book xxvi

. cap. 5).

We have no less than three legends of the origin of the flower. In one legend, not older, I believe, than the fourteenth century (the legend is given at full length by Chaucer in his "Legende of Goode Women"), Alcestis was turned into a Daisy. Another legend records that "this plant is called Bellis, because it owes its origin to Belides, a granddaughter to Danaus, and one of the nymphs called Dryads, that presided over the meadows and pastures in ancient times. Belides is said to have encouraged the suit of Ephigeus, but whilst dancing on the grass with this rural deity she attracted the admiration of Vertumnus, who, just as he was about to seize her in his embrace, saw her transformed into the humble plant that now bears her name." This legend I have only seen in Phillips's "Flora Historica." I need scarcely tell you that neither Belides or Ephigeus are classical names--they are mediæval inventions. The next legend is a Celtic one; I find it recorded both by Lady Wilkinson and Mrs. Lankester. I should like to know its origin; but with that grand contempt for giving authorities which lady-authors too often show, neither of these ladies tells us whence she got the legend. The legend says that "the virgins of Morven, to soothe the grief of Malvina, who had lost her infant son, sang to her, 'We have seen, O! Malvina, we have seen the infant you regret, reclining on a light mist; it approached us, and shed on our fields a harvest of new flowers. Look, O! Malvina. Among these flowers we distinguish one with a golden disk surrounded by silver leaves; a sweet tinge of crimson adorns its delicate rays; waved by a gentle wind, we might call it a little infant playing in a green meadow; and the flower of thy bosom has given a new flower to the hills of Cromla.'" Since that day the daughters of Morven have consecrated the Daisy to infancy. "It is," said they, "the flower of innocence, the flower of the newborn." Besides these legends, the Daisy is also connected with the legendary history of St. Margaret. The legend is given by Chaucer, but I will tell it to you in the words of a more modern poet--

"There is a double flouret, white and rede, That our lasses call Herb Margaret In honour of Cortona's penitent; Whose contrite soul with red remorse was rent. While on her penitence kind Heaven did throwe The white of puritie surpassing snowe; So white and rede in this faire floure entwine, Which maids are wont to scatter on her shrine."

_Catholic Florist_, Feb. 22, St. Margaret's Day.

Yet, in spite of the general association of Daisies with St. Margaret, Mrs. Jameson says that she has seen one, and only one, picture of St. Margaret with Daisies.

The poetry or poetical history of the Daisy is very curious. It begins with Chaucer, whose love of the flower might almost be called an idolatry. But, as it begins with Chaucer, so, for a time, it almost ends with him. Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton scarcely mention it. It holds almost no place in the poetry of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; but, at the close of the eighteenth century, it has the good luck to be uprooted by Burns's plough, and he at once sings its dirge and its beauties; and then the flower at once becomes a celebrity. Wordsworth sings of it in many a beautiful verse; and I think it is scarcely too much to say that since his time not an English poet has failed to pay his homage to the humble beauty of the Daisy. I do not purpose to take you through all these poets--time and knowledge would fail me to introduce you to them all. I shall but select some of those which I consider best worth selection. I begin, of course, with Chaucer, and even with him I must content myself with a selection--

"Of all the floures in the mede, Then love I most those floures white and redde; Such that men callen Daisies in our town. To them I have so great affection, As I said erst when comen is the Maye, That in my bedde there dawneth me no daie, That I n'am up and walking in the mede To see this floure against the sunné sprede. When it upriseth early by the morrow, That blessed sight softeneth all my sorrow. So glad am I, when that I have presence Of it, to done it all reverence-- As she that is of all floures the floure, Fulfilled of all virtue and honoure; And ever ylike fair and fresh of hue, And ever I love it, and ever ylike new, And ever shall, till that mine heart die, All swear I not, of this I will not lye. There loved no wight hotter in his life, And when that it is eve, I run blithe, As soon as ever the sun gaineth west, To see this floure, how it will go to rest. For fear of night, so hateth she darkness, Her cheer is plainly spread in the brightness Of the sunne, for there it will unclose; Alas, that I ne had English rhyme or prose Suffisaunt this floure to praise aright."

I could give you several other quotations from Chaucer, but I will content myself with this, for I think unbounded admiration of a flower can scarcely go further than the lines I have read to you.

In an early poem published by Ritson is the following--

"Lenten ys come with love to toune With blosmen ant with briddes roune That al thys blisse bryngeth; Dayeseyes in this dales, Notes suete of nyghtegales Vch foul song singeth."

_Ancient Songs and Ballads_, vol. i, p. 63.

Stephen Hawes, who lived in the time of Henry VII., wrote a poem called the "Temple of Glass." In that temple he tells us--

"I saw depycted upon a wall, From est to west, fol many a fayre image Of sundry lovers. . . . ."

And among these lovers--

"And Alder next was the freshe quene, I mean Alceste, the noble true wife, And for Admete howe she lost her life, And for her trouthe, if I shall not lye, How she was turned into a Daysye."

We next come to Spenser. In the "Muiopotmos," he gives a list of flowers that the butterfly frequents, with most descriptive epithets to each flower most happily chosen. Among the flowers are--

"The Roses raigning in the pride of May, Sharp Isope good for greene woundes' remedies, Faire Marigoldes, and bees-alluring Thyme, Sweet Marjoram, and Daysies decking prime."

By "decking prime" he means they are the ornament of the morning.[366:1] Again he introduces the Daisy in a stanza of much beauty, that commences the June Eclogue of the "Shepherd's Calendar."

"Lo! Colin, here the place whose pleasaunt syte From other shades hath weand my wandring minde. Tell me, what wants me here to work delyte? The simple ayre, the gentle warbling winde, So calm, so cool, as no where else I finde; The Grassie ground, with daintie Daysies dight; The Bramble bush, where byrdes of every kinde To the waters' fall their tunes attemper right."

From Spenser we come to Shakespeare, and when we remember the vast acquaintance with flowers of every kind that he shows, and especially when we remember how often he almost seems to go out of his way to tell of the simple wild flowers of England, it is surprising that the Daisy is almost passed over entirely by him. Here are the passages in which he names the flowers. First, in the poem of the "Rape of Lucrece," he has a very pretty picture of Lucrece as she lay asleep--

"Without the bed her other faire hand was On the green coverlet, whose perfect white Showed like an April Daisy on the Grass."

In "Love's Labour's Lost" is the song of Spring, beginning--

"When Daisies pied, and Violets blue; And Lady-smocks all silver-white, And Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight."

In "Hamlet" Daisies are twice mentioned in connection with Ophelia in her madness. "There's a Daisy!" she said, as she distributed her flowers; but she made no comment on the Daisy as she did on her other flowers. And, in the description of her death, the Queen tells us that--

"There with fantastick garlands did she come Of Crow-flowers, Nettles, Daisies, and Long Purples."

And in "Cymbeline" the General Lucius gives directions for the burial of Cloten--

"Let us Find out the prettiest Daisied plot we can, And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave."

And in the introductory song to the "Two Noble Kinsmen," which is claimed by some as Shakespeare's, we find among the other flowers of spring--

"Daisies smel-lesse, yet most quaint."

These are the only places in which the Daisy is mentioned in Shakespeare's plays, and it is a little startling to find that of these six one is in a song for clowns, and two others are connected with the poor mad princess. I hope that you will not use Shakespeare's authority against me, that to talk of Daisies is only fit for clowns and madmen.

Contemporary with Shakespeare was Cutwode, who in the "Caltha Poetarum," published in 1599, thus describes the Daisy--

"On her attends the Daisie dearly dight that pretty Primula of Lady Ver As handmaid to her Mistresse day and night so doth she watch, so waiteth she on her, With double diligence, and dares not stir, A fairer flower perfumes not forth in May Then is this Daisie or this Primula.

About her neck she wears a rich wrought ruffe, with double sets most brave and broad bespread, Resembling lovely Lawn or Cambrick stuffe pind up and prickt upon her yealow head, Wearing her haire on both sides of her shead; And with her countenance she hath acast Wagging the w[=a]ton with each wynd and blast."

Stanza 21, 22.

Drayton, in the "Polyolbion," 15th Song, represents the Naiads engaged in twining garlands for the marriage of Tame and Isis, and considering that he--

"Should not be dressed with flowers to garden that belong (His bride that better fitteth), but only such as spring From the replenisht meads and fruitful pasture neere,"

they collect among other wild flowers--

"The Daysie over all those sundry sweets so thick As nature doth herself, to imitate her right; Who seems in that her pearle so greatly to delight That every plaine therewith she powdereth to beholde."

And to the same effect, in his "Description of Elysium"--

"There Daisies damask every place, Nor once their beauties lose, That when proud Phoebus turns his face, Themselves they scorn to close."

Browne, contemporary with Shakespeare, has these pretty lines on the Daisy--

"The Daisy scattered on each mead and down, A golden tuft within a silver crown; (Fair fall that dainty flower! and may there be No shepherd graced that doth not honour thee!)."

_Brit. Past._, ii. 3.

And the following must be about the same date--

"The pretty Daisy which doth show Her love to Phoebus, bred her woe; (Who joys to see his cheareful face, And mournes when he is not in place)-- 'Alacke! alacke! alacke!' quoth she, 'There's none that ever loves like me.'"

_The Deceased Maiden's Lover_--Roxburghe Ballads, i, 341.

I am not surprised to find that Milton barely mentions the Daisy. His knowledge of plants was very small compared to Shakespeare's, and seems to have been, for the most part, derived from books. His descriptions of plants all savour more of study than the open air. I only know of two places in which he mentions the Daisy. In the "l'Allegro" he speaks of "Meadows trim with Daisies pied," and in another place he speaks of "Daisies trim." But I am surprised to find the Daisy overlooked by two such poets as Robert Herrick and George Herbert. Herrick sang of flowers most sweetly, few if any English poets have sung of them more sweetly, but he has little to say of the Daisy. He has one poem, indeed, addressed specially to a Daisy, but he simply uses the little flower, and not very successfully, as a peg on which to hang the praises of his mistress. He uses it more happily in describing the pleasures of a country life--

"Come live with me and thou shalt see The pleasures I'll prepare for thee, What sweets the country can afford, Shall bless thy bed and bless thy board. . . . Thou shalt eat The paste of Filberts for thy bread, With cream of Cowslips buttered; Thy feasting tables shall be hills, With Daisies spread and Daffodils."

And again--

"Young men and maids meet, To exercise their dancing feet, Tripping the comely country round, With Daffodils and Daisies crowned."

George Herbert had a deep love for flowers, and a still deeper love for finding good Christian lessons in the commonest things about him. He delights in being able to say--

"Yet can I mark how herbs below Grow green and gay;"

but I believe he never mentions the Daisy.

Of the poets of the seventeenth century I need only make one short quotation from Dryden--

"And then the band of flutes began to play, To which a lady sang a tirelay: And still at every close she would repeat The burden of the song--'The Daisy is so sweet, The Daisy is so sweet'--when she began The troops of knights and dames continued on The consort; and the voice so charmed my ear And soothed my soul that it was heaven to hear."

I need not dwell on the other poets of the seventeenth century. In most of them a casual allusion to the Daisy may be found, but little more. Nor need I dwell at all on the poets of the eighteenth century. In the so-called Augustan age of poetry, the Daisy could not hope to attract any attention. It was the correct thing if they had to speak of the country to speak of the "Daisied" or "Daisy-spangled" meads, but they could not condescend to any nearer approach to the little flower. If they had they would have found that they had chosen their epithet very badly. I never yet saw a "Daisy-spangled" meadow.[370:1] The flowers may be there, but the long Grasses effectually hide them. And so I come _per saltum_ to the end of the eighteenth century, and at once to Burns, who brought the Daisy again into notice. He thus regrets the uprooting of the Daisy by his plough--

"Wee, modest, crimson-tippèd flower, Thou'st met me in an evil hour; For I must crush amongst the stour Thy slender stem. To spare thee now is past my power, Thou bonny gem.

Cold blew the bitter, biting north, Upon thy humble birth, Yet cheerfully thou venturest forth Amid the storm, Scarce reared above the Parent-earth Thy tender form.

The flaunting flowers our gardens yield High sheltering woods and walks must shield; But thou, between the random bield Of clod or stone, Adorn'st the rugged stubble field, Unseen, alone.

There, in thy scanty mantle clad, Thy snowy bosom sunward spread, Thou lift'st thy unassuming head In humble guise; But now the share uptears thy bed, And low thou lies!"

With Burns we may well join Clare, another peasant poet from Northamptonshire, whose poems are not so much known as they deserve to be. His allusions to wild flowers always mark his real observation of them, and his allusions to the Daisy are frequent; thus--

"Smiling on the sunny plain The lovely Daisies blow, Unconscious of the careless feet That lay their beauties low."

Again, alluding to his own obscurity--

"Green turfs allowed forgotten heap, Is all that I shall have, Save that the little Daisies creep To deck my humble grave."

Again, in his description of evening, he does not omit to notice the closing of the Daisy at sunset--

"Now the blue fog creeps along, And the birds forget their song; Flowers now sleep within their hoods, Daisies button into buds."

And so we come to Wordsworth, whose love of the Daisy almost equalled Chaucer's. His allusions and addresses to the Daisy are numerous, but I have only space for a small selection. First, are two stanzas from a long poem specially to the Daisy--

"When soothed awhile by milder airs, Thee Winter in the garland wears, That thinly shades his few gray hairs, Spring cannot shun thee. While Summer fields are thine by right, And Autumn, melancholy wight, Doth in thy crimson head delight When rains are on thee.

Child of the year that round dost run Thy course, bold lover of the sun, And cheerful when thy day's begun As morning leveret. Thy long-lost praise thou shalt regain, Dear shalt thou be to future men, As in old time, thou not in vain Art nature's favourite."

The other poem from Wordsworth that I shall read to you is one that has received the highest praise from all readers, and by Ruskin (no mean critic, and certainly not always given to praises) is described as "two delicious stanzas, followed by one of heavenly imagination."[372:1] The poem is "An Address to the Daisy"--

"A nun demure--of holy port; A sprightly maiden--of love's court, In thy simplicity the sport Of all temptations. A queen in crown of rubies drest, A starveling in a scanty vest, Are all, as seems to suit thee best, Thy appellations.

I see thee glittering from afar, And then thou art a pretty star, Not quite so fair as many are In heaven above thee. Yet like a star with glittering crest, Self-poised in air thou seem'st to rest; Let peace come never to his rest Who shall reprove thee.

Sweet flower, for by that name at last, When all my reveries are past, I call thee, and to that cleave fast. Sweet silent creature, That breath'st with me in sun and air; Do thou, as thou art wont, repair My heart with gladness, and a share Of thy meek nature."

With these beautiful lines I might well conclude my notices of the poetical history of the Daisy, but, to bring it down more closely to our own times, I will remind you of a poem by Tennyson, entitled "The Daisy." It is a pleasant description of a southern tour brought to his memory by finding a dried Daisy in a book. He says--

"We took our last adieu, And up the snowy Splugen drew, But ere we reached the highest summit, I plucked a Daisy, I gave it you, It told of England then to me, And now it tells of Italy."

Thus I have picked several pretty flowers of poetry for you from the time of Chaucer to our own. I could have made the posy fifty-fold larger, but I could, probably, have found no flowers for the posy more beautiful, or more curious, than these few.

