales Encyclopédiques. _See_ Millin de Grandmaison.

Annales générales de sciences physiques et naturelles: Bruxelles, 1819–1831, par MM. Bory de St. Vincent, Drapez et Van Mons, 255

Annales Mundi. _See_ Briet, Philippe.

Annales, or, a generalle chronicle of England, by Stow, John, 211

Annales Ord. Min. _See_ Wadding.

Annales politiques, 265

Annales télégraphiques: Paris, 368, 423

Annali del Reale Osservatorio Meteorologico ... Napoli. _See_ Palmieri, Luigi.

Annali delle scienze del Regno Lombardo Veneto, del Fusinieri (Ambrogio): Padova, Milano, Venezia, 298, 314

Annali delle scienze naturali: Bologna.

Annali delle scienze naturali. _See_ Padua.

Annali di chimica, dall Polli, Vols. I.-XLVIII.: Milano, 1845–1868.

Annali di chimica ..., di Brugnatelli, L. V.: Pavia.

Annali di fisica, chimica ..., Majocchi, Giov. Aless.: Milano.

Annali di fisica ..., dell’ Zantedeschi, Franc.: Padova.

Annali di matematica pura a applicata ..., da Tortoloni, Barnàba: Roma, 54

Annali di scienze ... da Tortoloni, Barnaba, etc.: Roma.

Annali di scienze matematiche e fisiche, da Tortoloni, Barnaba, 8 Vols.: Roma, 1850–1857.

Annali di storia naturale: Bologna.

Annalium Hirsaugiensium ... 1690. _See_ Trithemius, Johannes.

Annals of Caius Cornelius Tacitus, 140

Annals of chemistry ... electricity, galvanism ...: London.

Annals of chemistry. _See_ Philosophical Magazine.

Annals of Clan-mac-noise, 139

Annals of electricity, magnetism and chemistry. _See_ Sturgeon, Wm.: London, 1836–1843.

Annals of philosophical discovery.... _See_ Sturgeon, Wm.

Annals of philosophy, or magazine of chemistry ... and the arts. _See_ Thomson (Thos.); united with the Philosophical Magazine.

Annals of Turin Observatory. _See_ Turin.

Année Scientifique et Industrielle. _See_ Figuier, Louis.

Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, 195, 266, 315, 321, 481

Annual of scientific discovery: Boston 1850–1851; edited by Wells, D. A. and others (continued as Annual Record of Science and Industry), 300, 330, 386, 416, 445, 449, 460, 476, 481, 498

“Annus Magnus,” the work of Aristarchus of Samos, covering 2484 years, 505

Anschell, Salmon (_at_ Humboldt, Alex. von), 333

Anselmo, Georgio (_at_ Aldini, Giov.), 305

Ansicht der chemischen naturgesetze. _See_ Niebuhr Karsten.

Antheaulme--Antheaume, M. de l’académie des sciences, “Traité sur les aimans artificiels,” 1760, 190, 274

Anthony of Bologna, called the Panormitan, 56

Anthropo-telegraph of Knight Spencer, 400

“Anti-Jacobin Magazine,” 311

Anti-magnetic bodies, observations on, 387

Anti-Nicene Christian Library, 525

Antinori, “Notizie istoriche ... Accad. del Cimento”: Firenze, 1841; Antinori and Nobili, 477

Antiochenus, Stephanus (_at_ Hali-Abas), 519

Anti-phlogistic doctrine, 261, 386

Antipodes and rotundity of earth ridiculed, 523–525

Antiquitates Americanæ, 115

Antiquitates Italiæ Modii-Acri, 539

Antisthenes, Greek philosopher (_b._ 423 B.C.); founder of the Cynic school of philosophy, 543

“Antologia, giornale di scienze ..., dir Vieusseux”: Firenze, 256, 482

Antologia Romana. _See_ Gandolfi, B.

Antonia, Paola (Novelli), 505

Antonii, Bibl. Hisp. Vetus., 39

Antonio, Nicolas, “Bibl. Hisp. Nova,” 528

Antonius de Fantis. _See_ Fantis.

Antonius Musæ Brasavolus. _See_ Brasavolus.

“Aperçus historiques sur la boussole.” _See_ Avezac d’.

_Aphron_ (south) and _Zohron_ (north), 33, 35

Apianus. _See_ Abano.

Apjohn, James (_at_ Pearson, Geo.), 325

Apollo (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Apollonius of Perga (born _c._ 262 B.C.), 540, 541

Apollonius of Tyana (fl. first century A.D.). Life of, by Philistratus, 8, 533

Aponus. _See_ Abano.

Appleton and Company, “New American Cyclopædia,” 22 Vols.; “Dictionary of Machines, Mechanics ...,” 22, 149, 255, 286, 316, 317, 318, 446, 449, 481

Apuleius--Appuleus (fl. second century), “Apologia and Florida”: Leipzig, 1900, 8

Aquinas. _See_ Thomas Aquinas.

Aractensis Machometes. _See_ Albatagnius.

Arago, Dom. François Jean (1786–1853), vii, 126, 138, 142, 166, 190, 195, 208, 228, 248, 259, 266, 309, 315, 321, 344, 375, 380, 389, 396, 412, 416, 417, 455, 461, 464, 472, 476, 477–481, 482, 484, 485, 520

Aranjuez-Madrid, telegraph line, 1798, 318

Aratus of Soli, in Cilicia (born _c._ 315 B.C.), 533

Arcana of science and art ...: London, 1828–1838.

Archelaus, Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., surnamed _Physicus_, 503, 532, 542

“Archeologia philosophica nova ...”: London, 1663, 4, 210. _See_ Harvey, Gideon.

Archimedes (_c._ 287–212 B.C.), whom Lodge calls the “father of physics,” 533, 540, 541, 544

Archives de l’électricité, par Rive, M. A. de la; Supplément à la “Bibliothequè Universelle,” de Genève.

Archives der mathematik und physik. _See_ Grundig, C. G.

Archives des sciences.... _See_ Genève.

Archives des sciences physiques. _See_ “Bibliothèque Universelle”: Genève.

Archives du magnétisme animal, 237

Archives du Musée Tyler, 160

Archives du Nord, pour la physique et la médecine: Copenhagen, 353

Archives ... Ges. Natural, 288

Archives für chemie und meteorologie. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.

Archives für ... naturlehre. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.

Archives littéraires, 351

Archives Néerlandaises, 142

Archytas of Tarentum (_c._ 428–347 B.C.), Greek scientist of the Pythagorean school, 532, 544

Arcothea (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Arcueil, La Société d’, 236, 386, 389

Arcy, Patrik d’ (1725–1799), 177

Arderon, M. (_at_ Milly, N. C. de Thy), 235

Ardoniis--Ardonyis--Santes de, _Pisaurensis_; “Liber de Venenis,” 1492, 26

Arella, Carnerale Antonio, “Storia dell’ Elettricita,” 2 Vols., 1839, 296

Arezzo, Ristoro d’, 50

Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1799–1875), in the Vörtragen geh. in der Königsberg Gesellschaft, 139

Argelatti, Philippo, native of Bologna (1685–1755), “Biblioth. Mediol.,” 528, 540

Argentelle, Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’ (1777–1828), 302, 303

Argolus, Andreas, “Epistola ad Davidem,” 1610, 553

Aristarchus of Samos (fl. 280–264 B.C.), Greek astronomer, 505, 519, 530, 533, 541

Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), xix, 7, 11, 15, 21, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 57, 81, 88, 124, 129, 136, 230, 323, 333, 370, 503, 504, 507, 511, 524, 532, 533, 537, 539, 541, 543. “De Anima, libri tres ...”; “De Cœlo, libri quatuor ...”; “De Generatione ... libri duo ...”; “Meteorologicorum, libri quatuor ...”; “De naturali auscultatione ...”; Joannes a Trinitate; Joannes Baptista, 1748; Joannes de Mechlinea. _See_ Jourdain, C. M. G. B.; Scaliger, J. C.; Speng, Leonhard; Taylor, Thomas.

Arlandes, Comte d’ (_at_ Charles, J. A. C.), 288

Arlensis, “Sympathia septem metallorum,” 1610, 553

Arlincourt, M. d’ (_at_ Cruikshanks, Wm.), 338

Armagh Observatory, 92

Armangaud, Jeune. _See_ “Electricité L’.”

Armed loadstones or magnets, 86 (Gilbert), 100 (Bacon).

Armées Météores, Les, 115

Armstrong and Faraday (_at_ Schübler, G.), 416

Armstrong, Sir William George, First Lord, F.R.S., “Electric Movement in Air and Water” (1810–1900).

Arnaldus de Villa Nova--Arnaud de Villeneuve, dit de Bachuone (1235–1312); “Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum,” 27, 505–506

Arnaud and Porna, 385

Arnim, Ludwig Achim von (1781–1831), “Versuch. einer theorie ...”; “A treatise on the magnet”: Halle, 1799, 285, 393, 557

Arnold, Brother, “La Salle Institute” (Peregrinus), 45

Arnold, Matthew, Oxford Lectures, 6

Arrais, Edoardo, Madeira--Arraes, Duarte Madeyra, 135–137

Arrhenius, Claudius--Claes--Clas (1627–1694), 140, 141. _See_ “Nouv. Biogr. Univ.”, 351–352

Arrhenius, Svante August, Director of the Physico-Chemical Department of the Nobel Institute, Stockholm (1859), 391, 392

Arriaga, Rodericus de, 505

Arsaces, Queen of Ethiopia, 8

Arsinoë, temple of, 18

Arsonval, Arsène d’ (1851), 420

Artaxerxes Mnemon, King of Persia (404–358 B.C.), 196

“Art de vérifier les dates....” _See_ Saint Allais, 2

Art of making signals, both by sea and by land, 149

Arts and Sciences, New Universal History of, 155

Arts (Royal), Society of, London. _See_ Journal of the Society of Arts: London.

Asclepius, the _ascendants_ or _horoscopes_ of, 541 (fl. end of fifth century A.D.).

Ash, Dr. Edward (_on_ the action of metals ...), 337

Ashburner, Dr. John, translator of Reichenbach’s “Physico-Physiological Researches,” 140, 401

Askesian Society, founded by Pepys, W. H., and others, 371

Association, British, for the advancement of science. _See_ British Association.

Astatic needles, invented by Ampère (A.D. 1820), 473, 475

Asterisks, large and small, in Gilbert’s _De Magnete_, 83, 545

Astrolabe (_at_ A.D. 1235–1315), invented by Hipparchus, 32, 46, 54, 148 (Bion), 520, 530

Astronom. Jahrbuch of Schumacher for 1838 (entered _at_ Oersted, A.D. 1820), 455

Astronomia Britannica. _See_ Newton, John.

Astronomical Society of France. _See_ Paris.

Astronomical Society of Great Britain. _See_ London.

Astronomische Abhandlungen of Schumacher (entered _at_ Fraunhofer, A.D. 1814–1815), 432

“Astronomische Gesellschaft Vierteljahrschrift:” Leipzig, 1866–1876, 165

Astronomy, Historical account of, 521

Astruc, Jean, “Historie de la faculté de médecine de Montpellier,” 506

Ateneo, Commentarii, Perego, Antonio: Brescia.

Ateneo di Venezia. _See_ Venetian Athenæum.

