Part 3
It cannot be said that _Punch_ was any more conciliatory to the United States over the Spanish-American war than he had been to France over Fashoda. He is sympathetic to the young King of Spain, shown as a small boy on the throne threatened by Bellona and Revolution. Both in prose and verse he is distinctly hostile to the U.S.A., ironically crediting them with no desire to annex Cuba, but talking almost in the same breath of "filibustering" and "spread-eagling." And when Cuba was acquired _Punch_ professes to regard it as anything but an unmixed blessing. Spain is shown saying to Uncle Sam: "Well, you wanted him! You've got him! And I wish you joy of him!"--Cuba being represented as an ill-conditioned little coloured boy. _Punch's_ reading of the Treaty of Peace was that Uncle Sam would agree to anything if Spain would take Cuba back; while in another cartoon European resentment of American intrusion into European politics is typified by a very "sniffy" Europa asking Uncle Sam if he is "any relation of the late Colonel Monroe." All this did not make for good blood, or the promotion of that friendly understanding applauded in _Punch's_ letter to Mr. Howells, but it may be pleaded in extenuation that some of the sanest and wisest and noblest Americans were not at all happy about the Spanish war, and that Charles Eliot Norton openly denounced the mixture of hypocrisy and thoughtlessness with which his countrymen had plunged into it.
[Sidenote: _The "Open Door" in China_]
[Illustration: "GOD SAVE THE KING!"]
The conflicting commercial interests of various Powers in China are also the subject of a good deal of frank comment at the expense of Russia and Germany. In one cartoon the British Lion is shown with a barrow-load of goods denied entrance by the Bear at the "free port" of Talienwan. In another, the "Open Door" is reduced to a farce, being occupied by the Bear armed to the teeth and a German entrenched in tariffs. A third, entitled "The Sentinels," is based on the view that the occupation of Port Arthur left us no alternative but to occupy Wei-hai-wei in order to restore the equilibrium upset by Russia. The powerlessness of the young Emperor, who had proposed a scheme of reforms, is clearly indicated in the dialogue in which the "Son of Heaven" discusses his Aunt--the formidable Dowager-Empress. _Punch_ had a friendly greeting for the young Queen of Holland on the attainment of her majority, referring to the House of Orange as a link with our Royal family; but for the most part wherever he saw a crowned head he hit it. The _lèse-majesté_ campaign in Germany had led to the prosecution of Herr Trojan, the editor of the _Kladderadatsch_, to whom _Punch_ offered his "Prosit," regretting that there was not also the companion offence of _Humanitätsbeleidigung_ for which punishment could be awarded to "the Imperial buffoon." This was the year in which the young Tsar Nicholas put forward his proposal for general disarmament, but _Punch's_ comments are very much on the lines of his satirical report of an imaginary meeting of the Nations summoned by the Arbitration League in 1894. Everybody was anxious to disarm so long as somebody else set the example. This scepticism now finds vent in the cartoon in which Peace suggests disarmament to Vulcan, understanding that the Tsar's proposal had already seriously interfered with his trade. Vulcan promptly undeceives her. He never was busier--and on orders for Russia.
The assassination of the Empress of Austria in September passed without mention in _Punch_, an omission probably accidental rather than deliberate, since she was popular in England as a great sportswoman. She was also a generous and enlightened patron of the arts, unconventional in her ways, blameless in her life, yet doomed by malign fate to the supreme infelicity of grandeur.
[Sidenote: _Gladstone and "C.-B."_]
_Punch_ certainly missed a great opportunity for a chivalrous tribute to a lady whose unhappiness was greater than her rank, to say nothing of a text for a sermon on the notorious ineptitude of assassins in the choice of victims. Still, it was a harder theme than that which inspired _Punch's_ most notable memorial verses in 1898--the death of Mr. Gladstone. The writer contrasts his end with that of those who have died in their early prime or the ripeness of their manhood, and continues:--
But you, O veteran of a thousand fights, Whose toil had long attained its perfect end-- Death calls you not as one that claims his rights, But gently as a friend.
For though that matchless energy of mind Was firm to front the menace of decay, Your bodily strength on such a loss declined As only Death could stay.
