Chapter VII

.). They emanated almost entirely, however, from the government party, and chiefly for this reason were regarded with popular suspicion. In 1690 a continental congress had been held at New York for the purpose of treating with the Iroquois against the common enemy, New France (page 206, § 86). In 1697 William Penn laid before the Board of Trade a plan providing for a high commissioner, appointed by the king, to preside over a council composed of two delegates from each province, and to act as commander-in-chief in times of war. The scheme aroused much opposition from colonial pamphleteers, and failed of adoption; other plans which were promulgated from time to time, for the next sixty years, were in the main adaptations of Penn's, some of them providing for two or three strongly centralized provinces, each to be presided over by a Viceroy, assisted by a council of colonial delegates.

Sidenote: Neighborhood congresses.

While the Board of Trade, distracted by doubts whether the colonies could be more firmly held as separate governments or under a viceregal union, was engaged in considering the various propositions submitted to it, several neighborhood congresses were held by the provinces themselves, chiefly to treat with Indians or for purposes of defence. But these congresses were in no sense popular meetings; they were composed of the official class, and had little more effect on the people than to accustom them to the spectacle of colonial union for matters of common interest.

Sidenotes: The second colonial congress.

Its plan of union rejected.

In 1754 the Lords of Trade recommended a second general congress of the colonies, to treat with the Iroquois again; they also favored "articles of union and confederation with each other for the mutual defence of his Majesty's subjects and interests in North America, as well in time of peace as war." The congress was held at Albany. Only seven of the colonies were represented,--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The convention adopted a plan of union prepared by Franklin, providing for a general government that should be self-sustaining and control federal affairs,--war, Indians, and public lands,--while the colonial governments were to retain their constitutions intact. The plan was rejected by the colonial assemblies. Franklin himself wrote: "The Crown disapproved it, as having too much weight in the democratic part of the constitution, and every assembly as having allowed too much to prerogative." The defeat of the Albany plan marks the end of efforts at union on the part of the official class. The next movement came from the people themselves, as the result of oppression on the part of the mother-country.

123. Quarrels with Royal Governors (1700-1750).

Sidenote: Quarrels between governors and assemblies.

The history of the English continental colonies during the first half of the seventeenth century was largely made up of petty bickerings between the popular assemblies and the royal governors. The salary question was the most prominent feature of these disputes. Acting under orders from the Crown, the governor in each colony insisted on being paid a regular salary at stated intervals; but the assembly as persistently refused, and desiring to keep him dependent upon them, voted from time to time such sums as they chose. The principle at stake was important: a fixed salary grant would have been in the nature of a tax imposed by the Crown. Had the assembly been complaisant, the government would have been thrown into the hands of the royal governor and council, through their absolute power to veto laws. The acrimonious contention was greatly disturbing to all material interests, but it served as a most valuable constitutional training school for the Revolution.

Sidenote: The salary question in Massachusetts.

At times, in Boston, excitement over this perennial quarrel ran to a high pitch, and now and then it looked as though the assembly would be obliged to yield; but the men of Massachusetts were of stubborn clay, and never displayed more bravery than when the governor, backed by writs from England, threatened them the loudest. In 1728, the assembly, defended itself, saying it was "the undoubted right of all Englishmen, by Magna Charta, to raise and dispose of money for the public service of their own free accord, without compulsion." The Privy Council at last yielded the point (1735), and left the Massachusetts governor free to receive whatever the assembly chose to grant. In some of the colonies this salary question resulted in frequent deadlocks, in which all public business was at a standstill.

124. Governors of Southern Colonies.

Sidenotes: Other differences.

South Carolina's experience.

Other differences between the governors and their assemblies hinged on claims of prerogative, fees for issuing land-titles, issues of paper money, official attempts to favor the Church of England at the expense of dissenters, and levies of men and money for the public defence. There were also special grievances in many of the provinces. In South Carolina (1704-1706), the proprietors attempted to exclude all but Church of England men from the assembly. This led to a bitter controversy, in which the dissenters successfully appealed to the House of Lords, and legal proceedings were commenced by the Crown for the revocation of the Carolina charter; but they were not then pushed to an issue. In 1719 the meddlesome executive policy of the proprietors resulted in a popular uprising, in which the governor was deposed. Later, the authorities (1754-1765) attempted to resist the issue of paper money, and also to reduce representation in the assembly, while at the same time the home government introduced some offensive regulations regarding land patents. Popular indignation again expressed itself in bloody turbulence, and the colony fell into great disorder.

Sidenote: North Carolina.

In North Carolina the scattered colonists maintained a vigorous resistance to arbitrary authority; the tone of official life was low; corruption in office was common; contests over questions of public policy often led to rioting and anarchy; bloodshed was not infrequent in such times of popular disturbance. In the far western valleys there was for a long period no pretence of law or order, and criminals of every sort found a safe refuge there; while pirates--until Blackbeard's capture by Governor Spotswood of Virginia in 1718--freely used the deep-coast inlets as snug harbors, from which they darted out with rakish craft to attack passing merchant-vessels. From 1704 to 1711 there was practically no government in the province, owing to an insurrection headed by Thomas Carey, whom Governor Spotswood finally arrested (1710) and sent prisoner to England.

Sidenote: Virginia.

During the administration of Governor Nicholson (1698-1705) the Virginia assembly had quietly gained control of the financial machinery, by making the treasurer an officer of its own appointment. When, therefore, the customary eighteenth-century wrangling commenced, the assembly was master of the situation. The burgesses refused to vote money for public defence until the governors yielded their claims of prerogative, and land-title fees.

125. Governors of Middle Colonies.

Sidenote: Pennsylvania.

Nowhere was the weary disagreement between governor and assembly so harmful to provincial interests as in Pennsylvania. There were elements in the contention there not existing elsewhere. The Penn family, as the proprietors, resisted the proposed inclusion of their lands in tax levies for the conduct of military operations, while the assembly for many years would vote no money for such purposes or pay the governor's salary, except on the condition that the proprietary estates paid their share in the cost of defence. The proprietors finally yielded (1759). Other points of difference were,--the assertion of the gubernatorial prerogative of establishing courts, and proprietary opposition to the reckless issues of paper money frequently ordered by the assembly. The Quakers were opposed to warfare on principle; they would neither take up arms themselves in defence of the borderers from the French and Indians, nor, except when driven to it in times of great distress, vote money to equip or pay volunteers. They had, too, a great objection to levying and paying taxes; and in this they found strong allies in the Germans, who had now come over in large numbers, chiefly to settle on wild lands in the interior of the province. Most of the Germans and Quakers would go to almost any length in compromise with the Indian and French invaders who were mercilessly destroying the pioneer settlements. The proprietors and their governors fretted and threatened; the English government sent over order after order to the stubborn legislators; the borderers plied the deputies with heart-rending appeals for aid: yet the assembly long maintained its obstinate course, now and then grudgingly voting insufficient issues of depreciated bills of credit.

Sidenote: New York.

Lord Cornbury, who succeeded the Earl of Bellomont as governor of New York and New Jersey (1702), was not a man to inspire respect, being profligate and overbearing; he opposed popular interests, winning especial hatred through his petty persecution of dissenters from the Church of England. He was recalled in 1708, in response to general denunciation of his course. His successors were in continuous and often acrimonious controversy with their assemblies, but generally succeeded in inducing the deputies to contribute with more or less liberality to the conduct of expeditions against the French and Indians.

Sidenote: New Jersey.

Governor Belcher of New Jersey (1748-1757), who had been worsted in a heated salary contest in Massachusetts (1730-1741), and had profited by experience, was now one of the few executives who understood how to handle an assembly. By an obliging temper he readily secured the passage of such revenue bills as were essential to the proper defence of the colony in the French and Indian war, and avoided serious dispute.

126. Governors of New England Colonies.

Sidenote: Phipps's difficulties in Massachusetts.

The brief term of Sir William Phipps (1692-1695), as governor of Massachusetts,--a province then extending all the way from Rhode Island to New Brunswick, with the exception of New Hampshire,--was filled with bitterness and disappointment. At the outset of his career and the inauguration of the new charter (page 176, § 73), the assembly in the absence of any provision under that head, enacted that taxes were only to be levied in the province with the consent of the assembly. Had this rule been accepted by the Crown it would have left little occasion for quarrels between governor and people; its rejection by the home government left the door open to a train of events which ended, eighty-four years later, in continental independence. The witchcraft delusion (page 190, § 80) had stirred the colony to its centre, and Phipps gained no friends from his attitude in that affair; he angered Boston and crippled its political influence by securing the passage of a law (1694) that deputies to the assembly must be residents of the districts they represented; and his temper was so testy that at the time of his recall he was engaged in a quarrel with nearly every leading man in the province.

Sidenote: The Earl of Bellomont, and Massachusetts.

The Earl of Bellomont came over in 1698 as governor of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. In November the General Court of Massachusetts invited him to visit Boston "so soon as the season of the year might comfortably admit his undertaking so long and difficult a journey." In the following spring (1699) he responded to the call. In Massachusetts Bellomont won favor by siding, as he had in New York, with the popular party, and recommending to his government the introduction of many reforms. In Rhode Island, where he tarried by the way, he found much to dissatisfy him, and reported the people as being ignorant, in a state of political and moral disorder, with an indifferent set of public officials, who were corrupt and abetted the pirates who swarmed in Narragansett Bay. Bellomont promptly devoted himself to the suppression of these sea-robbers, and in the year of his own death (1701) brought the notorious Kidd to the gallows. Bellomont's conciliatory attitude towards Massachusetts did not please the English Board of Trade, which sent him warning that the colonists had "a thirst for independency," as was particularly exemplified in their "denial of appeals."

Sidenote: Connecticut and Rhode Island free from disputes.

Connecticut and Rhode Island were left with their old charters and their popularly elected governors, and thus were happily spared those quarrels over salaries, prerogatives, and fees which elsewhere in the colonies aroused so much ill-feeling. Governor Fletcher of New York was commissioned to take military control of Connecticut. He went to Hartford (1693) to assert his right; but meeting with rude treatment, felt impelled to return home, and little more was heard from him. Like Massachusetts, Connecticut was successful in preventing legal appeals to England.

