Part 3
+John Burroughs+--Nature writer, essayist, poet.
Born at Roxbury, New York, 1837. Academy education with honorary higher degrees. Taught for about eight years; clerk in the Treasury, 1864-73; national bank examiner, 1873-84. From 1874 lived on a farm, after 1884 dividing his time between market gardening and literature. He died in 1921.
Mr. Burroughs' cottage in the woods not far from West Park, New York, appropriately called "Slabsides," has become famous and an effort is being made to keep it for the nation.
Mr. Burroughs continued to write and publish to the time of his death.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person. 1867. Wake Robin. 1871. Winter Sunshine. 1875. Birds and Poets. 1877. Locusts and Wild Honey. 1879. Pepacton. 1881. Fresh Fields. 1884. Signs and Seasons. 1886. Indoor Studies. 1889. Riverby. 1894. Whitman, a Study. 1896. The Light of Day. 1900. Squirrels and Other Fur Bearers. 1900. Literary Values. 1904. Far and Near. 1904. Ways of Nature. 1905. Bird and Bough. 1906. (Poems.) Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt. 1907. Leaf and Tendril. 1908. Time and Change. 1912. The Summit of the Years. 1913. The Breath of Life. 1915. Under the Apple Trees. 1916. Field and Study. 1919. Accepting the Universe. 1920. My Boyhood: An Autobiography. 1922.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Barrus, Clara. Our Friend John Burroughs. 1914. ---- ---- John Burroughs. Boy and Man. 1920. Halsey. James, Henry. Views and Reviews. 1908. Loach, De, R.J.H. Rambles with John Burroughs. 1912. Sharp, Dallas Lore. The Seer of Slabsides. 1921.
Atlan. 106 ('10): 631; 128 ('21): 517.
## Bookm. 49 ('19): 389.
Cent. 63 ('02): 860 (poem by Edwin Markam to John Burroughs); 80 ('10): 521; 101 ('21): 619; 102 ('21): 731. (Hamlin Garland.) Craftsman, 8 ('05): 564; 22 ('12): 240, 357, 525, 635; 27 ('15): 590. Critic, 47 ('05): 101 (portraits). Cur. Lit. 45 ('08): 60; 49 ('10): 680; 50 ('11): 413 (portraits). Cur. Op. 70 ('21): 644 (portrait), 667; 71 ('21): 74 Dial, 32 ('02): 7. Edin. R. 208 ('08): 343. Lit. Digest, 48 ('14): 1441; 69 ('21): Apr. 16, p. 23. Liv. Age, 248 ('06): 188. (W.H. Hudson.) Nation, 112 ('21): 531. New Repub. 26 ('21): 186. No. Am. 214 ('21): 177. Outlook, 66 ('00): 351 (portrait); 109 ('15): 224 (portraits); 127 ('21): 580 (portrait), 582; 129 ('21): 344. R. of Rs. 63 ('21): 517 (portrait). Review, 4 ('21): 338.
+Richard (Eugene) Burton+--critic, poet.
Born at Hartford, Connecticut, 1861. A.B., Trinity College, 1883; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1888. Three years of teaching, editorial work, and travel abroad. Editor of the _Hartford Courant_, 1890-7. Associate editor of _Warner's Library of the World's Best Literature_, 1897-9. Head of the English department at the University of Minnesota, 1898-1902 and 1906--.
Besides his critical work, he has written a novel, a play, and a number of volumes of poetry. For complete bibliography, cf. _Who's Who in America_.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Literary Likings. 1898. Forces in Fiction. 1902. Literary Leaders of America. 1904. The New American Drama. 1913. How to See a Play. 1914. Bernard Shaw--The Man and the Mask. 1916.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Rittenhouse.
## Bookm. 47 ('18): 348.
Chaut. 38 ('03): 82 (portrait). Lond. Times, Mar. 17, 1910: 95. R. of Rs. 55 ('17): 214 (portrait).
+Witter Bynner+--poet, dramatist.