So then with you 'tis well, who after pain, After long pain, have reached your rest at last; But we--ah, when shall England mould again This type of splendour past?
Noble in triumph, noble in defeat, Leader of hopes that others held forlorn, Strong in the faith that looks afar to meet The flush of Freedom's morn.
* * * * *
And now, with all your armour laid aside, Swift eloquence your sword, and, for your shield, The indomitable courage that defied The fortune of the field--
As in the noontide of your high command, So in the final hour when darkness fell, Submissive still to that untiring Hand That orders all things well--
We bear you to your resting-place apart Between the ranks where ancient foe and friend, Kin by a common sorrow at the heart Silent together bend.
A new leader of the Liberal Party emerged in 1899 in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Sir William Harcourt is shown wishing his successor joy--rather ironically--and Mr. Balfour, in the cartoon of "The Wrestlers," acknowledges the strength of his opponent after their first round. "C.-B.'s" promotion to leadership coincided with the discussion of the Tsar's disarmament proposals, which the Liberal leader was destined to revive later on, and in May, representatives of Great Britain attended the Hague Conference convened on the Tsar's initiative. The enthusiasm which _Punch_ had displayed a generation earlier over the Paris Conference had now evaporated, and his contributions to the subject are marked by farcical scepticism. The Tsar and the Kaiser are shown in one picture holding, at some uncertain date in the future, an imaginary review of what remains of the Russian Army, the soldiers resembling Stigginses armed with umbrellas. _Punch's_ twelve suggestions are a _reductio ad absurdum_ of the Tsar's idea, the first being a proposal to postpone the coming into operation of the new rules for 1,000 years. The list of "Some Probable Agenda" for the Hague Conference, published when it was already sitting, is pure burlesque. For example: "Declarations of war shall in future be abolished as being calculated to wound the feelings of opponents." In the same number there is a large picture of Imperial Bruin drinking to Peace, coupling the toast with the name of Victoria, Empress of India (the Queen had just celebrated her eightieth birthday), with a batch of papers, labelled "Further demands in China," behind his back. The political atmosphere was not conducive to the calm discussion of international peace. _Punch's_ espousal of the cause of Dreyfus became increasingly vehement and provocative. In May, under the heading "_A bas la Vérité_," Truth is shown saying "I must get out" (of her well), while the French generals reply: "Not if we know it." A month later, in "At Last," Tenniel depicts indignant Justice triumphing with the Sword of Revision, and trampling Lies and Forgery under foot. The universal preoccupation with the topic is illustrated in Phil May's picture of the little street boy crying because his father "has got Drifus fever." In September, Napoleon's shade is shown scornfully surveying a group of degenerate generals eagerly discussing a "secret dossier", and saying, "_Vive l'armée!_ Yes! But it was not with generals like you that I won my campaigns!" In the face of death _Punch_ has always shown restraint, and, whether from ignorance or of set purpose, wrote of President Faure:--
He sought to serve his country's needs And dying died with harness on.
[Sidenote: _The Verdict of Rennes_]
But the address to France "in memory of the verdict of Rennes" amounts to an indictment of the whole nation:--
Who speaks of pardon? Nay, for France there's none, Nor can be never till the damnèd blot Be wiped away and expiation done. Then, not till then, May be renewed the bonds that once have been, Since we, whatever else, are honest men. Meanwhile, we know you not! Go, hide your face until your heart is clean.
_Punch_, it is true, spoke with a different voice on the same page, but it is doubtful whether his levity was calculated to heal the effect of his self-righteous indignation:--
SOME FURTHER SELF-DENYING ORDINANCES
To be observed by those who wish to testify their righteous indignation at the Rennes verdict by boycotting next year's Paris Exposition, and in the most material and convincing manner to bring about the complete rehabilitation of the unfortunate prisoner.
It is proposed--
That no more French leave shall be taken by individuals desirous of absenting themselves from their duties or annexing other persons' property. Undergraduates will faithfully attend every lecture, city clerks will bury no more aunts, cooks will cease to entertain policemen, and there will be a close time for burglary, kleptomania and kissing under the mistletoe.