Sidenote: The Mason claim in New Hampshire.

In New Hampshire--which was separated from Massachusetts in 1741 and became a royal province--there had been more than a century of dispute between the settlers and the proprietors respecting the Mason claim, and much confusion had at times arisen. The matter was at last ended by the purchase of the claim by a land company (1749), which released all of the settled tracts.

127. Effect of the French Wars (1700-1750).

Sidenote: War with French and Indians.

The aggressions of the French and their policy of inciting the northern and western Indians to murderous attacks on the slowly advancing English frontier, kept the colonies which abutted on New France in an almost constant state of excitement. Those provinces which had no Indian frontier, such as Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, and the Carolinas,--which latter had, however, several desperate local Indian uprisings to quell,--experienced but little alarm over the common danger, viewed schemes of union with indifference, and contributed but grudgingly to the funds and expeditions for general defence. Pennsylvania was open to attack along an extended border; the Germans and Quakers being opposed to making war on Indians, her frontier suffered greatly from frequent raids of the enemy. New York, being on the highway between the Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes and Canada, was the scene of many bloody encounters. No other province was so greatly exposed, and on none did the cost of the prolonged and desperate contest between the French and English in America so heavily fall. In 1706, during Queen Anne's war (1702-1713), the French made an unavailing attack on Charleston, South Carolina. In the capture of Port Royal (1710), New England men chiefly participated, and they were otherwise prominent throughout the war. In King George's War (1744-1748), New Englanders alone took part, although New York and a few other colonies contributed to the army chest. Louisburg was captured in 1745 by New England troops, who were highly elated at their brilliant conquest. England, too busy with her own affairs, could not well send protection the following year, when a French fleet threatened New England; a curious chapter of marine disasters alone saved the Americans from being severely punished in retaliation. This doubtless unavoidable neglect on the part of the mother-country, and the final surrender of Louisburg to the French by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), tended still further to strain the relations between England and her colonies on the American continent.

Sidenote: Vernon's expedition to the West Indies.

Admiral Vernon's expedition against the French in the West Indies in 1740 was participated in by men from nearly all the English colonies, island and continental. A campaign against the Spanish settlements in Florida was undertaken by Oglethorpe during the same year (page 262, § 117). The Carolinas gave somewhat tardy aid to Georgia in this daring enterprise.

128. Economic Conditions.

Sidenote: Paper money and finance.

Massachusetts was the first of the colonies to issue paper money. This was in 1690, to aid in fitting out an expedition against Canada. The other provinces followed at intervals. Affairs had come to such a pass by 1748 that the price in paper of £100 in coin ranged all the way from £1100 in New England to £180 in Pennsylvania. The royal governors in all the colonies, acting under instructions from home, were generally persistent opponents of this financial expedient. Governor Belcher of Massachusetts, in a proclamation against the practice (1740), said it gave "great interruption and brought confusion into trade and business," and "reflected great dishonor on his Majesty's government here." In 1720, Parliament passed what was known as "the Bubble Act," designed to break up all private banking companies in the United Kingdom chartered for the issue of circulating notes; this Act was made applicable to the colonies in 1740, and reinforced in 1751, the last-named Act forbidding the further issue of colonial paper money except in cases of invasion or for the annual current expenses of the government, these exceptional cases to be under control of the Crown. In 1763 all issues to date were declared void; although ten years later (1773), provincial bills of credit were made receivable as legal tender at the treasuries of the colonies emitting them. The controversy between the colonies and the home government over these issues of a cheap circulating medium developed much bitterness on the part of the former, who deemed the practice essential to their prosperity; and it was one of the many causes of the Revolution.

Sidenote: Acts of Navigation and Trade.

Another constant source of irritation were the parliamentary Acts of Navigation and Trade (page 104, § 44). In the continental colonies there was no popular sentiment against smuggling or other interference with the operation of these obnoxious laws. In no colony were the Acts strictly observed; had they been enforced they would have worked unbearable hardship. Massachusetts particularly offended the Board of Trade by openly refusing to provide for their more rigorous execution; coupling its stubborn behavior with the bold assertion, quite contrary to ministerial ideas, that the colonists were "as much Englishmen as those in England, and had a right, therefore, to all the privileges which the people of England enjoyed."

129. Political and Social Conditions (1700-1750).

Sidenote: Virginia ideas _versus_ New England ideas.

In the colonies, as afterwards in the States, there was a continual contest for supremacy between Virginia, where political power was lodged in the aristocratic class, and New England, where there was a voluntary recognition of aristocracy, but where the body of the people ruled. Virginia ideas strongly influenced North Carolina on the south, and Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania on the north. The tone of life in South Carolina was purely southern, with no trace of Virginian characteristics; New York, also free from Virginian methods, was strongly influenced by New England ideas.

Sidenote: Political affairs in the South;

The governing class in Virginia were of strong English stock, and when occasion for political action offered, were ready for it, proving themselves good soldiers and statesmen, and furnishing some of the most powerful leaders in the revolt against the mother-country. Their protracted fights with the French and Indians inured them to habits of the camp; while quarrels with their governors, and bickerings with the home government over the Navigation Acts (page 104, § 44) and the impressment of seamen, furnished schooling in constitutional agitation. By the middle of the eighteenth century the majority of Virginians were natives of the soil, and their attachment to England was weaker than that of their fathers; while the considerable foreign element weakened the bond of union with the mother-country. In Maryland general hostility to the Church of England and its impolitic attempt to suppress dissent, was an important factor in widening the breach. North Carolina continued to be distinguished for disorder and a low state of morals, education, and wealth, and produced no great leaders in the opposition to Great Britain. The people, having a keen perception of their rights, were eager enough in the patriot cause; but there was a large Tory party, and consequently fierce internal dissensions characterized the history of the colony throughout the Revolutionary agitation. Being dependent on England for trade and supplies, the aristocratic planters of South Carolina were drawn much closer to the mother-country than in any other continental colony. The Tory element was powerful, yet the best and strongest men of the slave-holding class were patriots, and furnished several popular leaders of ability,--the colony ranking second only to Virginia, in the southern group, during the struggle with the home government. Georgia was but newly settled, and the English colonists were still strongly attached to their native country; she was therefore more loyal than her neighbors. The settlers from New England, with the political shrewdness peculiar to their section, succeeded in committing Georgia to the patriot cause; but the mass of the people remained lukewarm, and when English rule was overturned there was much lawlessness. The community was immature, and had not yet learned the art of self-government.

Sidenote: in the Middle Colonies;

The Navigation Acts and the impressment of seamen bore hard on Pennsylvania, and there was no lack of complaint against other forms of ministerial interference with colonial rights. But the Quakers, who were chiefly of the shopkeeping and trading class, had not experienced the long and painful struggle for existence that had been the lot of most of the other colonists. They had been prosperous from the beginning; and being conservative, timid, and slow in disposition and action, were not easily persuaded to make material sacrifices for the sake of political sentiment. Thus Pennsylvania was an uncertain factor in the revolt. New Jersey, with no Indian frontier, no foreign trade, and but light taxes, had few causes for complaint against England. Her rulers were thrifty, conservative farmers, who were disposed to be loyal; yet as they were of pure English descent, and tenacious of their liberties, they were gradually drawn into an attitude of opposition to English rule. New York was the only one of the middle group of colonies which stood stoutly against England. Since the days of Andros the people "caught at everything to lessen the prerogative." New York city, as the second commercial port on the coast, was naturally a seat of opposition to the navigation laws. But the Tory minority were nowhere more active or determined than in New York.

Sidenote: and in New England.

The New Englanders were pure in race, simple and frugal in habit, enterprising, vigorous, intelligent, and with a high average of education. They were small freeholders, possessed of a democratic system which had powers of indefinite expansion, and were trained in a political school well calculated to produce great popular leaders. Their political principles, developed by a century and a half of contention with the home government, pervaded the colonial revolt, and were carried out in the national government in which it resulted. The New England Confederation of 1643 bore fruit in the Stamp-Act congress of 1765, and still more in the Confederation of 1781 and the Constitution of 1787.

130. Results of the Half-Century (1700-1750).

Sidenote: The colonial spirit.

Although the period 1700-1750 has not the interest of the previous half century of colonization, it has great constitutional importance. The rugged individuality of the founders of the colonies,--New England, middle, and southern,--was beginning to give way to a distinctly American character. The colonies lived separate lives; there was little intercommunication, but their interests were much the same, their relations with the mother-country were the same, and in the intercolonial wars they learned to act side by side. More than this, they all enjoyed a greater degree of personal freedom and local independence than was known anywhere else in the world. They had no consciousness of any desire to become independent. They had their own assemblies, made their own laws, and disregarded the Acts of Trade. In population the colonies increased between 1650 and 1700 from about 100,000 to 250,000; during the period 1700-1750 they grew to 1,370,000. A few passable towns were built,--Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. Their means were small, their horizon narrow, but their spirit was large.

Sidenote: The English Ohio Company.

As the year 1750 approached, there came upon the colonies two changes, destined to lead to a new political life. In the first place, the colonies at last began to overrun the mountain barrier which had hemmed them in on the west, and thus to invite another and more desperate struggle with the French. The first settlement made west of the mountains was on a branch of the Kanawha (1748); in the same season several adventurous Virginians hunted and made land-claims in Kentucky and Tennessee. Before the close of the following year (1749) there had been formed the Ohio Company, composed of wealthy Virginians, among whom were two brothers of Washington. King George granted the company five hundred thousand acres, on which they were to plant one hundred families and build and maintain a fort. The first attempt to explore the region of the Ohio brought the English and the French traders into conflict; and troops were not long in following, on both sides.

Sidenote: New colonial policy.