I now come to the botany of the Daisy. The Daisy belongs to the immense family of the Compositæ, a family which contains one-tenth of the flowering plants of the world, and of which nearly 10,000 species are recorded. In England the order is very familiar, as it contains three of our commonest kinds, the Daisy, the Dandelion, and the Groundsel. It may give some idea of the large range of the family when we find that there are some 600 recorded species of the Groundsel alone, of which eleven are in England. I shall not weary you with a strictly scientific description of the Daisy, but I will give you instead Rousseau's well-known description. It is fairly accurate, though not strictly scientific: "Take," he says, "one of those little flowers, which cover all the pastures, and which every one knows by the name of Daisy. Look at it well, for I am sure you would never have guessed from its appearance that this flower, which is so small and delicate, is really composed of between two and three hundred other flowers, all of them perfect, that is, each of them having its corolla, stamens, pistil, and fruit; in a word, as perfect in its species as a flower of the Hyacinth or Lily. Every one of these leaves, which are white above and red underneath, and form a kind of crown round the flower, appearing to be nothing more than little petals, are in reality so many true flowers; and every one of those tiny yellow things also which you see in the centre, and which at first you have perhaps taken for nothing but stamens, are real flowers. . . . Pull out one of the white leaves of the flower; you will think at first that it is flat from one end to the other, but look carefully at the end by which it was fastened to the flower, and you will see that this end is not flat, but round and hollow in the form of a tube, and that a little thread ending in two horns issues from the tube. This thread is the forked style of the flower, which, as you now see, is flat only at top. Next look at the little yellow things in the middle of the flower, and which, as I have told you, are all so many flowers; if the flower is sufficiently advanced, you will see some of them open in the middle and even cut into several parts. These are the monopetalous corollas. . . . . This is enough to show you by the eye the possibility that all these small affairs, both white and yellow, may be so many distinct flowers, and this is a constant fact" (Quoted in Lindley's "Ladies' Botany," vol. i.)[374:1]

But Rousseau does not mention one feature which I wish to describe to you, as I know few points in botany more beautiful than the arrangement by which the Daisy is fertilized. In the centre of each little flower is the style surrounded closely by the anthers. The end of the style is divided, but, as long as it remains below among the anthers, the two lips are closed. The anthers are covered, more or less, with pollen; the style has its outside surface bristling with stiff hairs. In this condition it would be impossible for the pollen to reach the interior (stigmatic) surfaces of the divided style, but the style rises, and as it rises it brushes off the pollen from the anthers around it. Its lips are closed till it has risen well above the whole flower, and left the anthers below; then it opens, showing its broad stigmatic surface to receive pollen from other flowers, and distribute the pollen it has brushed off, not to itself (which it could not do), but to other flowers around it. By this provision no flower fertilizes itself, and those of you who are acquainted with Darwin's writings will know how necessary this provision may be in perpetuating flowers. The Daisy not only produces double flowers, but also the curious proliferous flower called Hen and Chickens, or Childing Daisies, or Jackanapes on Horseback. These are botanically very interesting flowers, and though I, on another occasion, drew your attention to the peculiarity, I cannot pass it over in a paper specially devoted to the Daisy. The botanical interest is this: It is a well-known fact in botany, that all the parts of a plant--root, stem, flowers and their parts, thorns, fruits, and even the seeds, are only different forms of leaves, and are all interchangeable, and the Hen and Chickens Daisy is a good proof of it. Underneath the flowerhead of the Daisy is a green cushion, composed of bracts; in the Hen and Chickens Daisy some of these bracts assume the form of flowers, and are the chickens. If the plant is neglected, or does not like its soil, the chickens again become bracts.

The only other point in the botany of the Daisy that occurs to me is its geographical range. The old books are not far wrong when they say "it groweth everywhere." It does not, however, grow in the Tropics. In Europe it is everywhere, from Iceland to the extreme south, though not abundant in the south-easterly parts. It is found in North America very sparingly, and not at all in the United States. It is also by no means fastidious in its choice of position--by the river-side or on the mountain-top it seems equally at home, though it somewhat varies according to its situation, but its most chosen habitat seems to be a well-kept lawn. There it luxuriates, and defies the scythe and the mowing machine. It has been asserted that it disappears when the ground is fed by sheep, and again appears when the sheep are removed, but this requires confirmation. Yet it does not lend itself readily to gardening purposes. It is one of those--

"Flowers, worthy of Paradise, which not nice art In beds and curious knots, but Nature's boon Pour'd forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain, Both where the morning sun first warmly smote The open field, and where the unpierc'd shade Imbrown'd the noontide bowers."

_Paradise Lost_, iv, 240.

Under cultivation it becomes capricious; the sorts degenerate and require much care to keep them true. As to its time of flowering it is commonly considered a spring and summer flower; but I think one of its chief charms is that there is scarcely a day in the whole year in which you might not find a Daisy in flower.

I have now gone through something of the history, poetry, and botany of the Daisy, but there are still some few points which I could not well range under either of these three heads, yet which must not be passed over. In painting, the Daisy was a favourite with the early Italian and Flemish painters, its bright star coming in very effectively in their foregrounds. Some of you will recollect that it is largely used in the foreground of Van Eyck's grand picture of the "Adoration of the Lamb," now at St. Bavon's, in Ghent. In sculpture it was not so much used, its small size making it unfit for that purpose. Yet you will sometimes see it, both in the stone and wood carvings of our old churches. In heraldry it is not unknown. When Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was about to marry Margaret of Flanders, he instituted an order of Daisies; and in Chifflet's Lilium Francicum (1658) is a plate of his arms, France and Flanders quarterly surrounded by a collar of Daisies. A family named Daisy bear three Daisies on their coat of arms. In an old picture of Chaucer, a Daisy takes the place in the corner usually allotted to the coat of arms in mediæval paintings. It was assumed as an heraldic cognizance by St. Louis of France in honour of his wife Margaret; by the good Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre; by Margaret of Anjou, the unfortunate wife of our Henry VI.; while our Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of our Henry VII., and dear to Oxford and Cambridge as the foundress of the Margaret Professorships, and of Christ College in Cambridge, bore three Daisies on a green turf.

To entomologists the Daisy is interesting as an attractive flower to insects; for "it is visited by nine hymenoptera, thirteen diptera, three coleoptera, and two lepidoptera--namely, the least meadow-brown and the common blue butterflies."[377:1]

In medicine, I am afraid, the Daisy has so lost its virtues that it has no place in the modern pharmacopoeia: but in old days it was not so. Coghan says "of Deysies, they are used to be given in potions in fractures of the head and deep wounds of the breast. And this experience I have of them, that the juyce of the leaves and rootes of Deysies being put into the nosethrils purgeth the brain; they are good to be used in pottage."[377:2] Gerard says, "the Daisies do mitigate all kinds of paines, especially in the joints, and gout proceeding from a hot or dry humoure, if they be stamped with new butter, unsalted, and applied upon the pained place." Nor was this all. In those days, doctors prescribed according to the so-called "doctrines of signatures," _i.e._, it was supposed that Nature had shown, by special marks, for what special disease each plant was useful; and so in the humble growth of the little low-growing Daisy the doctors read its uses, and here they are. "It is said that the roots thereof being boyled in milk, and given to little puppies, will not suffer them to grow great."--COLE'S _Adam in Eden_. One more virtue. Miss Pratt says that "an author, writing in 1696, tells us that they who wish to have pleasant dreams of the loved and absent, should put 'Dazy roots under their pillow.'"

On the English language, the Daisy has had little influence, though some have derived "lackadaisy" and "lackadaisical" from the Daisy, but there is, certainly, no connection between the words. Daisy, however, was (and, perhaps, still is) a provincial adjective in the eastern counties. A writer in "Notes and Queries" (2nd Series, ix. 261) says that Samuel Parkis, in a letter to George Chalmers, dated February 16, 1799, notices the following provincialisms: "Daisy: remarkable, extraordinary excellent, as 'She's a Daisy lass to work,' _i.e._, 'She is a good working girl.' 'I'm a Daisy body for pudding,' _i.e._, 'I eat a great deal of pudding.'"

And I must not leave the Daisy without noticing one special charm, that it is peculiarly the flower of childhood. The Daisy is one of the few flowers of which the child may pick any quantity without fear of scolding from the surliest gardener. It is to the child the herald of spring, when it can set its little foot on six at once, and it readily lends itself to the delightful manufacture of Daisy chains.

"In the spring and play-time of the year, . . . . the little ones, a sportive team, Gather king-cups in the yellow mead, And prank their hair with Daisies."--COWPER.

It is then the special flower of childhood, but we cannot entirely give it up to our children. And I have tried to show you that the humble Daisy has been the delight of many noble minds, and may be a fit subject of study even for those children of a larger growth who form the "Bath Field Club."

FOOTNOTES:

[362:1] "In the curious Treatise of the Virtues of Herbs, Royal MS. 18, a. vi, fol. 72 b, is mentioned: 'Brysewort, or Bonwort, or Daysye, _consolida minor_, good to breke bocches.'"--_Promptorium Parvulorum_, p. 52, note. See also a good note on the same word in "Babee's Book," p. 185.

[366:1] This is the general interpretation, but "decking prime" may mean the ornament of spring.

[370:1] This statement has been objected to, but I retain it, because in speaking of a meadow, I mean what is called a meadow in the south of England, a lowland, and often irrigated, pasture. In such a meadow Daisies have no place. In the North the word is more loosely used for any pasture, but in the South the distinction is so closely drawn that hay dealers make a great difference in their prices for "upland" or "meadow hay."

[372:1] "Modern Painters," vol. ii. p. 186.

[374:1] In the "Cornhill Magazine" for January, 1878, is a pleasant paper on "Dissecting a Daisy," treating a little of the Daisy, but still more of the pleasures that a Daisy gives to different people, and the different reasons for the different sorts of pleasure. See also on the same subject the "Cornhill" for June, 1882.

[377:1] Boulger in "Nature," Aug., 1878. The insects are given in Herman Muller's "Befructting der Blumen."

[377:2] "Haven of Health," 1596, p. 83.

APPENDIX II.

_THE SEASONS OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS._

_Biron._ I like of each thing that in season grows.

_Love's Labour's Lost_, act i, sc. 1.

This paper was read to the New Shakespeare Society in June, 1880, and to the Bath Literary Club in the following November. The subject is so closely connected with the "Plant-lore of Shakespeare," that I add it as an Appendix.

THE SEASONS OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS.

In this paper I do not propose to make any exhaustive inquiry into the seasons of Shakespeare's plays, but (at Mr. Furnivall's suggestion) I have tried to find out whether in any case the season that was in the poet's mind can be discovered by the flowers or fruits, or whether, where the season is otherwise indicated, the flowers and fruits are in accordance. In other words, my inquiry is simply confined to the argument, if any, that may be derived from the flowers and fruits, leaving out of the question all other indications of the seasons.

The first part of the inquiry is, what plants or flowers are mentioned in each play? They are as follows:--

COMEDIES.

_Tempest._ Apple, crab, wheat, rye, barley, vetches, oats, peas, briar, furze, gorse, thorns, broom, cedar, corn, cowslip, nettle, docks, mallow, filbert, heath, ling, grass, nut, ivy, lily, piony, lime, mushrooms, oak, acorn, pignuts, pine, reed, saffron, sedges, stover, vine.

_Two Gentlemen of Verona._ Lily, roses, sedges.

_Merry Wives._ Pippins, buttons (?), balm, bilberry, cabbage, carrot, elder, eringoes, figs, flax, hawthorn, oak, pear, plums, prunes, potatoes, pumpion, roses, turnips, walnut.

_Twelfth Night._ Apple, box, ebony, flax, nettle, olive, squash, peascod, codling, roses, violet, willow, yew.

_Measure for Measure._ Birch, burs, corn, garlick, medlar, oak, myrtle, peach, prunes, grapes, vine, violet.

_Much Ado._ Carduus benedictus, honeysuckle, woodbine, oak, orange, rose, sedges, willow.

_Midsummer Night's Dream._ Crab, apricots, beans, briar, red rose, broom, bur, cherry, corn, cowslip, dewberries, oxlip, violet, woodbine, eglantine, elm, ivy, figs, mulberries, garlick, onions, grass, hawthorn, nuts, hemp, honeysuckle, knot-grass, leek, lily, peas, peas-blossom, oak, acorn, oats, orange, love-in-idleness, primrose, musk-rose buds, musk-roses, rose, thistle, thorns, thyme, grapes, violet, wheat.

_Love's Labour's Lost._ Apple, pomewater, crab, cedar, lemon, cockle, mint, columbine, corn, daisies, lady-smocks, cuckoo-buds, ebony, elder, grass, lily, nutmeg, oak, osier, oats, peas, plantain, rose, sycamore, thorns, violets, wormwood.

_Merchant of Venice._ Apple, grass, pines, reed, wheat, willow.

_As You Like It._ Acorns, hawthorn, brambles, briar, bur, chestnut, cork, nuts, holly, medlar, moss, mustard, oak, olive, palm, peascod, rose, rush, rye, sugar, grape, osier.

_All's Well._ Briar, date, grass, nut, marjoram, herb of grace, onions, pear, pomegranate, roses, rush, saffron, grapes.

_Taming of Shrew._ Apple, crab, chestnut, cypress, hazel, oats, onion, love-in-idleness, mustard, parsley, roses, rush, sedges, walnut.

_Winter's Tale._ Briars, carnations, gillyflower, cork, oxlips, crown imperial, currants, daffodils, dates, saffron, flax, lilies, flower-de-luce, garlick, ivy, lavender, mints, savory, marjoram, marigold, nettle, oak, warden, squash, pines, prunes, primrose, damask-roses, rice, raisins, rosemary, rue, thorns, violets.

_Comedy of Errors._ Balsam, ivy, briar, moss, rush, nut, cherrystone, elm, vine, grass, saffron.

HISTORIES.

_King John._ Plum, cherry, fig, lily, rose, violet, rush, thorns.

_Richard II._ Apricots, balm, bay, corn, grass, nettles, pines, rose, rue, thorns, violets, yew.

_1st Henry IV._ Apple-john, pease, beans, blackberries, camomile, fernseed, garlick, ginger, moss, nettle, oats, prunes, pomegranate, radish, raisins, reeds, rose, rush, sedges, speargrass, thorns.

_2nd Henry IV._ Aconite, apple-john, leathercoats, aspen, balm, carraways, corn, ebony, elm, fennel, fig, gooseberries, hemp, honeysuckle, mandrake, olive, peach, peascod, pippins, prunes, radish, rose, rush, wheat.

_Henry V._ Apple, balm, docks, elder, fig, flower-de-luce, grass, hemp, leek, nettle, fumitory, kecksies, burs, cowslips, burnet, clover, darnel, strawberry, thistles, vine, violet, hemlock.

_1st Henry VI._ Briar, white and red rose, corn, flower-de-luce, vine.

_2nd Henry VI._ Crab, cedar, corn, cypress, fig, flax, flower-de-luce, grass, hemp, laurel, mandrake, pine, plums, damsons, primrose, thorns.

_3d Henry VI._ Balm, cedar, corn, hawthorn, oaks, olive, laurel, thorns.

_Richard III._ Balm, cedar, roses, strawberry, vines.

_Henry VIII._ Apple, crab, bays, palms, broom, cherry, cedar, corn, lily, vine.

TRAGEDIES.

_Troilus and Cressida._ Almond, balm, blackberry, burs, date, nut, laurels, lily, toadstool, nettle, oak, pine, plantain, potato, wheat.

_Timon of Athens._ Balm, balsam, oaks, briars, grass, medlar, moss, olive, palm, rose, grape.

_Coriolanus._ Crab, ash, briars, cedar, cockle, corn, cypress, garlick, mulberry, nettle, oak, orange, palm, rush, grape.

_Macbeth._ Balm, chestnut, corn, hemlock, insane root, lily, primrose, rhubarb, senna (cyme), yew.

_Julius Cæsar._ Oak, palm.

_Antony and Cleopatra._ Balm, figs, flag, laurel, mandragora, myrtle, olive, onions, pine, reeds, rose, rue, rush, grapes, wheat, vine.

_Cymbeline._ Cedar, violet, cowslip, primrose, daisies, harebell, eglantine, elder, lily, marybuds, moss, oak, acorn, pine, reed, rushes, vine.

_Titus Andronicus._ Aspen, briars, cedar, honeystalks, corn, elder, grass, laurel, lily, moss, mistletoe, nettles, yew.

_Pericles._ Rosemary, bay, roses, cherry, corn, violets, marigolds, rose, thorns.

_Romeo and Juliet._ Bitter-sweeting, dates, hazel, mandrake, medlar, nuts, popering pear, pink, plantain, pomegranate, quince, roses, rosemary, rush, sycamore, thorn, willow, wormwood, yew.

_King Lear._ Apple, balm, burdock, cork, corn, crab, fumiter, hemlock, harlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, darnel, flax, hawthorn, lily, marjoram, oak, oats, peascod, rosemary, vines, wheat, samphire.

_Hamlet._ Fennel, columbine, crow-flower, nettles, daisies, long purples or dead-men's-fingers, flax, grass, hebenon, nut, palm, pansies, plum-tree, primrose, rose, rosemary, rue, herb of grace, thorns, violets, wheat, willow, wormwood.

_Othello._ Locusts, coloquintida, figs, nettles, lettuce, hyssop, thyme, poppy, mandragora, oak, rose, rue, rush, strawberries, sycamore, grapes, willow.

_Two Noble Kinsmen._ Apricot, bulrush, cedar, plane, cherry, corn, currant, daffodils, daisies, flax, lark's heels, marigolds, narcissus, nettles, oak, oxlips, plantain, reed, primrose, rose, thyme, rush.