That the use of French chalk shall be abandoned in ballrooms, and dancing given up altogether, except on village greens.
That "Frenchmen," alias red-legged partridges, shall be shot on sight, and given to the retriever to eat.
That elbow-grease shall be substituted for French polish.
That French beans shall be cut and given the cold shoulder at table.
That the French language (which at the present moment chiefly consists of the verb _conspuer_) shall be tabooed, except in the case of solecisms like _nom de plume_, _double entendre_, _à l'outrance_, and so forth. _Café_, _coupé_ and similar words shall be pronounced "caif," "coop," etc., as in Canada. _Dépôt_ shall be "depott"; _sang froid_, _au revoir_, _tableaux vivants_ and the like shall be similarly anglicized. Boulogne to be called "Boolong," if mentioned at all, which is inadvisable. No more bull-fights to be attended.
That French grey shall in future mean, as circumstances demand, either black or white.
Towards America _Punch_ shows a tempered benevolence in his open letter to President McKinley, whom he warns against the new-fangled policy of Imperial expansion. His welcome to Mr. Choate, on his appointment as American Ambassador, is entirely cordial: "There are only two things necessary to make your visit a success. Don't believe all you hear, and read your _Punch_ regularly." I do not know whether Mr. Choate took the second piece of advice or not; the first was quite unnecessary. He was a huge success as an Ambassador, though his chief claim on the abiding affection of England rests on his noble and self-sacrificing exertions, in extreme old age and up to the day of his death, in furthering the cause of the Allies and strengthening the brotherhood in arms of America and Great Britain.
[Sidenote: _Lord Milner Censured_]
Meanwhile events in South Africa were rapidly approaching a critical stage. At Mr. Chamberlain's request, a conference between Sir Alfred Milner and President Krüger was held at Bloemfontein early in June to adjust the conflicting claims of the Transvaal Boers and the Uitlanders, whose position Sir Alfred Milner had compared to that of "helots." _Punch_ summed up the conference in two cartoons. In the first, headed "Moral Suasion," Milner is seen endeavouring to pacify Krüger as a cow: "I will sit on the stile and continue to smile." In the second, "The Smile that Failed," the High Commissioner remarks:--
I _have_ sat on this Stile And continued to Smile, But it's had no effect on the Cow.
[Illustration: THE SMILE THAT FAILED
SIR ALFR-D M-LN-R again sings:--
"There was a 'High Com.' who said, 'Now I've conferred with this wily old cow! I _have_ sat on this stile, And continued to smile, But it's had no effect on the Cow!'" (_Exit._)
]
[Illustration: "Yer know, them Boers 'as been storin' guns and hambition for years!"]
A very different reading of the situation is given in the letter to Sir Alfred Milner published a week later. Here the High Commissioner is heavily censured not for the failure of the conference, but for the "ridiculous" and "frothy" tone of his dispatch about "helots," and for his rash, impetuous and overbearing temper. In July _Punch_ was still inclined to make light of the whole business, apparently expecting an amicable settlement, and in a burlesque "Story of a Crisis" in "Nabothsland" reflected adversely if obliquely on the pretensions of the Uitlanders. Yet early in September sympathy with the Uitlanders underlies the verses condemning the inconsistency of Little Englanders, who in theory espouse the cause of all oppressed nationalities but their own. The damning blot on the Uitlanders' cause was that they were English. If they had been Finns, for instance, the Little Englander would have shed his last drop of ink in their defence. This was at the lowest a good debating point, and at all points preferable to the unfortunate picture ridiculing the unmilitary appearance of the Boers, President Krüger being shown in the act of reviewing his veterans, a number of fat, unwieldy farmers. The declaration of war came early in October, and _Punch_ unhesitatingly declared his support of the decision in the cartoon "Plain English," where John Bull says to the Boers: "As you will fight, you shall have it. This time it is a fight to a finish." So it was; but few, except Lord Wolseley, expected that the finish would only be reached after a long, obstinate and costly struggle. Lord Wolseley's warning in September, 1899, foreshadows the more famous anticipation of the duration of the Great War made by Lord Kitchener fifteen years later. Many other parallels and contrasts are suggested in _Punch's_ pages as he reflects the varying moods of England during the chequered progress of the campaign. The divisions of opinion at home were more acute than in 1914. Moreover, we entered on the Boer war in a spirit of confidence and complacency
