CHAPTER VI
VERBS
Sec. 72.
The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:--one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with
## active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).
The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:--Strong and Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past
## participle by means of ablaut (Sec. 12). The weak verbs form their preterite
by the addition of the syllable {-te}, and their past participle by means of a {t}-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series (Sec. 12). The originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which will be treated under the general heading _Minor Groups_.
A. STRONG VERBS.
Sec. 73.
We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.
Sec. 74.
The conjugation of {n[e:]men}, OHG. {n[e:]man}, _to take_, will serve as a model for all strong verbs.
_Present._
INDIC. SUBJ. MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. Sing. 1. nime nimu n[e:]me n[e:]me 2. nimes(t) nimis(t) n[e:]mes(t) n[e:]m[e]s(t) 3. nimet nimit n[e:]me n[e:]me Plur. 1. n[e:]men n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m n[e:]men n[e:]m[e]m 2. n[e:]met n[e:]met n[e:]met n[e:]m[e]t 3. n[e:]ment n[e:]mant n[e:]men n[e:]m[e]n
IMPER. INFIN. MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. Sing. 2. nim nim n[e:]men n[e:]man Plur. 1. n[e:]men n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m 2. n[e:]met, (-ent) n[e:]met
GERUND. MHG. OHG. Gen. n[e:]men(n)es n[e:]mannes Dat. n[e:]men(n)e n[e:]manne
PRESENT PARTICIPLE. n[e:]mende n[e:]manti
_Preterite._
INDIC. SUBJ. MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. Sing. 1. nam nam n[ae]me n[a]mi 2. n[ae]me n[a]mi n[ae]mes(t) n[a]m[i]st 3. nam nam n[ae]me n[a]mi Plur. 1. n[a]men n[a]mum n[ae]men n[a]m[i]m 2. n[a]met n[a]mut n[ae]met n[a]m[i]t 3. n[a]men n[a]mun n[ae]men n[a]m[i]n
PAST PARTICIPLE.
MHG. OHG. genomen ginoman
NOTE.--The {e} in the endings is regularly lost according to the rule given in Sec. 9,1, as sing. {stil}, {stilst}, {stilt}, inf. {st[e:]ln}, _to steal_; sing. {var}, {verst}, {vert}, inf. {varn}, _to go_. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, as {vint} = {vindet}, {siht} = {sihet}, see Sec. 9,4 note. The {n} in the first pers. plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as {n[e:]me wir} = {n[e:]men wir}.
The imperative singular sometimes has {-e} after the analogy of weak verbs (Sec. 90).
The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of certain types of verbs, see Sec. 10, note. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, as {sl[a]fes(t)}, {sl[a]fet} beside {sl[ae]fes(t)}, {sl[ae]fet}.
Concerning the changes between {i, [e:]}; {u, o}; {iu}, {ie}; {ei, [e]}; {ou, [o]} in the various classes of strong verbs, see Secs. 14-17.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRONG VERBS.
Sec. 75.
We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.
CLASS I.
Sec. 76.
The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and therefore have {[i]} in all forms of the present; {ei} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[e]} before {ch} (= Germanic {h}, Sec. 23), and finally (Sec. 17); and {i} in the preterite plural and past
## participle, thus:--
b[i]ten, _to wait_ beit biten gebiten sw[i]gen, _to be silent_ sweic swigen geswigen tr[i]ben, _to drive_ treip triben getriben
And similarly {bel[i]ben}, _to remain_, {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_, {r[i]ben}, _to rub_, {r[i]ten}, _to ride_, {sch[i]nen}, _to shine_, {schr[i]ben}, _to write_, {s[i]gen}, _to sink_, {str[i]ten}, _to quarrel_.
sn[i]den, _to cut_ sneit sniten gesniten d[i]hen, _to thrive_ d[e]ch digen gedigen r[i]sen, _to fall_ reis rirn (risen) gerirn (gerisen)
And similarly {l[i]den}, _to suffer_, {m[i]den}, _to avoid_, {n[i]den}, _to envy_, {l[i]hen}, _to lend_, {z[i]hen}, _to accuse_. See Sec. 30.
Sec. 77.