This I believe to be a complete list of the flowers of Shakespeare arranged according to the plays, and they are mentioned in one of three ways--first, adjectively, as "flaxen was his pole," "hawthorn-brake," "barley-broth," "thou honeysuckle villain," "onion-eyed," "cowslip-cheeks," but the instances of this use by Shakespeare are not many; second, proverbially or comparatively, as "tremble like aspen," "we grew together like to a double cherry seeming parted," "the stinking elder, grief," "thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine," "not worth a gooseberry." There are numberless instances of this use of the names of flowers, fruits, and trees, but neither of these uses give any indication of the seasons; and in one or other of these ways they are used (and only in these ways) in the following plays:--_Tempest_, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, _Measure for Measure_, _Merchant of Venice_, _As You Like It_, _Taming of the Shrew_, _Comedy of Errors_, _Macbeth_, _King John_, _1st Henry IV._, _2nd Henry VI._, _3rd Henry VI._, _Henry VIII._, _Troilus and Cressida_, _Coriolanus_, _Julius Cæsar_, _Pericles_, _Othello_. These therefore may be dismissed at once. There remain the following plays in which indications of the seasons intended either in the whole play or in the particular act may be traced. In some cases the traces are exceedingly slight (almost none at all); in others they are so strongly marked that there is little doubt that Shakespeare used them of set purpose and carefully:--_Merry Wives_, _Twelfth Night_, _Much Ado_, _Midsummer Night's Dream_, _Love's Labour's Lost_, _As You Like It_, _All's Well_, _Winter's Tale_, _Richard II._, _1st Henry IV._, _Henry V._, _2nd Henry VI._, _Richard III._, _Timon of Athens_, _Antony and Cleopatra_, _Cymbeline_, _Titus Andronicus_, _Romeo and Juliet_, _King Lear_, _Hamlet_, and _Two Noble Kinsmen_.

_Merry Wives._ Herne's oak gives the season intended--

"Herne the hunter, Sometime a keeper here in Windsor forest, Doth _all the winter time_ at still midnight Walk round about an oak with ragged horns."

If Shakespeare really meant to place the scene in mid-winter, there may be a fitness in Mrs. Quickly's looking forward to "a posset at night, at the latter end of a sea-coal fire," for it was a "raw rheumatick day" (act iii, sc. 1), in Pistol's--

"Take heed, ere summer comes, or cuckoo birds do sing,"

in Ford's "birding" and "hawking," and in the concluding words--

"Let us every one go home, And laugh this sport o'er by a country fire" (act v, sc. 5);

but it is not in accordance with the literature of the day to have fairies dancing at midnight in the depth of winter.

_Twelfth Night._ We know that the whole of this play occupies but a few days, and is chiefly "matter for a May morning." This gives emphasis to Olivia's oath, "By the roses of the Spring . . . I love thee so" (act ii, sc. 4).

_Much Ado._ The season must be summer. There is the sitting out of doors in the "still evening, hushed on purpose to grace harmony;" and it is the time of year for the full leafage when Beatrice might

"Steal into the pleached bower, Where honeysuckles, ripen'd by the sun, Forbid the sun to enter" (act iii, sc. 1).

_Midsummer Night's Dream._ The name marks the season, and there is a profusion of flowers to mark it too. It may seem strange to us to have "Apricocks" at the end of June, but in speaking of the seasons of Shakespeare and others it should be remembered that their days were twelve days later than ours of the same names; and if to this is added the variation of a fortnight or three weeks, which may occur in any season in the ripening of a fruit, "apricocks" might well be sometimes gathered on their Midsummer day. But I do not think even this elasticity will allow for the ripening of mulberries and purple grapes at that time, and scarcely of figs. The scene, however, being laid in Athens and in fairyland, must not be too minutely criticized in this respect. But with the English plants the time is more accurately observed. There is the "_green_ corn;" the "dewberries," which in a forward season may be gathered early in July; the "lush woodbine" in the fulness of its lushness at that time; the pansies, or "love-in-idleness," which (says Gerard) "flower not onely in the spring, but for the most part all sommer thorowe, even untill autumne;" the "sweet musk-roses and the eglantine," also in flower then, though the musk-roses, being rather late bloomers, would show more of the "musk-rose buds" in which Titania bid the elves "kill cankers" than of the full-blown flower; while the thistle would be exactly in the state for "Mounsieur Cobweb" to "kill a good red-hipped humble bee on the top of it" to "bring the honey-bag" to Bottom. Besides these there are the flowers on the "bank where the wild thyme blows; where oxlips and the nodding violet grows," and I think the distinction worth noting between the "_blowing_" of the wild thyme, which would then be at its fullest, and the "_growing_" of the oxlips and the violet, which had passed their time of blowing, but the living plants continued "growing."[386:1]

_Love's Labour's Lost._ The general tone of the play points to the full summer, the very time when we should expect to find Boyet thinking "to close his eyes some half an hour under the cool shade of a sycamore" (act v, sc. 2).

_All's Well that Ends Well._ There is a pleasant note of the season in--

"The time will bring on summer, When briars will have leaves as well as thorns, And be as sweet as sharp" (act iv, sc. 4);

but probably that is only a proverbial expression of hopefulness, and cannot be pushed further.

_Winter's Tale._ There seems some little confusion in the season of the fourth act--the feast for the sheep-shearing, which is in the very beginning of summer--yet Perdita dates the season as "the year growing ancient"--

"Nor yet on summer's death, nor on the birth Of trembling winter"--

and gives Camillo the "flowers of middle summer." The flowers named are all summer flowers; carnations or gilliflowers, lavender, mints, savory, marjoram, and marigold.

_Richard II._ There are several marked and well-known dates in this play, but they are not much marked by the flowers. The intended combat was on St. Lambert's day (17th Sept.), but there is no allusion to autumn flowers. In act iii, sc. 3, which we know must be placed in August, there is, besides the mention of the summer dust, King Richard's sad strain--

"Our sighs, and they (tears) shall lodge the summer corn,"

and in the same act we have the gardener's orders to trim the rank summer growth of the "dangling apricocks," while in the last act, which must be some months later, we have the Duke of York speaking of "this new spring of time," and the Duchess asking--

"Who are the violets now That strew the green lap of the new-come spring?"

and though in both cases the words may be used proverbially, yet it seems also probable that they may have been suggested by the time of year.

_2nd Henry IV._ There is one flower-note in act ii, sc. 4, where the Hostess says to Falstaff, "Fare thee well! I have known thee these twenty-five years come peascod time," of which it can only be said that it must have been spoken at some other time than the summer.

_Henry V._ The exact season of act v, sc. 1, is fixed by St. David's day (March 1) and the leek.

_1st Henry VI._ The scene in the Temple gardens (act ii, sc. 4), where all turned on the colour of the roses, must have been at the season when the roses were in full bloom, say June.

_Richard III._ Here too the season of act ii, sc. 4, is fixed by the ripe strawberries brought by the Bishop of Ely to Richard. The exact date is known to be June 13, 1483.

_Timon of Athens._ An approximate season for act iv, sc. 3, might be guessed from the medlar offered by Apemantus to Timon. Our medlars are ripe in November.

_Antony and Cleopatra._ The figs and fig-leaves brought to Cleopatra give a slight indication of the season of act v.[388:1]

_Cymbeline._ Here there is a more distinct plant-note of the season of

## act i, sc. 3. The queen and her ladies, "whiles yet the dew's on ground,

gather flowers," which at the end of the scene we are told are violets, cowslips, and primroses, the flowers of the spring. In the fourth act Lucius gives orders to "find out the prettiest daisied plot we can," to make a grave for Cloten; but daisies are too long in flower to let us attempt to fix a date by them.

_Hamlet._ In this play the season intended is very distinctly marked by the flowers. The first act must certainly be some time in the winter, though it may be the end of winter or early spring--"The air bites shrewdly, it is very cold." Then comes an interval of two months or more, and Ophelia's madness must be placed in the early summer, _i.e._, in the end of May or the beginning of June; no other time will all the flowers mentioned fit, but for that time they are exact. The violets were "all withered;" but she could pick fennel and columbines, daisies and pansies in abundance, while the evergreen rosemary and rue ("which we may call Herb of Grace on Sundays") would be always ready. It was the time of year when trees were in their full leafage, and so the "willow growing aslant the brook would show its hoar leaves in the glassy stream," while its "slivers," would help her in making "fantastic garlands" "of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples," or "dead men's fingers," all of which she would then be able to pick in abundance in the meadows, but which in a few weeks would be all gone. Perhaps the time of year may have suggested to Laertes that pretty but sad address to his sister,

"O Rose of May! Dear maid, kind sister, sweet Ophelia!"

_Titus Andronicus._ There is a plant-note in act ii, sc. 2--

"The trees, though summer, yet forlorn and lean, O'ercome with moss and baleful mistletoe."

_Romeo and Juliet._ A slight plant-note of the season may be detected in the nightly singing of the nightingale in the pomegranate tree in the third act.

_King Lear._ The plants named point to one season only, the spring. At no other time could the poor mad king have gone singing aloud,

"Crowned with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds, With harlock, hemlocks, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, And darnel."

I think this would also be the time for gathering the fresh shoots of the samphire; but I do not know this for certain.[389:1]

_Two Noble Kinsmen._ Here the season is distinctly stated for us by the poet. The scene is laid in May, and the flowers named are all in accordance--daffodils, daisies, marigolds, oxlips, primrose, roses, and thyme.

I cannot claim any great literary results from this inquiry into the seasons of Shakespeare as indicated by the flowers named; on the contrary, I must confess that the results are exceedingly small--I might almost say, none at all--still I do not regret the time and trouble that the inquiry has demanded of me. In every literary inquiry the value of the research is not to be measured by the visible results. It is something even to find out that there are no results, and so save trouble to future inquirers. But in this case the research has not been altogether in vain. Every addition, however small, to the critical study of our great Poet has its value; and to myself, as a student of the Natural History of Shakespeare, the inquiry has been a very pleasant one, because it has confirmed my previous opinion, that even in such common matters as the names of the most familiar every-day plants he does not write in a careless hap-hazard way, naming just the plant that comes uppermost in his thoughts, but that they are all named in the most careful and correct manner, exactly fitting into the scenes in which they are placed, and so giving to each passage a brightness and a reality which would be entirely wanting if the plants were set down in the ignorance of guess-work. Shakespeare knew the plants well; and though his knowledge is never paraded, by its very thoroughness it cannot be hid.

FOOTNOTES:

[386:1] If "the rite of May" (act iv, sc. 1) is to be strictly limited to May-Day, the title of a "_Midsummer_ Night's Dream" does not apply. The difficulty can only be met by supposing the scene to be laid at any night in May, even in the last night, which would coincide with our 12th of June.

[388:1] "The Alexandrine figs are of the black kind having a white rift or Chanifre, and are surnamed Delicate. . . . Certain figs there be, which are both early and also lateward; . . . . they are ripe first in harvest, and afterwards in time of vintage; . . . . also some there be which beare thrice a year" (Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ b. xv., c. 18, P. Holland's translation, 1601).

[389:1] The objection to fixing the date of the play in spring is that Cordelia bids search to be made for Lear "in every acre of the high-grown field." If this can only refer to a field of corn at its full growth, there is a confusion of seasons. But if the larger meaning is given to "field," which it bears in "flowers of the field," "beasts of the field," the confusion is avoided. The words would then refer to the wild overgrowth of an open country.

APPENDIX III.

_NAMES OF PLANTS._

_Juliet._

What's in a name? That which we call a Rose By any other name would smell as sweet.

_Romeo and Juliet_, act ii, sc. 2.

NAMES OF PLANTS.

Finding that many are interested in the old names of the plants named by Shakespeare, I give in this appendix the names of the plants, showing at one view how they were written and explained by different writers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The list might have been very largely increased, especially by giving the forms used at an earlier date, but my object is to show the forms of the names in which they were (or might have been) familiar to Shakespeare. The authors quoted are these:

1440. "Promptorium Parvulorum." 1483. "Catholicon Anglicum." 1548. Turner's "Names of Herbes," and "Herbal," 1568. 1597. Gerard's "Herbal." 1611. Cotgrave's "Dictionarie."[393:1]

ACONITUM.

_Turner._ Aconitum.

_Gerard._ Of Wolfes-banes and Monkeshoods.

_Cotgrave._ Aconit; Aconitum, _A most venemous hearbe, of two principall kindes_; viz., _Libbard's-bane, and Wolfe-bane_.

ACORN.

_Promptorium._ Accorne, or archarde, frute of the oke; _Glans_.

_Catholicon._ An Acorne; _hæc glans dis, hec glandicula_.

_Cotgrave._ Gland; _An Acorne_; _Mast of Oakes or other trees_.

ALMOND.

_Promptorium._ Almaund, frute; _Amigdalum_.

_Catholicon._ An Almond tre; _amigdalus_.

_Turner._ The Almon tree.

_Gerard._ The Almond tree.

_Cotgrave._ Amygdales; _Almonds_.

ALOES.

_Turner._ Aloe.

_Gerard._ Of Herbe Aloe, or Sea Houseleeke.

_Cotgrave._ Aloës; _The hearbe Aloes_, _Sea Houseleeke_, _Sea aigreen_.

APPLE.

_Promptorium._ Appule, frute; _Pomum_, _malum_.

_Catholicon._ An Appylle; _pomum_, _malum_, _pomulum_.

_Turner._ Apple tree.

_Gerard._ The Apple tree.

_Cotgrave._ Pomme; _An Apple_.

APRICOTS.

_Turner._ Abricok.

_Gerard._ The Aprecocke or Abrecocke tree.

_Cotgrave._ Abricot; _The Abricot, or Apricocke Plum_.

ASH.

_Promptorium._ Asche tre; _Fraxinus_.

_Turner._ Ashe tree.

_Gerard._ The Ash tree.

_Cotgrave._ Fraisne; _An Ash tree_.

ASPEN.

_Promptorium._ Aspe tre; _Tremulus_.

_Turner._ Asp tree.

_Gerard._ The Aspen tree.

_Cotgrave._ Tremble; _An Aspe or Aspen tree_.

BALM AND BALSAM.

_Promptorium._ Bawme, herbe or tre; _Balsamus_, _melissa_, _melago_.

_Catholicon._ Balme; _balsamum_, _colo balsamum_, _filo balsamum_, _opobalsamum_.

_Turner._ Baume.

_Gerard._ Balme or Balsam tree.

_Cotgrave._ Basme; _Balme_, _balsamum, or more properly the balsamum tree, from which distils our Balme_.

BARLEY.

_Promptorium._ Barlycorne; _Ordeum_, _triticum_.

_Catholicon._ Barly; _Ordeum_, _ordeolum_.

_Turner._ Barley.

_Gerard._ Of Barley.

_Cotgrave._ Orge; _Barlie_.

BARNACLE.

_Catholicon._ A Barnakylle; avis est.

_Gerard._ Of the Goose tree, Barnacle tree, or the tree bearing geese.

_Cotgrave._ Bernaque; _The foule called a Barnacle_.

BAY.

_Promptorium._ Bay, frute; _Bacca_.

_Catholicon._ A Bay; _bacca, est fructus lauri et olive_.

_Turner._ Bay tree.

_Gerard._ Of the Bay or Laurel tree.

_Cotgrave._ Laurier; _A Laurell or Bay tree_.

BEANS.

_Promptorium._ Bene corne; _Faba_.

_Catholicon._ A Bene; _faba_, _fabella_.

_Turner._ Beane.

_Gerard._ Beane and his kinds.

_Cotgrave._ Febue; _A Beane_.

BILBERRY.

_Catholicon._ A Blabery.

_Cotgrave._ Hurelles; _Whoortle berries_, _wyn-berries_, _Bill-berries_, _Bull-berries_.

BIRCH.

_Promptorium._ Byrche tre; _Lentiscus_, _cinus_.

_Catholicon._ Byrke; _Lentiscus_.

_Turner._ Birch tree; Birke tree.

_Gerard._ Of the Birch tree.

_Cotgrave._ Bouleau; _Birche_.

BLACKBERRIES.

_Turner._ Blake bery bush.

_Gerard._ Blacke-berry.

_Cotgrave._ Meuron; _A blacke, or bramble berrie_.

BOX.

_Promptorium._ Box tre; _Buxus_.

_Catholicon._ A Box tre; _buxus buxum_.

_Turner._ Box.

_Gerard._ Of the Box tree.

_Cotgrave._ Blanc bois; _Box_, _&c._

BRAMBLE.

_Promptorium._ Brymbyll.