[Sidenote: _The Boer War_]
which rendered the initial reverses more surprising and depressing. Otherwise the alternations of despondency and elation; the criticisms of mismanagement, laxity and indifference, want of intelligence and imagination; and the charges against the enemy of disregarding the rules of the game have a curiously familiar ring. _Punch_ reflected popular opinion in resenting the "detachment" of Mr. Balfour in describing our reverses as "inevitable," and in rebuking the optimism of other Ministers; in his demand for the "facts"; in attributing to President Krüger gratitude to the Opposition for their assistance; in his cheering message to Baden-Powell for "keeping his end up" in Mafeking. Yet he commented severely on the diamond speculators for their "operations" during the war; he had a good word for Lord Morley when he was attacked as a Little Englander; and a strong rebuke for the agencies which announced tours to the South African battlefields as early as April, 1900. Punch had shown John Bull as Mark Tapley--when Kimberley had been relieved and Lord Roberts was advancing--but his comments on the publication of the Spion Kop dispatches reveal grave dissatisfaction with the conduct of the Natal campaign:--
SOME ONE HAD BLUNDERED
Sir Redvers devised an impossible plan Which he trusted to Warren, an obstinate man; Lord Roberts sent home some dispatches, and there He freely expressed what he thought of the pair. The War Office published these documents plain, To the joy of their foes, and the grief of the sane; And while they were reading them, all the world wondered, And promptly concluded that everyone blundered.
Humorous relief was provided by the report that Krüger had encouraged his burghers by circulating the news that London had been captured by the Russians, a method foreshadowing the imaginative exploits of the Germans in the late war. It was based, however, on an incontestable fact--our unpopularity in both hemispheres. The Boer delegates had been welcomed in America, though _Punch_ sought to discount the effect of their propaganda by a cartoon in which Columbia reassures John Bull: "Don't mind those noisy boys of mine. You know, my dear, it's _Election Time_."
The Anglophobe feeling was much more vocal in France, and _Punch_ gives a curious account of the Transvaal section of the Paris Exhibition in October, where signatures were invited and freely appended to addresses to the two Presidents, the bust of Krüger was crowned with palm branches, poetic eulogies were circulated, and the walls covered with "_Mort aux Anglais_," "Chamberlain _est un vache_," etc. Meanwhile, Mafeking had been relieved, and _Punch_ had defended the "loud extremes of passionate joy" which added the now well-nigh forgotten verb "to Maffick" to our current vocabulary. Lord Roberts's uninterrupted advance to Pretoria had moved _Punch_, with many others, to declare very prematurely on June 6th that the war was practically over, though it lasted nearly two years longer, and the slow progress of "rounding up" the Boers actually prompted the suggestion from a leading paper that Lord Kitchener should be recalled and Lord Roberts sent out again. President Krüger's flitting is illustrated in a cartoon in which "Oom Paul" is seen in a small boat, with two millions of treasure, quitting the sinking ship _Transvaal_; while in a set of verses, written after reading of his triumphal progress through France, _Punch_ prophesies for him a green old age in Grosvenor Square. The C.I.V.'s returned in the autumn and were welcomed by the City of London; and shortly afterwards "a Mr. Williams offered respectful apologies to Satan for mentioning him in the same breath with Lord Kitchener." _Punch_, even in his most Chauvinistic mood, never indulged in such abuse of the Boer generals, and at the end of 1900 paid a well-deserved compliment to the elusive De Wet in his cartoon of "De Wet o' de Wisp."
[Sidenote: _China and Australia_]
Before dealing with the subsequent progress of the "guerrilla war," we may turn aside for a moment to other developments overseas. In an epigram on "The Millennium" in August, 1900, _Punch_ writes:--
In some problematic day Strife and wrath shall fade away, Crews no longer blessing pouring On the coxes who have cox'd, When the Boers shall cease from boring And the Boxers shall be boxed.