The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed forms in the preterite and past participle:--
schr[i]en, _to scream_ schr[e] schriuwen geschriuwen schrei schr[u]wen geschr[u]wen schrirn geschrirn sp[i]wen, _to vomit_ sp[e] spiwen gespiwen spei spiuwen gespiuwen sp[u]wen gesp[u]wen spirn gespirn
CLASS II.
Sec. 78.
The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and therefore have {ie} in the present, but {iu} in the present singular (Sec. 16); {ou} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[o]} before {t, [z], s} and {ch} (= Germanic {h}), Sec. 18; {u} in the pret. plural; and {o} in the past participle, thus:--
biegen, _to bend_ biuge bouc bugen gebogen triefen, _to drop_ triufe trouf truffen getroffen bieten, _to offer_ biute b[o]t buten geboten schie[z]en, _to shoot_ schiu[z]e sch[o][z] schu[zz]en gescho[zz]en
And similarly {klieben}, _to cleave_, {kriechen}, _to creep_, {liegen}, _to lie_, {riechen}, _to smell_, {schieben}, _to shove_, {vliegen}, _to fly_; {die[z]en}, _to roar_, {gie[z]en}, _to pour_, {vlie[z]en}, _to flow_.
sieden, _to seethe_ siude s[o]t suten gesoten ziehen, _to draw_ ziuhe z[o]ch zugen gezogen kiesen, _to choose_ kius k[o]s kurn gekorn
And similarly {vliehen}, _to flee_, {niesen}, _to sneeze_, {verliesen}, _to lose_, {vriesen}, _to freeze_. See Sec. 30.
Sec. 79.
On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see Sec. 16, note and Sec. 36:--
bliuwen, _to strike_ bliuwe blou bl[u]wen bliuwen gebliuwen blouwen geblouwen
And similarly {briuwen}, _to brew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to pain_.
Sec. 80.
To this class also belong the three aorist presents:--
l[u]chen, _to shut_ liuche louch luchen gelochen (l[u]che) s[u]fen, _to gulp down_ s[u]fe souf suffen gesoffen s[u]gen, _to suck_ s[u]ge souc sugen gesogen
CLASS III.
Sec. 81.
The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant have {i} throughout the present tense and {u} in the past participle; the others have {i} in the present singular, {[e:]} in the plural, and {o} in the past participle (see Secs. 14, 15), thus:--
binden, _to bind_ binde bant bunden gebunden rinnen, _to run_ rinne ran runnen gerunnen singen, _to sing_ singe sanc sungen gesungen
And similarly {brinnen}, _to burn_, {dringen}, _to press_, {entrinnen}, _to escape_, {gelingen}, _to succeed_, {gewinnen}, _to gain_, {schrinden}, _to split_, {sinken}, _to sink_, {sinnen}, _to reflect_, {spinnen}, _to spin_, {swimmen}, _to swim_, {trinken}, _to drink_, {vinden} (p.p. {vunden}), _to find_, {winden}, _to wind_. {beginnen}, _to begin_, pret. sing. {began} beside {begunde}, {begonde}, pl. {begunden}, p.p. {begunnen}.
b[e:]rgen, _to hide_ birge bare burgen geborgen h[e:]lfen, _to help_ hilfe half hulfen geholfen st[e:]rben, _to die_ stirbe starp sturben gestorben
And similarly {bev[e:]lhen}, _to order_, {emph[e:]lhen}, {enph[e:]lhen}, _to recommend_, {g[e:]lten}, _to pay_, {m[e:]lken}, _to milk_, {sch[e:]lten}, _to revile_, {sw[e:]llen}, _to swell_, {verd[e:]rben}, _to destroy_, {w[e:]rfen}, _to throw_, {w[e:]rren}, _to confuse_, {w[e:]rden}, _to become_, pret. pl. {wurten}, {wurden}, p.p. {worten}, {(ge)worden}, see Sec. 30.
CLASS IV.
Sec. 82.