Athenæ Britannicæ. _See_ Davies, Myles-Miles.

Athenæ Cantabrigienses. _See_ Cooper, C. H.

Athenæ Oxionenses. _See_ Wood, Anthony à.

“Athenæum:” London, 33, 134, 209, 495, 496

Athenæum of Treviso, 253

Athens, School of, 542–544

Atkinson, H. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Atlantic line of no declination, 64

“Atlantic Monthly,” 114

Atlas showing charts of magnetic variation, 62

Atmosphere, electricity of the, 319–321

Atmospheric electricity. _See_ Electricity, atmospheric.

“Atmospheric magnetism” (taken from Jameson’s Journal), 498

Atomic doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, 512

Atomic theory of chemistry, 307

Atomistic philosophy, 512

Atoms, doctrine of, 543

Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei: Roma.

Atti (also Memorie) dell’ I. R. Istituto Venet. di scienze. _See_ Venetian I. R. Institution.

Attractive poynt of Robert Norman, 76

Atwood, George, “A description ... natural philosophy,” 1776, 212

Aubenas, George Adolphe. _See_ Miller, B. E. C.

Aubert, H., “Electrometrische Flasche”: Paris, 1789, 282

Aubrelicque of Compiègne, 34

Augé, Claude. _See_ Larousse, Pierre.

Augustin, Friedrich Ludwig (_b._ 1776), “Vorn Galvanismus ...”: Berlin, 1801; “Versuch einer geschichte ... elektricität ...,” 1803, 326, 383

Augustine, Aurelius, Saint (354–430), the most prominent of the Latin Fathers of the Church, xix, 18, 20, 21, 25–26, 73, 74, 124, 523, 525. _See_ Monroe Cyclopædia, Vol. I. pp. 300–301.

Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d’Orleans, duc d’ (1822–1907). _See_ Dazebry, Charles, et Bachelot, The., “Dictionnaire ...” p. 300, xix.

Aurifaber, Andreas (1512–1559), “Succini historia”: Konigsberg, 1551, 8

Aurora Australis, or Southern Polar Light, 141. _See_ Ulloa, A. de, 165–166

Aurora Borealis, or Northern Polar Light, 138–141; its first distinctive name, _Nororljós_, was given it by the Icelandic settlers of Greenland (Cleasby and Vigfusson’s Dictionary), 114, 396. _Consult_ the entries herein under A.D. 1683, pp. 137–141, _also at_ Dalton, pp. 307–308; 1793–1797, Robison, pp. 308–311; 1799, Humboldt, pp. 330–335; 1807, Young, pp. 395–396; 1820, Arago, pp. 477–481. _Consult_ Ramus, J. F., and Capron, J. Rand.

Auroræ Boreales, Catalogue of, 140

Auroræ Boreales, Chronological Summary of Authors, 140

Auroræ Boreales, Theory of Max Hell, 233

Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (_c._ A.D. 309–393), “Mosella,” 11, 18

Austen. _See_ Roberts, Austen.

Autolycus of Pitana, Greek astronomer, author of “De Sphæra” (fourth century B.C.), 541

Autun, Honorius d’, “Imago Mundi,” 35

Autun. _See_ Société d’Agriculture.

“Avazamenti della Medicina e Fisica.” _See_ Brugnatelli, L. V.

Avelloni, D. d’, “Lettera ... al fuoco elettrico,” 315, 555

Avempace, Arabian philosopher (_d._ 1138), 36, 39

Averroës, Muhammed Ibn Ahmed Ibn-Roschd (1120–1198), 36, 38, 39–40, 124, 544. _See_ Bayle, P., “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 552–562

Averroës et l’Averroïsme. _See_ Renan.

Averroïsme au xiii^e siècle, 37, 505

Avezac, M. d’, “Aperçus historiques sur la boussole,” 1858–1860, 63, 536

Avicenna--Abu ’Ali Hufain Ibn ’Abd Allah, Ibn Siná, _Abohalis_ (980–1037), 22, 26, 27, 36, 37, 40, 169, 509, 516

Avogadro, Amadeo, Comte de Quaregna (1776–1856). _Consult_ Bibl. Univ. Suppl. Arch. l’Electricité, Vol. II. pp. 102–110; Mem. di Torino for 1823 and 1846; Botto, G. D.

Axon, William Edward Armitage (Proc. Phil. Soc. of Manchester, Vol. 16, pp. 166–171, 1877, relative to Strada); “On the history of the word telegraph” (Proc. Lit. Soc. of Manchester, Vol. 19, pp. 182–184, 1880).

Ayres, Brown (Journ. Franklin Inst., Ser. 3, Vol. 75, pp. 378–393 and Scientific American Supplement, July 6, 1878, concerning the telephone).

Ayrton and Perry (_at_ Faraday, M.), 492

Ayrton, William Edward. _See_ Romagnosi (Journ. of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871), 492

Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe (_b._ 1766), “Theorie générale de l’électricité, du galvanisme et du magnetisme,” 1807, 248

Azuni, Domenico Alberto (1749–1827), “Dissertation sur l’origine de la boussole,” 1805 (Dissertazione sull’ origine della bussola nautica, 1797), 1, 3, 17, 22, 30, 31, 33, 43, 55, 57, 60, 69

Azyr, Vicq d’, 302, 303

B

Babbage, Charles (1792–1871) _at_ p. 467 and mentioned at p. 466

Babinet, Jacques (1794–1872) and Ampère, A. M., “Exposé des nouvelles découvertes, par Oersted ...”: Paris, 1822, 475, 482, 483

Babington, Dr. William (1756–1833), (_at_ Cruikshanks, Wm., A.D. 1800), 338

Babini, G. (_at_ Morichini, D. P., A.D. 1812–1813), 424

Bacelli, Liberto Giovanni (1772–1835), “Risultati dell’ esperienze ...,” 455, 479

Bache, Dr. William (_at_ Mesmer, F. A., A.D. 1772), 237

Bacher, Alex. André Philippe Frédéric, Recueil périodique: “Journal de médecine,” 307

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, called by Sir Oliver Lodge “the herald of the dawn of science” (1561–1626), “Novum Organum”--Novum Organon--Bibliographical Account, xiv, 88, 89, 90, 92, 99–103, 129, 167, 171, 511

Bacon, Roger--Bacconis, Rogerii--(1214–1294), les éditions de. _See_ Monroe, “Cyclopædia,” Vol. I. pp. 316, 317, _also_ pages herein, 16, 34, 36, 37, 41–43, 45, 59, 119, 124, 137, 171

Baddam, Benjamin. _See_ Royal Society.

Bærle, K. van. _See_ Barlæus.

Baffin, William, Baffin’s Bay, 98

Bagdad Observatory; _also_ Bagdad University, 38

Baguette divinatoire. _See_ Divining rod.

Baierischen (Bavarian), Akad. Neue Abhandlungen, 272, 316

Baïlak--Baïlik--of Kibdjack, 55, 59, 87

Bailey, Nathan--Nathaniel--(_d._ 1742), “Dictionarium Britannicum ...,” 1736, 555

Baillet, Adrien, “Jugement des savants,” 109, 515

Bailly, Jean Sylvain, “Histoire de l’astronomie moderne,” 513

Bain, Alexander (_at_ Coxe, John Redman, A.D. 1816), 436

Bain, William (1775–1853) (_at_ Barlow, Peter, A.D. 1820), 457

Bajon, M. (_d._ 1790) (_at_ Bancroft, Edward Nathaniel, A.D. 1769), 230

Baker, H. (_at_ Ingen-housz, Johan), 257, and (_at_ Pearson, George), 326

Bakewell, Frederick C., “A manual of electricity,” 3rd ed., publ. in 1859; “Electric Science, its history ...,” 1853, 152, 223, 284, 338, 347, 381, 478, 487, 490

Balbi, Count Pado Battista (1693–1772), 294

Balck, Uldericus Dominicus (_at_ Helmont, J. B. van, A.D. 1621), 104

Baldwin, J. M., “Dict. of Philosophy and Psychology,” 32, 39, 40, 519, 520

Baldwin, Loammi (1745–1807), 199, 281

Balfour, Dr. John Hutton, of Edinburgh (1808–1884), 463

Ball, Sir Robert (_at_ Newton, Sir Isaac), 133

Ball, Walter W. Rouse, “History of Mathematics,” 541

Ballard, “Magnetism of Drills,” 554

Ballot, Christopher Hendrik Buÿs-, “Meteor. Preisfrage,” 1847, 440

Bammacaro, Niccolò, “Tentamen de vi electrica,” 273

Bancalari, Michele Alberto (_b._ 1805), 426

Bancroft, Edward Nathaniel (1744–1820), 129, 229, 239, 298

Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820), 247, 250, 252, 456

Barbarossa--Emperor Frederick I.--water compass, 30, 146

Barbarus, Hermolaus (1454–1495), “Compendium scientiæ ...,” 506. _See_ Bayle, Dictionary, Vol. I. pp. 633–638.

Barbazan, Etienne, “Fabliaux,” 30

Barberet, Denis (1714–1776), 167, 321

Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques (1709–1779), 196

Barcelona Academy of Sciences, 317, 318

Bardenot, J. R. P., “Les recherches ... refutées”: Paris, 1824, 305

Barents, discoverer of Novaya Zemlya, 562, 563

Baret, E. (_at_ Themistius of Paphlagonia), 540

Baretus and Oviedo, narrative of, 1554, 192

Barlæus--Bærle--Kaspar van, “Observ. ... magnesteen en de magnetische ...,” 1651, 136

Barletti, Carlo (_d._ 1800) “Nuove sperienze,” 1771, 207, 249, 556

Barlocci, Saverio (1784–1845), 423

Barlow, Peter (1776–1862), 398, 427, 457–460, 465, 467, 473, 476, 484. “Essay on magnetical attractions ...,” 1823, 1824; “Encyclopædia of British Arts, Manufactures ...,” 1855.

Barlow, William Henry, 449, 460

Barlowe--Barlow--William (_d._ 1625), 18, 27, 57, 76, 78, 79, 80, 87, 90, 97, 141. “Magneticall Advertisements ...,” 1613, 1616, 1618, 1843; “Navigator’s supply ...,” 1597.

Barnes, Robert (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330

Barneveldt--Barneveld--Joan van Olden--Oldenbarneveld (1549–1619) (_at_ Grotius, Hugo), 518

Barneveldt--Barneveld--Wilhelm van (1747–1826), 6, 325, 326

Baronio, Dr. Joseph, of Milan, 393

Barral, G. (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 362

Barral, J. A. (_at_ Arago, D. F. J., A.D. 1820), 481

Barrow, Sir John, F.R.S. (1764–1848), 114, 438, 439, 467

Bart and Schweigger researches, 414

Barthélémy, Jean Jacques (1716–1795), 291, 301

Barthema. _See_ Varthema.

Bartholinus, C. Thomas (1688), 554

Bartholinus, Erasmus, “De Cometus,” 122

Bartholinus, Thomas (1616–1680), “De Luce animalium”; “De naturæ ...,” 29

Bartholomacus de Glanvilla--Anglicus--(fl. 1230–1250), “Liber de proprietatibus rerum,” 13, 16, 34, 37, 124. _See_ “Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” 1908, Vol. VII. pp. 1288–1290.