The revolt of the Boxers in China and the joint expedition of the European Powers assisted by Japan to relieve the Legations in Peking are treated in two cartoons. In the first, in which the Chinese Dragon is seen in the background, Japan expresses her readiness to help the European Powers. She is glad to join them, "but permit me to remark that if some of you hadn't interfered when I had him down, it would have saved all this trouble"--a legitimate comment on the intervention of Germany and Russia after the Chino-Japanese war. In the second, "The Closed Door," Europa is seen armed with an axe, preparing to break her way in to the relief of the Legations. Apocryphal reports of what was happening in China reached a high-water mark of mendacity this summer, and the English Press did not escape the charge of credulity, to put it mildly. Reports of the death of the Dowager Empress were so common as to inspire _Punch_ with a poetic homage to the "lady of the charmed life," and when she shifted her capital, he showed Krüger looking over a wall at her exodus with the remark: "My idea!"
It was in 1900 also that the Australian Commonwealth Bill was introduced by Mr. Chamberlain. _Punch_ in his first reference to the measure, animated by a recognition of Australia's loyalty in the Boer war, assumed that Clause 74, abolishing the appeal to the Privy Council, would be passed. Australia is seen showing the new latchkey she has had made, as she wanted a little more freedom, and Britannia declares her readiness to trust her. This proved premature, and a little later on _Punch_, in a letter to the Australian delegates, waxes sarcastic over the "niggling, pedantic and pettifogging inquisition which it was proposed to institute into the demand for Federation"--_à propos_ of the Privy Council Appeals. As a matter of fact, the clause was amended, because the States were not at one on the point, and all seven Chief Justices favoured the maintenance of the right of Appeal.
Lord Roberts returned to England at the close of the year, and _Punch_ saluted his arrival in "The Home-coming of the Chief." His great services are acknowledged, not least his self-sacrifice in the hour of bitter personal loss:--
Ah! but while a nation's cries Storm against our sullen skies 'Midst the madness and the mirth Flung about your victor's way, If behind the brave array All the hidden heart were known, Save for love of England's name Gladly would you yield the prize, Glory, triumph, wealth and fame, Could you win one grace alone, Could you have your boy again Home from where he takes his rest Lying under alien earth By Colenso's dreadful plain, With the Cross above his breast.
[Illustration: "REQUIESCAT!"]
That is truly and finely said, and yet how strangely the epithet "dreadful" sounds to those who have found all the vocabulary of horror beggared by the experiences of the Great War! The opening of the New Year was clouded by the passing of Queen Victoria. In all the sixty years of _Punch's_ existence, even in the moods when his comments on Court and Crown had been frank to the verge of audacity, loyalty to the person of the Sovereign had never failed. His adverse criticism was seldom malicious, and was almost always animated by a desire that the Sovereign should never fall below the standard of _noblesse oblige_. The days of resentment against the Queen's prolonged seclusion had long passed. She had ceased to be "the Royal Recluse," and was unsparing of herself in the discharge of her duties up to within a few weeks of her death. When she spoke in one of her messages of "her beloved people," there could be no question of her sincerity, or of the devotion with which her love was returned.
As Mr. Balfour said significantly of her: "Even those who loved not England loved her," and in later years those who came to scoff at her memory remained to praise:--
THE QUEEN
Born May 24, 1819. Died January 22, 1901.
The tears we disallow to lesser ill Here is no shame for English eyes to shed, Because the noblest heart of all is still-- Because the Queen lies dead.
Grief asks for words, yet silent grief were well; Vain is desire, as passionate prayer was vain; Not all our love can bring, by any spell, Breath to those lips again.
Ah! had but Death forgone his royal claim, Demanding ransom, life for life the price, How loyalty had leaped to kiss the flame Of such a sacrifice!
God knows, in many a need this thing has been-- Light hearts for her have dared the desolate grave; From other hurt their blood has saved the Queen, From Death it could not save.
And of the dregs to drink from sorrow's cup This is most bitter, that with life's release She might not leave her children folded up Between the wings of Peace.
Yet, for a solace in that darkest hour, When even Kings have found themselves alone, Over a people's love she kept her power Firm as her fathers' throne.
[Sidenote: _Candid Friends and Hostile Critics_]