At the same time the home government was awaking to the fact that the colonies were not under strict control. In 1750 the Administration began to consider means of stopping unlawful trade. Before the plan could be perfected the French and Indian War broke out, in 1754. The story of that war and of the consequences of simultaneously dispossessing the French enemies of the colonies, and tightening the reins of government, belongs to the next volume of the series,--the Formation of the Union.

INDEX.

Acadia, united to Massachusetts, 176. _See_ Nova Scotia.

Africa, supposed migrations from, to America, 21; European explorations of coast of, 24.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 255, 278.

Alaska, Asiatic migration to, 2; aborigines of, 12.

Albany, founded, 196; as Fort Nassau, 197; as Fort Orange, 198, 199; re-named by English, 203; characteristics, 228; fur-trade, 253; first Colonial Congress, 80, 206; second Colonial Congress, 270.

Albemarle, 89; a district in Carolina, 88-91.

Alexander VI., Pope, bull of partition, 24, 36, 196.

Algonquian Indians, status, 9-12; as allies of the French, 206, 246, 250; uprising in New York, 200.

Alleghany mountains. _See_ Appalachian.

Andover, Mass., sacked by French and Indians, 254.

Andros, Sir Edmund, governor of Virginia, 79; governor of New York and the Jerseys, 175, 176, 205, 206, 282; governor of New England, 175, 189, 211.

Augusta, Ga., founded, 260; fur-trade, 261.

Annapolis, Md., founded, 87, 98.

--, Nova Scotia. _See_ Port Royal.

Antigua, Leeward Islands, 237.

Antinomian theory, held by Anne Hutchinson, 133, 134.

Appalachian mountains, extent of, 3,4, 6, 7; early explorations, 4, 269; characteristics, 5, 6, 97, 179, 219; aborigines, 11; early Scotch settlements in, 269.

Argall, Samuel, governor of Virginia, 73; destroys French settlements in Acadia, 242.

Arizona, aborigines of, 8; early Spanish explorations, 28-30; Spanish missions, 31.

Armada, the Spanish, interrupts American colonization, 40; defeat of, 48, 52.

Asia, possible emigration from, to America, 2, 3; distance from America, 5; relation to American exploration, 25-27; early European commerce in, 23, 24.

Assemblies, hampered by commercial companies and royal and proprietary interference, 58; hold the purse-strings, 59; origin of bicameral system, 61; representative system, 62, 63; in the South generally, 97, 109, 110; in Virginia, 73, 75, 77, 78; in the Carolinas, 90, 92; in Maryland, 82-86; in Pennsylvania, 215, 216; in New Jersey, 211, 212, 214; in New Netherlands, 200, 201; in New York, 200, 201, 204-206; in Connecticut, 142, 143; in Rhode Island, 147, 148; in Massachusetts, 123, 126, 128; quarrels with the royal governors (1700-1750), 271-279.

Association for the defence of the Protestant religion in Maryland, 87.

Atlantic slope, natural entrance of North America, 3, 5; rivers, 3, 4; three grand natural divisions, 5, 6; mining, 6; soil and climate, 6, 97; aborigines of, 9, 10; early fur-trade on, 18; early European explorations, 25-28; early English colonies on, 47.

Aztecs. _See_ Mexico.

Bacon, Nathaniel, rebellion of, 78, 79, 80.

Bahamas, the, discovered by Columbus, 23; claimed by English, 44; included in Carolina, 90; send settlers to Carolina, 93, 97; historical sketch, 239, 240.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, discovers Pacific ocean, 26.

Baltimore, Md., founded, 87.

--, Lord. _See_ Calvert.

Baptists, in Carolina, 89; in Rhode Island, 159.

Barbados, founded, 89; claimed by English, 44; send settlers to Virginia, 93; Quakers at, 165; historical sketch, 236, 237, 239.

Basques, American discoveries by, 21; engaged in Newfoundland fisheries, 241.

Belcher, Jonathan, governor of New Jersey, 221, 275; governor of Massachusetts, 279.

Belize, history of, 241.

Bellomont, Earl of, governor of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, 207, 274, 276.

Berkeley, Sir William, governor of Virginia, 75, 77, 78, 79, 84; one of the Carolina proprietors, 89; on education in Virginia, 107, 108; interest in New Jersey colonization, 205, 211, 212.

Bermudas, claimed by English, 44; annexed to Virginia, 72; send settlers to Carolina, 90; intercolonial relations, 234; historical sketch, 238, 239.

Biloxi (Old), Miss., founded, 248.

Blackbeard, a noted pirate, 273.

Blommaert, Samuel, Dutch patroon, 199, 207, 208.

Blue Laws, fabricated by Peters, 146.

Body of Liberties, 138, 139.

Boston, founded, 127; the Anne Hutchinson episode, 133-136; New Haven colonists in, 144; formation of New England Confederation, 156; Gortonites at, 160; expeditions against New Netherlands, 163, 164, 168; levies intercolonial duties, 164; repression of the Quakers, 165, 166; arrival of royal commissioners, 168; Indian missionary efforts, 170; evasion of Navigation Acts, 173; the rule of Andros, 175, 176; slavery, 182; commerce, 186; condition in 1700, 186; Tory element, 189; Sewall's repentance, 191, 192; characteristics, 228; disputes with Phipps, 275, 276; Bellomont's visit, 276.

Boundary disputes between the Jerseys, 212; between Maryland and Pennsylvania, 217; between French and English colonies, 255, 256; summary of intercolonial, 267-269.

Brazil, discovered by Cabral, 44; Portuguese colonies, 43, 44, 48; Huguenots in, 44.

Breda, treaty of, 237.

Brewster, William, leader of the Pilgrims, 116, 117.

British Honduras, historical sketch, 241.

Brittany, early fishers from, at Newfoundland, 26, 33, 241.

Brook, Lord, attempt to introduce hereditary rank in Massachusetts, 59, 129; Connecticut land grant, 141.

Brownists, a branch of the Independents, 115.

Bubble Act, passed by Parliament, 279.

Cabot, John, discovery of North America, 25, 36, 52, 241, 242.

--, Sebastian, on the American coast, 25.

California, gulf of, aborigines, 8, 12; early Spanish explorations, 28, 29, 31; Spanish missions, 31.

Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, 82, 83, 85, 86.

--, Charles, as governor of Maryland, 86; as third Lord Baltimore, 86, 87.

--, George, first Lord Baltimore, 76, 77, 81, 82, 208.

--, Leonard, governor of Maryland, 77, 82, 83, 84.

Calvin, John, influence of his teachings, 115.

Calvinists, De Monts' colony of, 35, 36.

Cambridge, Mass., founded, 127; fortifications at, 128; meeting of General Court, 135, 136; establishment of Harvard College, 130, 158, 188; emigration to Connecticut, 140; the "bishop's palace," 189.

Cambridge platform adopted, 162.

Canada. _See_ New France.

Cape Breton island, discovered by Cabot, 25; in early struggles between French and English, 252; fall of Louisburg, 243; in King William's War, 253; in King George's War, 255.

Cape Cod, Champlain's visit, 36; named by Gosnold, 41; arrival of Pilgrims, 117, 118; Indian missionary efforts, 170; character of, 179.

Caribs, the, 8, 9, 236, 239.

Carolina, named after Charles IX., 33; causes of failure of early colonies, 41-43; French expelled by Spaniards, 48; early settlers, 87-89; under the lords proprietors, 89-92; division of the colonies, 92; reunited, 94; Barbadians in, 236, 237; geography, 96, 97; population, 97; character of colonists, 97; agriculture, 102; commerce, 104. _See_ North Carolina and South Carolina.

Carteret, Sir George, obtains grant of New Jersey, 205, 211, 212.

--, Philip, governor of New Jersey, 211.

Cartier, Jacques, explores St. Lawrence River, 32, 246.

Catholics, in England, 115; in Virginia, 76; in Maryland, 77, 81-87, 108; in the Carolinas, 95; in Pennsylvania, 108, 230; in New Jersey, 214; in Georgia, 260; policy of the church in New France, 49, 50, 246, 247, 251, 252.

Cayuga Indians, 10, 11.

Champlain, Samuel de, early explorations, 26, 35; founds Quebec, 36, 246; fights the Iroquois, 196; on Lake Huron, 246, 247; as governor of New France, 251, 252; death, 248.

Charles I., king of England, interest in Virginia, 75; interest in Maryland, 82, 84; interest in Carolina, 88; attitude towards the Puritans, 125, 127; annuls Massachusetts charter, 131; grants Windward Islands to Carlisle, 237; execution, 76.

Charles II., king of England, reception of Berkeley, 79; proclaimed in Massachusetts, 159; attitude towards Quakers, 166; displeased with New Englanders, 166-168, 174; treatment of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 168, 169; claims New Netherlands, 202, 203; interest in New Jersey, 212; charter to Penn, 215; charters Hudson's Bay Company, 243; attitude towards New France, 252; death, 175.

Charleston, S.C., founded, 92, 93, 98; churchmen in, 109; characteristics, 228; arrival of Scotch, 269; attacked by French, 278.

Charlestown, Mass., founded, 122, 127; fortified, 131; hanging of a witch, 190.

Charters, commercial privileges of, 104, 105; of Virginia, 60, 66-69, 72, 74, 113; of Maryland, 81, 82; of the Carolinas, 88, 89, 267, 272; of Georgia, 259; of Delaware, 216; of Pennsylvania, 210, 215, 217; under the Dutch, 197, 198; South Company of Sweden, 208; of New Jersey, 211-213; of Connecticut, 61, 141, 168, 175, 276, 277; of Rhode Island, 60, 61, 148, 149, 168, 175; Plymouth Company, 120, 121, 124, 131, 150; Massachusetts Bay, 60, 125-127, 131, 159, 169, 174, 175, 177; to the Gorges, 122, 125, 150; to John Mason, 125, 150, 152; New Hampshire, 174; ministerial attacks on the (1701-1749), 266, 267.

Cherokee Indians, status, 11; relations with Georgians, 259, 261.