Bartoli (_at_ Eandi, G. A. F. G., A.D. 1790), 294

Baruffaldi, Girolamo (_at_ Brasavolus, A. M.), 506

Barwick, G. A., xx

Basilica chimica. _See_ Crollius, Oswaldus.

Basle--Basel--Acta Helvetica Physico Mathematico--Botanico--Medica, 8 Vols.; Nova Acta, etc., 1751–1787, 299. _See also_ Bernoulli I., James.

Basle--Basel--University, 147

Basse, Frédéric Henri, of Hamel (_at_ A.D. 1803), 384

Batavæ, De Antiq. Reipubl., 517

Batavi Scientific Society. _See_ Haarlem.

Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy. _See_ Rotterdam.

“Bath Chronicle,” 128

Bathanarius, once Count of Africa, 25

Bathseba, mentioned at p. 5 (1033–975 B.C.).

Batines, Colomb de, “Bibliog. Dantesca,” 1845–1846, 44

Batteries (piles), electric, galvanic, etc.: Volta, 1775; Van Marum, 1785; Children, Cruikshanks, Davy, Tromsdorff, Babington, Eastwick in 1800; Wollaston, 1801; Pepys, Parrot in 1802; Ritter, Hachette in 1803; Behrends and Dyckoff, Gay-Lussac in 1804; Maréchaux, 1806; Deluc, 1809; Zamboni, 1812; Dana, 1819.

Bauer, L. A., “U.S. Magnetic Tables ...”; “Terrestrial Magnetism ...,” 60, 70, 79, 81, 91, 92, 138

Baumgarten--Crusius--Ludwig Friedrich Otto, 520

Baumgartner, Andreas von, Baron (_b._ 1793), 423. _See_ Ettinghausen, _also_ “Zeitschrift für physik....”

Bavaria, Electoral Academy of. _See_ Baierischen, 272

Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 273, 380, 406, 407, 424, 432, 433, 477

Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), “Dictionnaire historique et critique,” 502: London edition, 1734.

Bayly and Wales, 242

Bayly, William, astronomer (_d._ 1810), 348

Bazin, Gilles Augustin (_d._ 1754), 208, 273. _See_ Nouv. Biogr. Gén., IV., 887.

Beacon fires (_at_ 1084 B.C.), 4

Beaufoy, Col. Mark (1764–1827), 157, 426, 427

Beaume. _See_ La Beaume.

Beaumont, Elie de, “Memoir of Oersted,” 455

Beauvais, M. (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Beazley, C. Raymond (_at_ Empedocles), 511–512

Becani, Joannis Goropii. _See_ Goropus.

Becanus. _See_ Goropius.

Beccari--Beccaria--Jacopo Bartolommeo (1682–1767), 199, 208; “De artif. elect.”; “A series of experiments,” 1775.

Beccaria, Giovanni Battista (1716–1781), 178, 189, 199, 206–208, 224, 226, 246, 253, 294, 320, 416

Beccher--Becher--Johann Joachim (1635–1682), 261, 262, 502

Beck, M. van. _See_ Moll.

Beckensteiner, C. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine), 386

Becket, John Brice (_at_ Wilkinson, C. H.), 269, and (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385

Beckmann, Johann (1739–1811), “A history of inventions ...,” 17, 27, 148, 152, 233

Becquerel, Adolphe, “Des applications de l’électricité ...”: Paris, 1856–1860, 386

Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond (1820–1891), 218, 295; (Comptes Rendus, 1840, 1843–4–6–7, 1864); “Memoir on Dia-Magnetism.”

Becquerel, Antoine César (1788–1878), “Eléments d’electro-chimie,” 1843; “Traité experimental de l’électricité et de magnetisme,” 1834–5–6–7, 1840; “Expériences sur la développement de l’électricité ...,” 1823; “Traité de Physique ...,” 1844, 8, 29, 31, 55, 195, 204, 258, 293, 321, 347, 352, 353, 370, 373, 389, 403, 417, 426, 433, 441, 463, 494. _See_ Vapereau, G., Dictionnaire, p. 119, _also_ Electro-capillary phenomena.

Becquerel, A. C., and Becquerel, Edmond (1820–1891), “Traité d’électricité et de magnétisme ...”: Paris, 1855, 1856; “Eléments de Physique ...”: Paris, 1847; “Résumé de l’historie de l’électricité et du magnetisme”: Paris, 1858, 24, 29, 30, 54, 110, 129, 153, 271, 315, 380, 388

Becquerel, A. C., and Brachet, A., 241, 271; Concernant des expériences sur la torpille (Comptes Rendus, III., 135).

Becquerel, Edmond, and Frémy, Edmond, “Recherches électro-chimiques sur les propriétés des corps electrisés”: Paris, 1852.

Beddoes, Thomas (1760–1808), 392

Beeck, A. van, Van Beck and Bergsma, 463, 473

Beer, Aug., 1868 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Beetz, W. von (_at_ Zamboni, Giuseppe, A.D. 1812), 420

Behaim--Behm--Martin (1430–1506), 67

Behmen. _See_ Boehm.

Behrend (_at_ Bohnenberger, J. J. F. von), 434

Behrends, T. G. B. (_at_ Reinhold, J. C. L., and _at_ Humboldt, F. H. Alex. von), 327, 333

Behrends, Wilhelm, of Francfort, 284, 387

Belcher, Sir Edward, 446

Belgium, Royal Academy of Sciences, 243, 259, 280

Belgrado, Giacomo (1704–1780), 420, 555

Bell, Alexander Graham (1847), 72, 234

Bell. Jud. Adv. Roman, 10

Bellani, Angelo (_at_ Volta Alessandro, A.D. 1775), 248

Bellay, Joachim du (1524–1560), “Comme le fer qui suit la calamite,” 16

Belleau, Rémy (1528–1577), “Bergeries,” 16

Belli, Giuseppe (1791–1860) (_at_ Tralles, J. G., A.D. 1790), 293

Bellingeri--Berlingieri--Carlo Francesco (_d._ 1848), 284, 355

Beloe, William (1756–1817), “The Sexagenarian,” 324

Belon, Pierre (1517–1564), 270

Beltrami, P., 1823 (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L., A.D. 1804), 389

Bembo, Cardinal (_at_ School of Athens), 542

Bencora--Ben Konah--Thebitius, 540–541

Ben David--Bendavid--Lazarus, “Ueber die religion der Ebräer von Moses,” 9

Benedictus, Joannes Baptista (1530–1590), 506

Benham, Charles E. (_at_ Gilbert, William, A.D. 1600), 92

Bennet, Abraham, Curate of Wirksworth, F.R.S. (1750–1799), 127, 282, 289, 303, 336, 373, 430, 470

Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich (1777–1846), 208, 314

Bérard, Frédéric (1789–1828), 423 (_at_ Morichini, D. P., A.D. 1812–1813).

Béraud--Berault--Laurent (1703–1777), “Dissertation ... électricité”; “Theoria electricitatis,” 1755, 163, 164, 167, 258, 259

Bercy, Ugo di. _See_ Sercy.

Berdoe, M., “Inquiry into the influence of the electric fluid ...,” 1771, 556

Bergen, Carolus, Augustus van (_at_ Jallabert, J. L., A.D. 1749), 189

Bergerac, Savinien, Cyrano de (1629–1655), 103, 171

Bergeret--Berjeret--a physician of Dijon, 183

Bergeron, Pierre (second half of sixteenth century), “Abrégé de l’historie ...,” 60

Bergmann--Bergman--Sir Torbern Olof (1735–1784), “Bemerkung ... Krystales”; “Commentarius ... turmalini”; “Elektrische versuche ...,” 32, 220, 221; History of Chemistry and other sciences.

Bergsma and Van Beek (_at_ Dutrochet, R. J. H., A.D. 1820), 463

Berio (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Berkel, A. van (_at_ Shaw, George, A.D. 1791), 299

Berkeley, George, the works of, 511, 515, 520

Berlin, Astronomer Royal (Bernoulli), 147

Berlin Academy--University--Memoirs, History and Reports--Abhandlungen, 153, 155, 170, 173, 192, 214, 217, 218, 220, 223, 225, 226, 230, 262, 263, 276, 288, 299, 308, 352, 392, 471, 478

Berlingieri, Francesco Vacca Leopold (1732–1812), 206, 270, 300, 305, 327, 331

Bernoulli, Christoph (_at_ Ritter, J. W., A.D. 1803–1805), 381

Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–1782) (_Acta Helvetica_, III. 1758, p. 223), 147, 160, 213

Bernoulli, family, 146–147, 155, 450

Bernoulli, James I. (1654–1705), 147

Bernoulli, John I. (1667–1748), 146, 226

Bernoulli, John II. (1710–1790), 147, 214

Bernoulli, John III. (1744–1807), 147, 226

Berrutti, S., “Elogio del ... Vassalli Eandi,” 1839, 29

Bertelli--Barnabita, Timoteo (1826–1905), 30, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 71, 72, 110, 111, 112, 526, 531; “Memoria sopra P. Peregrino.”

Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin, Membre de l’Institut, F.R.S., “Chimie organique ...”

Berthier, J. E., “Attractions et répulsions électriques,” 1751, 555

Berthollet, Claude Louis de (1748–1822), “Discours ...,” 233, 236, 279, 377, 386, 388

Bertholon de St. Lazare, Nicolle Pierre (1742–1800), “De l’électricité du corps humain,” 1780; “De l’électricité des végétaux,” 1783; “De l’électricité des météores ...,” 1787, 20, 129, 178, 189, 223, 229, 240, 243, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263, 270, 295

Bertholot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène (1827–1907), “Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs”; “Traditions du moyen-âge”; “La révolution chimique,” x, 17, 262, 514; “La Grande encyclopédie.” _There is also_ a Berthelot, Th., mentioned in Dezebry, Ch.

Berton, Henri Montan (1766–1844), 329

Bertrand, J. L. F., 276

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob von (1779–1848), “Lehrbuch der Chemie,” 5 Vols.: Leipzig, 1848; “Afhandling Galvanismen”: Stockholm, 1802; “Essai sur la théorie ...”: Paris, 1819, 336, 340, 343, 345, 364, 368–370, 419, 423, 466, 471, 472

Berzelius, J. J. F., and Hissinger, W. (1766–1852), “Forsok med. elektr. ...:” Stockholm, 1806 (Afhandl. i fisik, kemi och Mineralogi, De i).

Beseke, J. M. G. (_at_ Lavoisier, A. L., A.D. 1781), 262

Bessard, Toussaincte de, “Dialogue de la longitude,” 1574, 63, 72, 115

Bétancourt, Augustin de, Telegraphic line from Aranjuez to Madrid (Ronalds’ Catalogue, pp. 57 and 280). _See_ Bétancourt y Molina.

Bétancourt--Bethencourt--y Molina, Augustin de (1760–1826), 176, 318

_Betylos_, 17

Bevis--Bevans--John (1693–1771), 175, 178

Bew, Ch., 1824 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385

Beyer, M., Memoirs of, 198, and (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L.), 198, 389

Beziers, Collège de, 353

Bianchi, G., 1738 and 1740 (_at_ Dalton, John, A.D. 1793), 186, 308

Bianchi, Iso, 1781, 556

Bianchini, Dr. Giovanni Fortunato (1719–1779), 186, 263, 385

Bianco, Andrea (beginning of fifteenth century, A.D.), 62–63, 64, 65

Bianconi, G. (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 363

Bias, native of Iona (fl. _c._ 570 B.C.), 7

Bibl. Acad. Belge de Namur, 256

Bibl. Dantesca. _See_ Batines, Colomb de.

