Part 5

7'. Tail all white or (in some _Lepus townsendii_) with faint buffy or dusky median line on top but this line not extending on to rump (as in _L. californicus_).

9. Geographic range north of a line from Port Simpson, British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

10. Geographic range east of Mackenzie River _Lepus arcticus_, p. 178

10'. Geographic range west of Mackenzie River _Lepus othus_, p. 177

9'. Geographic range south of a line from Port Simpson, British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia _Lepus townsendii_, p. 180

1'. South of 34[deg] N latitude.

11. In state of Tamaulipas, M['e]xico. _Lepus californicus_, p. 181

11'. Range outside Tamaulipas, M['e]xico.

12. Ears with terminal black patch (on outside). _Lepus californicus_ and _Lepus insularis_, pp. 181, 186

12'. Ears without terminal black patch.

13. Ear from notch, dry more than 130 (137 fresh), _Lepus alleni_, p. 188

13'. Ear from notch, dry less than 130 (137 fresh).

14. Nape more or less black.

15. Ears yellow; range Pacific Coastal region of Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Oaxaca and Chiapas. _Lepus flavigularis_, p. 188

15'. Ears dark buff, grayish, white and black; range north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec. _Lepus callotis_, p. 186

14'. Nape gray or grayish buff. _Lepus gaillardi_, p. 188

[Illustration: FIG. 44. Distribution of _Lepus americanus_.

Guide to subspecies:

1. _L. a. dalli_ 2. _L. a. macfarlani_ 3. _L. a. americanus_ 4. _L. a. pallidus_ 5. _L. a. columbiensis_ 6. _L. a. cascadensis_ 7. _L. a. washingtoni_ 8. _L. a. klamathensis_ 9. _L. a. tahoensis_ 10. _L. a. pineus_ 11. _L. a. oregonus_ 12. _L. a. bairdii_ 13. _L. a. seclusus_ 14. _L. a. phaenotus_ 15. _L. a. struthopus_ 16. _L. a. virginianus_ ]

=Lepus americanus=

American Varying Hare

Total length, 363-520; tail, 25-55; hind foot, 112-150; ear from notch (dry), 62-70. Upper parts brownish or dusky grayish; hind feet brownish or white depending on subspecies; winter pelage white except in certain populations along Pacific Coast; basilar length less than 67; first upper incisors inscribing an arc of a circle the radius of which is less than 9.6 mm. There are two to six young in a litter according to Orr (1940:59).

LEPUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Erxleben.

1777. [_Lepus_] _americanus_ Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis ..., 1:330, type locality Hudson Bay, Canada.

1778. _Lepus hudsonius_ Pallas, Glires, p. 30, type locality not stated.

1790. _Lepus nanus_ Schreber, S[:a]:a]ugethiere, 4:880-885, pl. 234B, a composite of _Lepus americanus_ and _Sylvilagus floridanus_. No type or type locality designated. Range given as from Hudson Bay to Florida.

1899. _Lepus bishopi_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:11, March 4, type from Mill Lake, Turtle Mts., North Dakota (inseparable from _L. a. americanus_ according to V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:138, January 8, 1927 [not December, 1926]).

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:89, unless otherwise noted).--Keewatin: Hudson Bay (Anderson, 1947:100). Ontario: Fort Severn (Nelson, 1909:88); around shore of Hudson Bay to approximately 56[deg] N thence to Ungava: Fort Chimo. Labrador: Hamilton Inlet. Ontario: North Bay of Lake Nipissing; Michipicoten Island; Isle Royal (Anderson, 1947:100). Manitoba: Dog Lake. Saskatchewan: Indian Head. North Dakota (V. Bailey, 1927:139): Mill Lake, Turtle Mts.; Grafton; "near" Fargo; Elbowoods; Buford. Saskatchewan: Battle Creek (Soper, 1946:149). Alberta: Red Deer; 50 mi. N Edmonton; Fort Chipewyan; Govt. Hay Camp, Slave River (Soper, 1942:140).

LEPUS AMERICANUS BAIRDII Hayden.

1869. _Lepus bairdii_ Hayden, Amer. Nat., 3:115, May, type locality Columbia Valley, Wind River Mts., Fremont County, Wyoming.

1875. [_Lepus americanus_] var. _bairdii_, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 17:431, February 17.