The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:--
[e:] i a [a] o n[e:]men, _to take_ nime nam n[a]men genomen b[e:]rn, _to bear_ bir (Sec. 9, 1) bar b[a]ren geborn st[e:]ln, _to steal_ stil (Sec. 9, 1) stal st[a]len gestoln br[e:]chen, _to break_ briche brach br[a]chen gebrochen v[e:]hten, _to fight_ vihte vaht v[a]hten gevohten
And similarly {sch[e:]rn}, _to shear_, {schr[e:]cken}, _to frighten_, {spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_, {vl[e:]hten}, _to plait_, {z[e:]men} (p.p. also {gez[e:]men}), _to be befitting_, {st[e:]chen}, _to prick_, {tr[e:]ffen} (p.p. {troffen}), _to hit_; {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, _to be extinguished_, see Sec. 11, 1. {komen} (OHG. {qu[e:]man}), _to come_, {kume}, {quam}, {qu[a]men}, {komen}; on other forms of this verb, see Sec. 36.
CLASS V.
Sec. 83.
The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid, thus:--
{[e:]} {i} {a} {[a]} {[e:]} g[e:]ben, _to give_ gibe gap g[a]ben geg[e:]ben j[e:]hen, _to say_ gihe (Sec. 35) jach j[a]hen gej[e:]hen s[e:]hen, _to see_ sihe sach s[a]hen ges[e:]hen w[e:]gen, _to move_ wige wac w[a]gen gew[e:]gen
And similarly {gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, {kn[e:]ten}, _to knead_, {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {pfl[e:]gen}, _to be accustomed_, {tr[e:]ten}, _to tread_, {verg[e:][zz]en}, _to forget_, {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_.
w[e:]sen, _to be_ wise was w[a]ren gew[e:]sen
And similarly {gen[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {gen[a]sen}), _to recover_, {j[e:]sen}, _to ferment_, {l[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {l[a]sen}), _to gather, read_. See Sec. 30.
[e:][zz]en, _to eat_ i[zz]e [a][z](a[z]) [a][z]en g[e:][zz]en (Sec. 9,7) vr[e:][zz]en, _to devour_ vri[zz]e vr[a][z] vr[a][z]en vr[e:][zz]en
These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. {[e]d[i]}.
Sec. 84.
To this class also belong the three verbs:--
bit(t)en, _to beg_ bite bat b[a]ten geb[e:]ten ligen, _to lie down_ lige lac l[a]gen gel[e:]gen sitzen, _to sit_ sitze sa[z] s[a][z]en ges[e:][zz]en
{bit(t)en}, OHG. {bitten} from {*bidjan}; {ligen}, OHG. {liggen} from {*ligjan}; {sitzen}, OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}, see Secs. 14, 31,3. The inf. {ligen} is sometimes contracted to {l[i]n}, see Sec. 37.
CLASS VI.
Sec. 85.
The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and accordingly have {a} in the present; {uo} in the pret. singular and plural; and {a} in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers. singular, as {grebes(t)}, {grebet}; {verst}, {vert}. See Sec. 10.
graben, _to dig_ gruop gruoben gegraben tragen, _to carry_ truoc truogen getragen maln, _to grind_ muol muolen gemaln varn, _to go_ vuor vuoren gevarn
And similarly {laden}, _to load_, {nagen}, _to gnaw_, {schaffen}, _to create_, {spanen}, _to entice_, {waschen}, _to wash_, {wahsen}, _to grow_, {waten}, _to wade_.
slahen, _to strike_ sluoc sluogen geslagen twahen, _to wash_ twuoc twuogen getwagen
See Sec. 30. The pret. sing. {sluoc}, {twuoc} for {*sluoch}, {*twuoch} were formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.
Sec. 86.
To this class also belong:--
st[a]n, st[e]n (Sec. 96), _to stand_ stuont stuonden gestanden entseben (older entseven), _to perceive_ entsuop entsuoben entsaben gew[a:]henen, _to mention_ gewuoc gewuogen gewagen heben (older heven), _to raise_ huop huoben gehaben swern (see Sec. 35), _to swear_ swuor swuoren geswarn} gesworn}
The pret. singular {stuont}, {entsuop}, {gewuoc}, {huop} for {*stuot} (cp. Engl. {stood}), {*entsuof}, {*gewuoch}, {*huof} were formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. On the {b, g} in the pret. plural, see Sec. 30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a {j} in the present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. {heffen}, Goth. {hafjan}, _to raise_. {heben} had its {b} from forms where it was regular.