Bibl. Hisp. Vetus. _See_ Antonii.

“Bibliografia Italiana di Elettricità e Magnetismo ...,” Rossetti, T. E.; Cantoni, G.: Padua, 1881.

Bibliographer’s Manual of William Thomas Loundes, 1863, 547

Bibliografia Italiana. _See_ Alessandrini, Antonio, 256, 257, 293

Bibliographia Britannica.

Bibliographia Poetica. _See_ English Poets.

Bibliographical Dictionary, 503

Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism. General Cross-Entry Index. _See_ Encyclopædia Britannica, XIV., 2637 B.C. to A.D. 1821, 1–499, 82, 273, 294, 295, 346, 396, 408, 448, 466, 523, 533, 559

Bibliographie Analytique. _See_ Miller, B. E. C.

Bibliographie Astronomique, Lalande, J. J. Le F. de, 233; Jöcher, J. F.

Bibliographie de l’astronomie. _See_ Houzeau, J. C., et Lancester, A., Bruxelles.

Bibliographie des magnetismus. _See_ Murhard, F. W. A.

Bibliographic Voltairienne, Quérard, J. M., 1842, 59

Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism. _See_ Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism.

Bibliography of Electricity and Magnetism, “Die Weltliteratur der Elektricitaet und des Magnetismus, von, 1860–1883 ...”: Wien, 1884. _See_ Bulletin of Bibliography, _also_ “Bulletino di Bibliografia ...”

Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography. _See_ Winsor, Justin.

Bibliography of the sympathetic telegraph, at entry No. 1881 and at pp. 409–418 of “Catalogue of Wheeler Gift to the Am. Inst. El. Eng.,” 1909.

Biblioteca Fisica d’Europa (_at_ Morichini, D. P.), A.D. 1812–1813), 248, 424. _See_ Brugnatelli, L. V.

Biblioteca Germanica (_at_ Morichini, D. P.), 326, 333, 424; _edited by_ Bura, Configliachi, Ridolfi and Santini.

Biblioteca Italiana (_at_ Morichini, D. P.), 296, 424; _edited by_ Acerbi, Brugnatelli, Gioberti, Configliachi, Monti and others, 5 Vols., 256, 293, 295, 296, 298, 306, 363, 424, 464, 482, 554. _See_ Lombardy. _Continued as_ Giornala dell’ I.R. Istituto Lombardo ... e Biblioteca Italiana up to 1856; it was not republished until 1858–1862, when it appeared as “Atti dell’ I.R. Istituto Lombardo.”

Biblioteca Marciana: Venice, 62, 63

Biblioteca Modenese. _See_ Tiraboschi, G.

Biblioteca Napolitana, 516

Biblioteca Oltramontana, 295

Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, 516

Biblioteca Vaticanæ, Codices, 526

Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis. _See_ Casiri, Michael.

Bibliotheca Belgica, 517. _See_ Foppers, J. F.

Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum, 54

Bibliotheca Britannica, A. Robert Watt: London, 16, 97, 117, 131, 134, 140, 170, 178, 231, 238, 240, 244, 248, 256, 263, 270, 282, 299, 306, 307, 313, 315, 328, 337, 340, 347, 359, 363, 367, 370, 371, 373, 383, 384, 393, 394, 403, 406, 407, 414, 416, 420, 423, 424, 426, 432, 441, 455, 460, 477, 499, 540

Bibliotheca Chemica: Glasgow, 1906, 43, 262, 520

Bibliotheca Enucleata of Schielen, J. G.: Ulm, 1679, 554

Bibliotheca Grotiana. _See_ Rogge, H. C.

Bibliotheca Historica Italica ... 1874. _See_ Merula, Gaudentius.

Bibliotheca Historica Medii Ævi. _By_ August Potthast.

Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis.... _See_ Zuchold, E. A.

Bibliotheca Hulthemiana: Gand, 202

Bibliotheca Latina Mediæ ... Ætatis (Medii Ævi) of Albert Johan, 531

Bibliotheca Lusitana. _See_ Machado, B.

Bibliotheca Mediol. _See_ Argellati, P.

Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensis: Vicenna.

Bibliotheca Patrum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 523

Bibliotheca Sacra. _See_ Le Long Le Père Jacques.

Bibliotheca Scriptorum Medicorum. _See_ Manget, J. J.

Bibliotheca Technologica. _See_ Martin, Benjamin.

Bibliothecarius Quadripartitus. _See_ Hottinger, J. H.

Bibliothek der philosophie: Berlin.

Bibliothek electro-technische: Braunschweig und Wien.

Bibliothek für philosophie: Berlin.

Bibliothèque Bibliographique: Paris.

Bibliothèque Britannique: Genève et Bruxelles, 1796–1815, 199, 231, 249, 482

Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal: Paris, xi

Bibliothèque d’histoire scientifique. _See_ Hamy, E. T.

Bibliothèque des actualités industrielles. _See_ Urbanitsky.

Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques. _See_ Dupin, M. J. J., 524

Bibliothèque des sciences ..., 6 Vols.: Lyon, 1668.

Bibliothèque des sciences contemporaines: Paris.

Bibliothèque du magnétisme animal: Paris.

Bibliothèque Egyptologique: issued in Paris during 1897, 14

Bibliothèque Germanique. _See_ Biblioteca Germanica.

Bibliothèque Italienne. _See_ Biblioteca Italiana.

Bibliothèque Mazarine: Paris, xi, 108

Bibliothèque Nationale: Paris, xi, xix, 30, 33, 43, 45, 53, 57, 102

Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève: Paris, xii, xix, xx

Bibliothèque Universelle: Genève et Bruxelles, 140, 193, 257, 298, 416, 420, 433, 453, 476, 477, 482, 491, 492, 494, 499. The Archives de l’Electricité is a supplement; likewise, the Archives des sciences physiques.

Bichat, Marie François Xavier (Biogr. Gén., VI. 2–20), 284, 285, 305

Biddle, Memoir of Seb. Cabot, 69

Bidone, Giorgio (1781–1839), “Description d’une nouvelle boussole ...” (Mém. de Turin, 1809–1810).

Bienvenu and Wittry de Abot, 431

Bifilar balance and balance Electroscope, 470–471

Bigeon, L., in Ann. de Ch. et de Phys. (_at_ Æpinus, F. M. U. T.), 218

Bigot de Morogues, Pierre Marie Sebastien (1776–1840), “Chronological catalogue ...,” 315

Billingsley, C., “Longitude at sea ...,” 1714, 554

Bina, Andrea (_b._ 1724), “De physicis experimentibus ...,” 2 Vols. 1733–1756.

Binat, Rev. F., “Electricorum Effectuum ...,” 1751, 555

Bindemann, Carl, “Der heilige Augustinus,” 1844–1855, 25

Bio-bibliographie. _See_ Chevalier.

Biografia degli Italiana illustri. _See_ Tipaldo, E. A.

Biographia Britannica, 80, 91, 124, 522; Kippis, Andrew: London, 1793, 16

Biographia Medica. _See_ Hutchinson, Benjamin.

Biographia Philosophica. _See_ Martin, Benjamin.

Biographia Scotica. _See_ Stark.

Biographical Dictionary of the Society of Useful Knowledge, 502

Biographical Dictionary. _See_ herein “General Biographical Dictionary,” by the different authors, Alex. Chalmers, John Gorton, J. B. Lippincott and H. J. Rose.

Biographie Générale. _See_ Nouvelle Biographie Générale.

Biographie Medicale, 218, 258, 516

Biographie Nationale, 559

Biographie Universelle, ancienne et moderne. _See_ Michaud, M.

Biographie Universelle et Portative, 233, 277, 293, 330

Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch. _See_ Poggendorff.

Biographischen Lexikon, 513

Biography, Ecclesiastical. _See_ Wordsworth, C.

Bion, Nicolas (1652–1733), 32, 148

Biot, Edouard Constant (1803–1850), 7, 380 (Acad. des Sciences, Savants Etrangers, Vol. X.).

Biot, Jean Baptiste (1774–1862), “Traité de Physique”; “Traité élémentaire d’astronomie et de physique.”

Biot and Arago, Biot and Becquerel (Comptes Rendus, 1839, viii, 223).

Biot and Cuvier (Annales de Chimie, Vol. XXXIX. p. 247).

Biot, Faraday and Sarart.

Biot, Oersted, Arago, Ampère, Davy, etc.: Paris, 1822, 93, 139, 141, 157, 195, 247, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 284, 313, 349, 376–380, 388, 390, 393, 402, 407, 419, 455, 462, 472, 476, 480

Birch, John (1745–1815), “Della forza dell’ Elettricita ...,” 1778; “Essay on medical application of electricity,” 1803, 281

Birch, M., “Observations on medical electricity,” 1779–1780.

Birch, Thomas (1705–1766), F.R.S., 131, 132, 175, 183, 195, 272; on the luminousness of electricity (Phil. Trans. for 1754). _See_ History of the Royal Society.

Bird, Golding (1814–1854), 325, 426, 498

Biringuccio, V., “Pyrotechnie,” 1572, 553

Birkbeck, George (1776–1841), 458

Bjerregaard, C. H. A., “Sufi interpretations,” 38

Black, John, “An attempt ... electro-chemical theory,” 370

Black, Joseph (1728–1799), 309

Blackborrow--Beckborrow--Peter (_at_ Bond, Henry, A.D. 1637), 118

“Blackwood,” London (_at_ Faraday, Michael), 487

Blæu, G. and J., “Théâtre du Monde,” 1645, 554

Blagden, Sir Charles (1748–1820), “An account of some fiery meteors,” 1784 (Phil. Trans. LXXIV. Part I.).

Blagrave--Blagrau--John, eminent English mathematician, 94, 95

Blagrave, Joseph (1689), 553; “Traité de la sphère du monde.”

Blake, Professor (_at_ Franklin, Benjamin, A.D. 1752), 197

Blakey, Robert, “History of the philosophy of the mind,” 237

Blanc, Gilbert (_at_ Fowler, Richard, A.D. 1793), 307

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna Hahn-Hahn (1831–1891), “Isis Unveiled,” 9, 10, 12–13, 15, 17, 64, 105, 108, 120, 135, 237, 401, 414, 483, 523

Bloch, Marcus E., “Naturgeschichte der Ausländischen fische,” 1786, 299

Blome’s translation of Descartes’ Philosophy, 133

Blondeau, M. (_at_ Swinden, J. H. van, A.D. 1784), 274

Blondus, Flavius, “Italia Illustrata,” 211

Blondus, Michael Angelo (1497–1560), “De ventis et navigatione,” 58, 211

Bloomfield, Robert, “Norfolk,” 1806, 95

Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, “Censura,” 93

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1752–1840), 327, 331

Blundeville, Thomas (_b._ 1530), 72, 94, 534. _See_ Dict. Nat. Biogr., 1886, V. 271; “Theoriques of the seven planets,” 1602; “His exercises ...,” 1606.