Chesapeake Bay, Cabot at, 25; reached by Lane, 39; reached by Jamestown colonists, 70; arrival of royal commissioners, 76; Claiborne's operations, 77, 83; geography, 218, 219.

Chickasaw Indians, status, 11; relations with Georgians, 261, 262.

Chicora, Vasquez's conquest of, 27.

Choctaw Indians, status, 11.

Church of England, in England, 114, 115; in the Carolinas, 88, 91, 94, 109, 272; in Virginia, 67, 78, 108; in Maryland, 86, 87, 280; in the South generally, 102, 111; in New York, 229, 230, 274; in Massachusetts, 122, 130-132, 173, 175, 189; in New Hampshire, 152; in Maine, 150, 151; a source of dispute between governors and assemblies, 272.

Cibola, Seven Cities of, visited by Spaniards, 29-31.

Clarendon, a district in Carolina, 89, 90, 93.

Claiborne, William, his quarrel with Maryland, 76-78, 83-85.

Cliff-Dwellers, status, 8.

Colleges, Harvard, 80, 130, 158, 181, 188; Yale, 80; William and Mary, 80, 81, 103.

Colonization, motives of, 46; early views of, 46; French policy, 35, 48-50; Spanish policy, 47, 48, 51; Portuguese policy, 48; Dutch policy, 50, 51; German policy, 51; English policy, 51, 53; relations of colonists with Indians, 17-19; experience of sixteenth century, 41-44; character of English emigrants, 53, 54; the institutions they imported, 55-63; reasons for the English movement, 65, 66.

Columbus, Christopher, discoveries prior to his, 21-23; his discoveries, 23-25, 31, 237; his motives, 4, 6.

Commerce, early Norse, 22; of Europe with India, 23, 24, 27, 42; fur-trade of early European explorers, 26, 28, 35, 52, 53; French commercial companies, 35; of Spain, in West Indies, 38, 39; as a motive of colonization, 46; Spanish policy, 47; Portuguese policy, 48, 50; Dutch policy, 50, 51, 103-105; early English commercial companies, 55, 65, 68, 69; London company, 66-74; Plymouth company, 114; Massachusetts Bay Company, 125-127; economic effect on England, 65; intercolonial, 102-107, 130; colonial, with England, 103, 104, 130, 169; the Navigation Acts, 104-106. _See_ Fur-trade.

Communal proprietorship, in Virginia, 68, 73; at Plymouth, 117, 120, 121.

Congregationalists, origin of name, 162; organization, 189; in middle colonies, 230.

Connecticut, founded, 136, 140-142; Pequod War, 136, 137; government, 142-144; early Dutch settlers, 136, 198, 199; conflicts between Dutch and English, 163, 202; New Haven founded and absorbed, 144-146, 168; characteristics of Connecticut and New Haven, 146; in the New England Confederation, 155, 156; river-toll levied, 164; treatment of Quakers, 166; Massachusetts absorbs more territory, 173; history of the charter, 168, 175, 177, 266, 267, 276, 277; litigation, 182, 183; iron mining, 184; agriculture, 186; colonization schemes on the Delaware, 208, 209; boundary disputes, 267, 268; represented in second colonial congress, 270; Fletcher's visit, 276, 277; population (1700) 180, (1754) 265.

Cordilleran mountains. _See_ Rocky mountains.

Cornbury, Lord, governor of New York and New Jersey, 274, 275.

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, search for Cibola, 11, 29-31.

Cortereal, Gaspar, explores American coast, 25, 241.

Cortez, Hernando, conquest of Mexico, 8, 27-29.

Council for New England. _See_ Plymouth Company.

County, the, in England, 55; in the South, 56; in middle colonies, 57; in New York, 204; in Pennsylvania, 216.

_Coureurs de bois_, their characteristics, 247, 249, 250; explorations of, 248, 253.

Creek Indians, status, 11; relations with Georgians, 260, 261.

Cromwell, Oliver, accepted in Virginia, 76, 78; in Maryland, 85; friendship for New England, 159; expedition against New Netherlands, 163, 164, 202; sends prisoners to Barbados, 236.

Cuba, slavery in, 239; threatened by English, 262.

Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, governor of Virginia, 78-80.

Cumberland Gap, a highway for exploration, 4.

Dakotah Indians, status, 11, 12

Danes, in Iceland, 21.

Dare, Virginia, first English child born in the United States, 40.

Davenport, John, heads New Haven colony, 144, 145.

Delaware, early Dutch settlers, 207, 208; the Swedes, 201, 208; fall of New Sweden, 209; annexed to Pennsylvania, 210, 216, 217; a separate colony, 61, 210, 217; geography, 218, 219; social classes, 222-224; occupations, 224, 225; trade and commerce, 225, 226; life and manners, 227; religion, 230; general characteristics, 210; Indian affairs, 277; influence of Virginian ideas on, 280; population (1700), 221, 222; (1750), 266.

--, Lord, governor of Virginia, 72.

-- River, early settlements on, 51, 197-199, 207-210, 215, 216; Dutch claims on, 163; conflicts between Dutch and Swedes, 200.

De Monts, Sieur, colonizes Nova Scotia, 35, 36, 242.

De Soto, Hernando, expedition of, 11, 30, 31, 47.

Detroit, site discovered, 248, 249.

Digger Indians, status, 9.

"Discovery," the, carries colonists to Virginia, 69.

Dominica, Leeward Islands, 237, 238.

Dorchester, Mass., fortified, 131; emigration from, to Connecticut, 140, 141.

Drake, Sir Francis, explorations, 37, 52; relieves Raleigh's colony, 39; resists the Armada, 40.

Dudley, Joseph, president of Andros's council, 175, 176.

--, Thomas, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 127, 135, 175; governor, 129.

"Duke's laws," the, in New York, 203, 204.

Dummer, Jeremiah, "Defence of the American Charters," 266, 267.

Dunkards, in Pennsylvania, 230.

Dutch, the, early claims in America, 44; colonial policy, 50, 51; as ocean carriers, 103, 104; plant New Netherlands, 196-198; patroon system, 198-200; operations on the Connecticut, 136, 140, 141; collisions with English traders and settlers, 47, 145, 155, 162-164, 199, 200; Swedish opposition, 51, 208, 209; wars with England, 159, 163, 164, 168, 201-203; fall of New Netherlands, 168, 202, 203; New Netherlands recaptured, but lost again, 205; in the West Indies, 236-238; in New York, 203, 204, 220, 221, 223, 227, 229, 231, 232; in New Jersey, 210, 211, 221; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 207-210, 215, 217, 221, 222.

-- East India Company, sends out Hudson, 196.

-- Reformed Church, in middle colonies, 230.

-- West India Company, chartered, 197; patroon system, 198-200, 223; plan of government, 203; Delaware settlements, 207, 209; pacific policy towards New England, 163.

East India Company, 66.

East Indies, Dutch in the, 50.

East New Jersey, as a separate province, 212-214; population (1700), 221.

Eaton, Theophilus, heads New Haven colony, 144, 145.

Edward VI., king of England, 36.

Edwards, Jonathan, character, 183; revival work, 190.

Eliot, John, the Indian missionary, 170, 189.

Elizabeth, queen of England, interest in American colonization, 37, 38, 40, 52, 53, 67, 68; English commerce under, 104; Puritanism under, 114, 115.

England, attitude towards papal bull of partition, 24, 25; sends out Cabot, 25; fishing colony at Newfoundland, 26; early exploration and settlements in America, 36-44; becomes a great power, 48; reasons for final colonization of America, 65, 66; character of her colonists, 53-55; her colonial policy, 51-53; the institutions in which her colonists were trained, 53-58; Quaker repression, 165.

Endicott, John, heads the Massachusetts colony, 125, 126.

Eskimos, possible Asiatic origin of, 2, 3; status, 12.

Exeter, N. H., founded, 152.

Finns, in Delaware and Pennsylvania, 221.

Fisheries at Newfoundland, 26, 36, 37, 49, 52, 241, 242; in Carolina, 93; in England, 104; in New England, 113, 114, 124, 130, 151, 184, 185.

Five Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Fletcher, Benjamin, governor of New York, 206, 207, 210, 276.

Florida, Spanish exploration of, 27, 28, 30, 31; Spanish occupation, 31, 32, 43, 88, 93; French occupation, 33, 34, 44, 49, 88; French expelled by Spanish, 48; Oglethorpe's expedition, 262, 278.

Fort Casimir, Del., 209.

Fort Christina, 208, 215. _See_ Wilmington, Del.

Fort Nassau, site of Albany, 197.

--, on the Delaware, 197, 201, 207, 208.

Fort Orange. _See_ Albany.

Franklin, Benjamin, plan for colonial union, 271.

Frederica, Ga., founded, 260; attacked by Spanish, 262.

"Freeman," term defined, 62.

French, the, colonies in Florida, 33, 34, 44, 49, 88; causes of failure of early colonies, 43, 44; early attempts to colonize Canada, 35, 36; fishing colony at Newfoundland, 26, 241, 242; Quebec founded, 36; France becomes a great power, 48, 52; colonial policy of 48-50; influence on English colonization in America, 57; opposition to English settlement, 47, 206, 207; in New Amsterdam, 201; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 221; conflicts with English in West Indies, 236-239, 244; holds Acadia, 242, 243; troubles with Hudson's Bay Company, 244; rivalry of Georgian traders. 259, 261.

French and Indian War, 221, 222, 274, 275, 284.

Frobisher, Martin, efforts at American colonization, 37, 52; resists the Armada, 40.

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de, governor of New France, 251, 254.

Fundamental constitutions, devised for Carolina, 90, 91, 93, 95.

Fur-trade, early spread of, 17, 18; by Norsemen, 22; by other early European explorers, 26, 28, 35, 52, 53; of New France, 35, 49, 50, 247-251, 256-258; by Claiborne, 76, 77; of Georgia, 259, 261; of Carolina, 93, 104; of Virginia, 104, 269; of Maryland, 104; of Pennsylvania, 225, 226; of New Amsterdam, 118; of New Sweden, 208, 209; of New York, 198, 202, 221, 225, 226, 228; in middle colonies generally, 232; of Connecticut, 140, 141, 155; of Plymouth, 122, 124; of New Hampshire, 152; of New England generally, 113; by Hudson's Bay Company, 243, 244; by American and Northwest companies, 244.