_Marginal records._--British Columbia: Elko (Anderson, 1947:100); Waterton Lakes Nat'l Park (_ibid._). Montana (Nelson, 1909:112): Fort Benton; Big Snowy Mts. Wyoming: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale (15924 KU); 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak (17603 KU). Colorado: Boulder Co. (Nelson, 1909:112). New Mexico: 10,500 ft., Agua Fria Mtn. (Hill, 1942:82); Pecos Baldy (V. Bailey, 1932:45); Chama (_ibid._). Utah (Durrant, MS unless otherwise noted): 18 mi. SE Manila; _30 mi. N Fort Duchesne_; _23 mi. N Fruitland_; 21 mi. N Escalante; 10 mi. E Marysvale; City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City (Barnes, 1927:145). Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:181): Pocatello; _Payette_; Cuddy Mtn.; _Weippe_; Bitterroot Valley. _British Columbia: Newgate_ (Anderson, 1947:100).

LEPUS AMERICANUS CASCADENSIS Nelson.

1907. _Lepus bairdi cascadensis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:87, December 11, type from Roab's ranch, near Hope, British Columbia.

1935. _Lepus americanus cascadensis_, Racey and Cowan, Rep't Prov. Mus. British Columbia, 1935:H28.

_Marginal records_ (Dalquest, 1942:177, unless otherwise noted).--British Columbia: type locality; Fairview-Keremeos Summit (Anderson, 1947:101). Washington: Lake Chelan; Trout Lake; Vance; _Mt. Rainier_; Entiat River, 20 mi. from mouth. British Columbia: Alta Lake.

LEPUS AMERICANUS COLUMBIENSIS Rhoads.

1895. _Lepus americanus columbiensis_ Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 242, July 2, type from Vernon, British Columbia.

_Marginal records._--Alberta: Banff Nat'l Park (Anderson, 1947:101); Jasper Nat'l Park (_ibid._). British Columbia: Creston (Dalquest, 1942:182). Washington: Republic (Dalquest, 1948:385); Moulson (Dalquest, 1942:182). British Columbia: Cottonwood Post Office (Dalquest, 1942:182); Indianpoint Lake (_ibid._).

LEPUS AMERICANUS DALLI Merriam.

1900. _Lepus americanus dalli_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:29, March 14, type from Nulato, Alaska.

_Marginal records._--Noatak River (Bailey and Hendee, 1926:21); Upper St. John River (Rausch, 1950:466); Koyukuk (Nelson, 1909:102); Anvik (_ibid._); Yukon Delta (_ibid._); thence northerly, in suitable habitat, along coast to Noatak River.

LEPUS AMERICANUS KLAMATHENSIS Merriam.

1899. _Lepus klamathensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:100, October 28, type from head of Wood River, near Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.

1936. _Lepus americanus klamathensis_, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:95, August 29.

_Marginal records._--Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:176): Mt. Hood; mouth Davis Creek. California (Orr, 1940:53): vicinity Fort Bidwell; 3000 ft., Rush Creek, 12 mi. from [N of] Weaverville. _Oregon: Estacada_ (Dalquest, 1942:176).

LEPUS AMERICANUS MACFARLANI Merriam.

1900. _Lepus americanus macfarlani_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:30, March 14, type from Fort Anderson, near mouth of Anderson River, Mackenzie.

1900. _Lepus saliens_ Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:39, October 6, type from Caribou Crossing, between Lake Bennett and Lake Tagish, Yukon.

1907. ? _Lepus niediecki_ Matschie, Niedieck's Kreuzfahrten im Beringmeer, p. 240, type locality Kasilof Lake, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:100, unless otherwise noted).--Mackenzie: type locality; Fort Franklin; Fort Rae; Fort Resolution; Fort Smith. British Columbia: Peace River and Alaska Highway (Anderson, 1947:101); Bennett. Alaska: Cordova (Philip, 1939:84); Mills Creek (_ibid._); Lake Clark; E. Fork Kuskokwim River (Dice, 1921:27); head N. Fork Kuskokwim (_ibid._); Fort Yukon. Yukon: Russell Mts.

LEPUS AMERICANUS OREGONUS Orr.

1934. _Lepus bairdii oregonus_ Orr, Jour. Mamm., 15:152, May 15, type from 12 mi. S Canyon City, 5500 ft., Grant County, Oregon.

1942. _Lepus americanus oregonus_, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:179, June 3.

_Marginal records._--Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:180): 22 mi. N Enterprise; _Wallowa Lake_; _summit of Blue Mts._; Ochoco Nat'l Forest, Harney County.

1938. _Lepus americanus pallidus_ Cowan, Jour. Mamm., 19:242, May 12, type from Chezacut Lake, Chiloctin River, British Columbia.

LEPUS AMERICANUS PALLIDUS Cowan.