Boaz, James (_at_ Pasley, C. W., A.D. 1808), 398

Bobierre, A. (_at_ Davy, Sir Humphry, A.D. 1801), 345

Bocardo, Nuova Encyclopædia Italiana: Torino, 1877, 61

Boccalini, Trajano, Advices from Parnassus, 10

Bochart, Samuel (1599–1667), “Geographia Sacra”: Caen, 1646; Frankfort, 1681, 5, 523

Boddært, Pierre D. M. (_b._ 1730), “Histoire de la boussole,” 61

Bodies, anti-magnetic, observations on, 387

Bodin, J. (1596), “Universæ naturæ theatrum,” 1596, 553

Bodleian Library at Oxford, xix, 53. This library was founded in 1602 by Sir Thos. Bodley. It is now the largest University library in the world, and is second in England to the British Museum Library which was founded in 1753.

Boeckmann, Johann Lorenz (1741–1802), 285, 308, 316, 393, 473

Boehm--Böhme--Behmen--Jacob (1575–1624), 65, 75

Boerhaave, Hermannus (1668–1738), “Biblia naturæ,” _on title page_, 132, 157, 169–170, 202

Bogulawski, Albrecht von (_at_ Beccaria, G. B., A.D. 1753), 208

Bohadasch, J. B., “Dissertatio,” 229, 385

Bohnenberger, Gottlieb Christian (1732–1807), 434

Bohnenberger, Johann Joseph Friedrich von (1765–1831), 364, 433

Boinet, Amedée, xii

Boisgeraud--Boisgerard--Junior (Phil. Mag., LVII. 203), 455–456

Boissardus, Joannes Jacobus (_at_ Barbarus, Hermolaus), 506

Boissier, C. Henri, “Mémoire sur la décomposition de l’eau,” 1801, 229, 329, 330, 375

Boisvallé, Sieur de Vissery de, 268, 269

Bollenatus, Burgundo-Gallus, 1607, 553

Bologna Academy and University, Commentarii, Rendiconto, Memorie (Transactions), 258, 268, 283, 284, 304, 509

Bologna, “Istituto delle scienze ed arti liberali,” 1745–1748.

Bologna, “Istituto nazionale Italiano,” Memorie, 248

Bologna, Journal Encyclopédique, 237, 275

Bologna, Nuovi Annali delle scienze naturali: Alessandrini, Bertolini, Gherardi e Ranzani, 30 Vols., 1834–1854.

Bolonian stone, 206. _See_ Canton’s phosphorus.

Bolten, Jochim Frederick, 26, 245

Bolton, Henry Carrington, “Select Bibliography of Chemistry,” 32, 37, 65, 228, 502, 513, 517, 548

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906) (Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat., Vol. 52), 492

Bombay Magnetic Observatory, 440

Bompass, Charles Carpenter, “Essay on the nature of heat, light and electricity,” 199

Bonaparte. _See_ Napoleon.

Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Spain, 463

Bonaventura. _See_ Fidanza, John, “Die mysterien und des magnetischen somnambulismus,” 1856.

Boncompagni--Ludovisi Baldassare (1821–1894), 54. _See_ Bulletino di Bibliografia.

Boncompagni--Buoncompagni and Vincent, 520

Bond, Henry, “The longitude found.” _See_ Seaman’s Kalender, 1637, _also_ Phil. Trans. for 1668, 1672, 1673, 118

Bondioli, Pietro Antonio (1765–1808), 308

Bonel, A., Histoire de la telegraphie ...: Paris, 1857.

Bonelli, G., “Télégraphes electro-chimique de Bonelli et Casselli,” 1863, 338

Boniface, the Apostle of Germany (680–754), 553

Bonnefoy, Jean Baptiste, “De l’application de l’électricité à l’art de guérir,” 299, 385

Bonnejoy, Octave Ernest, “Des applications de l’électricité à la thérapeutique,” 305

Bonnet, Charles (_at_ Aldini, Giovanni, A.D. 1793), 258, 272, 505 (1720–1793).

Bonnycastle, Charles (1792–1840), 457, 468

Bonon. _See_ Bologna.

Boot--Boodt--Anselme Boèce de (1550–1632), “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” 17

Borda, Jean Charles (1733–1799), 76, 249, 266

Bordeaux, Académie Royale des Sciences, 167, 183, 203, 286, 288, 389

Borel, Pierre, M.D. (1620–1689), “Bibliotheca Chimica ...”: Parisiis, 1654.

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1608–1679), “Applicazione dell’ elettricita alla navigazione,” 1855, 96, 97, 240, 270

Borough--Burrowes--William (1536–1599), “A discourse of the nature (variation) of the cumpas ...,” 1581, 76, 77, 117

Borsetti, Ferranti Bolani (Ferrante Giovanni), 507, 510

Bos, van den. _See_ Moll.

Boscovitch (Boscovich), Father Roger Joseph--Ruggiero Giuseppe--(1711–1787), 139, 140, 303, 304

Bossange--Bosange--letter from Liebnitz, 152

Bosscha, J. (_at_ Volta, Alessandro, A.D. 1775), 247

Bossut, Charles. _See_ Histoire, Générale des Mathématiques, 35, 147

Bostock, John (1774–1846), 17, 249, 415, 419, 443; “An account of the history and present state of galvanism”: London, 1818; “Outline of the history of the galvanic apparatus, etc.”

Bostock and Riley (_at_ Thales, 600–580 B.C.), 8

Botto, A. (_at_ Mariner’s Compass), 59

Botto, Giuseppe Domenico (1791–1865) (Mém. de Turin for 1843, 1845 and 1851; Botto and Avogadro “Mémoire sur ... les courants électriques ...”: Turin, 1839).

Bottomley, James Thompson, “Electrometers”: London, 1877 (describes the quadrant and absolute electrometers of Lord Kelvin).

Boucher, Pierre Joseph (1715–1780), “Recueil des savants étrangers,” 59

Boudet, Dr., “De l’électricité en médecine,” 229

Boudin, Jean Charles Marie, “Histoire physique et medicale de la fondre,” 1854, 389

Boué, A. (_at_ Dalton, John, A.D. 1793), 308

Bouguer, Pierre, Membre de l’Académie Royale des Sciences and F.R.S. (1698–1758), “Traité de la navigation,” 1753, 138, 225

Bouguerel, Le Père Joseph (1680–1753), 114

Bouillet, J. Marie Nicolas, 109, 295, 534

Bouillon-Lagrange, Edma Jean Baptiste, Marquis de (1764–1840), 431

Boulanger--Boulenger--Jean, “Traité de la sphère du monde,” 1688, 553

Boulanger--not Boullangère--Nicholas Antoine (1722–1759), 185, 191–192

Boulay, H. de, “Histoire de l’Université de Padone,” 505

Boulger, Demetrius Charles, “History of China,” 2

Bourdonnay, D. (_at_ Coulomb, C. A. de, A.D. 1785), 276

Bourguet (_at_ A.D. 1812, Mr. Donovan), 419

Bourinot, J. G., 32, 115

Boussole--Bussola--Mariner’s Compass. _See_ Azuni, D. A., 1, 22, 55, 60, 69; Bertelli, T., 57, 72; Davies, 1; Fincati, 58; Klaproth, 1, 3, 5, 22 _passim_, 28, 29, 61, 69, 72; Grimaldi, 61; McCulloch, 61; Molinier, 61; Magliozi, 61; Morveau, boussole à double aiguille, 233; Signorelli, P. N., 58; Venanson, 5, 17. B.C. 1110, p. 3; 1068, p. 4; 1033–975, p. 5; 1022, p. 5. A.D. 121, p. 21; 235, p. 22; 265–419, p. 22; 543, p. 27; 658, p. 27; 806–820, pp. 27–28; 1067–1148, p. 28; 1111–1117, p. 29; 1190–1210, p. 30; 1204–1220, p. 30; 1207, p. 31; 1235–1315, p. 31; 1250, p. 33; 1260, p. 43; 1265–1321, p. 43; 1266, p. 44; 1269, pp. 45–54; 1270, p. 54; 1271–1295, p. 55; 1282, p. 55; 1302, p. 56; 1327–1377, p. 58; _résumé_ at pp. 59–61 _passim_.

Bouvier de Jodoigne. _See_ Jodoigne.

Bowditch, Nathaniel (1773–1838), 412, 463

Boyle, Robert (1627–1691), “Mechanical origin ... electricity,” 1675; “Experiments and Notes ...,” 1676; “Experiments and Observations ...,” 1681; “Philosophical Works ...,” 1725, 7, 113, 125, 130–132, 135, 147, 167, 262

Boze--Böse--Georg Mathias (1710–1761), 166, 169, 179, 182, 185, 203

Boze, Gros de. _See_ Claude.

Bozolus, Joseph (_at_ A.D. 1767), 226–227, 244

Brachet. _See_ Becquerel, A. C., 241, 271

Brackett, C. F., Professor, xii

Brahé, Tycho. _See_ Tycho Brahé.

Bramante, Lazzari (_c._ 1444–1514), 544

Brande, William Thomas (1788–1866), “A Manual of Chemistry”; “Dictionary of Science ...”; “Dissertatio ...,” 37, 347, 370, 425, 426, 455, 485, 494, 497. _See_ Quarterly Journal of Science.

Branden, F. J. van den, “Biographisch Woordenbuck,” 518

Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm (1777–1834), 195, 208, 314

Brandt, Georg (1694–1768), 163

Brandt and Cattenbach, 518

Brannt, W. T., translator of Langbein’s work on the electro-deposition of metals, 24

Brard, Cyprien Prosper (1788–1838), “Manuel du minéralogiste,” 153, 286

Brasavolus, Antonius Musæ (1500–1570), 26, 506, 525. _See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori ...,” Vol. II. Part IV. pp. 2023–2028; _likewise_ Joëher, C. G., “Allgemeines, Gel. Lex.,” pp. 1338–1339.

Braun, C. J. H. E. (_at_ Dalton, John, A.D. 1793), 308

Braun, J. A. (_at_ Swinden, J. H. van, A.D. 1784), 274

Bravais, Auguste (_b._ 1811), 139

Bray, William (_at_ Boyle, Robert, A.D. 1675), 130

Brayley, E. W. (_at_ Gilbert, William, A.D. 1600), 91

Brechmann, Arrigi (_at_ Gioia, Flavio, A.D. 1302), 56

Breda, Jacob van, 282

Breguet, Louis François Clement (1804–1883); Breguet et Bétancourt, 318

Breislak, Scipio (1748–1826), _also_ Configliachi, Carlini and others, 363

Bremmer, Rev. James, 437

Brémond, François de, 555, 559

Brenning, Emil (_at_ Plotinus of Alexandria), 533

Brera, V. L., “Giornale di medicina ...,” 12 Vols.: Padova, 1812–1817, 300, 363

Brescia, Academy and Athenæum. Commentarii del Ateneo di Brescia, 1814–1851, 420

Brescia, Commentarii, dell’ Accademia di Scienze ... del: Mella, 1808.

Breslau Academy, “Miscellanea ... Ephemerides, Academiæ Cæs. Naturæ Curiosum ...,” 24 Vols. 1670–1706. _Also_ “Ephemerides, Acad. Cæs. Nat. Curios.,” 5 Vols.: Novimb., 1712–1722; Acta Physico-medica Acad. Cæs. Leopoldino-Carolinæ, Nat. Cur. ..., 18 Vols.: Novimb., 1727–1791.

