CHAPTER V
PRONOUNS
Sec. 65.
1. PERSONAL.
SING.
Nom. ich, _I_ du, d[u], _thou_ Acc. mich dich Gen. m[i]n d[i]n Dat. mir dir
PLUR.
Nom. wir ir Acc. unsich, uns iuch Gen. unser iuwer Dat. uns iu
SING.
_Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._
Nom. [e:]r, _he_ [e:][z], _it, there_ si, s[i], siu, sie, _she_ Acc. in [e:][z] sie, si, s[i] Gen. ([e:]s) [e:]s ir(e) Dat. im(e) im(e) ir(e)
PLUR.
Nom. Acc. si, s[i], sie (Neut. also siu), _they_ Gen. ir(e) Dat. in
NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For {[e:][z]} the form {i[z]} sometimes appears.
2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual than {ime}, {ire}.
3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to other words, as {ich[z]}, {i[z]} = {ich [e:][z]}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn} = {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne} (_not_); {tuo[z]} = {tuo [e:][z]}; {eist}, {[e]st} = {[e:][z] ist}; {dei[z]} = {da[z] [e:][z]}; {mohter} = {mohte [e:]r}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wir[z]} = {wir [e:][z]}, &c.
Sec. 66.
2. REFLEXIVE.
SING. PLUR.
Acc. sich sich Gen. s[i]n (fem. ir) ir Dat. im, ir in
Sec. 67.
3. POSSESSIVE.
{m[i]n}, _my_; {d[i]n}, _thy_; {s[i]n}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_; {iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_.
They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (Sec. 55). The dat. sing. forms {d[i]nme}, {s[i]nme} are generally contracted to {d[i]me}, {s[i]me}, see Sec. 9, 3.
Sec. 68.
4. DEMONSTRATIVE.
SING. _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._
Nom. d[e:]r, _the_ da[z] diu Acc. d[e:]n da[z] die Gen. d[e:]s d[e:]s d[e:]r(e) Dat. d[e:]m(e) d[e:]m(e) d[e:]r(e) Instr. diu
PLUR. _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._
Nom. die diu die Acc. die diu die Gen. d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e) Dat. d[e:]n d[e:]n d[e:]n
Like {d[e:]r} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in {-e[z]}. {d[e:]r}, &c., is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.
NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu}, the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to {de}, and to {d'} before words beginning with a vowel. {da[z]} was sometimes weakened to {de[z]}, and still further to {[z]} which was then attached to a preceding word, as {l[a]t[z] kind} = {l[a]t da[z] kint}; {an[z]} {in[z]} = {an}, {in da[z]}. {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}.
2. The various cases were often fused into one word with prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}; {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m} = {ze d[e:]me}; {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]me}; {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r} (fem.); {[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}; {[u]f[e:]n} = {[u]f d[e:]n}; {z[e:]n} = {ze d[e:]n}.
SING. _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._
Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_ ditze, diz, di[z] disiu Acc. disen ditze, diz, di[z] dise Gen. dises dises dirre Dat. disem(e) disem(e) dirre
PLUR.
Nom. dise disiu dise Acc. dise disiu dise Gen. dirre dirre dirre Dat. disen disen disen
5. RELATIVE.
Sec. 69.
A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it:--
1. {d[e:]r}, {da[z]} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination with the particles {dar der d[a]}. 2. {s[o]}, {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _as_; {sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {d[a](r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_, {darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_, {d[o]}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {sw[e:]der}, _who of two_; {sw[a]}, {swar}, _wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie}, _however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_.
6. INTERROGATIVE.
Sec. 70.
The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine, and is declined in the singular only.
_Masc. Fem._ _Neut._
Nom. w[e:]r, _who_ wa[z] Acc. w[e:]n wa[z] Gen. w[e:]s w[e:]s Dat. w[e:]m(e) w[e:]m(e) Instr. wiu
In the same manner are declined the compounds:
{sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_, {nei[z]w[e:]r} (= {ne wei[z] w[e:]r}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_.
{w[e:]der}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.
7. INDEFINITE.
Sec. 71.
{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dew[e:]der}, _neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning _alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etel[i]ch}, {etl[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch}, {etsl[i]ch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_; {etewa[z]}, _anything_; {iegel[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch}, _each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iew[e:]der}, {ietw[e:]der}, _each_; {iewel[i]ch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_; {kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger}, {manege[z]}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_; {solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl. _some_; {sumel[i]ch}, {suml[i]ch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {sw[e:]r}, _whoever_; {w[e:]der}, _which of two_; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_, declined like {manec}.
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