_Turner._ Bramble bushe.

_Gerard._ Of the Bramble or blacke-berry bush.

_Cotgrave._ Ronce; _A Bramble or Brier_.

BRIER.

_Promptorium._ Brere or Brymmeylle; _Tribulus_, _vepris_.

_Catholicon._ A Brere; _carduus_, _tribulus_, _vepres_, _veprecula_.

_Turner._ Brier tree.

_Gerard._ The Brier or Hep tree.

_Cotgrave._ See BRAMBLE.

BROOM.

_Promptorium._ Brome, brusche; _Genesta_, _mirica_.

_Catholicon._ Brune; _genesta_, _merica_, _tramarica_.

_Turner._ Broume.

_Gerard._ Broome.

_Cotgrave._ Genest; _Broome_.

BULRUSH.

_Promptorium._ Holrysche or Bulrysche; _Papirus_.

_Cotgrave._ Jonc; _A Rush, or Bulrush_.

BURS AND BURDOCK.

_Catholicon._ A Burre; _bardona_, _glis_, _lappa_, _paliurus_.

_Turner._ Clote Bur.

_Gerard._ Clote Burre, or Burre Docke.

_Cotgrave._ Bardane la grande; _The burre-dock_, _clote_, _bur_, _great burre_.

BURNET.

_Turner._ Burnet.

_Gerard._ Burnet.

_Cotgrave._ Pimpinelle; _Burnet_.

CABBAGE.

_Turner._ Colewurtes.

_Gerard._ Cabbage or Colewort.

_Cotgrave._ Chou Cabu; _Cabbage_, _White Colewort_, _headed Colewort_, _leafed Cabbage_, _round Cabbage Cole_.

CAMOMILE.

_Promptorium._ _Camamilla._

_Catholicon._ Camomelle; _Camomillum_.

_Turner._ Camomyle.

_Gerard._ Of Cammomill.

_Cotgrave._ Camomille; _The hearbe Camamell or Camomill_.

CARNATIONS.

_Gerard._ Some are called Carnations.

CARRAWAYS.

_Promptorium._ Caraway herbe; _Carwy, sic scribitur in campo florum_.

_Turner._ Caruways.

_Gerard._ Of Caruwaies.

_Cotgrave._ Carvi; _Caroways, or Caroway seed_.

CARROT.

_Turner._ Carot.

_Gerard._ Of Carrots.

_Cotgrave._ Carote; _The Carrot (root or hearbe)_.

CEDAR.

_Promptorium._ Cedyr tree; _Cedrus_.

_Catholicon._ A Cedir tre; _Cedrus_, _Cedra_; _Cedrinus_.

_Gerard._ Of the Cedar tree.

_Cotgrave._ Cedre; _The Cedar tree_.

CHERRY.

_Promptorium._ Chery, or Chery frute; _Cerasum_.

_Catholicon._ A Chery; _Cerasum_.

_Gerard._ The Cherry tree.

_Cotgrave._ Cerise; _A Cherrie_.

CHESTNUTS.

_Promptorium._ Castany, frute or tre; _idem_, _Castanea_.

_Catholicon._ A Chestan; _balanus_, _Castanea_.

_Turner._ Chesnut tree.

_Gerard._ The Chestnut tree.

_Cotgrave._ Chastaignier; _A Chessen, or Chestnut, tree_.

CLOVER.

_Turner._ Claver.

_Gerard._ Three-leaved grass; Claver.

_Cotgrave._ Treffle; _Trefoil_, _Clover_, _Three-leaved Grasse_.

CLOVES.

_Promptorium._ Clowe, spyce; _Gariofolus_.

_Catholicon._ A Clowe; _garifolus, species est_.

_Gerard._ The Clove tree.

_Cotgrave._ Girofle, cloux de Girofle; _Cloves_.

COCKLE.

_Promptorium._ Cokylle, wede; _Nigella_, _lollium_, _zizania_.

_Catholicon._ Cokylle; _quædam aborigo_, _zazannia_.

_Turner._ Cockel.

_Gerard._ Cockle.

COLOQUINTIDA.

_Turner._ Coloquintida.

_Gerard._ The wilde Citrull, or Coloquintida.

_Cotgrave._ Coloquinthe; _The wilde and fleme-purging Citrull Coloquintida_.

COLUMBINE.

_Promptorium._ Columbyne, herbe; _Columbina_.

_Catholicon._ Columbyne; _Columbina_.

_Gerard._ Columbine.

_Cotgrave._ Colombin; _The hearbe Colombine_.

CORK.

_Promptorium._ Corkbarke; _Cortex_.

_Catholicon._ Corke.

_Gerard._ The Corke Oke.

_Cotgrave._ Liege; _Corke_.

CORN.

_Promptorium._ Corne; _Granum_, _gramen_.

_Catholicon._ Corn; _Granum_, _bladum_, _annona_, _seges_.

_Gerard._ Corne.

_Cotgrave._ Grain; _Graine_, _Corne_.

COWSLIP.

_Promptorium._ Cowslope, herbe; _Herba petri_, _herba paralysis_, _ligustra_.

_Catholicon._ A Cowslope; _ligustrum_, _vaccinium_.

_Turner._ Cowslop, Cowslip.

_Gerard._ Cowslips.

_Cotgrave._ Prime-vere; . . . _a Cowslip_.

CRABS.

_Promptorium._ Crabbe, appule or frute; _Macianum_.

_Catholicon._ A Crab of ye wod; _acroma ab acritudine dictum_.

_Gerard._ The wilding or Crabtree.

_Cotgrave._ Pommier Sauvage; _A Crab Tree_.

CROW-FLOWERS.

_Promptorium._ Crowefote, herbe; _amarusca vel amarusca emeroydarum, pes corvi_.

_Turner._ Crowfote.

_Gerard._ Crowfloures or Wilde Williams.

_Cotgrave._ Hyacinthe; _The blew, or purple Jacint, or Hyacinth flower; we call it also, Crow-toes_.

CROWN IMPERIAL.

_Gerard._ The Crowne Imperiall.

_Cotgrave._ Couronne Imperiale; _The Imperial Crowne; (a goodlie flower)_.

CUCKOO-FLOWERS.

_Gerard._ Wild Water Cresses or Cuckow-floures.

_Cotgrave._ See LADY-SMOCKS.

CURRANTS.

_Catholicon._ Rasyns of Coran; _uvapassa_.

_Turner._ Rasin tree.

_Gerard._ Corans or Currans, or rather Raisins of Corinth.

_Cotgrave._ Raisins de Corinthe; _Currans, or small Raisins_.

CYPRESS.

_Promptorium._ Cypresse, tre; _Cipressus_.

_Catholicon._ A Cipirtre; _cipressus_, _cipressimus_.

_Turner._ Cypresse tree.

_Gerard._ The Cypresse tree.

_Cotgrave._ Cyprés; _The Cyprus Tree_; _or Cyprus wood_.

DAFFODILS.

_Promptorium._ Affodylle herbe; _Affodillus_, _albucea_.

_Catholicon._ An Affodylle; _Affodillus, harba est_.

_Turner._ Affodill, Daffadyll.

_Gerard._ Daffodils.

_Cotgrave._ Asphodile; _The Daffadill, Affodill, or Asphodell Flower_.

DAISIES.

_Promptorium._ Daysy, floure; _Consolida minor et major dicitur Confery_.

_Catholicon._ A Daysy; _Consolidum_.

_Turner._ Dasie.

_Gerard._ Little Daisies.

_Cotgrave._ Marguerite; _A Daisie_.

DAMSONS.

_Promptorium._ Damasyn', frute; _Prunum Damascenum_, _Coquinella_.

_Catholicon._ A Damysyn tre; _damiscenus, nixa pro arbore and fructu, conquinella_.

_Gerard._ The Plum or Damson tree.

_Cotgrave._ Prune de Damas; _A Damson or Damask Plumme_.

DARNEL.

_Promptorium._ Dernel, a wede; _Zizania_.

_Catholicon._ Darnelle; _Zizannia_.

_Turner._ Darnel.

_Gerard._ Darnell.

_Cotgrave._ Yvraye; _The vicious graine called Ray, or Darnell_.

DATES.

_Promptorium._ Date, frute; _Dactilus_.

_Catholicon._ A Date; _dactulus_, _dactilicus_.

_Turner._ Date tre.

_Gerard._ The Date tree.

_Cotgrave._ Dacte; _A Date_.

DOCKS.

_Promptorium._ Dockeweede; _Padella_.

_Catholicon._ A Dokan; _paradilla_, _emula_, _farella_.

_Turner._ Docke.

_Gerard._ Docks.

_Cotgrave._ Parelle; _The hearbe Dockes_.

DOGBERRY.

_Turner._ Dog tree.

_Gerard._ The female Cornell or Dog-berry tree.

_Cotgrave._ Cornillier femelle; _Hounds-tree_, _Dog-berrie tree_, _Prick-tymber tree_; _Gaten, or Gater, tree_.

EBONY.

_Promptorium._ Eban' tre; _Ebanus_.

_Cotgrave_. Ebene; _The blacke wood called Heben, or Eboine_.

EGLANTINE.

_Turner._ Egl[=e]tyne or swete brere.

_Gerard._ The Eglantine or Sweet Brier.

_Cotgrave._ Rose sauvage; _The Eglantine or Sweet brier Rose_.

ELDER.

_Promptorium._ Eldyr or hyldr or hillerne tre; _Sambucus_.

_Catholicon._ A Bur tre; _Sambucus_.

_Turner._ Elder tree.

_Gerard._ The Elder tree.

_Cotgrave._ Sureau; _An Elder Tree_.

ELM.

_Promptorium._ Elm, tre; _Ulmus_.

_Turner._ Elme tree.

_Gerard._ The Elme tree.

_Cotgrave._ Orme; _an Elme tree_.

ERINGOES.

_Turner._ Sea holly, or Sea Hulver.

_Gerard._ Sea Holly.

_Cotgrave._ Chardon marin; _The Sea Thistle_, _Sea Holly_, _Eringus_.

FENNEL.

_Promptorium._ Fenkylle or fenelle; _Feniculum vel feniculus_.

_Catholicon._ Fennelle or fenkelle; _feniculum_, _maratrum_.

_Turner._ Fenel.

_Gerard_. Fennell.

_Cotgrave._ Fenouil; _The hearbe Fennell_.

FERN.

_Promptorium._ Brake, herbe or ferne; _Filix_.

_Catholicon._ Ferne; _polipodium_, &c.; _ubi_ brak[=a]n (a Brak[=a]n; filix).

_Turner._ Ferne or brake.

_Gerard._ Ferne.

_Cotgrave._ Feuchiere; _Fearne_, _brakes_.

FIGS.

_Promptorium._ Fygge or fyge tre; _Ficus_.

_Catholicon._ A dry Fige; _ficus_ -_i_, _ficus_ -_us_, _ficulus_.

_Turner._ Fig tree.

_Gerard._ The Fig tree.

_Cotgrave._ Figue; _A Fig_.

FILBERTS.

_Promptorium._ Fylberde, notte; _Fillum_.

_Catholicon._ A Filbert; _Fillium vel fillum_.

_Gerard._ The Fillberd Nutt.

_Cotgrave._ Avelaine; _A Filbeard_.

FLAGS.

_Gerard._ Water Flags.

FLAX.

_Promptorium._ Flax; _Linum_.

_Catholicon._ Lyne; _linum_.

_Turner._ Flax.

_Gerard._ Garden Flaxe.

_Cotgrave._ Lin; _Line_, _flax_.

FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

_Turner._ Flour de luce.

_Gerard._ The Floure de-luce.

_Cotgrave._ Iris; _The rainbow_; _also a Flower de luce_.

FUMITER.

_Promptorium._ Fumeter, herbe; _Fumus terræ_.

_Turner._ Fumitarie.

_Gerard._ Fumitorie.

_Cotgrave._ Fume-terre; _The hearbe Fumitorie_.

FURZE.

_Promptorium._ Fyrrys, or qwyce tre, or gorstys tre; _Ruscus_.

_Gerard._ Furze, Gorsse, Whin, or prickley Broome.

_Cotgrave._ Genest espineux; _Furres_, _whinnes_, _gorse_, _Thorn broome_.

GARLICK.

_Promptorium._ Garlekke; _Allium_.

_Catholicon._ Garleke; _Alleum_.

_Turner._ Garlike.

_Gerard._ Garlicke.

_Cotgrave._ Ail; _Garlicke_, _poore-man's Treacle_.

GILLIFLOWERS.

_Promptorium._ Gyllofre, herbe; _Gariophyllus_.

_Turner._ Gelover, Gelefloure.

_Gerard._ Clove Gillofloures.

_Cotgrave._ Giroflée; _A gilloflower, and most properly, the Clove Gilloflower_.

GINGER.

_Promptorium._ Gyngere; _Zinziber_.

_Catholicon._ Ginger; _zinziber_, _zinzebrum_.

_Gerard._ Ginger.

_Cotgrave._ Gingembre; _Ginger_.

GOOSEBERRIES.

_Turner._ Goosebery bush.

_Gerard._ Goose-berrie or Fea-berry Bush.

_Cotgrave._ Groselles; _Gooseberries_.

GORSE.

_Promptorium._ See FURZE.

_Gerard._ See FURZE.

_Cotgrave._ See FURZE.

GOURD.

_Promptorium._ Goord; _Cucumer_, _cucurbita_, _colloquintida_.

_Catholicon._ A Gourde; _Cucumer vel cucumis_.

_Turner._ Gourde.

_Gerard._ Gourds.

_Cotgrave._ Courge; _The fruit called a Gourd_.

GRAPES.

_Promptorium._ Grape; _Uva_.

_Catholicon._ A Grape; _Apiana_, _botrus_, _passus_, _uva_.

_Turner._ Grapes.

_Gerard._ Grapes.

_Cotgrave._ Raisin; _A Grape, also a Raisin_.

GRASS.

_Promptorium._ Gresse, herbe; _Herba_, _gramen_.

_Catholicon._ A Gresse; _gramen_, _herba_, _herbala_.

_Turner._ Grasse.

_Gerard._ Grasse.

_Cotgrave._ Herbe; . . . _also Grasse_.

HAREBELL.

_Gerard._ Hare-bells.

HAWTHORN.

_Promptorium._ Hawe thorne; _ramnus_.

_Catholicon._ An Hawe tre; _sinus_, _rampnus_.

_Turner._ Hawthorne tree.

_Gerard._ The White Thorne or Hawthorne tree.

_Cotgrave._ Aubespin; _The White-thorne or Hawthorne_.

HAZEL.

_Promptorium._ Hesyl tre; _Colurus_, _Colurnus_.

_Catholicon._ An Heselle; _corulus_.

_Turner._ Hasyle tree.

_Gerard._ The Hasell tree.

_Cotgrave._ Noisiller; _A Hasel, or small nut tree_.

HEATH.

_Promptorium._ Hethe; _Bruera_, _bruare_.

_Turner._ Heth.

_Gerard._ Heath, Hather, or Linge.

_Cotgrave._ Bruyere; _Heath_, _ling_, _hather_.

HEBONA.

HEMLOCK.

_Promptorium._ Humlok, herbe; _Sicuta_, _lingua canis_.

_Catholicon._ An Hemlok; _cicuta_, _harba benedicta_, _intubus_.

_Turner._ Hemlocke.

_Gerard._ Homlocks or herb Bennet.

_Cotgrave._ Cigne; _Hemlocke_, _Homlocke_, _hearbe Bennet_, _Kex_.

HEMP.

_Promptorium._ Hempe; _Canabum_.

_Catholicon._ Hempe; _Canabus_, _canabum_.

_Turner._ Hemp.

_Gerard._ Hempe.

_Cotgrave._ Chanure; _Hempe_.

HOLLY.

_Promptorium._ Holme or holy; _Ulmus_, _hussus_.

_Catholicon._ An Holynge; _hussus_.

_Gerard._ The Holme, Holly, or Hulver tree.

_Cotgrave._ Houx; _The Hollie, Holme, or Hulver tree_.

HOLY THISTLE.

_Turner._ Cardo benedictus.

_Gerard._ The Blessed Thistle.

_Cotgrave._ Chardon benoict; _Holy Thistle_, _blessed Thistle_. Carduus benedictus.

HONEYSUCKLE.

_Promptorium._ Hony Socle; _Abiago_.

_Turner._ Honysuccles.

_Gerard._ Woodbinde or Honisuckles.

_Cotgrave._ Chevre-fueille; _The Woodbind or Honie-suckle_.

HYSSOP.