Gama, Vasco da, reaches India, 25.

George II., king of England, name-giver for Georgia, 259; grants land to Ohio Company, 283.

Georgia, settlement of, 258-262; fur-trade, 259, 261; expedition against Florida Spaniards, 262, 278; becomes a royal province, 263; population (1750), 266; political spirit, 281.

Germans, in Georgia, 269, 261, 263; in North Carolina, 97; in Virginia, 269; in Maryland, 266; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 217, 221, 222, 225, 229, 230, 274, 277; in New York, 221.

Germany, colonial policy of, 51; Presbyterian movement in, 115.

Gomez, Estevan, on the North American coast, 27, 28.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, early interest in American colonization, 41, 66, 150; member of Plymouth Company, 113, 114; lord proprietor of Maine, 150-152, 158; allied with Mason in colonizing New Hampshire, 125, 152.

--, Robert, governor-general of New England, 122, 132; land-grants to, 125.

--, Thomas, deputy-governor of Maine, 152.

Gorton, Samuel, difficulties with Rhode Islanders, 160, 161, 164.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, voyages to America, 41, 65, 66, 69, 71.

Green Bay, Wis., Nicolet at, 12, 248.

Green Mountain Boys, origin of, 268.

Greenland, discovered by Norsemen, 21; Norwegian settlements in, 21-23.

Grenada, Windward Islands, 237.

Grenadines, the, Windward Islands, 237.

Grenville, Sir Richard, leads colony to Roanoke, 38-40, 52; resists the Armada, 40.

"Guinea," the, in Chesapeake Bay, 76.

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, interest in American colonization, 51, 208.

Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, founds Culiacan, 28, 29; expedition to Cibola, 29.

Hadley, Mass., shelters the regicides, 167.

Hakluyt, Richard, early English chronicler, 37; interest in American colonization, 66, 69.

Hartford, Conn., founded, 136, 140, 141; raided by Indians, 137; the charter-oak story, 175; early Dutch settlement at, 199; Fletcher's visit, 276, 277.

Harvard College founded, 80, 130, 188; aided by New England Confederation, 158; social distinctions at, 181.

Hawkins, Sir John, visits Florida, 34; resists the Armada, 40.

Heath, Sir Robert, first proprietor of Carolina, 88.

Henri IV., king of France, his colonial policy, 35.

Henry VII., king of England, rewards Cabot, 25; attitude towards bull of partition, 36; Navigation Acts under, 104.

-- VIII., king of England, interest in northwest passage, 36.

Hoboken, N. J., founded, 199.

Holland, English Independents in, 115-117. _See_ Dutch.

Hooker, Thomas, supports Anne Hutchinson, 134; assists in settling Connecticut, 141; as a constitution-maker, 143; character, 183.

Hopi Indians, Spanish with, 29, 30.

Howard of Effingham, Lord, Governor of Virginia, 79.

Hudson Bay, exploration of, 4; aborigines of, 9, 12; early French visits, 247, 248.

Hudson, Hendrik, discovers Hudson River, 44, 50, 125, 196.

-- River, discovered by Hudson, 50, 125, 196; early Dutch trade on, 118; as a highway for trade, exploration, and Indian war-parties, 4, 5, 8, 155, 202, 219, 220, 255; named in London Company's charter, 66; Pilgrim land-grant on, 197; early settlements on, 221; patroons' estates on, 198-200, 223, 227; Dutch attempt to exclude English from, 199, 200.

Hudson's Bay Company, organized, 248; intercolonial relations, 234; historical sketch, 243, 244.

Huguenots, in Florida, 31-34, 49; De Monts' colony, 35, 36; in Brazil, 44; in New France, 49, 252; in Carolina, 87, 88, 93-95, 97, 108; in Virginia, 81; in New York, 221; in New England, 221.

Hutchinson, Anne, religious agitator in Massachusetts, 133-136; in Rhode Island, 146, 147; her adherents in New Hampshire, 152.

Iceland, early settlements in, 21, 22.

Illinois, canoe portages in, 4; aborigines of, 12; French settlements, 247, 253.

Independents, definition of term, 115; in Holland, 115-117. _See_ Puritans.

India, early commerce with Europe, 23, 24, 66; reached by Portuguese, 25; effect on American exploration, 26, 27, 50; search for water passage to, 42, 196.

Indian Territory, Southern Indians in, 11; early Spanish exploration in, 28.

Indians, their origin, 2, 3; philological divisions, 9-12; characteristics, 13-16; relations with English colonists in general, 17-19, 36, 38-43; Pequod War, 136, 137; Philip's War, 14, 170-172, 188; relations with the Spaniards, 27-32, 42, 43, 47, 238, 239; with the Portuguese, 48; with the French, 34, 35, 49, 246-258; with the Dutch, 163; with Georgia, 259-261; with Carolina, 88, 89, 277; with Virginia, 14, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 269, 280; with Maryland, 83, 86, 277; with the South generally, 56, 97; with Pennsylvania, 216, 217, 222, 274, 277; with Delaware, 207-209, 277; with New Jersey, 211, 214, 231, 277, 282; with New York, 196, 198-202, 206, 207, 230, 270, 271, 277; with Connecticut, 140, 142, 155; with Rhode Island, 160, 161, 164, 277; with Massachusetts, 140, 170, 173; with Maine, 172; with New England generally, 119, 120, 133, 136, 137, 170.

Ipswich, Mass., Nathaniel Ward at, 138; trial of John Wise, 176.

Irish, American discoveries by, 21; in Iceland, 21; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 222.

Iroquois, the, status, 10, 11; hostility to French, 196, 246, 248-250, 253; allies of Dutch and English, 196, 200, 207, 256.

Jamaica, historical sketch, 240, 241.

James I., king of England, charters London and Plymouth companies, 66-69, 113; interest in Virginia colonization, 74, 75, 81; treatment of Puritans, 115, 116.

-- II., king of England, colonial policy of, 175; attitude towards New York and New Jersey, 206, 213, 214; flight, 176.

-- River, exploration of, 26; named by Jamestown colonists, 70; Huguenot settlement on, 81.

Jamestown, Va., settlement of, 70-72, 113; early iron smelting at, 6; introduction of slaves, 74; Indian massacre, 74; Puritans at, 76; burned, 79; Baltimore at, 81; as capital of Virginia, 98; communal proprietorship at, 120.

Japan, prehistoric vessels from, 2; early European attempts to reach, 42.

Jesuits, in New France, 36, 253; in Maryland, 83; in New York, 230; explorations in the Northwest, 247.

Jolliet, Louis, discovery of Mississippi River, 26, 248.

Kansas, crossed by Coronado, 30.

Kent island, occupied by Claiborne, 77, 83-85.

Kentucky, early exploration, 4; aborigines of, 9; early white settlements, 269, 283.

Kidd, William, a noted pirate, 276.

Kieft, William, governor of New Netherlands, 200, 201, 208, 209.

King George's War, 255, 256, 278.

King William's War, 253, 254.

Labrador, Norse discovery of, 22; early English voyages to, 37.

Lake Champlain, as a highway for exploration and Indian raids, 4, 220; discovery, 196; New York and New Hampshire land claims on, 268.

Lake Erie, aborigines on, 10, 11; discovery, 248.

Lake George, as a highway for exploration, 4.

Lake Huron, reached by Champlain, 246, 248.

Lake Michigan, discovered, 12, 248.

Lake Ontario, aborigines on, 10, 11; drainage system, 219, 220; discovered, 248.

Lake Superior, early fur-trade on, 18; in Champlain's time, 247; visited by Radisson and Grosseilliers, 247, 248; early French settlement on, 253.

La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, 248.

Laud, Archbishop, represses dissent in Massachusetts, 131; in prison, 158.

Leeward Islands, English colonies on, 237, 238.

Leisler, Jacob, heads a revolution in New York, 206.

Leon, Ponce de, explores Florida, 27.

Léry, Baron de, colonizing attempt of, 35.

Locke, John, his constitution for the Carolinas, 58, 90, 91, 93, 95.

London Company, chartered, 66, 113; settles Virginia, 69-74, 81; criticised by James I., 74; grant to the Pilgrims, 116, 117; charter annulled, 74.

Long Island, Block's visit, 196; Walloon settlement, 198; conflicts between Dutch and English, 163, 202; Connecticut wins a part, 163; religion on, 229, 230; crime on, 231.

Long Parliament, the, Virginia under, 76; Navigation Act of, 105; relation to Massachusetts, 132.

Louis XIV., king of France, his colonial policy, 49, 251-253.

Louisburg, captured by the English, 255, 278.

Ludwell, Philip, governor of South Carolina, 94; and of reunited Carolina, 94.

Lutherans, in middle colonies, 230.

Louisiana, early French settlement of, 248.

Lower California, early Spanish exploration of, 28, 29, 31.

Maine, De Monts' colony, 36; visited by Gosnold and Pring, 41; Gorges' proprietorship, 150, 151, 173; characteristics, 150; not in the New England Confederation, 157, 158; absorbed by Massachusetts, 152, 173, 174; Indian uprising, 172, 188; rule of Andros, 175; in King William's War, 177, 254; river system, 179; commerce, 185; agriculture 186; education, 188; population (1700) 180, (1754) 265; boundary established, 268.

Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferret de, on the Pacific coast, 28.

Manhattan Island, Block's visit, 196; early settlement, 197, 198. _See_ New York City.

Marquette, Father Jacques, on Mississippi River, 26, 248.

Martha's Vineyard, Indian missionary efforts at, 170.