CLASS VII.
Sec. 87.
To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; and the preterite singular and plural have {ie}. In OHG. the verbs which had {a, [a]} or {ei} in the present had {ia} (older {ea, [e]}) in the preterite; and those which had {ou ([o])}, {uo} in the present had {io} (older {eo}) in the preterite. But in MHG. the {ia} and {io} regularly fell together in {ie} (Sec. 11, 3), so that all the preterites had {ie}.
bannen, _to banish_ bien bienen gebannen halten, _to hold_ hielt hielten gehalten sl[a]fen, _to sleep_ slief sliefen gesl[a]fen hei[z]en, _to call_ hie[z] hie[z]en gehei[z]n loufen, _to run_ lief liefen geloufen ruofen, _to call_ rief riefen geruofen
And similarly {halsen}, _to embrace_, {salzen}, _to salt_, {spalten}, _to split_, {spannen}, _to span_, {vallen}, _to fall_, {valten}, _to fold_, {wallen}, _to bubble_; {b[a]gen}, _to quarrel_, {bl[a]sen}, _to blow_, {br[a]ten}, _to roast_, {l[a][z]en} (see also Sec. 99), _to let_, _leave_, {r[a]ten}, _to advise_; {mei[z]en}, _to cut_, {scheiden}, _to separate_, {sweifen}, _to rove_; {b[o][z]en}, _to strike_, {st[o][z]en}, _to push_, {houwen} (pret. {hiu} and {hie}, pl. {hiuwen}, {hiewen}), _to hew_, {wuofen}, _to bewail_.
g[a]n, g[e]n, _to go_ gienc (gie) giengen (ge)gangen h[a]hen (Sec. 29) } h[a]n (Sec. 38) }, _to hang_ hienc (hie) hiengen gehangen v[a]hen (Sec. 29) } v[a]n (Sec. 38) }, _to catch_ vienc (vie) viengen gevangen erren, ern, _to plough_ ier ieren gearn
On the interchange between {h} and {ng}, see Sec. 30; {erren}, {ern} from older {*arjan}.
B. WEAK VERBS.
Sec. 88.
The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as the infinitive ended in {-en} from older {*-jan}, {-on}, or {-[e]n}.
The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:--
_Present._ CLASS I. CLASS II. CLASS III.
Indic. sing. -u, -[o]n, -[e]n -is(t) -[o]s(t) -[e]s(t) -it -[o]t -[e]t " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n -et -[o]t -[e]t -ent -[o]nt -[e]nt
Subj. sing. -e -o -e -[e]s(t) -[o]s(t) -[e]s(t) -e -o -e " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n -[e]t -[o]t -[e]t -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n
Imper. sing. -i -o -e " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n -et -[o]t -[e]t
_Preterite._
Indic. sing. -ta, -ita, -[o]ta, -[e]ta, -t[o]s(t), -it[o]s(t) -[o]t[o]s(t) -[e]t[o]s(t) -ta, -ita -[o]ta -[e]ta " plur. -tun, -itun -[o]tun -[e]tun -tut, -itut -[o]tut -[e]tut -tun, -itun -[o]tun -[e]tun
Subj. sing. -ti, -iti -[o]ti -[e]ti -t[i]s(t), -it[i]s(t) -[o]t[i]s(t) -[e]t[i]s(t) -ti, -iti -[o]ti -[e]ti " plur. -t[i]n, -it[i]n -[o]t[i]n -[e]t[i]n -t[i]t, -it[i]t -[o]t[i]t -[e]t[i]t -t[i]n, -it[i]n -[o]t[i]n -[e]t[i]n
_Past Participle._
Uninfl. form -it -[o]t -[e]t
Infl. " -t[e]r, -it[e]r -[o]t[e]r -[e]t[e]r
_Infinitive._
-en -[o]n -[e]n
In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: (_a_) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; (_b_) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. Sec. 31, 3). The former formed their preterite in {-ta}, and the latter in {-ita}; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the unaccented vowels {i, e}, {a, o}, {u, [i]}, {[e], [o]} regularly fell together in {e} (Sec. 7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely like sub-division (_b_) of Class I; and those with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (_a_) of Class I, see Secs. 9,2, 92.
Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to {e} the MHG. endings are:--
Sing. Plur. Pres. Indic.: -e, -es(t), -et -en, -et, -ent " Subj.: -e, -es(t), -e -en, -et, -en
Pret. Indic. } -te, -tes(t), -te } -ten, -tet, -ten } and Subj.: } -ete, -etes(t) -ete } -eten, -etet, -eten }
Imper. -e -en, -et
P.P. Uninfl. form -et Infl. " -ter } -eter }
Infin. -en.
Final {-n} in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.
NOTE.--Old forms with {[)o]} ({u}) for later {e} occasionally occur in verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner {[)i]} for {e} in the pret. subjunctive.
Sec. 89.
The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the preterite is formed in {-te} or {-ete} (see however Sec. 40). The inflexion of the present is the same in both classes.
CLASS I.
Sec. 90.
To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated vowel in the preterite. The {i} which would have caused umlaut in the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant ({l, r}), and trisyllabic verbs containing an {l, n}, or {r} in the second syllable, as {zeln}, older {zellen} (Sec. 31,3), _to count_, pret. {zelte} beside {zalte}, p.p. {gezelt} beside {gezalt}; {nern}, _to rescue_, pret. {nerte} (OHG. {nerita}), p.p. {genert}; and similarly {doln} (OHG. {dol[o]n}), _to tolerate_, {seln}, _to hand over_, {spiln}, _to play_, {weln}, _to choose_; {wern}, _to defend_; {wandeln} (OHG. {wantal[o]n}), _to change_, pret. {wandelte}; {vordern} (OHG. {fordar[o]n}), _to further_, pret. {vorderte}; {s[e:]genen} (OHG. {s[e:]gan[o]n}), _to bless_, pret. {s[e:]gente}. See Secs. 9, 1,2, 92.
_Present._
INDIC. SUBJ. IMPER. Sing. 1. kenne kenne 2. kennes(t) kennes(t) kenne 3. kennet kenne Plur. 1. kennen kennen kennen 2. kennet kennet kennet, (-ent) 3. kennent kennen
_Preterite._
Sing. 1. kante kante 2. kantes(t) kantes(t) 3. kante kante Plur. 1. kanten kanten 2. kantet kantet 3. kanten kanten
Infin. {kennen}, _to know_; Pres. Part. {kennende}; Past Part. {gekennet}, {gekant}.
And similarly with a large number of verbs, as {bl[u:]emen}, _to bloom_, {brennen}, _to burn_, {f[u:]llen}, _to fill_, {gr[u:]e[z]en}, _to greet_, {h[oe]ren}, _to hear_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to kiss_, {l[oe]sen}, _to loose_, {nennen}, _to name_, {rennen}, _to run_, {senden} (pret. {sante}), _to send_, {senken}, _to sink_, {setzen} (pret. {satte}, {sazte}, p.p. {gesat}, {gesazt}, {gesetzt}), _to set_, {stellen}, _to place_, {s[u:]e[z]en}, _to sweeten_, {vellen}, _to fell_, {w[-ae]nen}, _to fancy_, {w[u:]nschen}, _to wish_; {gelouben}, _to believe_, {k[e]ren}, _to turn_, {koufen}, _to buy_, {leiten} (pret. {leite}), _to lead_, {ougen}, _to show_, {suochen}, _to seek_. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as {dr[ae]jen}, {dr[ae]n} (Sec. 35), _to turn_, pret. {dr[a]te} beside the new formation {dr[ae]jete}, {dr[ae]te}, and similarly {bl[u:]ejen}, _to bloom_, {m[u:]ejen}, _to trouble_, {r[u:]ejen}, _to row_, {s[ae]jen}, _to sow_, {w[ae]jen}, _to blow_. Verbs with medial {ck} have double preterites, as {decken}, _to cover_, pret. {dacte} beside {dahte}, and similarly {dr[u:]cken}, {drucken}, _to press_, {smecken}, _to taste_, {wecken}, _to awake_. See also Sec. 92.
Sec. 91.