Born at Brooklyn, 1881. A.B., Harvard, 1902. Assistant editor of _McClure's Magazine_, 1902-6. Literary adviser to various publishing companies. Has recently traveled in the Orient. Under the pseudonyms "Emanuel Morgan" and "Anne Knish," Bynner and Arthur Davison Ficke (q.v.) wrote _Spectra_, a burlesque of modern tendencies in poetry, which some critics took seriously.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
An Ode to Harvard. 1907. (=Young Harvard, 1918.) Tiger. 1913. (Play.) The Little King. 1914. (Play.) The New World. 1915. Spectra. 1916. (Under pseudonym "Emanuel Morgan," with Arthur Davison Ficke, q.v.) Grenstone Poems. 1917. A Canticle of Praise. 1919. The Beloved Stranger. 1919. A Canticle of Pan and Other Poems. 1920. Pins for Wings. 1920. (Under pseudonym "Emanuel Morgan.")
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Boynton Untermeyer.
Acad. 86 ('14): 687.
## Bookm. 47 ('18): 394.
Dial, 67 ('19): 302. Forum, 55 ('16): 675. Freeman, 1 ('20): 476. Mentor, 7 ('19): supp. (portrait). Nation, 109 ('19): 440. New Repub. 9 ('16): supp. p. 13. (Review of _Spectra_, Bynner.) Poetry, 7 ('15): 147; 12 ('18): 169; 15 ('20): 281. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1914, 1920, 1921.
+James Branch Cabell+--novelist, critic.
Born at Richmond, Virginia, 1879, of an old Southern family. A.B., William and Mary College, 1898, where he taught French and Greek, 1896-7. Newspaper work from 1899-1901. Since then he has devoted his time almost entirely to the study and writing of literature. His study of genealogy and history has an important bearing upon his creative work.
SUGGESTIONS FOR READING
1. Before reading Mr. Cabell's stories, read his _Beyond Life_, which explains his theory of romance. He maintains that art should be based on the dream of life as it should be, not as it is; that enduring literature is not "reportorial work"; that there is vital falsity in being true to life because "facts out of relation to the rest of life become lies," and that art therefore "must become more or less an allegory."
2. Mr. Cabell's fiction falls into two divisions:
(1) Romances of the middle ages. (2) Comedies of present-day Virginia.
Both elements are found in _The Cream of the Jest_ (cf. with Du Maurier's _Peter Ibbetson_). The romances illustrate different aspects of his theory of chivalry; the modern comedies, his theory of gallantry (cf. _Beyond Life_).
3. In his romances he has created an imaginary province of France, the people of which bear names and use idioms drawn from widely diverse and incongruous sources. His effort to create mediæval atmosphere by the use of archaisms does not preclude modern idiom and slang. Through all this work, elaborate pretense of non-existent sources of the tales and frequent allusions to fictitious authors are a part of the method. After reading some of these stories, consider the following criticism from the _London Times_ quoted by Mr. Cabell himself at the end of _Beyond Life_: "It requires a nicer touch than Mr. Cabell's, to reproduce the atmosphere of the Middle Ages ... the artifice is more apparent than the art...."
4. An interesting study is to isolate the authors for whom Mr. Cabell expresses particular admiration and those for whom he expresses contempt in _Beyond Life_ and to deduce from his attitudes his peculiar literary qualities.
5. Mr. Cabell's style is notable for the elaboration of its rhythm, its careful avoidance of _clichés_, its preference for rare, archaic words and its allusiveness. Consider it from the point of view of sincerity, simplicity, clarity, and charm. Does it intensify or dull your interest in what he has to say? Study, for example, the following exposition of his theory of art:
For the creative artist must remember that his book is structurally different from life, in that, were there nothing else, his book begins and ends at a definite point, whereas the canons of heredity and religion forbid us to believe that life can ever do anything of the sort. He must remember that his art traces in ancestry from the tribal huntsman telling tales about the cave-fire; and so, strives to emulate not human life, but human speech, with its natural elisions and falsifications. He must remember, too, that his one concern with the one all-prevalent truth in normal existence is jealously to exclude it from his book.... For "living" is to be conscious of an incessant series of less than momentary sensations, of about equal poignancy, for the most part, and of nearly equal unimportance. Art attempts to marshal the shambling procession into trimness, to usurp the rôle of memory and convention in assigning to some of these sensations an especial prominence, and, in the old phrase, to lend perspective to the forest we cannot see because of the trees. Art, as long ago observed my friend Mrs. Kennaston, is an expurgated edition of nature: at art's touch, too, "the drossy
## particles fall off and mingle with the dust" (_Beyond Life_, p.
249).