Maryland, origin of name, 82; settlement, 76, 81-84; landed estates, 58; judiciary, 60; during English Revolution, 84, 85; development, 86, 87; becomes a royal province, 61, 87; Claiborne's quarrel, 76, 77; geography, 96; character of colonists, 97; its capital, 98; occupations, 102; religion, 102, 108; commerce, 103, 104; tobacco-raising, 103; William and Mary's College, 103; witchcraft trials, 192; boundary disputes, 209, 217, 268; settlers patronize Pennsylvania mills, 225; represented in colonial congress, 270; Indian affairs, 83, 86, 277; influence of Virginia ideas on, 280; political spirit, 280; population (1688) 97, (1763) 266.

Mason, Charles, runs "Mason and Dixon line," 268.

--, John, colonizing efforts in New Hampshire, 125, 150, 152, 153, 277.

--, Capt. John, in Pequod War, 137, 142.

Massachusetts, settlement, 124-127, 144; suffrage qualifications, 61, 62, 167; social distinctions, 59; Harvard College founded, 80; internal dissensions, 129-132; religious troubles, 132-136, 146, 152; interest in Pequod War, 136, 137; laws, 137-139; characteristics, 139, 140; the Watertown protest, 62; emigration to Connecticut, 140-142; emigration to Rhode Island, 147; interest in the Gorton case, 160, 164; absorbs New Hampshire, 152, 153, 173; absorbs Plymouth, 124, 176; annexes land in Connecticut and Maine, 173; influence in the Confederation, 155-157, 164; independent attitude towards England, 158, 159, 161; jealousy of King Charles, 173; under the royal commissioners, 167, 168; charter annulled, 131, 132, 169, 174, 175; becomes a royal province, 175; rule of Andros, 175, 176; the Presbyterian movement, 162; attitude in war with New Netherlands, 163, 164; disputes Connecticut ship-toll, 164; repression of Quakers, 165, 166, 169; Philip's War, 170-172, 188; absorbs Acadia, 176; new charter, 176, 177; population, (1700) 180, (1754) 265; slavery, 182, 272, 275; iron mining, 184; manufactures, 184; fisheries, 184; shipbuilding and commerce, 185; agriculture, 186; witchcraft delusion, 190-192; boundary disputes, 267, 268; represented in second colonial congress, 270; Phipps's term, 275, 276; Bellomont's term, 207, 276; loses New Hampshire, 277; paper money, 278, 279.

Massachusetts Bay, visited by Roberval, 33; early settlements on, 122, 124, 127.

-- Company, chartered, 125; removes to America, 126, 127; charter annulled, 131, 132, 169, 174, 175.

Massasoit, head-chief of Pokanokets, 121, 170.

Mather, Cotton, in witchcraft trials, 191, 192.

--, Increase, influence in Massachusetts politics, 176, 177.

Maverick, Samuel, early Massachusetts settler, 122, 150; royal commissioner, 167.

"Mayflower," voyage of, 36, 117, 118, 142, 197.

Melendez de Aviles, Pedro, his massacre of Huguenots in Florida, 34.

Mexico, aborigines of, 8; Spanish conquest of, 8, 11, 27-31, 42, 47; Spanish colonies, 31, 32.

-- Gulf of, Spanish explorations of, 4, 27; aborigines of, 9, 11; Spanish possessions on, 43.

Middletown, N. J., founded, 211.

Milford, Conn., founded, 145.

Mining, Spanish efforts at, 28-30; early English efforts, 6, 37, 39, 41; in Virginia, 6, 69, 71, 269; in New England, 180; in Pennsylvania, 219, 225.

Minuit, Peter, founds New Amsterdam, 198; in employ of the Swedes, 201, 208.

Mississippi River, portage-routes, 4; geography of basin, 6, 7; aborigines of valley of, 9-12; discovered by De Soto, 31, 44; French reaching out for the, 47; seen by Radisson and Grosseilliers, 247; seen by Jolliet and Marquette, 26, 248; early trade on, 18; drainage system, 219; La Salle on the, 248; early French settlements on, 253; as an element in French-English boundary disputes, 256.

Mohawk Indians, status, 10, 11.

Mohican Indians, status, 9, 10.

Montreal, Cartier at, 32; Champlain's visit, 35; founded, 246.

Montserrat, Leeward Islands, 237, 238.

Moravians, in North Carolina, 97; in Pennsylvania, 229; in Georgia, 261.

Morton, Thomas, at Merrymount, 122, 127.

Mound-builders, 12.

Nantasket, Mass., founded, 122.

Narragansett Bay, early settlements on, 133, 146, 159, 161; Philip's War on, 171.

Narragansett Indians, status, 9, 10; troubles with whites, 136, 137, 164; in Philip's War, 170.

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, in Florida, 11, 28, 30, 47.

Natchez Indians, 9.

Navigation Acts, historical sketch of, 104-106; effect in South Carolina, 94; in Virginia, 78, 80, 280; in Maryland, 86; in Pennsylvania, 281; in the Jerseys, 231; in New York, 232; in Massachusetts, 173, 279, 280; in New England generally, 184; in the West Indies, 235, 236; one of the causes of the Revolution, 279.

Nevis, Leeward Islands, 237, 238.

New Amsterdam, founded, 198; Kieft's term, 208, 209; Stuyvesant's term, 201, 209; captured by English, 168, 202, 203; becomes New York, 203; fur-trade of, 253. _See_ Dutch.

Newark, N. J., founded, 211.

New Brunswick, De Monts' colony in, 36.

Newcastle, Del., founded, 202, 215; characteristics, 228.

New England, geography of, 5, 6, 179, 180; early mining, 6; named by Smith, 72, 113, 114; population,(1690) 253, (1700) 180, 181, (1700-1750) 265; social distinctions, 58, 181, 182; slavery, 182; occupations, 182-184; manufactures, 184; fisheries and shipbuilding, 185; commerce, 77, 164, 185, 186, 234, 235; towns, 186; education, 188; crime, 188; religion, 189, 190, 194; witchcraft delusion, 190-192; life and manners, 187; political conditions, 192-194, 282; repression of Quakers, 165, 166; formation of the confederation, 156; decadence of the confederation, 169; in the hands of the Lords of Trade, 173; in Queen Anne's War, 255; in King George's War, 255, 256; ideas of _versus_ Virginia ideas, 280, 281.

New England, Council for, chartered, 60.

Newfoundland, Spaniards at, 28; early European fishermen at, 36, 37, 49, 52; early French visits, 32, 33; claimed by England, 44; Baltimore's colony, 81; intercolonial relations, 234, 235; in King William's War, 254; historical sketch, 241, 242, 244.

New France, founded, 36; Louis XIV.'s policy towards, 49, 50; Champlain fights the Iroquois, 196; early settlements of, 246, 247; exploration of the Northwest, 247-249; ambition for territorial aggrandizement, 155; contests with the English, 220, 234, 252-254, 274, 275, 277, 278; in Queen Anne's War, 254, 255; in King George's War, 255, 256; boundary disputes with English, 256; line of frontier forts, 256; struggle for the Ohio valley, 257; social and political conditions of, 249-252; general characteristics, 249, 257, 258; causes of decline, 49, 50.

New Hampshire, Mason's grant, 150, 152, 173, 277; early colonizing efforts, 152, 153; soil, 179; manufactures, 184; agriculture, 186; characteristics, 153; population (1700), 180, (1754) 265; annexed by Massachusetts, 61, 153, 173; becomes a royal province, 61, 153, 174, 277; reunited to Massachusetts, 153, 174; rule of Andros, 175; under William and Mary, 177; in King William's War, 254; Bellomont's term, 276; boundary disputes, 268; represented in second colonial congress, 270.

New Haven, founded, 144-146, 163; false "Blue Laws," 146; joins New England Confederation, 156; in war with New Netherlands, 163; treatment of Quakers, 166; shelters the regicides, 167; absorbed by Connecticut, 146, 168, 169; condition in 1700, 186; Yale College founded, 188; Tory element in, 189.

New Jersey, early mining, 6; visited by Gomez, 28; early settlements, 199, 210-212; covets Delaware, 210; the two Jerseys, 212, 213; reunited as a royal province, 207, 213, 214; claimed by New York, 205; general characteristics, 214; election of county judges, 59, 60; geography, 219; social distinctions, 222-224; occupations, 224, 225; trade and commerce, 225, 226; life and manners, 227-229; education, 229; religion, 230; political conditions, 231, 282; Bellomont's term, 276; Indian affairs, 277, 282; population(1700), 221, (1750), 265.

New Mexico, aborigines of, 8; Spanish explorations, 28-30; Spanish colonies, 31, 32.

New Netherland, settlement of, 196-198; progress, 198-202; Puritan encroachments, 162-164; settlements on the Delaware, 207-209; conquered by England, 168, 202, 203, 210-212.

New Netherlands Company, 197.

New Orleans, founded, 248, 256.

Newport, R. I., old mill at, 23; settled, 147; unites with Portsmouth, 148; chartered, 149.

New Spain. _See_ Mexico.

New Sweden, its rise and fall, 201, 202, 208, 209. _See_ Swedes.

New York, early mining, 6; geography, 218-220; social classes, 222-224; occupations, 224, 225; trade and commerce, 77, 140, 185, 225, 226; fur-trade, 248-250; life and manners, 226-229; education, 229; religion, 229, 230; crime and pauperism, 230, 231; political conditions, 231, 232, 282; Indian affairs, 277; the Dutch régime, 196-202; captured by English, 202, 203; the "duke's laws," 204; recaptured by Dutch, 205; England again in possession, 205; the rule of Andros, 205, 206, 213; the charter of liberties, 205; Leisler's revolution, 206; French designs on, 253; in King William's War, 253, 254; in Queen Anne's War, 255; Bellomont's term, 276; colonial congress, 270, 271; boundary disputes, 267, 268; population, (1690) 253, (1700) 220, 221, (1750) 265; characteristics, 207.

New York City, founded by the Dutch, 198; early commerce, 226; characteristics, 227, 228; education in, 229; political spirit in, 282.