_Promptorium._ Isope, herbe; _Isopus_.

_Catholicon._ Isope; _ysopus_.

_Turner._ Hysope.

_Gerard._ Hyssope.

_Cotgrave._ Hyssope; _Hisop_.

INSANE ROOT.

_Promptorium._ Henbane, herbe; _Jusquiamus_, _simphonica_, _insana_.

_Gerard._ Insana (s.v. HENBANE).

IVY.

_Promptorium._ Ivy; _Edera_.

_Catholicon._ An Iv[=e]n; _edera_.

_Gerard._ Ivy.

_Cotgrave._ Lierre; _Ivie_.

KECKSIES.

_Promptorium._ Kyx, or bunne, or drye weed; _Calamus_.

_Gerard._ Kexe.

_Cotgrave._ _See_ HEMLOCK.

KNOT-GRASS.

_Turner._ Knot grasse.

_Gerard._ Knot-grasses.

_Cotgrave._ Centidoine; _Centinodie_, _Knotgrassa_, _Waygrasse_, &c.

LADY-SMOCKS.

_Gerard._ Lady-smockes.

_Cotgrave._ Passerage Sauvage; _Cuckoe flowers_, _Ladies-smockes_, _the lesse Water Cresse_.

LARK'S HEELS.

_Gerard._ Larks heele or Larks claw.

_Cotgrave._ Herbe moniale; _Wilde Larkes-heele_, _purple Monkes-flower_.

LAUREL.

_Promptorium._ Lauryol, herbe; _Laureola_.

_Catholicon._ Larielle; _laurus_.

_Turner._ Laurel tree.

_Gerard._ The Bay or Laurel tree.

_Cotgrave._ Laureole; _Lowrie_, _Lauriell_, _Spurge Laurell_, _little Laurell_.

LAVENDER.

_Promptorium._ Lavendere, herbe; _Lavendula_.

_Turner._ Lauender.

_Gerard._ Lavander Spike.

_Cotgrave._ Lavande; _Lavender_, _Spike_.

LEEK.

_Promptorium._ Leek or garleke; _Alleum_.

_Catholicon._ A Leke; _porrum_.

_Turner._ Leke.

_Gerard._ Leekes.

_Cotgrave._ Porreau; _A Leeke_.

LEMON.

_Turner._ Limones.

_Gerard._ The Limon tree.

_Cotgrave._ Limon; _A Lemmon_.

LETTUCE.

_Promptorium._ Letuce, herbe; _Lactuca_.

_Catholicon._ Letuse; _lactuca_.

_Turner._ Lettis.

_Gerard._ Lettuce.

_Cotgrave._ Laictuë; _Lettuce_.

LILY.

_Promptorium._ Lyly, herbe; _Lilium_.

_Catholicon._ A Lylly; _lilium_, _librellum_.

_Turner._ Lily.

_Gerard._ White Lillies.

_Cotgrave._ Lis; _A Lillie_.

LIME.

_Promptorium._ Lynde tre; _Filia_.

_Catholicon. A_ Linde tre; _tilia_.

_Turner._ Linden tre.

_Gerard._ The Line or Linden tree.

_Cotgrave._ Til; _The Line, Linden, or Teylet tree_.

LING.

_Promptorium._ Lynge of the hethe; _Bruera vel brueria_.

_Turner._ Ling.

_Gerard._ Heath, Hather, or Linge.

_Cotgrave._ Bruyere; _Heath_, _ling_, _hather_.

LOCUST.

_Turner._ Carobbeanes.

_Gerard._ The Carob tree or St. John's Bread.

LONG PURPLES.

_Turner._ Hand Satyrion.

LOVE-IN-IDLENESS.

_Gerard._ Live in idlenesse.

_Cotgrave._ Herbe clavelée; _Paunsie. . . . Love or live in idleness_.

MACE.

_Promptorium._ Macys, spyce; _Macie in plur_.

_Catholicon._ Mace; _Macia_.

_Gerard._ Mace.

_Cotgrave._ Macis; _The spice called Mace_.

MALLOWS.

_Promptorium._ Malwe, herbe, _Malva_.

_Catholicon._ A Malve; _Altea_, _malva_.

_Turner._ Mallowe.

_Gerard._ The wilde Mallowes.

_Cotgrave._ Maulve; _The hearbe Mallow_.

MANDRAKES.

_Promptorium._ Mandragge, herbe; _Mandragora_.

_Turner._ Mandrage.

_Gerard._ Mandrake.

_Cotgrave._ Mandragore; _Mandrake_, _Mandrage_, _Mandragon_.

MARIGOLD.

_Promptorium._ Golde, heabe; _Solsequium, quia sequitur solem_, &c.

_Catholicon._ Marigolde; _Solsequium, sponsa solis, herba est_.

_Turner._ Marygoulde.

_Gerard._ Marigolds.

_Cotgrave._ Soulsi; _the Marigold_, _Ruds_.

MARJORAM.

_Promptorium._ Mageræm, herbe; _Majorona_.

_Catholicon._ Marioron; _herba Maiorana_.

_Turner._ Margerum.

_Gerard._ Marjerome.

_Cotgrave._ Marjolaine; _Marierome_, _sweet Marierome_, _fine Marierome_, _Marierome gentle_.

MEDLAR.

_Turner._ Medler tre.

_Gerard._ The Medlar tree.

_Cotgrave._ Neffle; _a Medler_.

MINT.

_Promptorium._ Mynte, herbe; _Minta_.

_Catholicon._ Minte; _Menta, herba est_.

_Turner._ Mint.

_Gerard._ Mints.

_Cotgrave._ Mente; _the hearbe Mint, or Mints_.

MISTLETOE.

_Turner._ Misceldin, or Miscelto.

_Gerard._ Misseltoe or Misteltoe.

_Cotgrave._ Guy; _Misseltoe, or Misseldine_.

MOSS.

_Promptorium._ Mosse, growynge a-mongys stonys; _Muscus_.

_Catholicon._ Mosse; _muscus_, _ivena_.

_Gerard._ Ground Mosse.

_Cotgrave._ Mousse; _Mosse_.

MULBERRY.

_Promptorium._ Mulbery; _Morum_.

_Catholicon._ A Mulbery; _Morum_.

_Turner._ Mulbery tree.

_Gerard._ The Mulberrie tree.

_Cotgrave._ Meure; _A Mulberrie_.

MUSHROOM.

_Promptorium._ Muscher[=o]n toodys hatte; _Boletus_, _fungus_.

_Gerard._ Mushrumes or Toadstooles.

_Cotgrave._ Champignon; _A Mushrum_, _Toadstoole_, _Paddock-stoole_.

MUSTARD.

_Promptorium._ Mustard or Warlok or senvyne, herbe; _Sinapis_.

_Catholicon._ Musterde; _Sinapium_.

_Turner._ Mustarde.

_Gerard._ Mustard.

_Cotgrave._ Moustarde; _Mustard_.

MYRTLE.

_Turner._ Myrtle or Myrt tree.

_Gerard._ The Myrtle tree.

_Cotgrave._ Myrte: _The Mirtle tree or Shrub_.

NETTLES.

_Promptorium._ Netyl, herbe; _Urtica_.

_Catholicon._ A Nettylle; _Urtica_.

_Turner._ Nettle.

_Gerard._ Stinging Nettle.

_Cotgrave._ Ortie; _A Nettle, the Common Nettle_.

NUT.

_Promptorium._ Note, frute; _Nux_.

_Catholicon._ A Nutte; _nux_, _nucula_, _nucicula_.

_Gerard._ Wilde hedge-Nut.

_Cotgrave._ Noisette; _A small Nut, or Hasel Nut_.

NUTMEG.

_Promptorium._ Notemygge; _Nux muscata_.

_Catholicon._ A Nut muge; _nux muscata_.

_Gerard._ The Nutmeg tree.

_Cotgrave._ Noix Muscade; _A Nutmeg_.

OAK.

_Promptorium._ Oke, tee; _Quercus_, _ylex_.

_Catholicon._ An Oke; _quarcus_, &c.; _ubi_ An Ake.

_Turner._ Oke.

_Gerard._ The Oke.

_Cotgrave._ Chesne; _An Oake_.

OATS.

_Promptorium._ Ote or havur Corne; _Avena_.

_Catholicon._ Otys; _ubi_ haver (_Havyr_; _avena_, _avenula_).

_Turner._ Otes.

_Gerard._ Otes.

_Cotgrave._ Avoyne; _Oats_.

OLIVE.

_Promptorium._ Olyve, tre; _Oliva_.

_Catholicon._ An Olyve tre; _olea_, _oleaster_, _oliva_; _olivaris_.

_Turner._ Olyve tree.

_Gerard._ The Olive tree.

_Cotgrave._ Olivier; _An Olive tree_.

ONIONS.

_Promptorium._ Onyone; _Sepe_.

_Catholicon._ Ony[=o]n; _bilbus_, _cepa_, _cepe_.

_Turner._ Onyon.

_Gerard._ Onions.

_Cotgrave._ Oignon; _An Onyon_.

ORANGE.

_Promptorium._ Oronge, fruete; _Pomum citrinum_, _citrum_.

_Turner._ Orenge tree.

_Gerard._ The Orange tree.

_Cotgrave._ Orange; _An Orange_.

OSIER.

_Promptorium._ Osyere; _Vimen_.

_Turner._ Osyer tree.

_Gerard._ The Oziar or Water Willow.

_Cotgrave._ Osier; _The Ozier_, _red Withie_, _water Willow tree_.

OXLIP.

_Gerard._ Field Oxlips.

_Cotgrave._ Arthetiques; _Cowslips or Oxlips_.

PALM.

_Promptorium._ Palme; _Palma_.

_Catholicon._ A Palme tre; _palma_, _palmula_.

_Gerard._ The Date tree.

_Cotgrave._ Palmier; _The Palme, or Date tree_.

PANSIES.

_Turner._ Panses.

_Gerard._ Hearts-ease or Pansies.

_Cotgrave._ Pensée; _The flower Paunsie_.

PARSLEY.

_Promptorium._ Persley, herbe; _Petrocillum_.

_Catholicon._ Parcelle; _Petrocillum, herba est_.

_Turner._ Persely.

_Gerard._ Parsley.

_Cotgrave._ Persil; _Parsely_.

PEACH.

_Promptorium._ Peche, or peske, frute: _Pesca_, _pomum Persicum_.

_Turner._ Peche tree.

_Gerard._ The Peach tree.

_Cotgrave._ Pesche; _A Peach_.

PEAR.

_Promptorium._ Pere, tre; _Pirus_.

_Catholicon._ A Pere tre; _Pirus_.

_Turner._ Peare tree.

_Gerard._ The Peare tree.

_Cotgrave._ Poire; _A Peare_.

PEAS.

_Promptorium._ Pese, frute of corne; _Pisa_.

_Catholicon._ A Peise; _Pisa_.

_Turner._ A Pease.

_Gerard._ Peason.

_Cotgrave._ Pois; _A Peas or Peason_.

PEPPER.

_Promptorium._ Pepyr; _Piper_.

_Catholicon._ Pepyr; _Piper_.

_Turner._ Indishe Peper.

_Gerard._ The Pepper plant.

_Cotgrave._ Poyvre; _Pepper_.

PIGNUTS.

_Turner._ Ernutte.

_Gerard._ Earth-Nut, Earth Chestnut, or Kippernut.

_Cotgrave._ Faverottes; _Earth-nuts_, _Kipper-nuts_, _Earth-Chestnuts_.

PINE.

_Promptorium._ Pynot, tre; _Pinus_.

_Catholicon._ A Pyne tree; _pinus_.

_Turner._ Pyne tre.

_Gerard._ The Pine tree.

_Cotgrave._ Pin; _A Pine tree_.

PINKS.

_Gerard._ Pinks or wilde Gillofloures.

_Cotgrave._ Oeillet; _A Gilliflower; also, a Pinke_.

PIONY.

_Promptorium._ Pyany, herbe; _Pionia_.

_Catholicon._ A Pyon; _pionia, herba est_.

_Turner._ Pyony.

_Gerard._ Peionie.

_Cotgrave._ Pion; _A certaine great, round, and Bulbus-rooted flower, of one whole colour_.

PLANE.

_Promptorium._ Plane, tre; _Platanus_.

_Catholicon._ A Playne tre; _platanus_.

_Turner._ Playne tree.

_Gerard._ The Plane tree.

_Cotgrave._ Platane; _The right Plane tree (a stranger in England)_.

PLANTAIN.

_Promptorium._ Planteyne, or plawnteyn, herbe; _Plantago_.

_Turner._ Plantaine.

_Gerard._ Land Plantaine.

_Cotgrave._ Plantain; _Plantaine_, _Way-bred_.

PLUMS.

_Promptorium._ Plowme; _Prunum_.

_Catholicon._ A Plowmbe; _prunum_.

_Turner._ Plum tree.

_Gerard._ The Plum tree.

_Cotgrave._ Prune; _A Plumme_.

POMEGRANATE.

_Promptorium._ Pomegarnet, frute; _Pomum granatum_, _vel malum granatum_.

_Catholicon._ A Pomgarnett; _Malogranatum_, _Malumpunicum_.

_Turner._ Pomgranat tree.

_Gerard._ The Pomegranat tree.

_Cotgrave._ Grenarde; _a Pomegranet_.

POPPY.

_Promptorium._ Popy, weed; _Papaver_, _Codia_.

_Turner._ Poppy.

_Gerard._ Poppy.

_Cotgrave._ Pavot; _Poppie_, _Cheesbowls_.

POTATO.

_Gerard._ Potatus, or Potato's.

PRIMROSE.

_Promptorium._ Prymerose; _Primula_, _calendula_, _liqustrum_.

_Catholicon._ A Prymerose; _primarosa_, _primula veris_.

_Turner._ Primrose.

_Gerard._ Primrose.

_Cotgrave._ Primevere; _The Primrose_.

PUMPION.

_Gerard._ Melons, or Pumpions.

_Cotgrave._ Pompon; _A Pompion or Melon_.

QUINCE.

_Promptorium._ Quence, frute; _Coctonum_, _Scitonum_.

_Turner._ Quince tree.

_Gerard._ The Quince tree.

_Cotgrave._ Coignier; _A Quince tree_.

RADISH.

_Catholicon._ Radcolle; _Raphanus, herba est_.

_Turner._ Radice or Radishe.

_Gerard._ Radish.

_Cotgrave._ Radis; _A Raddish root_.

RAISIN.

_Promptorium._ Reysone, or reysynge, frute; _Uva passa_, _carica_.

_Catholicon._ A Rasyn; _passa_, _racemus_.

_Turner._ Rasin.

_Gerard._ Raisins.

_Cotgrave._ Raisin; _A Grape, also a Raisin_.

REEDS.

_Promptorium._ Reed, of the fenne; _Arundo_, _canna_.

_Catholicon._ A Rede; _Arundo_, _canna_, _canula_.

_Turner._ Reed.

_Gerard._ Reeds.

_Cotgrave._ Roseau; _A Reed_, _a Cane_.

RHUBARB.

_Gerard._ Rubarb.

_Cotgrave._ Reubarbe; _The root called Rewbarb, or Rewbarb of the Levant_.

RICE.

_Promptorium._ Ryce, frute; _Risia, vel risi_.

_Catholicon._ Ryse; _risi judeclinabile_.

_Turner._ Ryse.

_Gerard._ Rice.

_Cotgrave._ Ris; _The graine called Rice_.

ROSE.

_Promptorium._ Rose, floure; _Rosa_.

_Catholicon._ A Rose; _rosa-sula_, _rosella_.

_Turner._ Rose.

_Gerard._ Roses.

_Cotgrave._ Rose; _A Rose_.

ROSEMARY.

_Promptorium._ Rose Mary, herbe; _Ros marinus_, _rosa marina_.

_Catholicon._ Rosemary; _Dendrolibanum, herba est_.

_Turner._ Rosemary.

_Gerard._ Rosemary.

_Cotgrave._ Rosmarin; _Rosemarie_.

RUE.

_Promptorium._ Ruwe, herbe; _Ruta_.

_Catholicon._ Rewe; _ruta, herba est_.

_Turner._ Rue.

_Gerard._ Rue or Herb Grace.

_Cotgrave._ Rue; _Rue_, _Hearbe Grace_.

RUSH.

_Promptorium._ Rysche, or rusche; _Cirpus_, _juncus_.

_Catholicon._ A Rysche; _ubi_ a Sefe (a Seyfe, _juncus_, _biblus_, _cirpus_).

_Gerard._ Rushes.