In summing up Mr. Cabell's work, consider the following:
(1) Has he a definite philosophy? (2) Has he a genuine sense of character or do his characters repeat the same personality? (3) Is he a sincere artist or "a self-conscious attitudinizer?" (4) Is he likely ever to hold the high place in American literature which by some critics is denied him today? If so, on what basis?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Eagle's Shadow. 1904. The Line of Love. 1905. Gallantry. 1907. Chivalry. 1909. The Cords of Vanity. 1909. The Soul of Melicent. 1913. The Rivet in Grandfather's Neck. 1915. The Certain Hour. 1916. From the Hidden Way. 1916. (Verse.) The Cream of the Jest. 1917. Jurgen. 1919. Beyond Life. 1919. (Essays.) The Cords of Vanity. 1920. (Revised.) Domnei. 1920. (New version of _The Soul of Melicent_.) The Judging of Jurgen. 1920. Figures of Earth. 1921. Taboo. 1921.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Walpole, Hugh. The Art of James Branch Cabell. 1920.
Ath. 1919, 2: 1339. (Conrad Aiken.)
## Bookm. 52 ('20): 200.
Cur. Op. 66 ('19): 254; 70 ('21): 537. (Portraits.) Dial, 64 ('18): 392; 66 ('19): 225. Harp. W. 49 ('05): 1598 (portrait). Lond. Times, Nov. 24, 1921: 767. Nation, 111 ('20): 343; 112 ('21): 914. (Carl Van Doren.) New Repub. 26 ('21): 187. Yale R. n.s. 9 ('20): 684. (Walpole.)
+George Washington Cable+--novelist.
Born at New Orleans, 1844. Educated in public schools, but has honorary higher degrees. Served in the Confederate army, 1863-5. Reporter on the New Orleans _Picayune_ and accountant with a firm of cotton factors, 1865-79. Since 1879, has devoted his time to literature.
Mr. Cable became at once famous for his studies of Louisiana life in _Old Creole Days_, and his pictures of this life have given him a permanent place in American literature. His stories should be read in connection with those of Kate Chopin and of Grace King (q.v.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*Old Creole Days. 1879. *The Grandissimes. A Story of Creole Life. 1880. *Madame Delphine. 1881. The Creoles of Louisiana. 1884. The Silent South. 1885. (Articles.) Dr. Sevier. 1885. Bonaventure. A Prose Pastoral of Louisiana. 1888. Strange True Stories of Louisiana. 1889. The Negro Question. 1890. (Articles.) John March, Southerner. 1894. Strong Hearts. 1899. The Cavalier, 1901. Bylow Hill. 1902. Kincaid's Battery. 1908. Posson Jone and Père Raphael. 1909. The Amateur Garden. 1914. Gideon's Band. 1914. The Flower of the Chapdelaines. 1918. *Lovers of Louisiana. 1918.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Harkins. Pattee. Toulmin.
Countryside M. 23 ('16): 274 (portrait). Critic, 47 ('05): 426. Harp. W. 45 ('01): 1082 (portrait). Outlook, 69 ('01): 425; 93 ('09): 689. (Portraits.) So. Atlan. Q. 18 ('19): 145.
+Abraham Cahan+--novelist.
Of Lithuanian-Jewish ancestry. Became editor of the _Arbeiter Zeitung_, 1891, and of _The Jewish Daily Forward_, 1897. A journalist who has done most of his work in Yiddish, but who has also written one remarkable novel in English: _The Rise of David Levinsky_, 1917.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Cambridge. Van Doren.
Dial, 63 ('17): 521. Nation, 105 ('17): 432. New Repub. 14 ('17): 31. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1917.
+(William) Bliss Carman+--poet.
Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 1861. His ancestors lived in Connecticut at the time of the Revolution. A.B., University of New Brunswick, 1881; A.M., 1884. Studied at the University of Edinburgh, 1882-3, and at Harvard, 1886-8. Studied law two years. LL.D., University of New Brunswick, 1906. Came to live in the United States, 1889. Has been teacher, editor, and civil engineer.
In collaboration with Mary Perry King, Mr. Carman has produced several poem-dances (_Daughters of Dawn_, 1913, and _Earth Deities_, 1914), which it is interesting to compare with Mr. Lindsay's development of the idea of the poem-game.
Mr. Carman's most admired work is to be found in the _Vagabondia_ volumes, in three of which he collaborated with Richard Hovey (1894, 1896, 1900). His _Collected Poems_ were published in 1905, and his _Echoes from Vagabondia_, 1912.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Rittenhouse.