Nicholson, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, 79, 80, 81, 273; deputy-governor of New York, 206.

Normans, American discoveries by, 21, 180; early at Newfoundland, 26, 49, 241.

North Carolina, aborigines of, 11; Raleigh's colonies, 38, 40; named in London Company's charter, 66; origin of, 88, 90; first settlements, 92, 93; Culpeper rebellion, 92; character of colonists, 97; their turbulent spirit, 273, 280, 281; occupations, 102; agriculture, 103; religion, 108, 109; mountains of, 179; becomes a royal province, 267; boundary established, 268; Indian affairs, 277; Oglethorpe's expedition, 278; influence of Virginian ideas, 280; population (1763), 266.

North Virgina Company. _See_ Plymouth Company.

Norwegians, in Iceland, 21.

Nova Scotia, early French settlement, 35, 36; Claiborne's trade with, 77; intercolonial relations, 234, 235; French-English struggles, 252; in King William's War, 253, 254; in Queen Anne's War, 255; removal of the Acadians, 243; general history, 242-244.

Ocrakoke inlet, English colony on, 38.

Oglethorpe, James, character, 259; founds Georgia, 259, 260; campaign against Florida Spaniards, 262, 269, 278.

Ohio Company, its colonization efforts, 283.

Oneida Indians, 10, 11.

Onondaga Indians, 10, 11.

Oregon, aborigines of, 12.

Pacific ocean, crossed by prehistoric vessels, 2; effect on American exploration, 26, 27, 70; discovery by Balboa, 26.

-- slope, north-shore flora, 2; difficulties of colonizing, 3; geography, 3, 4, 6, 7; early Spanish explorations, 28, 29; Spanish missions, 31; Drake's explorations, 37.

Palatinate War. _See_ King William's War.

Palatines, in Pennsylvania, 230.

Paper money, governors oppose its issue, 272-274, 278, 289.

Parish, the, in England, 55, 57; in the South, 56.

Patroon system, in New York, 198-200; in Delaware, 207, 208.

Pawtuxet, R. I., founded, 160; the Gorton case, 160, 161.

Penn Charter School, founded, 229.

Penn, William, secures grant of Delaware, 210; interested in New Jersey, 212, 213, 215; secures grant of Pennsylvania, 215; his government, 216; relations with Indians, 216, 217; boundary disputes with Maryland, 86; on American climate, 220; supported by aristocrats, 224; introduces physicians, 225; imports Germans, 230; plan for colonial union, 270; death, 217; his heirs resist taxation of their lands, 273, 274.

--, Admiral Sir William, father of foregoing, 215, 240.

Pennsylvania, settlements, 208, 209, 215; geography, 219; social classes, 222-224; occupations, 224, 225; trade and commerce, 225, 226; life and manners, 227-229; education, 229; religion, 108, 229, 230; crime and pauperism, 231; political conditions, 232, 280, 281; annexation of Delaware, 210, 216; development, 216, 217; witchcraft delusion, 192; boundary disputes, 86, 268; disagreement between governor and assembly, 273, 274; Indian affairs, 170, 277; paper money, 278; characteristics, 217; influence of Virgina ideas, 280; population (1700), 221, 222, (1750) 265, 266.

Pequod Indians, uprising of, 136, 137, 140-142.

Philadelphia, first medical school, 184; commerce, 185, 226; first insane hospital, 231; arrival of Scotch, 269; characteristics, 228.

Philip II., king of Spain, 34.

Philip's War, in New England, 169-172, 188.

Phipps, Sir William, governor of Massachusetts, 177, 275, 276; captures Port Royal, 254.

Pilgrims, their staying qualities, 43; in Holland, 115-117; voyage of "Mayflower," 117, 118; settlement of Plymouth, 118-120; land-grant on the Hudson, 197.

Piracy, English, on Spanish commerce, 94; in New York, 206, 207; in the West Indies, 239, 240; in Virginia, 273; in Rhode Island, 276.

Plantation, as a political unit, 56, 73.

Plymouth, England, seat of Plymouth Company, 41, 66, 113, 150, 152.

Plymouth Colony, settled, 116-120, 144; development, 120-124; characteristics, 123, 124, 139; marriages in, 132; Williams at, 132; fur-trade on the Connecticut, 140; in the Gorton case, 160; treatment of Quakers, 166; receives royal commissioners, 169; Indian affairs, 170-172; joins the confederation, 156; rule of Andros, 175; shipbuilding, 185; merged in Massachusetts, 124, 176; lesson of the colony, 53.

Plymouth Company, chartered, 66; Baltimore a councillor, 81; southern boundary, 82; relations with New Englanders, 120, 122, 124; sends out Popham colony, 113; reorganizes, 114; grant to Massachusetts Bay Company, 125; grant to Brook and Say and Sele, 141; surrenders its charter, 131, 150, 152.

Pokanoket Indians, relations with Plymouth, 121, 170.

Poor whites, genesis of, 74, 100, 110.

Popham, George, heads the Popham colony, 113.

--, Sir John, interest in American colonization, 66, 113.

Population, of Indian tribes, 9-11, 15; excess of, in Europe, 50, 53, 65; of Virginia (1650-1670), 76, (1697) 81; of the South generally (1688), 97; of Pennsylvania and Delaware (1700), 221, 222; of the Jerseys (1700), 221; of New York (1674), 205, (1690) 253, (1700) 220, 221; of Connecticut (1636), 141; of Rhode Island (1638), 147; of Plymouth (1643), 121; of Massachusetts (1634), 129; of New England generally (1690), 253, (1700) 180; of the English colonies generally (1700-1750), 265, 266; of New France (1690), 253.

Portage paths, situation and importance of, 4; Indian villages on, 13.

Port Royal, Nova Scotia, founded, 36, 48; captured by English, 242, 243, 252, 254, 278.

--, S. C., founded by Huguenots, 33, 93; destroyed by Spanish, 93, 94.

Portsmouth, N. H., founded, 152, 153; Tory element at, 189.

--, R. I., founded, 147; declaration, 147, 148; chartered, 149.

Portuguese, early explorations of, 24, 25, 27; Alexander's bull of partition and the, 24; fishing colony at Newfoundland, 26, 37, 241; South American colonies of the, 44; colonial policy of, 48; over-population, 50; trade with New England, 185.

Presbyterians, in England, 115; in Scotland, 115, 132, 161; on the Continent, 115; in Virginia, 108; in Massachusetts, 161, 162; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 221; in middle colonies generally, 230; in the Shenandoah valley, 269.

Providence, R. I., founded, 133, 146; religious disturbances at, 148, 159; union with Rhode Island, 147; the compact, 147; chartered, 148, 149; population (1638), 147.

--, Md., former name for Annapolis, 98.

Pueblo Indians, status, 8; visited by Spaniards, 29, 30; Spanish missions among, 31, 32.

Puritans, definition of term, 115; in Holland, 115, 117; motive of emigration to America, 46; settle New England, 116-140; gain ascendency over Massachusetts Presbyterians, 162; rise to power in England, 169; in Virginia, 75-78, 108; in South Carolina, 109; in Maryland, 84-87; in middle colonies, 230.

Quakers, in Carolina, 89, 91, 95; in Virginia, 108; in Maryland, 86; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 210, 215-217, 221-225, 227, 230-232, 274, 277, 281; in the Jerseys, 212, 213, 221; in New England, 165, 166, 169.

Quebec, Cartier at, 32; founded by Champlain, 36, 48, 155, 246; capital of New France, 251; captured by English, 252.

Queen Anne's War, 254, 255, 277, 278.

Radisson, Sieur, early French explorer, 247, 248.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, interest in American colonization, 37-40, 52, 65, 68, 88; resists the Armada, 40.

Randolph, Edward, collector at Boston, 173, 174.

Representation, colonial practice of, 62; in Virginia, 73; in Maryland, 83, 84; in Pennsylvania, 216; in New Jersey, 211, 212, 214; in New Netherlands, 200, 201, 223; in New York, 204 206; in Connecticut, 143, 145; in Plymouth, 123; in Massachusetts, 62, 128, 129; the Watertown case, 128.

Rhode Island, founded, 133, 135, 146-150; chartered, 61, 168; religious disturbances, 148, 149, 159-161, 189, 190, 194; Mrs. Hutchinson in, 135; treatment of Quakers, 165, 166; litigation, 182; trade, 186; education, 188; union of colonies as Providence Plantations, 148; not permitted to join the confederation, 157; charter troubles, 175, 177, 266, 267; boundary disputes, 267, 268; represented in second colonial congress, 270; Bellomont's visit, 276; Indian affairs, 277; population (1700), 180; characteristics, 49, 50.

Ridge Hermits, in Pennsylvania, 230.

Rensselaerswyck, N. Y., founded, 199.

Roanoke Island, Raleigh's colony on, 38-40, 88, 119.

Roberval, Jean François de, attempt at French colonization, 32, 33.

Rocky Mountains, a barrier to colonization, 3; exploration of, 4; geography of, 6, 7; aborigines of, 8, 9, 12.

Ryswick, treaty of, 244, 254.

Sable, Isle of, early French colonies on, 35.

Saint-Lusson, Sieur de, early French explorer, 248.

Salem, Mass., founded, 125, 126; divides, 127; Williams at, 132, 133; witchcraft delusion at, 190-192.

Salzburgers, in Georgia, 260, 261.

San Francisco, harbor of, 3; founded, 31.

Santa Fé, N. Mex., founded, 31, 32.

Sault Ste. Marie, early French visits to, 247, 248; French settlement at, 253.

Savannah, Ga., founded, 258.

Say and Sele, Lord, attempts to introduce hereditary rank, 59, 129; Connecticut land-grant to, 141.

Saybrook, Conn., founded, 136, 137, 141, 164; raided by Indians, 137.

Scandinavians, pre-Columbian discoveries of, 21-23; on the Delaware, 51.

Schenectady, N. Y., sacked by French and Indians, 206.

Schuylkill River, conflicts between Dutch and English on, 200-202.