_Cotgrave._ Jonc; _A rush, or bulrush_.

RYE.

_Promptorium._ Rye, corn; _Siligo_.

_Catholicon._ Ry; _Sagalum_.

_Turner._ Rye.

_Gerard._ Rie.

_Cotgrave._ Seigle; _Rye_.

SAFFRON.

_Promptorium._ Safrun; _Crocum_.

_Catholicon._ Saferon; _Crocus_, _crocum_.

_Turner._ Safforne, Saffron.

_Gerard._ Saffron.

_Cotgrave._ Saffron; _Saffron_.

SAMPHIRE.

_Turner._ Sampere.

_Gerard._ Sampier.

_Cotgrave._ Creste marine; _Sampier_, _Sea Fennell_, _Crestmarine_.

SAVORY.

_Promptorium._ Saverey, herbe; _Satureia_.

_Catholicon._ Saferay; _Satureia, herba est_.

_Turner._ Saueray or Sauery.

_Gerard._ Savorie.

SEDGE.

_Promptorium._ Segge, of fenne, or wyld gladon; _Acorus_.

_Catholicon._ A Segg; _Carex_.

_Turner._ Sege or Sheregres.

_Cotgrave._ Glayeul bastard; _Sedge_, _wild flags_, _&c._

SENNA.

_Turner._ Sene.

_Gerard._ Sene.

_Cotgrave._ Senné; _The purging plant Sene_.

SPEARGRASS.

STOVER.

STRAWBERRY.

_Promptorium._ Strawbery; _Fragum_.

_Catholicon._ A Strabery; _Fragum_.

_Turner._ Strawbery.

_Gerard._ Straw-berries.

_Cotgrave._ Fraise; _A strawberrie_.

SYCAMORE.

_Promptorium._ Sycomoure, tree; _Sicomorus_, _celsa_.

_Gerard._ The Sycomore tree.

_Cotgrave._ Sycomore; _The Sycomore_.

THISTLES.

_Promptorium._ Thystylle; _Cardo_, _Carduus_.

_Catholicon._ A Thystelle; _Cardo_.

_Turner._ Thistle.

_Gerard._ Thistles.

_Cotgrave._ Chardon; _A Thistle_.

THORN.

_Promptorium._ Thorne; _Spina_, _sentis_, _sentix_.

_Catholicon._ A Thorne; _Spina_, _spinula_, _sentis_.

_Turner._ Whyte Thorne.

_Gerard._ White Thorne.

_Cotgrave._ Espine; _A thorne_.

THYME.

_Promptorium._ Tyme, herbe; _Tima_, _timum_.

_Catholicon._ Tyme; _timum_, _epitimum_.

_Turner._ Wild Thyme.

_Gerard._ Wilde Time.

_Cotgrave._ Thym; _The hearbe Time_.

TOADSTOOLS.

_Catholicon._ A Paddockstole; _boletus_, _fungus_, _tuber_, _&c._

_Gerard._ Toadstooles.

_Cotgrave._ Champignon; _A Mushrum_, _Toadstoole_, _Paddockstoole_.

TURNIPS.

_Turner._ Rape or Turnepe.

_Gerard._ Turneps.

_Cotgrave._ Naveau blanc de Jardin; _Th' ordinarie Rape, or Turneps_.

VETCHES.

_Promptorium._ Fetche, corne, or tare; _Vicia_.

_Turner._ Fyche.

_Gerard._ The Vetch or Fetch.

_Cotgrave._ Vesce; _The pulse called Fitch, or Vetch_.

VINES.

_Promptorium._ Vyny or Vyne; _Vitis_.

_Catholicon._ A Vyne tree; _argitis_, _propago_, _vitis_.

_Turner._ Wild Vine.

_Gerard._ The manured Vine.

_Cotgrave._ Vigne; _A Vine_, _the plant that beareth Grapes_.

VIOLET.

_Promptorium._ Vyalett, or vyolet, herbe; _Viola_.

_Catholicon._ A Violett; _Viola_.

_Turner._ Violet.

_Gerard._ Violets.

_Cotgrave._ Violette; _A Violet_.

WALNUT.

_Promptorium._ Walnote; _Avelana_.

_Catholicon._ A Walnotte; _Avellanus_, _Avellanum_.

_Turner._ Walnut tree.

_Gerard._ The Wall-nut tree.

_Cotgrave._ Noix; _A Wallnut_.

WARDEN.

_Promptorium._ Wardone, peere; _Volemum_.

_Catholicon._ A Wardon; _Volemum_, _crustunum_.

_Cotgrave._ Poure de garde; _A Warden, or Winter Peare_.

WHEAT.

_Promptorium._ Whete, Corne; _Triticum_, _frumentum_.

_Catholicon._ Whete; _Ceres_, _frumentum_, _triticum_.

_Turner._ Wheate.

_Gerard._ Wheate.

_Cotgrave._ Froment; _Wheat_.

WILLOW.

_Promptorium._ Wylowe, tree; _Salix_.

_Catholicon._ A Wylght; _Salix_.

_Turner._ Wylow tree.

_Gerard._ The Willow tree.

_Cotgrave._ Saule; _A Sallow, Willow, or Withie tree_.

WOODBINE.

_Promptorium._ Woode Bynde; _Caprifolium_, _vicicella_.

_Catholicon._ Wodde bynde; _terebinthus_.

_Turner._ Wodbynde.

_Gerard._ Wood-bind or Honeysuckle.

_Cotgrave._ Chevre-fueille; _The wood-bind or honie-suckle_.

WORMWOOD.

_Promptorium._ Wyrmwode, herbe; _Absinthum_.

_Catholicon._ Wormede; _absinthum_.

_Turner._ Mugwort, Wormwod.

_Gerard._ Wormewood.

_Cotgrave._ Absynthe; _Wormewood_.

YEW.

_Promptorium._ V tree; _Taxus_.

_Catholicon._ An Eu tre; _taxus_.

_Turner._ Yewtree.

_Gerard._ The Yew tree.

_Cotgrave._ If; _An Yew or Yew tree_.

FOOTNOTES:

[393:1] Where any of these five are omitted, that author does not name the plant. In many cases the same plant is given under different names; but I have not thought it necessary to quote more than one. In the quotations from Turner the preference is given to the "Names of Herbes," where the plant is mentioned in both works.

_INDEXES._

INDEX OF PLAYS,

_SHOWING HOW THE PLANTS ARE DISTRIBUTED THROUGH THE DIFFERENT PLAYS_

COMEDIES.

_Tempest_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Furze, Heath, Ling, Nut.

sc. 2. Acorn, Ivy, Oak, Pine, Reed.

## Act II., sc. 1. Apple, Corn, Docks, Grass, Wallows, Nettle.

sc. 2. Crab, Filbert, Pignuts.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Barley, Barnacles, Brier, Broom, Furze,

Gorse, Grass, Lime, Oats, Peas, Piony, Rye, Saffron, Sedge, Stover, Thorns, Vetches, Wheat.

## Act V., sc. 1. Cedar, Cowslips, Lime, Mushrooms, Oak, Pine, Reed.

_Two Gentlemen of Verona_--

## Act I., sc. 2. Ginger.

## Act II., sc. 3. Lily.

sc. 7. Sedge.

## Act IV., sc. 4. Lily, rose.

_Merry Wives_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Cabbage, Prunes.

sc. 2. Pippins. sc. 3. Figs.

## Act II., sc. 3. Elder.

## Act III., sc. 1. Roses.

sc. 3. Hawthorn, Pumpion. sc. 4. Turnips. sc. 5. Pepper.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Carrot.

sc. 2. Walnut. sc. 4. Oak. sc. 5. Pear. sc. 6. Oak.

## Act V., sc. 1. Oak.

sc. 3. Oak. sc. 5. Balm, Bilberry, Eringoes, Flax, Oak, Plums, Potatoes.

_Twelfth Night_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Violets.

sc. 3. Flax. sc. 5. Apple, Codling, Olive, Peascod, Squash, Willow.

## Act II., sc. 3. Ginger.

sc. 4. Roses. sc. 5. Box, Nettle, Yew.

## Act III., sc. 1. Roses.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Ebony, Pepper.

## Act V., sc. 1. Apple.

_Measure for Measure_--

## Act I., sc. 3. Birch.

## Act II., sc. 1. Prunes, Grapes.

sc. 2. Myrtle, Oak, Violet. sc. 3. Ginger.

## Act III., sc. 2. Garlick.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Corn.

sc. 3. Burs, Medlar, Peach.

_Much Ado About Nothing_--

Dramatis Personæ. Dogberry.

## Act I., sc. 3. Rose.

## Act II., sc. 1. Oak, Orange, Sedge, Willow.

## Act III., sc. 1. Honeysuckle, Woodbine.

sc. 4. Carduus Benedictus, Holy Thistle.

_Midsummer Night's Dream_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Grass, Hawthorn, Musk Roses, Primrose, Rose,

Wheat. sc. 2. Orange.

## Act II., sc. 1. Acorn, Beans, Brier, Corn, Cowslip, Crab,

Eglantine, Love-in-idleness, Musk Rose, Oxlip, Thyme, Violet, Woodbine.

## Act III., sc. 1. Acorn, Apricot, Brier, Dewberries, Figs,

Grapes, Hawthorn, Hemp, Knot-grass, Lily, Mulberries, Orange, Rose, Thorns. sc. 2. Acorn, Brier, Burs, Cherry, Thorns.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Elm, Honeysuckle, Ivy, Nuts, Oats, Peas,

Thistle, Woodbine. sc. 2. Garlick, Onions.

## Act V., sc. 1. Brier, Broom, Cowslip, Leek, Lily, Thorns.

_Love's Labour's Lost_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Corn, Ebony, Rose.

## Act III., sc. 1. Plantain.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Crab, Oak, Osier, Pomewater.

sc. 3. Cedar, Cockle, Corn, Rose, Thorns.

## Act V., sc. 1. Ginger.

sc. 2. Columbine, Cloves, Crabs, Cuckoo-buds, Daisies, Grass, Lady-smocks, Lemon, Lily, Mint, Nutmeg, Oats, Peas, Rose, Sugar, Sycamore, Violets, Wormwood.

_Merchant of Venice_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Grass, Wheat.

sc. 3. Apple.

## Act III., sc. 1. Ginger, Sugar.

sc. 4. Reed.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Pine.

## Act V., sc. 1. Willow.

_As You Like It_--

## Act I., sc. 2. Mustard.

sc. 3. Briers, Burs.

## Act II., sc. 1. Oak.

sc. 4. Peascod. sc. 7. Holly.

## Act III., sc. 2. Brambles, Cork, Hawthorn, Medlar, Nut, Rose, Rush.

sc. 3. Sugar. sc. 4. Chestnut, Nut. sc. 5. Rush.

## Act IV., sc. 3. Moss, Oak, Osier.

## Act V., sc. 1. Grape.

sc. 3. Rye.

_All's Well that Ends Well_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Date, Pear.

sc. 3. Rose.

## Act II., sc. 1. Grapes.

sc. 2. Rush. sc. 3. Pomegranate. sc. 5. Nut.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Roses.

sc. 4. Briers. sc. 5. Grass, Marjoram, Herb of Grace, Saffron.

## Act V., sc. 3. Onion.

_Taming of the Shrew_--

Induction. Onions, Rose, Sedge.

## Act I., sc. 1. Apple, Love-in-idleness.

sc. 2. Chestnut.

## Act II., sc. 1. Crab, Cypress, Hazel.

## Act III., sc. 2. Oats.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Rushes.

sc. 3. Apple, Mustard, Walnut. sc. 4. Parsley.

_Winter's Tale_--

## Act I., sc. 2. Flax, Nettles, Squash, Thorns.

## Act II., sc. 1. Pines.

sc. 3. Oak.

## Act III., sc. 3. Cork.

## Act IV., sc. 4. Brier, Carnations, Crown Imperial, Daffodils,

Flower-de-luce, Garlick, Gillyflowers, Lavender, Lilies, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, Oxlips, Primroses, Rosemary, Rue, Savory, Thorns, Violets.

_Comedy of Errors_--

## Act II., sc. 2. Ivy, Brier, Moss, Elm, Vine, Grass.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Balsamum, Cherry, Rush, Nut.

sc. 4. Saffron.

HISTORIES.

_King John_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Rose.

## Act II., sc. 1. Cherry, Fig, Plum.

## Act III., sc. 1. Lily Rose.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Lily, Violet.

sc. 3. Rush, Thorns.

_Richard II._--

## Act II., sc. 3. Sugar.

sc. 4. Bay.

## Act III., sc. 2. Balm, Nettles, Pine, Yew.

sc. 3. Corn, Grass. sc. 4. Apricots.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Balm, Thorns.

## Act V., sc. 1. Rose.

sc. 2. Violets.

_1st Henry IV._--

## Act I., sc. 3. Reeds, Rose, Sedge, Thorn.

## Act II., sc. 1. Beans, Fern, Ginger, Oats, Peas.

sc. 3. Nettle. sc. 4. Blackberries, Camomile, Pomegranate, Radish, Raisins, Speargrass, Sugar.

## Act III., sc. 1. Garlick, Ginger, Moss, Rushes.

sc. 3. Apple-john, Prunes, Sugar.

_2nd Henry IV._--

## Act I., sc. 2. Gooseberries, Mandrake.

## Act II., sc. 1. Hemp, Honeysuckle.

sc. 2. Peach. sc. 4. Apple-john, Aspen, Elm, Fennel, Mustard, Peascod, Prunes, Rose.

## Act III., sc. 2. Radish.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Corn.

sc. 4. Aconitum, Olive. sc. 5. Balm, Ebony.

## Act V., sc. 1. Wheat.

sc. 2. Sugar. sc. 3. Carraways, Fig, Leathercoats, Pippins. sc. 5. Rushes.

_Henry V._--

## Act I., sc. 1. Grass, Nettle, Strawberry.

## Act III., Chorus. Hemp.

sc. 3. Barley. sc. 6. Fig, Hemp. sc. 7. Nutmeg, Ginger.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Balm, Elder, Fig, Leek, Violet.

sc. 2. Grass. sc. 7. Leek.

## Act V., sc. 1. Leek.

sc. 2. Burnet, Burs, Clover, Cowslip, Darnel, Docks, Flower-de-luce, Fumitory, Hemlock, Kecksies, Thistles, Vines.

_1st Henry VI._--

## Act I., sc. 1. Flower-de-luce.

## Act II., sc. 4. Brier, Red and White Rose.

sc. 5. Vine.

## Act III., sc. 2. Corn.

sc. 3. Sugar.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Rose.

_2nd Henry VI._--

## Act I., sc. 2. Corn.

## Act II., sc. 1. Damsons, Plums.

sc. 3. Fig, Pine.

## Act III., sc. 1. Thorns.

sc. 2. Corn, Crab, Cypress, Darnel, Grass, Mandrake, Primrose, Sugar.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Grass.

sc. 7. Hemp. sc. 10. Grass.

## Act V., sc. 1. Cedar, Flower-de-luce.

sc. 2. Flax.

_3rd Henry VI._--

## Act II., sc. 1. Oak.

sc. 5. Hawthorn.

## Act III., sc. 1. Balm.

sc. 2. Thorns.

## Act IV., sc. 6. Laurel, Olive.

sc. 8. Balm.

## Act V., sc. 2. Cedar.

sc. 4. Thorns. sc. 5. Thorns. sc. 7. Corn.

_Richard III._--

## Act I., sc. 2. Balm.

sc. 3. Cedar, Sugar.

## Act III., sc. 1. Sugar.

sc. 4. Strawberries.

## Act IV., sc. 3. Rose.

## Act V., sc. 2. Vine.

_Henry VIII._--

## Act III., sc. 1. Lily.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Bays, Palms.

## Act V., sc. 1. Cherry, Corn.

sc. 4. Apple, Crab, Broom. sc. 5. Corn, Lily, Vine.

TRAGEDIES.

_Troilus and Cressida_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Balm, Wheat.

sc. 2. Date, Nettle. sc. 3. Laurel, Oak, Pine.

## Act II., sc. 1. Nut, Toadstool.

## Act III., sc. 2. Burs, Lily, Plantain (?).

## Act V., sc. 2. Almond, Potato.

sc. 4. Blackberry.

_Timon of Athens_--

## Act III., sc. 5. Balsam.

## Act IV., sc. 3. Briers, Grape, Grass, Masts, Medlar, Moss,

Oak, Rose, Sugar, Vines.

## Act V., sc. 1. Palm.

sc. 4. Balm, Olive.