## Bookm. 11 ('00): 519, 521 (portrait).
Canad. M. 40 ('13): 455 (portrait); 47 ('16): 425 (portrait); 56 ('21): 521. Critic, 40 ('02): 155 (portrait), 161; 42 ('03): 397 (portrait). Ind. 57 ('04): 1131, 1132 (portrait); 65 ('08): 1335 (portrait). Lit. Digest, 50 ('15): 113. R. of Rs. 46 ('12): 619 (portrait).
+Willa Sibert Cather+--novelist, short-story writer.
Born at Winchester, Virginia, 1875. A.B., University of Nebraska, 1895; Litt. D., 1917. On staff of _Pittsburgh Daily Leader_, 1897-1901. Associate editor of _McClure's Magazine_, 1906-12.
SUGGESTIONS FOR READING
1. Miss Cather's special field is the pioneer life of immigrants in the Middle West. Points to be considered are: (1) her realism; (2) her detachment or objectivity; (3) her sympathy.
2. In what other respects does she stand out among the leading women novelists of today?
3. What is the value of her material?
4. Compare her studies with those of Cahan (q.v.), Cournos (q.v.), and Tobenkin (q.v.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
April Twilights. 1903. (Poems.) The Troll Garden. 1905. (Short stories.) Alexander's Bridge. 1912. The Bohemian Girl. 1912. *O Pioneers. 1913. The Song of the Lark. 1915. *My Antonia. 1918. Youth and the Bright Medusa. 1920. (Short Stories.) One of Ours. 1922.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Overton.
## Bookm. 21 ('05): 456 (portrait); 27 ('08): 152 (portrait);
53 ('21): 212 (portrait). Lond. Times, June 23, 1921: 403. Nation, 113 ('21): 92. New Repub. 25 ('21): 233. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1918, 1920.
+George Randolph Chester+ (Ohio, 1869)--novelist, short-story writer. The inventor of the _Get-Rich-Quick-Wallingford_ type of fiction.
For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+Winston Churchill+--novelist.
Born at St. Louis, 1871. Graduate of U.S. Naval Academy, 1894. Honorary higher degrees. Member of New Hampshire Legislature 1903, 1905. Fought boss and corporation control and was barely defeated for governor of the state, 1908. Lives at Cornish, New Hampshire.
SUGGESTIONS FOR READING
As an aid to analysis of Mr. Churchill's work, consider Mr. Carl Van Doren's article in the _Nation_, of which the most striking passages are quoted below:
To reflect a little upon this combination of heroic color and moral earnestness is to discover how much Mr. Churchill owes to the element injected into American life by Theodore Roosevelt.... Like him Mr. Churchill has habitually moved along the main lines of national feeling--believing in America and democracy with a fealty unshaken by any adverse evidence and delighting in the American pageant with a gusto rarely modified by the exercise of any critical intelligence. Morally he has been strenuous and eager; intellectually he has been naïve and belated.
* * * * *
Once taken by an idea for a novel, he has always burned with it as if it were as new to the world as to him. Here lies, without much question, the secret of that genuine earnestness which pervades all his books: he writes out of the contagious passion of a recent convert or a still excited discoverer. Here lies, too, without much question, the secret of Mr. Churchill's success in holding his audiences: a sort of unconscious politician among novelists, he gathers his premonitions at happy moments, when the drift is already setting in. Never once has Mr. Churchill like a philosopher or a seer, run off alone.
* * * * *
Even for those, however, who perceive that he belongs intellectually to a middle class which is neither very subtle nor very profound on the one hand nor very shrewd or very downright on the other, it is impossible to withhold from Mr. Churchill the respect due a sincere, scrupulous, and upright man who has served the truth and his art according to his lights.... The sounds which have reached him from among the people have come from those who eagerly aspire to better things arrived at by orderly progress, from those who desire in some lawful way to outgrow the injustices and inequalities of civil existence and by fit methods to free the human spirit from all that clogs and stifles it. But as they aspire and intend better than they think, so, in concert with them, does Mr. Churchill.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*The Celebrity. 1898. Richard Carvel. 1899. The Crisis. 1901. Mr. Keegan's Elopement. 1903. The Crossing. 1904. The Title-Mart. 1905. (Play.) *Coniston. 1906. *Mr. Crewe's Career. 1908. A Modern Chronicle. 1910. *The Inside of the Cup. 1913. A Far Country. 1915. The Dwelling Place of Light. 1917. A Traveller in War-Time. 1918. Dr. Jonathan. 1919. (Play.)