Bressy, Joseph (_at_ A.D. 1797), 324, 557

Breton frères (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385

Breton, Madame Le, “Hist. et Appl. de l’électricité ...,” 229

Brewer, John Sherren (1810–1879), “Fr. Rogeri Bacon,” 41, 42, 171, 269. _See_ “Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” 1908, Vol. X. pp. 1202–3.

Brewster, Sir David (1781–1868), 96, 127, 134, 153, 156, 185, 208, 213, 225, 230, 261, 271, 275, 288, 298, 307, 311, 346, 379, 390, 409, 411, 423, 427, 432, 441, 444, 457, 458, 464–467, 471, 479, 480

Brewster, Sir David, and Ferguson, James, “Essays ... astronomy, electricity ...,” 1823.

Brewster, Sir David, and Robison, John, “A system of mechanical philosophy ...,” 4 Vols. 1822. Edinburgh Encyclopædia of Science, 1810–1830; Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1831–1832; Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1819–1824; London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1832–1850; London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1851; “Treatise on Magnetism,” 1838; “Edinb. Encyclop.,” IV. 173; “Encyclop. Britannica,” Vol. XXI. _See_ Copley Medal, Royal Medal, Rumford Medal.

Brezé, Il Marchese de, 347

Briand, J., 1854 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Bridges, John Henry, Oxford, 1897, 37, 43

“Briefe uber Kalabrien und Sizilien:” Göttingen, 507

Briet, Philippe (1601–1668), “Annales Mundi,” 56, 58

Briggs, Charles F., “The story of the telegraph ...,” 1858, 159

Bright, Charles, son of Edward Brailsford Bright, “Yof Dakar underground cables ...,” 1893.

Brilhac’s plate electrical machine, 257

Brisson, Dictionnaire de physique, 1781, 556

Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1723–1806), “Dictionnaire raisonné de physique,” 6 Vols., 1800, 204, 247

Bristol, C. M. F. (_at_ 1773), 240, 556

Bristol Philosophical (Pneumatic) Institution, 343

Britannica Baconica. _See_ Childrey.

British Academy, Proceedings of the, 1905–1906, 54

British Annual, 1, 28, 80

British Association for the advancement of science, London; originated in 1831. Reports, Journals, etc., 142, 240, 267, 313, 335, 377, 389, 440, 446, 466, 471, 490

British Encyclopædia. _See_ Nicholson.

British Museum, London, 54, 80, 106, 143, 272, 550, 551. _See_ Bodleian Library.

British Quarterly Review. _See_ Quarterly Review.

Brittain, Alfred, 523, 536

Britton, John (_at_ Gilbert, William, A.D. 1600), 91

Brix, T. W., “Annalen der telegraphie”: Berlin, 1870.

Brockelmann, Carl (_at_ Avempace), 39

“Brockhaus’ Konversations-Lexikon,” F. A. Brockhaus: Berlin, Leipzig und Wien, 498

Brook, Abraham, electrometer, etc., 231, 281

Brougham, Lord Henry, 262, 457

Broussonet, Pierre Marie Auguste, 192

Brown, J. A., on the aurora borealis, 140

Brown, R., 1692, 553

Browne, G. H. (_at_ Duverney, J. G., A.D. 1700), 148

Browne, Richard (_at_ Arrais, E. D., A.D. 1683), 136

Browne, Sir Thomas (1605–1682), “Pseudodoxia Epidemica,” 1650, 7, 17, 18, 66, 69, 71, 113, 114, 123, 124, 127, 128

Browning, J. (_at_ Ingen-housz, A.D. 1779), 257

Browning, Robert, translator of Æschylus, 3

Brucker, Johann Jacob (1690–1770), “Histoire critique de la philosophie,” 541. _See_ Enfield.

Brugmans, Anton (1732–1789), 215, 254, 494

Brugmans, Sebald Justin (_at_ Brugmans, Anton, A.D. 1778), 254–255

Brugnatelli, Gaspare (1795–1852), son of L. V. Brugnatelli. Joined Configliachi in the editorship of the Giornale di Fisica, 363

Brugnatelli, Luigi Valentino (1761–1818), “Biblioteca fisica d’Europa”; “Annali di Giornale di Fisica, Chimica ...”; “Principles”; “Avanzamenti ... Fisica”; “Giornale di Pavia”; “Grunsätte”; “Giornale fisico-medico ...”; “Notizie ...” (1802, 1805) 247, 248, 258, 282, 284, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 303, 306, 329, 330, 337, 350, 361, 362, 363, 383, 393, 394, 408, 419, 424

Brugnatelli, L. V., and Brera, V. L., “Commentarii medici,” 1796–1799.

Brugnatelli, L. V., Brunacci, G., and Configliachi, Pietro, “Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale.”

Brugsch, Dr. H., founder of “Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde,” 14

Brumoy, Pierre (1688–1742), “Le théâtre des Grecs,” 4, 7

Brunacci, G. (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 363

Brunet, G., Annuaire des sociétés savantes, 1846.

Brunet, Jean Charles, Manuel du Libraire, 54, 63, 71, 146, 539, 540

Brunetto, Latini (1230–1294), xix, 34, 43, 56, 59, 524

Bruno, Giordano (_at_ Lully, Raymond), 31, 33

Bruno, M. de, “Recherches ... fluida magnétique ...,” 1785, 556

Bruns, V. von (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. M., A.D. 1799), 330

Brussels--Bruxelles--Annales de Physique (_at_ Ampère, A. M., A.D. 1820), 476

Brussels--Bruxelles--Annales de l’Observatoire. _See_ Quetelet, L. A. J.

Brussels--Bruxelles--Annales Générales des sciences physiques et naturelles, par Mr. Bory de St. Vincent, 255

Brussels, Royal Academy, Memoirs, etc., 195, 243, 256, 273, 289, 293, 298, 299, 314

Bryant, W. (_at_ Adanson, Michael), 193

Bryant, William Cullen, 6

Brydone, Patrick, 27, 229, 385

Buccio, M., 1812 (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N., A.D. 1799), 330

Buch, Leopold de (Phil. Mag., Vol. XXIV. p. 244), 393

Buchan, Captain David (1780–1839), 467

Buchmeri, Spec. Acad. Nat. Cur. Hist., 103

Bucholz, Christoph Christian Friedrich (1770–1818), 400

Buddha (_at_ Zoroaster), 541

Budge, 1846 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Bueil College at Angers, 179

Buff, Heinrich (_at_ Brande, W. T., A.D. 1813), 426

Buff, M. (_b._ 1805) (Phil. Mag. N. S., Vol. VII. p. 22), 258

Buffon. _See_ Le Clerc, Georges Louis.

Buisson, F. R., “Précis historique ...,” 305

Bulletin de Géographie, 28, 30

Bulletin de la Société Académique de Laon, 94

Bulletin des sciences mathématiques, astronomiques, physiques et chimiques. 16 Vols. _See_ Ferussac, André Etienne.

Bulletin des sciences technologiques, 19 Vols.: Paris. _See_ Ferussac, André Etienne (1786–1836).

Bulletin du Bibliophile, 265, 516

Bulletin International de l’electricité: Paris, 1882–1895.

Bulletin of Bibliography for 1905, 138

Bulletino di Bibliografia e di storia delle scienze ... de Boncompagni, 54, 520

Bulletino Meteorologico dell’ Osservatorio del Collegio Romano ... e bibliografia.... _See_ Sacchi, Angelo (1818–1878).

Bulletino telegrafico de Regno d’Italia, 1865–1888.

Buniva, Dr. Michele Francisco (_at_ Hunter, John, A.D. 1773), 241.

Burci, 1852 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Burgess, George, translator of Plato’s “Ion,” 13, 15, 20

Burigny, J. L’Evegne de, 518

Burke, Edmund (_at_ Callender, Elisha, A.D. 1808), 400

Burkhardt (_at_ Swinden, J. H. van, A.D. 1784), 273; _also_ (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N., A.D. 1799), 330

Burnet (_at_ Dutrochet, R. J. H., A.D. 1820), 464

Burq, M. V., “Métallo-thérapie,” 1853, 233

Burrough, Stephen, master of the “Serchtrift,” 69, 522

Burstyn, J. P. (_at_ Zamboni, Giuseppe, A.D. 1812), 420

Burton, Dr. William (_at_ Boerhaave, H., A.D. 1743), 170

Busby, Dr. Thomas, translator of Lucretius’ “De rerum natura,” 19

Bushee, J. (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L., A.D. 1804), 389

Bussola nautica, origine della. _See_ Collina, A.

Bussy, Antoine Alexandre Brutas, “Manipulations Chimiques,” 1827, 340

Butet, Pierre Roland François, 274, 326, 330

Buti, Francesco da, 57, 63. _See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori ...,” Vol. II. Part IV. pp. 2468–2469.

Butler, Alban (_at_ Augustine, St., A.D. 426), 25

Butler, A. J. (_at_ Dante, Alighieri, A.D. 1265–1321), 44

Butler, C. (_at_ Grotius, Hugo), 518

Butler, Samuel (1612–1680), author of “Hudibras,” 99

Butler, William Archer (_at_ Pythagoras), 537

Butschany, Matthias, “Dissert. ex phænom. electricis ...,” 1757, 555

Butterfield’s wonderful collection of loadstones, 159, 175, 402

Buttmann, “Bemerkungen ... des magnetes und des basaltes,” 15

Buys-Ballot. _See_ Ballot, C. H. Buÿs.

Buzzi, F. (_at_ Wilkinson, C. N., A.D. 1783), 270

Byerges, Swedish Count (_at_ A.D. 1266), 45

C

Cabæus, Nicolaus--Cabeo, Nicelo--(1585–1650), “Philosophia Magnetica,” 1629, 7, 33, 48, 50, 109, 110, 112, 113, 120, 146, 160

Cabot bibliography. _See_ Winship, G. P.

Cabot, Jean (_at_ Cabot, Sebastian, A.D. 1497), 69

Cabot, Sebastian (1474–1557), 65, 68, 69, 115, 521, 522. _See_ Dict. Nat. Biogr., 1886, VIII. 166–171

Cadet, Jean Marie (1751–1835), 235, 249, 273

Cadozza, Giovanni (1816–1877), “Sulla polarizazione rotatoria ...” (Giornale dell’ I.R. Istit. Lombardo, 1852, 1853, 1854. _See also_ Atti. Accad. Sc.: Torino, IV. 729–755, 1869).

Cæsalpinus, Andreas (1519–1603), “De Metallicis,” 17, 501

Cæsar, Caius Julius (102–44 B.C.), “De bello Africano,” 24

Cæsar, Crispus. _See_ Crispus.

Cæsare, Giulio Moderati (_at_ A.D. 1590), 78, 79, 112, 113, 115, 149

Caille, Nicholas Louis de la (1713–1762), 301 (Nouv. Biog. Gén., Vol. 28, p. 441).