Scotch, in Carolina, 93; in the Jerseys, 211, 213, 221.

Scotch-Irish, in Georgia, 261, 263; in North Carolina, 97; in Virginia, 108; in Shenandoah valley, 269; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 221, 222; in New England, 180; in Nova Scotia, 242.

Seminoles, status of, 11.

Seneca Indians, status of, 10, 11.

Sewall, Samuel, denounces slavery, 182; in witchcraft trials, 191, 192.

Shenandoah valley, a home for Scotch Presbyterians, 269.

Shipbuilding in New England, 146, 185; Block's vessel, 196; in Pennsylvania, 226.

Shrewsbury, N. J., founded, 211.

Sioux Indians. _See_ Dakotahs.

Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Slavery, in Georgia, 260, 263; in South Carolina, 99; in Virginia, 74, 81, 99; in the South generally, 98, 99, 103, 110; in the middle colonies, 223, 224; in New England, 58, 139, 182, 185; in Illinois, 192; in the West Indies, 234, 239-241.

Smith, Capt. John, attempts to reach the Pacific, 26; member of the London Company, 66; experiences at Jamestown, 70-72; voyage to New England, 113, 114, 150.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, work in South Carolina, 102; in New York, 229; in Georgia, 260.

Somers, Sir George, member of London Company, 66, 69, 72; at Bermudas, 238.

Somers's Islands. _See_ Bermudas.

Sothel, Seth, governor of North Carolina, 92, 93; of South Carolina, 94.

South Carolina as Chicora, 27; settlement of, 90; landed estates in, 58; occupations, 102; religion, 102, 109; trade, 102, 261; social life, 107; becomes a royal province, 267; boundary established, 268; Indian affairs, 277; Oglethorpe's expedition, 278; influence of Virginia ideas, 280; political condition, 281; population (1763), 266.

Southern Indians, status of, 9, 11.

Southold, L. I., founded, 145.

Spaniards, conquest of Mexico and Peru, 8, 11; treatment of Indians, 17; early American discoveries, 23, 24; the bull of partition, 24, 36; fishermen at Newfoundland, 25, 37; exploration of American interior, 27-31; their American colonies, 26, 31, 32, 88; character of those colonies, 42, 43; conflicts with France, 32, 34, 93, 94; influence on English court, 36; conflicts with English, 38, 39, 237, 239-241, 244; war with Holland, 196; the Armada, 40; their colonial policy, 47, 48; over-population in Spain, 50; causes of failure of North American colonies, 42-44; trade with New England, 185; conflicts with Georgia, 259-262, 278.

St. Augustine, Fla., founded, 32, 34, 94; in Oglethorpe's campaign, 259, 261.

St. Christopher, Leeward Islands, 237, 238.

St. John's, Newfoundland, early fisheries at, 37.

St. Lawrence River, gateway to continental interior, 4, 248; explored by Cartier, 32; by Champlain, 35, 36; French claims on, 43, 255, 256; settlements on, 246, 249, 250, 253.

St. Lucia, Windward Islands, 237.

St. Mary's, Md., founded, 82, 83; as the capital, 84, 87, 98.

St. Vincent, in Windward Islands, 237.

Stamford, Conn., founded, 145.

Stoughton, William, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 181; in witchcraft trials, 191.

Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, 163, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209.

Suffrage in judicial elections, 59; general qualifications, 61, 62; in Maryland, 86; in New Jersey, 213, 214; in New Netherlands, 200; in New York, 204, 205; in Connecticut, 143; in Massachusetts, 128, 167, 173, 176; in New England generally, 193.

"Susan Constant," the, carries colonists to Virginia, 69.

Swedes, colonial policy of the, 51; career of New Sweden, 201, 202, 208, 209; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 208-210, 215, 217, 221, 222; in New Jersey, 211, 221.

Swiss, in North Carolina, 97.

Tarratine Indians, uprising in Maine, 188.

Tennessee, character of early settlers, 269, 283.

Texas, early Spanish exploration of, 28.

Tinicum, island of, seat of Swedish government in America, 208, 215.

Tobago, Windward Islands, 237.

Town, the, in England, 55; in New England, 57, 62, 139, 140, 192, 193; in the middle colonies, 57, 204, 216.

Trenton, N. J., characteristics, 228.

Trinidad, Windward Islands, 237.

Tuscarora Indians, join the Five Nations, 11.

Underhill, John, in Pequod War, 137.

Union, schemes for colonial, New England Confederation, 155-158; first colonial congress, 80, 206, 270; governmental plans, 267, 270; second congress, 270, 271.

Usselinx, Willem, founds South Company of Sweden, 208.

Utah, aborigines of, 12.

Utrecht, treaty of, 241-243, 255, 256.

Vaca, Cabeza de, in Narvaez's expedition, 28, 29.

Vane, Sir Henry, governor of Massachusetts, 129, 134, 135.

Van Rensselaer family, 199, 223.

Vermont, soil, 179; becomes a State, 268.

Verrazano, John, on the American coast, 32, 41.

Virginia, named by Raleigh, 38; Raleigh's land grants, 40; causes of early failures in colonizing, 41-44; geography, 96; settlement, 69-75; character of colonists, 97, 114; landed estates, 58; judiciary, 60; suffrage, 61, 62; first assembly, 62; first charter, 66-69, 70, 113; second charter, 72; development, 75-81; becomes a royal province, 74; Bacon's rebellion, 78, 79, 90; occupations, 102; commerce, 103, 104; education, 107, 108; religion, 108; witch-ducking, 192; conflicts with Dutch, 197, 200; Walloons rejected, 198; piracy, 273; Spotswood's term, 269; Nicholson's term, 273; includes Bermudas, 238; Virginia ideas _versus_ New England ideas, 280; reaching out to the West, 67, 283; population (1688), 97; (1763), 266.

"Virginia," the early New England pinnace, 185.

Virgin Islands, Leeward group, 237, 238.

Walford, Thomas, settles at Charlestown, 122.

Walloons, settle in New Netherlands, 198, 201; in Delaware, 207, 208.

Warwick, Earl of, interest in American colonization, 37; president of Council for New England, 141, 158.

--, R. I., founded, 148; Gorton case, 160.

Washington, George, education of, 108; opinion of Bermudas, 239.

Watertown, Mass., founded, 127; protest against taxation without representation, 62, 128; emigration to Connecticut, 140.

Welsh, American discoveries by, 21; in New England, 180; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 217, 221.

Wesley, Charles, in Georgia, 262.

--, John, in Georgia, 262.

West Indies, aborigines of, 8; Spanish conquest of, 43, 47; Spanish commerce, 39; piracy, 34; Portuguese in, 48; Dutch in, 50; trade with Southern colonies, 102, 104; trade with New England, 185; trade with middle colonies, 226; intercolonial relations, 234, 235.

West Jersey, 212-214, 216, 221.

Westminster, treaty of, 205.

Wethersfield, Conn., founded, 141; sacked by Indians, 137.

Weymouth, George, explores New England coast, 41, 65.

Whitefield, George, revival work, 190, 262.

William III., king of England, 206, 253.

-- and Mary, sovereigns of England, proclaimed in the colonies, 87, 176.

William and Mary college, chartered, 80, 81, 103.

Williams, Roger, character, 132; at Salem, 132, 133; founds Providence, 133, 146, 147, 149, 160; services in Pequod War, 136; attitude towards Quakers, 165.

Williamsburg, capital of Virginia, 81, 98.

Wilmington, Del., founded, 201, 208.

--, N. C., early French visit to, 32.

Windsor, Conn., founded, 136, 137, 140, 141.

Windward Islands, English colonies, 236, 237.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, member of London Company, 66; president of Jamestown, 70.

Winslow, Edward, London agent of Massachusetts, 131, 132; in the Gorton case, 160; expression of colonial independence, 161.

Winthrop, John, governor of Massachusetts, 127, 129, 135, 138, 156; expression of colonial independence, 161.

--, John, Jr., founds Saybrook, 136, 141; governor of Connecticut, 143; London agent of Connecticut, 168.

Wisconsin, canoe portages in, 4; aborigines of, 12; discovered by Nicolet, 26; early French explorations in, 247, 248.

Witchcraft delusion, at Salem, 190-192, 275; elsewhere, 190, 192.

Wocoken, island of, English colony on, 38, 88.

Yale College, founded, 80, 188.

Yeamans, Sir John, leads colony to Carolina, 89, 237; governor of South Carolina, 93.

York, Duke of, proprietor of New York, 203, 210-212; becomes James II., 205, 206, 213; grants Delaware to Pennsylvania, 216.

Zuñi Indians, visited by Spaniards, 29, 30.

Illustration: EPOCH MAP II

NORTH AMERICA 1650. SHOWING CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF EXPLORATION AND OCCUPANCY.

Illustration: EPOCH MAP III

ENGLISH COLONIES 1700. Showing Extent of Actual Jurisdiction.

Illustration: EPOCH MAP IV

NORTH AMERICA 1750. SHOWING CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF EXPLORATION AND OCCUPANCY.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Punctuation was standardized. Missing punctuation was added, where appropriate. William Claiborne's name is also spelled 'Clayborne.' Both were left as printed. The index entry for Augusta, GA, is out of order in the original and was not amended. Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged. Text in italics is surrounded by underscores, _like this_. Superscripted letters are surrounded by braces, for example, Gov{r}. Sidenotes were moved to precede the paragraph to which each refers.

Within the text of the book, where there are references to the book's page numbers, the section in which that page appears has been added. For example, "(page 41)" was altered to appear as "(page 41, § 15)," so that the reader may more easily locate the referenced text.

The following spelling corrections were made:

'da Leon' to 'de Leon' sidenote, Chapter II , § 9 'Greene' to 'Green' sidenote, Chapter VI , § 36 'Roberth' to 'Robert' Chapter VI , § 36 'browbreat' to 'browbeat' Chapter IV , § 38 'circumtances' to 'circumstances' Chapter XII , § 110 'beween' to 'between'