_Coriolanus_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Corn, Oak, Rush.

sc. 3. Oak. sc. 10. Cypress.

## Act II., sc. 1. Crabs, Nettle, Oak, Orange.

sc. 2. Oak. sc. 3. Corn.

## Act III., sc. 1. Cockle, Corn.

sc. 2. Mulberry. sc. 3. Briers.

## Act IV., sc. 5. Ash.

sc. 6. Garlick.

## Act V., sc. 2. Oak.

sc. 3. Cedar, Oak, Palm.

_Macbeth_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Chestnuts, Insane Root.

## Act II., sc. 2. Balm.

sc. 3. Primrose.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Corn, Hemlock, Yew.

## Act V., sc. 3. Lily, Rhubarb, Senna, or Cyme.

_Julius Cæsar_--

## Act I., sc. 2. Palm.

sc. 3. Oak.

_Antony and Cleopatra_--

## Act I., sc. 2. Fig, Onion.

sc. 3. Laurel. sc. 4. Flag. sc. 5. Mandragora.

## Act II., sc. 6. Wheat.

sc. 7. Grapes, Reeds, Vine.

## Act III., sc. 3. Rose.

sc. 5. Rush. sc. 12. Myrtle.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Grace (Rue).

sc. 6. Olive. sc. 12. Pine.

## Act V., sc. 2. Balm, Figs.

_Cymbeline_--

## Act I., sc. 5. Cowslip, Primrose, Violet.

## Act II., sc. 1. Cowslip.

sc. 2. Lily, Rushes. sc. 3. Marybuds. sc. 5. Acorn.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Daisy, Eglantine, Elder, Harebell, Moss,

Oak, Pine, Primrose, Reed, Vine.

## Act V., sc. 4. Cedar.

sc. 5. Cedar.

_Titus Andronicus_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Laurel.

## Act II., sc. 3. Corn, Elder, Mistletoe, Moss, Nettles, Yew.

sc. 4. Aspen, Briers, Lily.

## Act IV., sc. 3. Cedar, Corn.

sc. 4. Grass, Honeystalks.

_Pericles_--

## Act I., sc. 4. Corn.

## Act III., sc. 3. Corn.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Marigold, Rose, Violet.

sc. 6. Bays, Rose, Rosemary, Thorn.

## Act V., Chorus. Cherry, Rose.

_Romeo and Juliet_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Sycamore.

sc. 2. Plantain. sc. 3. Wormwood. sc. 4. Hazel, Rush, Thorn.

## Act II., sc. 1. Medlar, Poperin Pear.

sc. 2. Rose. sc. 3. Willow. sc. 4. Bitter Sweet, Pink, Rosemary.

## Act III., sc. 1. Nuts, Pepper.

sc. 5. Pomegranate.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Rose.

sc. 3. Mandrake. sc. 4. Date, Quince.

## Act V., sc. 1. Rose.

sc. 3. Yew.

_King Lear_--

## Act I., sc. 1. Balm, Vine.

sc. 4. Peascod. sc. 5. Crab.

## Act II., sc. 2. Lily.

sc. 3. Rosemary.

## Act III., sc. 2. Oak.

sc. 4. Hawthorn. sc. 6. Corn. sc. 7. Cork, Flax.

## Act IV., sc. 4. Burdock, Corn, Cuckoo-flowers, Darnel,

Fumiter, Harlocks, Hemlock, Nettles. sc. 6. Marjoram, Samphire.

## Act V., sc. 3. Oats.

_Hamlet_--

## Act I., sc. 3. Primrose, Thorn, Violet.

sc. 5. Hebenon or Hebona.

## Act II., sc. 2. Nut, Plum.

## Act III., sc. 1. Rose, Sugar.

sc. 2. Grass, Rose, Wormwood.

## Act IV., sc. 5. Columbine, Daisy, Fennel, Flax, Grass,

Herb of Grace, Rose, Rosemary, Rue, Violet. sc. 7. Corn-flower, Daisy, Dead-men's-fingers, Long Purples, Nettles, Violet, Willow.

## Act V., sc. 1. Violet.

sc. 2. Palm, Wheat.

_Othello_--

## Act I., sc. 3. Coloquintida, Hyssop, Lettuce, Locusts,

Nettle, Thyme, Sugar.

## Act II., sc. 1. Fig, Oak, Grapes.

## Act III., sc. 3. Mandragora, Oak, Poppy, Strawberries.

## Act IV., sc. 2. Rose.

sc. 3. Sycamore, Willow.

## Act V., sc. 2. Rush, Willow.

_Two Noble Kinsmen_--

Introductory Song. Daisies, Lark's-heels, Marigolds, Oxlips, Pinks, Primrose, Rose, Thyme.

## Act I., sc. 1. Cherries, Currant, Wheat.

sc. 2. Plantain.

## Act II., sc. 2. Apricot, Narcissus, Rose, Vine.

sc. 3. Corn. sc. 6. Cedar, Plane.

## Act III., sc. 1. Hawthorn.

## Act IV., sc. 1. Bulrush, Daffodils, Mulberries, Reeds,

Rushes, Willow. sc. 2. Cherry, Damask Rose, Ivy, Oak.

## Act V., sc. 1. Nettles, Roses.

sc. 3. Flax.

_Venus and Adonis_--

Balm, 27. Brambles, 629. Cedar, 856. Cherries, 1103. Ebony, 948. Lily, 228, 361, 1053. Mulberries, 1103. Myrtle, 865. Plum, 527. Primrose, 151. Rose, 3, 10, 574, 584, 935. Vine, 601. Violet, 125, 936.

_Lucrece_--

Balm, 1466. Cedar, 664. Corn, 281. Daisy, 393. Grape, 215. Lily, 71, 386, 477. Marigold, 397. Oak, 950. Pine, 1167. Reed, 1437. Rose, 71, 257, 386, 477, 492. Rush, 316. Sugar, 893. Vine, 215. Wormwood, 893.

_Sonnets_--

Apple, 93. Balm, 107. Lily, 94, 98, 99. Marigold, 25. Marjoram, 99. Olive, 107. Rose, 1, 35, 54, 67, 95, 98, 99, 109, 116, 130. Violet, 12, 99.

_A Lover's Complaint_--

Aloes, 39.

_The Passionate Pilgrim_--

Lily, 89. Myrtle, 143. Oak, 5. Osier, 5, 6. Plum, 135. Rose, 131.

GENERAL INDEX.

Acæna, 44.

Aconitum, 9.

Acorn, 11, 180.

Acorus calamus, 266.

Addison, 92.

Ælfric's "Vocabulary," 126, 155, 158, 167, 199.

Almond, 11.

Aloes, 13.

Anemone, 14.

Apple, 17.

---- for fruit generally, 19, 208.

Apple-john, 22.

Apricot, 23.

Aquilegia, 60.

Artichoke, 88.

Arundo donax, 240.

Ash, 24.

Aspen, 25.

Avoyne, 326.

"Babee's Book," 33, 50, 104, 175, 198.

Bachelor's Buttons, 27.

Bacon on Gardens, &c., 39, 44, 98, 163, 295, 348.

Badham's Fungi, 170.

Baker on Narcissus, 76.

---- Iris, 99.

Balm, 28.

Balsam, 28.

Bannotte, 314.

Barley, 30.

Barnacles, 30.

Barnes' Glossary, 79.

Baskets, 323.

Bay, 31, 136.

Bean, 33.

Bedding-out, 346.

Bedegar, 84.

Beer, 30, 36.

Beisley's "Shakespeare's Garden," 5, 119.

Bilberry, 35.

Bion, 14.

Birch, 35.

Bird's-eye Primrose, 232.

Bird's-nest (Carrot), 51.

Birdwood, Sir G., 122.

Bitter-sweet, 21.

Blackberry, 37, 167.

Blackthorn, 218.

Blights, 355.

Bluebell, 109.

Boëhmeria, 178.

Boorde, Andrew, 241, 304.

Box, 38.

Boy's Love, 326.

Bramble, 37.

Brasbridge, T., 125.

Bretby Park, 53.

Briers, 39.

Britten, J. C, 267.

Bromsgrove, 42.

Broom, 41.

Brown's "Religio Medici," 91.

Browne's "Britannia's Pastorals," 3, 24, 32, 87, 92, 111, 163, 171, 203, 227, 266, 270, 282, 290, 347, 369.

Buckingham Palace, 168.

Bullas, 218.

Bullein, 88, 103, 122, 127, 143, 161, 316.

Bulrush, 43.

Burdock, 43, 110.

Burnet, 44.

Burns, 371.

Burs, 43.

Butter, 90, 217.

Butomus umbellatus, 266.

Buttercups, 67, 70.

Buttons (buds), 27.

Cabbage, 45.

Cabbage Rose, 250.

Calcott, Lady, 220.

Calluna, 117.

Camerarius, 14, 208, 213, 311.

Camomile, 46.

Campbell on Nettles, 177.

Canker, 250.

Carat, 148.

Cardamine pratensis, 134.

Carduus benedictus, 124.

Carex, 276.

Carnations, 47.

Carob, 147.

Carraways, 22, 49.

Carrot, 50.

Cassia, 277.

Castle Coch, 304.

"Catholicon Anglicum," 10, 393 to 418, and quoted throughout.

Cedar, 51.

Chaucer's Flowers, 3, 13, 21, 37, 42, 60, 87, 98, 103, 108, 127, 131, 136, 139, 146, 160, 161, 179, 196, 204, 215, 223, 229, 260, 288, 365.

Cherry, 53.

Chester's "Love's Martyr," 160, 193, 244.

Chestnuts, 55.

Cistus, 16.

Clare, 149, 371.

Cleistogamous plants, 313.

Clove, 48, 56.

Clover, 56.

Clubs (of cards), 56.

Cockayne, "Leechdoms," &c., 10, 32, 66, 73, 90, 126, 185, 202, 215, 267, 325, 328.

Cockle, 57, 78.

Codlings, 22.

Coghan, 4, 177, 188, 286, 377.

Colchicum, 268.

Coles, 290, 377.

Collins, 42.

Collinson, 240.

Coloquintida, 58.

Columbyne, 59.

Columella, 154.

Constable, H., 74.

Cooke, M. C., 154.

Cork, 61.

Corn, 62.

Cornish Heath, 117.

Corydalis, 100.

Cotgrave's Dictionary, 393 to 418.

Cotton, 153.

Cottongrass, 147.

Cowley, 91, 171, 272.

Cowper, 142, 378.

Cowslip, 64.

Crab, 20.

Crabwake, 20.

Crape, 71.

Crocus, 269.

Crossberry, 105.

Crow-flowers, 67.

Crown of Thorns, 84, 113, 266.

Crown Imperial, 68.

Cuckoo-buds, 70.

Cucumbers, 233.

Culverkeys, 134.

Currants, 70.

Cutwode's "Caltha," 211, 368.

Cypress, 71.

Cypripedia, 151.

Daffodils, 73.

Daisy, 77, 361.

Damask Rose, 251.

Damson, 216.

Dante, 264.

Darnel, 78.

Darwin, 150, 231, 236, 301.

Dates, 79.

Daubeny, Dr., 154, 189, 262.

Dead Men's Fingers, 80, 149.

Dering, 49.

Deux ans Apple, 22.

Devil's lingels, 133.

Dewberries, 80.

Dian's bud, 80.

Dianthus, 48.

Dielytra, 100.

Dillenius, 101.

Divining rod, 116.

Docks, 81.

Doddington Park, 117.

Dogberry, 81.

Dog-rose, 14.

Douce, 93, 171.

Dove-plant, 60.

Dowden, 2.

Drayton, 45, 59, 65, 84, 98, 110, 134, 174, 223, 368.

Dryden, 370.

Dunbar, 249.

Durham Mustard, 173.

Ebony, 82, 119.

Eglantine, 82, 254.

Elder, 84.

Elm, 87.

Elizabethan Gardens, 342.

Elizabeth, Queen, 349.

Elwes, H. J., 145.

Eringoes, 88.

Etna, Chestnut on, 55.

Evelyn, 52, 116, 124, 315.

Evershed on bay, 33.

Fairy rings, 170.

Falaise, 48.

Farsing Herbs, 275.

Feaberry, 105.

Fennel, 88.

Fern, 90.

Ferule, 89.

Fig, 93.

Fig Mulberry, 288.

Fig Pudding, 239.

Filbert, 94.

Fir, 207.

Flags, 94.

Flax, 95, 97.

Fletcher, 99, 231.

"Flora Domestica," 12, 197, 266.

Flower-de-luce, 97.

Forget-me-not, 4.

Foxglove, 4.

Fremontia Californica, 153.

Frizen Hill, 106.

Fuller, Thos., 156.

Fumitory, 100.

Furze, 100.

Gale, 174.

Gardens, 340, 342.

Gardeners, 349.

Garlande, John de, 167.

Garlick, 102.

Gay, 162.

Gerard, 5, 393 to 418, and quoted throughout.

Gilliflower, 48.

Gilpin, 91.

Ginger, 103.

Gladstone, W. E., 16.

Glossaries, 10, 393.

Goethe, 195.

Goldes, 157.

Golding's Ovid, 15.

Gooseberries, 105.

Gorse, 106.

Gourd, 106, 232.

Gower, 21, 57, 74, 89, 114, 118, 143, 157, 223, 229, 259.

Grafting, 353.

Granada, Arms of, 220.

Grapes, 299.

Grass, 107.

Greene, 128.

Grindon, Leo H., 5, 17.

Gundulph, 49.

Gwillim, 297.

Hakluyt, 22, 23, 237, 269, 305.

Hanham Hall, 186.

Harebell, 109.

Harlocks, 110, 121.

Harrison, W. A., 119.

Harrison's "England," 340.

Harting, 30.

Haver, 184.

Hawes, 366.

Hawthorn, 110.

Hazel, 113.

Heath, 116.

Hebenon, 118.

Hedges, 113, 334.

Helmet-flower, 10.

Hemans, Mrs., 26, 66.

Hemlock, 121.

Hemp, 121.

Henbane, 119, 129.

Herbert, G., 68, 190, 255, 314, 357, 370.

Herb of Grace, 122, 259.

Herodotus, 102, 250.

Herrick's Flowers, 74, 83, 250, 258, 369.

Herschel, Sir J., 97.

Hibiscus, 153.

Highclere Park, 53.

Holderstock, 86.

Holly, 122, 130.

Hollyhock, 152.

Holy Thistle, 124.

Homer, 76, 188, 318.

Honeystalks, 56.

Honeysuckle, 125.

Hooker, Sir J., 192, 319.

Horace, 90, 94, 102, 130, 152, 204, 236, 243.

Horse Chestnut, 55.

Hyssop, 128.

Insane root, 129.

Ivy, 129, 327.

Jervis, S., Dictionary, 70.

Joan Silverpin, 222.

Johns on Trees, 289.

John's, St., Bread, 148.

Johnston, 121, 133, 205, 289, 330.

Jonquil, 73.

Jonson, Ben, 3, 4, 11, 15, 21, 66, 77, 95, 98, 121, 152.

Josephus, 154.

Judas, 85.

Juvenal, 13, 94, 138, 204.

Keats, 75, 132.

Kecksies, 132.

Kemble, F., 279.

Kew, 92, 194.

Kirby on Trees, 323.

Knot-grass, 133.

Knots, 345.

Lady-smocks, 134.

Lark's heels, 135.

Latimer, 57, 272.

Laurel, 135.

Laurembergius, 143, 258, 310.

Lavaillee, 24, 178.

Lavender, 137.

Lawson, 46, 105, 140, 178, 342, 343, 347.

Leathercoat, 22.

Lebanon, Cedar of, 52.

Leek, 138.

Lee's "Sea Fables," 30.

Lemon, 140.

Lettuce, 140.

Levens Hall, 237, 344.

"Libæus Diaconus," 90.

Lily, 140.

---- of the Field, 145.

---- of the Valley, 4.

Lily's "Euphues," 46, 128.

Lime, 146.

Lind, 146.

Lindley, Dr., 53, 79, 109, 152, 204, 284.

Ling, 116, 147.

Linnæus, 116, 147.

Locusts, 147.

Longfellow, 89, 214.

Long Purples, 148.

Loosestrife, 149.

Love-in-idleness, 309.

Lupton, 237.

Lyte, 23, 47, 79, 91, 129, 136, 148, 159, 167, 190, 241.

Mace, 151.

Mallows, 152.

Mandeville, Sir John, 20, 31, 72, 84, 85, 113, 255, 266.

Mandrake, 153, 226.

Manuring, 352.