Caird, Edward, “The social philosophy and religion of Comte,” 533

Calaber, Hannibal Rosetius, 82, 507

Calamai, L. (_at_ Shaw, George, A.D. 1791), 298

Calamita--calamite--the native magnet, 15, 16

Calandrin (_at_ Swinden, J. H. van, A.D. 1784), 274

Calcagnini, T. G. (_at_ Calcagninus, Cælius), 507

Calcagninus, Cælius (1479–1541), “De re nautica commentatio ...,” 58, 507

Caldani, Floriano (1772–1836), “Riflessioni ... elettricità animale,” 1792, 303, 326 (Ann. di Chimica di Brugnatelli, VII. 138, 159, 186, 208).

Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio (1725–1813), 148, 303

“Caledonian Mercury,” 296

Callender--Calendar--Elisha, of Boston, 400

Callisen, Adolf Karl Peter (1786), 375, 455; “Medicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon,” 1829–1837.

Callisthenes of Olynthus (_c._ 360–328 B.C.), Greek historian, 543

Calogera--Calogiera--Angelo, “Raccolta d’Opuscoli scientifici ...”; _also_ “Nuova Raccolta ...,” 140, 308

Caloric and electric fluid, analogy between, Berthelot _at_ 1803.

Calorimotor--Calorimotive force--Hare _at_ A.D. 1819, pp. 446–447; Pepys _at_ A.D. 1802, p. 373

Camara, Matteo, “Memorie ...”: Salerno, 1876, 57

Cambridge Philosophical Society Transactions, 140, 473, 475

Cambridge University, 129, 212

Camerarius, Joachim (1500–1574), “Vita Melanch ...,” 507

Camillus, Leonardus. _See_ Leonardus.

Camoëne, Luiz de (1524–1579), “Os Lusiades,” 24

Camorano, R., “Compendio de la arte de navegar ...,” 1582.

Campan, John (died _c._ 1300), 54

Campegius, Laurentius (_at_ Arnaldus de Villa Nova), 505

Camper, Pierre (1722–1789), 243, 332

Campi (_at_ Beccaria, G. B., A.D. 1753), 208

Candish--Cavendish--Sir Thomas, 79, 211, 522, 523

Cantapratensis, Thomas, of Louvain, 34

Canterzani, Sebastiano, 304 (Tipaldo, “Biografia,” Vol. VIII. p. 87).

Canton, John (1718–1772), 153, 157, 167, 176, 200, 205–206, 215, 217, 232, 252, 320, 393, 402, 415, 427

Cantoni, G. _See_ “Bibliografia Italiana.”

Canton’s phosphorus, 206, 252, 393, 402

Cantor, Moritz, of Leipzig, 147, 537

Cantu, Cesare (_at_ Volta, Alessandro), 248; (_at_ Romagnesi, G. D. G. G.), 367

Capella, Martianus Minneus Felix (fl. fifth century A.D.), 505, 518

Capmany y Montpalau, Antonio the elder (1742–1813), “Memorias historicas,” 60

Capocci (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F., A.D. 1794), 314

Cappanera, Rodolfo, editor of “L’Elettricita,” and “La Natura,” in Florence and Naples.

Capron, J. Rand, “Auroræ, their characters and spectra”: London, 1879.

Cardanus--Hieronymus (1501–1576), 14, 17, 29, 35, 53, 108, 115, 126, 507, 539; “De subtilitate ...,” 1550, 1611; “De rerum varietate,” 1556, 1557; “Ars magna-artis magnæ.” _See_ Scaliger, J. C., _also_ Wundt, “Philosophische Studien.”

Cardanus, Giovanni, “De fulgure” in his “Opera Omnia,” 10 Vols.: Lugd., 1663, 199

Carhart, Dr. Henry S., mentioned at Grotthus, Theodor, A.D. 1805, 391

Carignano, Princess Giuseppina di, 208

Caritat. _See_ Condorcet.

Carl, P., Doctor. _See_ “Repertorium für Physikalische Technik,” 1865; “Repertorium für experimental physik,” 1868–1882.

Carle, P. J. (_at_ Aquinas, St. Thomas), 504

Carli, Gian Rinaldo (1720–1785), “Dissertazione ... bussola nautica ...,” 1747, 553

Carlini (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 363

Carlisle, Sir Anthony (1769–1840), 270, 335–337, 419, 435

Carlyle, Thomas, “Crit. and Misc. Essays,” 59

Carminati, Prof. Don Bassiano, of Pavia (1750–1830), 246, 249, 254, 285, 303, 393, 555 (Tipaldo, “Biografia,” 1838, Vol. IX. p. 250).

Carmoy, M., 229, 257, 282, 385

Carnarvon, Earl of, translation of Homer’s Odyssey, 6

Carnegie, Andrew, “James Watt,” 190

Carnevale, Antonio Arella, “Storia dell’ elettricità,” 2 Vols.: Alessandria, 1839, 296

Carney, Michael (_at_ Carpue, J. G. S.), 375

Carnot (_at_ Sömmering, S. T. von, A.D. 1809), 407

Carpentarius, J., 156, 553

Carpenter, Nathaniel (1589–1628), “Geography delineated ...,” 1625, 1635; “Philosophia libera ...,” 1621, 1622, 1636, 1675, 107

Carpi, Dr., of Rome, 423

Carpue, Jean Joseph Constantin (1764–1846), 306, 375

Carradori, Gioachino (1758–1818), 232, 277, 292, 303, 304, 326, 327, 337 _Consult_ “Annali di Chimica di Brugnatelli.”

Cars, chariots, magnetic. _See_ Magnetic cars, _also_ Chariots or cars.

Carsten. _See_ Karsten.

Cartesius, Cartesian system. _See_ Descartes.

Cartier, J., “Philosophia electrica ad menten ...,” 1756, 555

Carus (_at_ Jacopi, J., A.D. 1810), 409

Casali, G. (_at_ Halley, Edmund, A.D. 1683), 138

Cascades, electricity of, 293

Casiri, Michael (1710–1791), “Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escuraliensis,” 1760–1770, 40, 502, 519, 540

Casselli et Bonelli, Télégraphes electro-chimiques, 338

Cassini de Thury, César François (1714–1788), 266, 268, 301

Cassini family, 117, 132, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 157, 168, 268, 315, 450

Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712), 142, 144, 268

Cassini, Jacques (James) (1667–1756), 268

Cassini, Jean Jacques Dominique, Comte de (1747–1845), 266–268, 273

Cassius, Larcher. _See_ Larcher.

Castberg, P. A. (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N., A.D. 1799), 330

Castianus (_at_ Porta, A.D. 1558), 74

Castlereagh, Lord (_at_ Wedgwood, Ralph, A.D. 1814), 430

Castor and Pollux, 23

Castro, Ezekiel di, “De igne lambente,” 29

Catalogue Bibl. Publicæ Univers. Lug. Bat., 54

Catalogue of Books and Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism ... compiled by Sir Francis Ronalds and edited by Alfred J. Frost: London, 1880. Designated throughout these pages as the Ronalds’ Catalogue.

Catalogue of books printed in Bibl. Nationale, 102

Catalogue of electrical bodies. _See_ Plot, R.

Catalogue of Latimer Clark Library, xiv

Catalogue of Scientific Papers. _See_ Royal Society.

“Catalogue of Scientific Serials.” _By_ Samuel H. Scudder, 1879, ix, 548–550

Catalogue of Wheeler Gift to Am. Inst. of Elect. Engineers, 2 Vols., 1909.

Cates, William Leist Readwin (1821–1895), co-operated with Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward in the publication of the “Dictionary of General Biography” (3rd ed. 1880), after editing the “Encyclopædia of Chronology,” 1872. [His brother, Cates, Arthur (1829–1901), co-operated with Papworth, Wyatt Angelicus Van Sandau (1822–1894), in the publication of the “Architectural Dictionary.”

Cathochiles (_at_ Solinus, Caius Julius), 540

Caulfield, James, third earl of Charlemont (1728–1799), 316. (He wrote on the tellograph, etc.)

Cauxois, Robert Reynault, “The Naturall and Morall Historie of the East and West Indies,” 1604, 78

Cavaliéri, Buonaventura (_at_ Cassini family), 268

Cavalleri, G. M. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Cavallo, Tiberius (1749–1809), 5, 45, 70, 78, 80, 138, 174, 193, 226, 229, 243–245, 246, 258, 261, 263, 269, 275, 277, 278, 280, 291, 304, 310, 313, 326, 336, 393; “A complete treatise on electricity ...,” 1777, 1787, 1795, 1802; “Treatise on magnetism ...,” 1787, 1800; “Elements of natural philosophy ...,” 4 Vols. 1803.

Cavendish, Charles, Lord, 175, 238, 239

Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), _called_ “the Newton of Chemistry.” _See_ Maxwell, J. Clerk, “The electrical researches of the Hon. Henry Cavendish”; _also_ Copley Medal, 185, 199, 206, 207, 216, 218, 223, 231, 238–239, 240, 245, 251, 252, 255, 256, 291, 298, 310, 329, 374, 405, 406, 470, 492

Cavendish, Sir Thomas. _See_ Candish.

Cawthorn, James (_at_ Desaguliers, J. T., A.D. 1739), 167

Caxton, William (_c._ 1422–1491), “Myrrour,” 16

Cazelès, Masars de (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385

Cazin, Achille, “Traité théorique des piles ...,” 248

Cecchi, 1691, 554

Cecco d’Ascoli. _See_ Stabili.

Cedrinus, G., “Compend. Hist.,” 18

Celi (_at_ Bertholon de St. Lazare, A.D. 1780–1781), 259

Celier, Léonce, “Histoire des auteurs sacrés ...,” 525

Cellarius (_at_ Columbus, Christopher, A.D. 1492), 67

Cellesius, Fabricius, “De naturali electricitate ...,” 1767, 556

Cellio, Marco Antonio, “De terra magnete ...,” 1692, 554

Celsius, Anders (1701–1744), “Observations of the needle ...,” 157, 168, 191, 232. _See_ Hjorter.

Censorinus, Roman writer of the third century, A.D., 505

Centralblatt fuer Electrotechnik: Muenchen, 1880–1889.

Cesi, In, “De meteoris dissertatio ...,” 1700, 554

Cespedes, Andres Garcia de, “Reg. de Nav. y Hydr.,” 68

Cézanne, “Le cable transatlantique ...,” 361

Chaignet, Antelme Edouard, 533, 537; “Pythagore et la philosophic Pythagorienne,” 1873.

Chaldeans, 536

Chales. _See_ Dechalles.

Chalmers, Alexander (1759–1834), “General Biographical Dictionary,” 32 Vols. 1812–1817, 54, 95, 106, 120, 122, 129, 167, 186, 189, 265, 311, 514, 520, 522

Chambers, Ephraim (_d._ 1740), “Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences”; “Papers for the People”; “History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris,” 5, 39, 79, 81, 97, 193, 229, 240, 330, 518, 520

“Chambers’ Journal,” 143

Chambers, Robert (1802–1871), “Cyclopædia of English Literature.”