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Cooper. Harkins. Underwood.
## Bookm. 27 ('08): 729 (portrait); 31 ('10): 246 (portrait);
41 ('15): 607.
## Bookm. (Lond.) 34 ('08): 152 (portrait).
Collier's, 52 ('13): Dec. 27, p. 5 (portrait). Cur. Lit. 27 ('00): 108; 52 ('12): 196 (portrait). Cur. Op. 55 ('13): 122, 341 (portrait). Ind. 53 ('01): 2097; 61 ('06): 96. (Portraits.) Lit. Digest, 47 ('13): 250, 426, 1278. Nation, 112 ('21): 619. (Carl Van Doren.) Outlook, 90 ('08): 93. R. of Rs. 24 ('01): 588 (portrait); 30 ('04): 123 (portrait); 34 ('06): 142 (portrait); 37 ('08): 763 (portrait); 48 ('13): 46; 58 ('18): 328 (portrait). Spec. 93 ('04): 124. World's Work, 17 ('08): 10959 (portrait), 11016.
+(Charles) Badger Clark+ (Iowa, 1883)--poet.
Deals with cowboy life. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn+--novelist, poet.
Born at Norfolk, Virginia, 1876, but since childhood has lived in Vermont. Studied at Radcliffe, 1895-6. In 1915 some of her lyrics were published in a volume of short-stories called _Hillsboro People_, by her friend, Dorothy Canfield Fisher (q.v.).
Socialist, pacifist, and anti-vivisectionist. Strong propagandist element in her work. _The Spinster_ is said to contain much autobiography.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Turnpike Lady. 1907. (Novel.) The Spinster. 1916. (Novel.) Fellow-Captains. 1916. (With Dorothy Canfield Fisher.) (Essays.) Portraits and Protests. 1917. (Poems.)
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Nation, 112 ('21): 512. New Eng. M. n.s. 39 ('08): 236 (portrait). See also _Book Review Digest_, 1916, 1917.
+Irvin S(hrewsbury) Cobb+ (Kentucky, 1876)--short-story writer, humorist, dramatist.
His reputation is built upon his stories of Kentucky life and his humorous criticisms of contemporary manners. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+Octavus Roy Cohen+ (South Carolina, 1891)--short-story writer. The discoverer of the Southern negro in town life. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+Will Levington Comfort+ (Michigan, 1878)--novelist.
Work consists mainly of romances of Oriental adventure. His book, _Child and Country_, 1916, is on education (cf. _Book Review Digest_, 1916).
+Grace Walcott Hazard Conkling (Mrs. Roscoe Platt Conkling)+--poet.
Born in New York City, 1878. Graduate of Smith College, 1899. Studied music and languages at the University of Heidelberg, 1902-3, and in Paris, 1903-4. Lived also in Mexico. Has taught in various schools, and since 1914 has been a teacher of English at Smith College, where she has roused much interest in poetry. Mother of Hilda Conkling (q.v.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Afternoons of April. 1915. (Collected poems.) Wilderness Songs. 1920.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Poetry, 7 ('15): 152. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1920.
+Hilda Conkling+--poet.
Born at Catskill-on-Hudson, New York, 1910, daughter of Grace Hazard Conkling (q.v.). She began to talk her poems to her mother at the age of four. Her mother took them down without change, merely arranging the line divisions. Her earliest expression was in the form of a chant to an imaginary companion to whom she gave the name "Mary Cobweb" (cf. Poetry, 14 ['19]: 344).
Hilda Conkling's name is included in this list, not because her poems are remarkable for a child, but because they show actual achievement and the highest quality of imagination.
Her work is to be found in _Poetry_, 8 ('16): 191; and 10 ('17): 197, and one volume has been published, _Poems by a Little Girl_, 1920 (with introduction by Amy Lowell).
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
## Bookm. 51 ('20):314.
Cur. Op. 68 ('20): 852. Dial, 69 ('20): 186. Lit. Digest, 65 ('20): June 5, p. 50. Poetry, 16 ('20): 222. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.
+James Brendan Connolly+ (Massachusetts)--short-story writer. Writes realistic sea stories. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+George Cram Cook+ (Iowa, 1873)--dramatist.
Director of the Provincetown Players since 1915. With Susan Glaspell (q.v.) wrote _Suppressed Desires_ (1915) and _Tickless Time_ (1920).