The following are irregular:--
_Infin._ _Pret._ _P.P._ denken, _to think_ d[a]hte ged[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29) dunken, d[u:]nken, _to seem_ d[u]hte ged[u]h (Secs. 28, 29) furhten, f[u:]rhten, _to fear_ vorhte gevorht wurken, w[u:]rken, _to work_ worhte geworht bringen, _to bring_ br[a]hte gebr[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29)
NOTE.--The second pers. sing. of {br[a]hte} is {br[ae]hte} or {br[a]htes(t)}, pret. subj. {br[ae]hte}; and similarly with {d[a]hte}; the subj. of {d[u]hte} is {d[u]hte} or {diuhte}.
CLASS II.
Sec. 92.
The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in {-ete} and their past participle in {-et}. In other respects Class II has the same endings as Class I.
It includes: (_a_) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other than {l, r}, which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, as {loben} (OHG. {lob[o]n}), _to praise_, pret. {lobete}, p.p. {gelobet}; {l[e:]ben} (OHG. {l[e:]b[e]n}), _to live_, pret. {l[e:]bete}, p.p. {gel[e:]bet} (see Sec. 88). (_b_) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG. Class I with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than {ll} (see Sec. 31, 3), as {legen}, older {leggen} (OHG. {leggen}), _to lay_, pret. {legete} or {leite} (Sec. 37), p.p. {geleget} or {geleit}; {denen}, older {dennen} (OHG. {dennen}), _to stretch_, pret. {denete}, p.p. {gedenet}.
Other examples belonging to Class II are: {b[e:]ten}, _to pray_, {dagen}, _to be silent_, {klagen}, _to complain_, {kl[e:]ben}, _to stick_, {laden}, _to invite_, {namen}, _to name_, {sagen}, _to say_, pret. {sagete} and {seite} (Sec. 37).
The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see Sec. 90, or had preterites in {-te} beside {-ete}, as {danken}, _to thank_, pret. {dancte} beside {dankete}, p.p. {gedanct} beside {gedanket}; {vr[a]gen}, _to ask_, pret. {vr[a]gte} beside {vr[a]gete}, p.p. {gevr[a]gt} beside {gevr[a]get}, and similarly {ahten}, _to observe_, {minnen}, _to love_, {trahten}, _to strive_, &c., see Secs. 9,2, 90; {dienen}, _to serve_, pret. {diende} (Sec. 40), &c.
C. MINOR GROUPS.
1. {Preterite-Presents.}
Sec. 93.
These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in {-t}, and has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong to this class:--
{wei[z]}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {weist}; pl. {wi[zz]en}; inf. {wi[zz]en}; pres. p. {wi[zz]ende}; pret. {wisse}, {wesse}, {wiste} _or_ {weste}; p.p. {gewist} _or_ {gewest}.
{touc}, _I am of use_, inf. and pl. {tugen} _or_ {t[u:]gen}; pret. {tohte}; subj. {t[o:]hte}.
{gan}, _I grant_, 2nd pers. sg. {ganst}; inf. and pl. {gunnen} _or_ {g[u:]nnen}; pret. {gunde}; subj. {gunde} _or_ {g[u:]nde}; p.p. {gegunnen}, {gegunnet}, _or_ {gegunst}.
{kan}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {kanst}; inf. and pl. {kunnen} _or_ {k[u:]nnen}; pret. {kunde} ({konde}); subj. {kunde} _or_ {k[u:]nde}.
{darf}, _I need_, 2nd pers. sg. {darft}; pl. {durfen} _or_ {d[u:]rfen}; pret. {dorfte}; subj. {d[o:]rfte}; infin. and p.p. only in {bed[u:]rfen}, {bedorft}.
{tar}, _I dare_, _venture_, 2nd pers. sg. {tarst}; inf. and pl. {turren} _or_ {t[u:]rren}; pret. {torste}; subj. {t[o:]rste}.
{sol}, _I shall_, 2nd pers. sg. {solt}; inf. and pl. {suln} _or_ {s[u:]ln}; pret. {solde} _or_ {solte}.
{mac}, _I can_, 2nd pers. sg. {maht}; pl. {magen}, {megen}, {mugen}, _or_ {m[u:]gen}; pret. {mahte} _or_ {mohte}; subj. {mehte (mahte)} _or_ {m[o:]hte}.