Chambers, William and Robert, “Descriptive Astronomy,” 142

Champignon, “Etudes physiques ...”; Paris, 1843 (_at_ Mesmer, F. A., A.D. 1772), 237

Champlin, Samuel (_at_ Lully, Raymond, A.D. 1235–1315), 32

Chancellor of Bavaria, Hervart Johann Georg, 106

Chancellor, Richard (_at_ Cabot, Sebastian, A.D. 1497), 69

Chandos, Duke of (_at_ Desaguliers, J. T., A.D. 1739), 166

Changeux, P. N., 1776, 556

Channing, F. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Channing, Dr. William Francis (_b._ 1820). He published, with Prof. John Bacon, Jr., Davis’s “Manual of Magnetism” (1841), _also_ “Notes on the medical application of electricity” (1849), 423, 436, 476

Chappe, Claude (1763–1805), 301, 317, 434, 439

Chappe, d’Auteroche, L’Abbé Jean (1722–1769), 301

Chappe, Ignace Urbain Jean (1760–1829), “Histoire de la télégraphie,” 2 Vols.: Paris, 1824, 301

Chappe, Robillard et Sylvestre, 302, 303, 306

Chaptal, J. A. C., 1778, 556

Chaptal, M., Ministre de l’Intérieur, 360, 361

Charas, Moïse, “Antiquité historique ...,” 14

Charcot (_at_ Mesmer, F. A., A.D. 1772), 237

Chariots _or_ cars, magnetic, 1, 3, 4, 5, 22, 27, 28

Charlant, Johann Ludwig (Choulant), “Handbuch der Bücherkunde,” 519, _also_ “Handbuch ... die Æltere Medicin,” 529

Charlemont, Lord, on the tellograph (_at_ Edgeworth, R. L., A.D. 1794), 317

Charles, Emile, “Roger Bacon,” 43

Charles, Jacques Alexandre César (1746–1823), French physicist and aeronaut, 204, 247, 288–289, 351, 354, 407

Charles I, King of England, 91, 104, 121

Charles II, King of England, 119, 127, 130

Charles II, King of Naples, 16

Charles IV, of Lorraine (_at_ Leurechon, Jean, A.D. 1628), 109

Charles V, Emperor of Germany and King of Spain, 61, 70, 114, 501

Charleton, Walter--Charlton--(1619–1707), 27, 91, 104, 105, 124, 245, 299; “A ternary of paradoxes ... magnetic cure ...,” 1650; “Disquisitiones duæ chymico-physicæ ...,” 1665; “Physiologia Epicuro Gassendo, Charltoniana ...,” 1654.

Charlotte, Queen, Consort of George III, 405

Charpignon, Dr. (_at_ Amoretti, Carlo, A.D. 1808), 401

Charton--Edouard--Edmond, “Voyageurs anciens et modernes ...,” 69; contains an extensive bibliography of Marco Polo.

Charts of the magnetic variation. _See_ Bianco, Andrea, A.D. 1436, 62

Chasles, Michel (1793–1880), French mathematician, 96, 288 (_note_), 333, 351, 354, 386, 521

Chasles, Victor Euphémien Philarète (1798–1873).

Chassang, M. A., “Le merveilleux dans l’antiquité,” 533

Chaucer, Geoffrey (_c._ 1340–1400), 16, 32, 46, 58, 61–62; “The house of fame”; “Assembly of foules”; “Romaunt of the rose”; “Treatise on the astrolabe.”

Chaudon, Louis Maïcul (et Delandine), “Dict. Historique Universel,” 20 Vols. 1810–1812, 163, 187, 192

Chauveau, M. A. B. (_at_ Ewing, John, A.D. 1795), 321

Checler. _See_ Wheler, Granville, 154, 155

“Chemical News:” London, 134, 150, 344, 370, 380, 466, 496, 498

Chemical Society: London, 449, 495

Chemische Annalen, von Crell, L. F. F.: Helmstadt, 1784–1803, 250

Chemisches Archiv., von Crell, L. F. F.: Helmstadt und Leipzig, 1783–1794.

Chemisches Journal, von Crell, L. F. F.: Helmstadt, 1778–1781.

Chenevix, Richard (_b._ 1830), 387

Chevalier--Chevallier--Jean Gabriel (1778–1848), 362; “Instruction sur les paratonnerres”: Paris, 1823.

Chevalier and Henri (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 362

Chevalier, l’Abbé Ulysse Joseph (_b._ 1841), “Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen-âge”; “1st part--Bio-Bibliographie,” 401, 540

Chevremont, F. (_at_ Robespierre, F. M. J. I., A.D. 1783), 269

Chevreul, M. E., “De la baguette divinatoire,” 401

Chiaromonti, Scipione, “Anti-Tycho,” 1621, 93

Chicago Meteorological Congress, 321

Chigi, Aleso--Alessandro--“Dell’ elettricità terrestre--atmosferica dissertazione”: Sienna, 1777.

Children, John George (1777–1852), 338, 372, 402, 419

Childrey, Dr. Joshua (1623–1670), “Britannica Baconica,” 1660, 142, 188

Chilo (fl. fifth century B.C.), 7

Chiminello, Vincenzo (1741–1815; _at_ Toaldo, Giuseppe, A.D. 1778), 253, 254

China--La Chine--B.C. 2637, 1110, 1068, 1022; A.D. 121, 235, 265, 295, 806, 968, 1111, 1327–1377. _See_ Boulger, Davis, Du Halde, Paleologue, Panthier, Saillant et Nyon, Staunton.

Chinese dictionary, or rather encyclopædia “Poei-wen-yun-fou,” 22

Chinese history, chronological tables of, (_at_ 2637 B.C.), 1

Chinese knowledge of the loadstone, 21

Chinese nation, extraordinary antiquity of, according to Voltaire, 58

Chladni, Ernst Florenz Friedrich (1756–1827), founder of the theory of acoustics, “Ueber den Ursprung der von Pallas ...,” 1794, 312–315

Chompré, Nicolas Maurice (1750–1825), 390, 391 (Phil. Mag., XXVIII. 59). _See_ Riffault and Chompré.

Choue-wen, celebrated Chinese dictionary of Hin-tchin, 21

Chrichton, A. _See_ Crichton, A.

Christiana, “Magazin für Naturvidenskaberne,” 29

Christiana, University of, 442

Christie, Samuel Hunter (1784–1865), 335, 432, 427, 458, 460, 465 (Phil. Trans., 1825, 1828, 1833, 1835, and Part II. for 1836).

“Chronicle,” London (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Chronological History of Chemistry. _See_ Bolton, H. C.

Chronological History of Magnetism, Electricity and the Telegraph, vii, xi, xiv

Chronological Summary of authors _re_ Aurora, 140

Chronological Tables of Chinese History, 2637 B.C.

Chrystal, Professor, mentioned at Ampère, A. M., A.D. 1820, 474

Church of New Jerusalem, founded by Swedenborg, 163

Church of Notre Dame de Chartres, 144, 145 (“Dict. of the wonders of nature,” pp. 362–366).

Church of Saint Augustine at Arimini, 78, 112, 113, 114

Church of Saint Brides, London, 232

Church of Saint Jean at Aix, 113, 114

Church of Saint John the Baptist at Arimini, 112, 113, 123

Church of Saint Laurence, Rome, 112

Church of Saint Michael th’ Archangel, 210

Church of the Augustines at Mantua, 113

Churchill, Awnsham (_d._ 1728) (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 1887, x, 307), 522

Churchill, Awnsham and John, authors of “A collection of voyages and travels ...”: London, 1704–1732, 98, 522

Churchman, John (1753–1805), 315; The magnetic Atlas ..., 1790, 1794, 1804.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 2, 8, 43, 529, 532; “Academica”; “De divinatione.”

“Ciel et Terre,” 61, 92, 321

Cieza de Leon, Pedro de, “The seventeen years travels ...,” 1709, 211

Cigna, Giovanni Francesco (1734–1790). “Analogia magnetismi et electricitatis,” 224

Cioni e Petrini, 337, 392

Cisternay Dufay. _See_ Dufay--Du Fay, 161

Claridge, Rev. J. T. W., F.R.S., 142

Clark, Latimer (1822–1898), x, xi, xiv, 361, 408, 440, 547

Clarke, Dr. Samuel (1675–1729), translator of Rohaulti’s “Physica,” 160, 129

Classen, Aris (_at_ Schouten, W. C., A.D. 1616), 98

Claude, Gros de Boze (1680–1753), 290

Claudianus, Claudius (fl. _c._ A.D. 365), 11, 14, 18

Clausius, Rudolph Julius Emanuel (1822–1888), 347, 391, 392

Clavius, Christopher (1538–1612), 102, 530

Clayfield (_at_ Tilloch, Alexander, A.D. 1805), 392

Cleasby and Vigfusson’s Dictionary. _See_ Aurora Borealis.

Clement IV, Pope (_at_ Bacon, Roger, A.D. 1254), 41

Clement and Désormes, 376

Clement Mallet, J. J., “Documents ... teleg., elec., magn.,” 1850.

Clement of Alexandria--Clemens Alexandrinus (born _c._ A.D. 150), 520

Cleobolus, born in the island of Rhodes (fl. _c._ 560 B.C.), 7

Cleopatra sent news by wire (?) throughout her kingdom, 12

Cleoxenes, Greek engineer (_at_ Polybius, 200 B.C.), 19

Close, Rev. N. M. (_at_ Hipparchus the Rhodian), 521

Clouet, M. (1751–1801), 372

Clowes, J. (_at_ Swedenborg, Emmanuel, A.D. 1734), 164

Clytemnestra. In Greek legend, the daughter of King Tyndareus and Leda; wife of Agamemnon, 3

Cochon, Prefect of Vienne (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Codices Palatini Bibliothecæ Vaticanæ, 526

Codrus (_c._ 1060 B.C.), last King of Athens, 4, 5

Coiffier, employs lighting to charge an electric jar, 200

Colardeau (_at_ Coulomb, C. A. de, A.D. 1785), 277

Colepress, Samuel, “Account of some magnetical experiments,” 1667, 273, 554

Colla, Ant. (_at_ Dalton, John, A.D. 1793), 308

Colladon, Jean Damel, Professor of Mechanics at Geneva, 244

Collection de mémoires relatifs à la physique, 277, 455, 476

Collège de France, Paris, 114, 117, 132, 263, 376, 471, 476, 482

College of Bueil at Angers, France, 179

College of Surgeons, London, 468

Collegium curiosum, established on plan of the Accademia del Cimento, 129

Collegium experimentale physico-mechanicum, 147

Collegium experimentale sire curiosum ..., 129, 130

Collenuccio, Pandolfo, “Historiæ Napolitanæ,” 1572; “Compendio ... regno di Napoli,” 1591, 57, 211

Colles, Christopher (1738–1821), 418

Collin, Antoine (_at_ Garcia d’Orta), 516

Collina--Abbondio--Abondio (1691–1753), 60, 555; “De acus nautica inventore,” 1747; “Considerazioni ... origine della bussola nautica ...,” 1748

Collinson, Peter (1693–1768), xiv, 193, 194, 196, 321

Collis, H. M. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Colomiès, Paul (_at_ Montanus, Arias Benedictus), 528

Colonna, Egidius (_c._ 1247–1316), 16

Colonne pendula of Maréchaux, 304

Colsmann (_at_ Reinhold, J. C. L., A.D. 1797–1798), 327

Columbus, Christopher, xx, 24, 32, 34, 65–68, 78, 475, 508, 523, 534, 535

Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (fl. first century A.D.), 10

Combe, Blanche. _See_ Janin de Combe Blanche, 304, 385

Comines, Philippe de Sieur d’Argentan (1445–1510), “Mémoires,” 537

“Commercial Magazine,” 430

Compass. Early compasses of various kinds are mentioned by Robert Norman in