Other plays are: The Athenian Women. 1917. Spring. 1921. (Cf. _Literary Review_ of the _New York Evening Post_, Feb. 11, 1922, p. 419.)
For complete bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.
+Alice Corbin (Mrs. William Penhallow Henderson)+--poet, critic.
Born at St. Louis, Missouri. Lived many years in Santa Fé, New Mexico, which has furnished material for many of her poems. Associate editor of _Poetry_ since its foundation in 1912.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Spinning Woman of the Sky. 1912. (Poems.) The New Poetry, An Anthology. 1917. (Compiled with Harriet Monroe, q.v.) Red Earth. 1920.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
## Bookm. 47 ('18): 391.
Freeman, 4 ('22): 468. New Repub. 28 ('21): 304. Poetry, 9 ('16-'17): 144, 232.
+John Cournos+--novelist.
Mr. Cournos' studies of the immigrant in America in _The Mask,_ 1920, and _The Wall_, 1921, attracted attention.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
## Bookm. 51 ('20): 76.
Dial, 68 ('20): 496. Freeman, 4 ('21): 238. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920, 1921.
+Adelaide Crapsey+--poet.
Born at Rochester, New York, 1878. A.B., Vassar, 1902. Taught English at Kemper Hall, Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1903. In 1905, studied archæology in Rome. Instructor in poetics at Smith College, 1911; but stopped teaching because of failing health. Died at Saranac Lake, 1914.
She had begun an investigation into the structure of English verse, which she was unable to finish. Her poems were nearly all written after her breakdown in 1913, and reflect the tragic experience through which she was passing.
Some of them are written in a form of her own invention, the "cinquain" (five unrhymed lines, having two, four, six, eight, and two syllables).
SUGGESTIONS FOR READING
1. Miss Crapsey's theories of versification should be remembered in studying her forms.
2. What is to be said of her verbal economy?
3. A comparison of her verses with those of Emily Dickinson has been suggested. Carried out in detail, it suggests interesting points of difference as well as of resemblance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Poems. 1915. Study in English Metrics. 1918.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Untermeyer.
## Bookm. 50 ('20): 496.
Poetry, 10 ('17): 316. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1916, 1918.
+Gladys Cromwell+--poet.
Born in New York City, 1885. Educated in New York private schools and lived much abroad. In 1918, with her twin sister, she went into Red Cross Canteen work and was stationed at Chalons. As a result of depression due to nerve strain, both sisters committed suicide by jumping overboard from the steamer on which they were coming home. For their War service the French Government later awarded them the Croix de Guerre. Miss Cromwell's _Poems_ in 1919 divided with Mr. Neihardt's (q.v.) _Song of Three Friends_ the annual prize of the Poetry Society of America.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gates of Utterance. 1915. Poems. 1919.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Ath. 1920, 1: 289.
## Bookm. 51 ('20): 216.
Dial, 68 ('20): 534. Lond. Times, April 15, 1920: 243. New Repub. 18 ('19): 189; 22 ('20): 65. Poetry, 13 ('19): 326; 16 ('20): 105.
+Rachel Crothers+--dramatist.
Born at Bloomington, Illinois. Graduate of the Illinois State Normal School, Normal, Illinois, 1892.
Miss Crothers directs her plays and sometimes acts in them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Criss Cross. 1904. The Rector. 1906. A Man's World. 1915. The Three of Us. 1916. The Herfords. (Quinn, _Representative American Plays_, under the title _He and She_, 1917.)
For bibliography of unpublished plays, cf. _Cambridge_, III (IV), 765.
STUDIES AND REVIEWS
Eaton, W.P. At the New Theatre. 1910. Moses.
New Repub. 9 ('16): 217. Touchstone, 4 ('18): 25 (portrait). World Today, 15 ('08): 729 (portrait). See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915.
+Samuel McChord Crothers+--essayist.
Born at Oswego, Illinois, 1857. A.B., Wittenberg College, 1873, Princeton, 1874. Studied at Union Theological Seminary, 1874-7, and at Harvard Divinity School, 1881-2. Higher honorary degrees. Ordained Presbyterian minister, 1877. Pastorates in Nevada and California. Became a Unitarian, 1882. Pastor in Brattleboro, Vermont, 1882-6; in St. Paul, Minnesota, 1886-94; and of the First Church, Cambridge, since 1894. Preacher to Harvard University.