{muo[z]}, _I must_, 2nd pers. sg. {muost}; pl. {m[u:]e[z]en}; pret. {muoste} _or_ {muose}; subj. {m[u:]este} _or_ {m[u:]ese}.
2. {Anomalous Verbs.}
Sec. 94.
(1) {tuon}, _to do_.
_Present._ INDIC. SUBJ.
1. tuon (tuo) tuo Sing. 2. tuos(t) tuos(t) 3. tuot tuo
1. tuon tuon Plur. 2. tuot (tuont) tuot 3. tuont tuon
INFIN. tuon IMPER. tuo PRES. P. tuonde
_Preterite._
1. t[e:]te (t[e:]t) t[ae]te (t[e:]te) Sing. 2. t[ae]te t[ae]tes(t) 3. t[e:]te (t[e:]t) t[ae]te
Plur. t[a]ten, (t[ae]ten, t[e:]ten) t[ae]ten
P.P. get[a]n
Sec. 95.
(2) {g[a]n}, _to go_.
_Present._ INDIC. SUBJ.
1. g[a]n, g[e]n g[e] (g[a], gange) Sing. 2. g[a]s(t), g[e]s(t) g[e]s(t) (g[a]s(t), ganges(t)) 3. g[a]t, g[e]t g[e] (g[a], gange)
Plur. g[a]n, g[e]n g[e]n (g[a]n, gangen)
INFIN. g[a]n, g[e]n IMPER. ganc, genc, ginc (g[a], g[e]) PRES. P. g[a]nde, g[e]nde
_Preterite._
Sing. gienc _or_ gie Plur. giengen P.P. (ge)gangen _or_ geg[a]n
Sec. 96.
(3) {st[a]n}, _to stand_.
_Present._ INDIC. SUBJ.
1. st[a]n, st[e]n, st[a], st[e] st[a], st[e] (stande), Sing. 2. st[a]s(t), st[e]s(t) &c. 3. st[a]t, st[e]t
Plur. st[a]n, st[e]n
INFIN. st[a]n, st[e]n IMPER. st[a], st[e], stant
_Preterite._
stuont P.P. gestanden _or_ gest[a]n
Sec. 97.
(4) {s[i]n}, {w[e:]sen}, _to be_.
_Present._ INDIC. SUBJ.
1. bin s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e) Sing. 2. bis(t) s[i]s(t) (s[i]ges(t), s[i]es(t)) 3. ist s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e) 1. birn, s[i]n s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en) Plur. 2. birt, s[i]t s[i]t (s[i]get, s[i]et) 3. sint s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en)
INFIN. s[i]n, w[e:]sen.
Indic. Pret. Sing. was; pl. w[a]ren (Sec. 30) Subj. " " w[ae]re; pl. w[ae]ren P.P. gew[e:]sen (gew[e:]set)
Sec. 98.
(5) {wellen}, _to will_.
_Present._ INDIC. SUBJ. Sing. 1. wil welle 2. wil, wilt welles(t) 3. wil welle Plur. 1. wellen, weln wellen 2. wellet, welt wellet 3. wellen, weln wellen
Pret. wolte _or_ wolde (Sec. 40) wolte _or_ w[o:]lte Infin. wellen.
3. {Contracted Verbs.}
Sec. 99.
(1) {l[a]n} = {l[a][z]en}, _to let_, _leave_.
Pres. Sing. l[a]n, l[a]s(t), l[ae]s(t), l[a]t (l[ae]t) " Plur. l[a]n, l[a]t, l[a]n Pret. lie _or_ lie[z] (Sec. 87).
Imper. l[a], l[a]t
Infin. l[a]n. P.P. (ge)l[a]n
(2) h[a]n = haben, _to have_.
Pres. Sing. h[a]n, h[a]s(t), h[a]t " Plur. h[a]n, h[a]t, h[a]n Pret. h[a]te (h[e:]te, h[e]t(e), hiet(e), h[ae]te), h[a]tes(t), &c. Subj. pres. habe, habes(t), &c. " pret. h[ae]te, hete, h[e]te, hiete, hatte, &c.
Infin. h[a]n. P.P. gehabet, gehapt, geh[a]t.
The contracted form {h[a]n}, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary.
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