Maple, 288.

Marathon, 89.

Margaret, St., 364.

Marigold, 155.

Marjoram, 159.

Marlowe, 118.

Marsh, J. F., 27, 89.

Marvel, A., 190.

Marybuds, 155.

Masters, Dr., 216.

Masts, 159.

Maw, G., 273.

Medlar, 160.

Melittis melissophyllum, 29.

Miller, 34, 191.

Milner's "Country Pleasures," 82.

Milton's Flowers, 65, 74, 83, 87, 109, 126, 133, 174, 197, 224, 230, 241, 261, 295, 347, 309, 369.

Mint, 161.

Mistletoe, 162.

Mohammed on Garlick, 102.

Monk's-hood, 10.

Montgomery, A., 143.

More, Sir T., 257.

Morat, 167.

Moss, 164.

Mulberries, 166.

Mushrooms, 169.

Musk Roses, 252.

Mustard, 172.

Myrtle, 174.

Names of Plants, 393.

Narcissus, 73, 175.

Nash, T., 195.

Neckam, A., 12, 79.

Neckweed, 122.

Nettles, 175.

---- of India, 178.

Newton, Thos., 78, 264, 321, 330.

Nicholson, Dr., 119.

Nightshades, 225.

Nut, 114.

Nutmeg, 179.

Oak, 180.

Oats, 183.

Oil from Walnuts, 316.

Olive, 184.

Onions, 187.

Opium, 223.

Orange, 188.

Orchids, 149.

Oreodaphne Californica, 32.

Osier, 192, 320.

Ovid, 15.

Oxlip, 66, 192.

Paigle, 66.

Palladius, 73, 140, 261, 303, 343.

Palm, 79, 192, 321, 329.

Pansies, 196, 309.

Parkinson--quoted throughout.

Parsley, 197.

Parsnip, 50.

Pasque flower, 17.

Patience (Docks), 81.

Pawnce, 196.

Peach, 161, 198.

Pear, 199.

Peas, 201.

Pensioners, 65.

Pepper, 203.

Pepys, 177.

Phillips, 34, 316.

Picotee, 48.

Pignuts, 205.

Pine, 205.

Pine Apples, 208.

Pink, 48, 209.

Piony, 211.

Pippins, 21.

Planché on fleur-de-lis, 97.

Plane, 213.

Plantagenet, 41.

Plantain, 214.

Platt, Sir H., 163, 281.

Pliny, 13, 16, 48, 72.

Plum, 216.

Plutarch, 12.

Poetry of Gardening, 339.

Poet's Narcissus, 77.

"Poets' Pleasaunce," 109, 311.

Polyanthus, 66.

Pomatum, 20.

Pomegranate, 219.

Pomewater, 21.

Popering Pear, 201.

Poppy, 222.

Potato, 224.

Primrose, 66, 226.

Prior, Dr., 16, 47, 60, 66, 70, 74, 81, 105, 110, 114, 133, 163, 197, 227.

"Promptorium Parvulorum," 10, 393 to 418, and quoted throughout.

Provençal Rose, 250.

Prudentius, 312.

Prunes, 216.

Pruning, 351.

Pumpion, 232.

Purple colour, 16.

Pythagoras, 154.

Quarles, 264.

Quince, 234.

Radish, 236.

Ragged Robin, 67.

Raisins, 238.

Raspberry, 283.

Redouté's "Liliacæ," 99.

Reeds, 239.

"Remedie of Love," 13.

Rest-harrow, 133.

Rhubarb, 241.

Rice, 242.

Rochester Castle, 49.

"Romaunt of the Rose," 12, 27, 139, 179, 221, 238, 343.

Rose, 243.

---- of Sharon, 76.

Rosebery, Arms, 232.

Rosemary, 256.

Ross, Alex., 16.

Rousseau, 374.

Roxburghe Ballads, 41, 62.

Ruddes, 156.

Rue, 259.

Rush, 262.

Ruskin, 109, 165, 166, 186, 206, 223, 292.

Rye, 267.

Saffron, 268.

Sales, St. Francis de, 98, 158, 284, 311, 326.

Samphire, 274.

Savory, 275.

Saxo Grammaticus, 119.

Schmidt, 70, 210.

"Schola Salernæ," 261.

"Schoole-House of Women," 26.

Scotch Fir, 207.

---- Thistle, 291.

Scott, Sir W., 207, 309.

Sea Holly, 88, 267.

Sedge, 276.

Senna, 277.

Shakespeare, Books on the flowers of, 5.

---- Books on his occupations, 1.

---- Seasons of, 381.

Shamrock, 56.

Shelley, 75.

Shenstone, 259.

Sibthorp, "Flora Græca," 154.

Skelton, 60.

Sleepwort, 140.

Sloes, 218.

Smith, on Ferns, 92.

Snowdrops, 4.

Sops-in-wine, 48.

Speargrass, 277.

Spenser's Flowers, 3, 12, 15, 32, 38, 47, 58, 60, 81, 83, 86, 87, 98, 106, 112, 118, 128, 131, 136, 140, 143, 157, 167, 197, 223, 228, 230, 264, 270, 280, 282, 348, 366.

Spinsters, 96.

Squash, 202.

Stockholm MS., 100, 261, 325.

Stover, 279.

Strawberries, 279.

Sugar, 284.

Sweet Brier, 83, 254.

Sweet Marjoram, 159.

Sycamore, 287.

Tannahill, 67.

"Tatler," 92.

Tares, 299.

Tarragon, 326.

Tennyson, 149, 191, 194, 207, 373.

Thaun's "Bestiary," 154.

Theocritus, 14, 90, 94, 126, 130.

Thistle, 124, 289.

Thorns, 292.

Thyme, 294.

Thynne's "Emblems," 157.

Toadstools, 170.

Tobacco, 4.

Topiary art, 39, 344, 352.

Tortworth Park, 55.

Treacle, 103.

Turner's "Herbal," 4, 13, 23, 35, 105, 194, 195, 198, 202, 213.

Turnips, 297.

Tusser, 228, 232, 279, 281, 290, 325.

Tyndale, 41.

Vaughan, H., 33, 312.

Vegetable Marrow, 233.

Vetches, 298.

Vines, 87, 299.

Vineyards, English, 301.

Violets, 307.

Virgil, 10, 189.

Vocabularies, 10.

Wallace, 101.

Waller, 225.

Walnut, 314.

Walton, Izaak, 134, 137, 143, 280.

Warden Pears, 200.

Warwick Castle, 53.

Waterton, 37.

Watson, Forbes, 66, 77, 229, 273, 346.

Waybred, 214.

Weeds, 354.

Westminster Hall, 55.

Wheat, 317.

White Thorn, 112.

Wickliffe, 41.

Wilkinson, Lady, 60, 73, 97, 292.

Willow, 319.

Wilson, G. F., 145.

Windflower, 16.

Wines, English, 303.

Winter Aconite, 10.

Wistman's Wood, 183.

Withers, G., 158.

Withy, 320.

Wolf's-bane, 10.

Woodbine, 126.

Woodbury, 195.

Wordsworth, 75, 206, 372.

Wormwood, 81, 324.

Wright's "Vocabularies," 10.

---- "Domestic Manners," 96, 218.

Wyatt's Poems, 3.

Wych Elm, 88.

Yew, 119, 327.

Yggdrasil, 24.

York and Lancaster Rose, 253.

UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON.

SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co.

_Crown 8vo. Price: paper cover, 1s.: cloth, 2s._

=ON THE ART OF GARDENING:= A Plea for English Gardens of the Future, with Practical Hints for Planting Them. By Mrs. J. FRANCIS FOSTER.

Press Notices.

"In this pleasant and original little book the authoress not only enters a vigorous protest against the bedding-out system and the so-called 'natural' style of gardening, but gives very good practical advice for gardens of a different sort."--_Gardener's Chronicle._

"This little book proceeds from a true lover of flowers and will be welcome to all who take an interest in their care and culture."--_Civilian._

"A pleasant and unpretending little volume."--_Saturday Review._

"The charm consists in its author's evident love of her subject. Like a true lover she has gone far and wide in her search for old plants and old plant lore. We agree with Mrs. Foster that the most perfect herbaceous border is one that has an old wall behind it. Blue larkspurs and white lilies, roses, phloxes, and evening primroses never look so well as when they are seen against a background of wall, mellowed with age and clothed with its beautiful garment of wall-growing seedlings. . . . Mrs. Foster's book, too, is most useful in its lists of flowers that bloomed in the days of Chaucer and Shakespeare. She also devotes one chapter entirely to quotations from old poets on gardens and all the delights that spring from them. If it helps her readers to know for themselves those authors, who found among the flowers of the garden apt similes of all that is truest in human nature, she will have added a very substantial addition to the pleasure already enjoyed by those who love gardens, but yet are unfamiliar with the pages of the poets who knew well how to speak their praises."--_Spectator._

"A pleasant book."--_Athenæum._

_Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 4s. 6d._

=IN THE COUNTRY:= Essays by the Rev. M. G. WATKINS, M.A.

Contents.

Devon Lanes and their Associations--At the Sea Side--Among the Heather--Up Glenroy--In Assynt--Into Ballad Land--On the Ottery East Hill--Among the Sea Birds--From the heart of the Wolds--Sunshine at the Land's End--Birds and Bird Lovers--Etc.

_THIRD EDITION. Crown 8vo, with Autotype portrait and twelve full-page Illustrations engraved by Edmund Evans. Cloth, top edge gilt. Price 7s. 6d._

=MY LIFE AS AN ANGLER.= By WILLIAM HENDERSON, Author of "The Folk-lore of the Northern Counties."

_Fcap. 4to, hand-made paper, rough edges, Roxburgh binding. Price 10s. 6d._

=THE CHRONICLE OF "THE COMPLEAT ANGLER,"= of ISAAK WALTON and CHARLES COTTON: being a bibliographical record of its various editions and mutations. By THOMAS WESTWOOD and THOMAS SATCHELL.

_Square 16mo, cloth, gilt. Price 3s. 6d._

=POEMS.= By MAY PROBYN.

_Fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt. Price 6s._

=A BALLAD OF THE ROAD AND OTHER POEMS.= By MAY PROBYN.

_Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top. Price 4s. 6d._

=GODS, SAINTS, AND MEN.= By EUGENE LEE-HAMILTON. With ten full-page Illustrations designed by Enrico Mazzanti.

"Readers will find him, as before, a Browning without his obscurity."--_Graphic._

"Quaint, mediæval legends and traditions, most of which have a strong savour of the supernatural, in strong tuneful artistic verse."--_Scotsman._

"The book is very prettily got up; . . . . some of the woodcuts are admirable in design and execution."--_London Review._

"Worthy of a place in any library whose owner values originality and unconventional treatment of out-of-the-way themes."--_Derby Mercury._

_Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 3s. 6d._

=THE FLYING DUTCHMAN AND OTHER POEMS.= By E. M. CLERKE.

"Her translations from the Italian are exceedingly happy."--_Westminster Review._

_12mo, cloth gilt. Price 4s. 6d._

=LIFE'S PATHWAY.= By THOMAS LEECH, Constable in the Metropolitan Police.

"A man of much literary ability and considerable poetical fancy."--_Notes and Queries._

_Imp. 16mo, elegant cover. Price 3s._

=ROUND A POSADA FIRE.= By Mrs. S. G. C. MIDDLEMORE. With 21 Illustrations by Miss E. D. Hale.

_Imp. 16mo, elegant cover, gilt. Price 3s._

=TUSCAN FAIRY TALES.= Taken down from the Mouths of the People. By VERNON LEE.

_Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 8s._

=BELCARO:= Essays on Æsthetics. By VERNON LEE.

_Royal 8vo, cloth. Price 14s._

=STUDIES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IN ITALY.= By VERNON LEE.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Ellipses in the text match the original. Ellipses in the poetry quotations are represented by a row of asterisks.

The following words use an oe ligature in the original:

Cloefre foetid Phoebe coelo foetidissima Phoebus coeloque foetu Phoenix coerule foetus proestaret coerulea noep proeter Foeniculum Pharmacopoeia soepius foenum pharmacopoeia

The index entry "Butter" may have been intended to read "Butler".

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Page 37: _1st Henry[original has Henrv] IV_, act ii, sc. 4 (263).

Page 40: _Winter's Tale_, act[original has extraneous period] iv, sc. 4 (436).

Page 43: _Troilus[original has Triolus] and Cressida_

Page 60: garter coat of William Grey of Vitten"[quotation mark missing in original]

Page 76: "Rose of Sharon"[quotation mark missing in original] was the large

Page 86: to whom the Elder tree was considered sacred."[quotation mark missing in original]

Page 104: but[original has bnt] probably by the Romans

Page 105: _2nd Henry IV_, act i,[original has period] sc. 2 (194).

Page 114: _Troilus[original has Trolius] and Cressida_, act ii, sc. 1 (109).

Page 163: Rots-curing hyphear, and the Mistletoe."[quotation mark missing in original]

Page 199: A.D. 1275, 4 Edw: 1--[original has extraneous quotation mark]

Page 205: quite equal to Chestnuts.[period missing in original]

Page 230: but in [original has extraneous word an] another place

Page 244: (22) _Theseus._[original has Thesus]

Page 245: _All's Well that Ends Well_, act i[original has 1], sc. 3 (135).

Page 266: in connection with Rushes which is[original has it] not easy to understand

Page 282: ("Household Words," vol. xviii.).[closing parenthesis and period missing in original]

Page 282: as it proves so, praise it.[original has extraneous single quote]"

Page 286: (11) _Polonius._[original has Polonis]

Page 292: its shadow be past away.[original has hyphen]

Page 292: the bee well knows that the darkness[original has period at the end of the line after "dark" and "ness" beginning the next line]

Page 294: (3)[number 3 and parentheses missing in original] And sweet Time true.

Page 295: "Peletyr, herbe, _serpillum piretrum_"[quotation mark missing in original]

Page 311: into 'low lie down,'[original has double quote]

Page 339: _Sonnet_[original has _Ibid._] xviii.

Page 383: flower-[hyphen missing in original]de-luce

Page 414: (a Seyfe, _juncus_, _biblus_, _cirpus_)[closing parenthesis missing in original]

Page 424: Flower-de-luce[original has duce]

Page 431: Aconitum, 9.[original has 10]

Page 431: Bacon on Gardens, &c., 39[original has 38]

Page 431: Böhmeria[original has Boëhmeria]

Page 431: Bretby Park, 53[original has 52]

Page 432: Cassia, 277[original has 177]

Page 432: Cedar, 51[original has 50]

Page 432: under "Chaucer's Flowers", 179[original has 171]

Page 432: Cockayne, "Leechdoms," &c., 10[original has 9]--reference to page 175 removed

Page 432: Cowley, 91, 171, 272[original has 271].

Page 432: Crow-flowers, 67.[original has 61]

Page 433: Dowden, 3[original has 2]

Page 433: Durham Mustard, 173[original has 175]

Page 433: Ebony, 82[original has 61]

Page 433: Farsing Herbs, 275[original has 216]

Page 433: Fig Mulberry, 288[original has 228]

Page 433: Flower-de-luce, 97[original has 94]

Page 433: Gerard, 5, 393[original has 394] to 418

Page 433: Glossaries, 10, 393[original has 394]

Page 434: Grindon, Leo H., 5[original has 6], 17

Page 434: Hemans, Mrs., 26[original has 24], 66.

Page 434: Hemlock, 121[original has 131]

Page 434: Herbert, G., 68, 190, 255[original has 225], 314, 357, 370.

Page 434: Horace, 90, 94, 102, 130, 152, 204, 236, 243[original has 242].

Page 435: More[original has Moore], Sir T., 257

Page 435: Neckam[original has Neekham], A., 12, 79.

Page 435: Onions, 187[original has 77, 186]

Page 435: Oxlip, 66, 192[original has 191]

Page 436: Planché[original has Planche] on fleur-de-lis, 97.

Page 436: Rice, 242[original has 243].

Page 436: "Romaunt of the Rose," 12, 27, 139, 179, 221, 238, 343[original has 243].

Page 436: Rose, 243[original has 242].

Page 436: Rousseau, 374[original has 373].

Page 436: Ruskin, 109, 165[original has 164], 166, 186, 206, 223, 292.

Page 437: Watson, Forbes, 66[original has 65], 77, 229, 273, 346.

Page 437: Wright's "Vocabularies," 10[original has 9].

Footnote [13:1] Numbers xxiv. 6;[original has colon]

Footnote [169:1] the punning motto "[original has single quote]Memento Mori."