_Marginal records._--British Columbia: 23 mi. N Hazelton (Dalquest, 1942:183); Berg Lake (_ibid._); Quesnel (Cowan, 1938:243); Lac La Hache (_ibid._); Bonaparte River, 5 days N Ashcroft (Dalquest, 1942:183); Kimsquit, Dean Channel (Anderson, 1947:102); Hazelton (Dalquest, 1942:183).

LEPUS AMERICANUS PHAEONOTUS J. A. Allen.

1899. _Lepus americanus phaeonotus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:11, March 4, type from Hallock, Kittson County, Minnesota.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:96, unless otherwise noted).--Manitoba: Selkirk Settlement. Ontario: Lake of the Woods (Anderson, 1947:102); Rainy Lake. Michigan: Houghton; Chippewa County (Burt, 1946:244); Presque Isle County (_ibid._); Wayne County (_ibid._); Jackson County (_ibid._); Allegan County (_ibid._). Wisconsin: Rhinelander; St. Croix River, Douglas Co. Minnesota: Elk River; Moores Lake; Warren; St. Vincent. Saskatchewan: Glen Ewen (Soper, 1946:149). Manitoba: Carberry (Anderson, 1947:102).

LEPUS AMERICANUS PINEUS Dalquest.

1942. _Lepus americanus pineus_ Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:178, June 3, type from Cedar Mtn., Latah County, Idaho.

_Marginal records._--British Columbia (Anderson, 1947:102): Trail; Nelson Range south of Creston. Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:179): 5 mi. W Cocolalla; Troy. Washington (Dalquest, 1942:179): Blue Mts., Columbia County; _Marcus_. _British Columbia_: _Rossland_ (Anderson, 1947:102).

LEPUS AMERICANUS SECLUSUS Baker and Hankins.

1950. _Lepus americanus seclusus_ Baker and Hankins, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63:63, May 25, type from 12 mi. E and 2 mi. N Shell, 7900 ft., Bighorn Mts., Big Horn County, Wyoming. Type locality is only precise locality.

LEPUS AMERICANUS STRUTHOPUS Bangs.

1898. _Lepus americanus struthopus_ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:81, March 24, type from Digby, Nova Scotia.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:92, unless otherwise noted).--Newfoundland (introduced in 1864): Bay of Islands; Bay of St. George. Nova Scotia: type locality. Maine: Bucksport. Quebec: south of St. Lawrence River (Anderson, 1947:102). New Brunswick: Andover. Prince Edward Island: Alberton. Quebec: Grosse Isle, Magdalen Islands.

LEPUS AMERICANUS TAHOENSIS Orr.

1933. _Lepus washingtonii tahoensis_ Orr, Jour. Mamm., 14:54, February 14, type from 1/2 mi. S Tahoe Tavern, Placer County, California.

1942. [_Lepus americanus_] _tahoensis_, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:176, June 3.

_Marginal records._--California: vic. Mineral (Orr, 1940:56). Nevada: 350 yards NE junction of Nevada state line and N shore Lake Tahoe (Hall, 1946:601). California: Niagara Creek (Orr, 1940:55); Cisco (Orr, 1940:56).

LEPUS AMERICANUS VIRGINIANUS Harlan.

1825. _Lepus virginianus_ Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 196, type locality Blue Mountains, northeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

1875. _Lepus americanus_ var. _virginianus_, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 17:431, February 17.

1825. _Lepus wardii_ Schinz, Das Thierreich ..., 4:428, based on the varying hare of the southern part of the United States (Warden, D. B., in A statistical, political, and historical account of the United States of North America ..., 1:233, 1819).

1845. _Lepus borealis_ Schinz, Synopsis Mammalium, 2:286-287. No type or type locality mentioned. From Virginia and the Alleghenies.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:94, unless otherwise noted).--Quebec (Anderson, 1947:103): Ottawa River; Megantic County. Maine: _Greenville_ (Nelson, 1909:95); Sebec Lake (_ibid._); Mt. Desert Island (Manville, 1942:397). _Massachusetts_: _Concord_; _Middleboro_. _Rhode Island_: _Washington County_. New York: Locust Grove. Pennsylvania: type locality. Tennessee: White Rock (Kellogg, 1939:289). Ohio: Ashtabula Co. (Bole and Moulthrop, 1942:174). Ontario: Holland Riv. (Snyder and Logier, 1930:180).

LEPUS AMERICANUS WASHINGTONII Baird.

1855. _Lepus washingtonii_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:333, type from Steilacoom, Washington.

1875. _Lepus americanus_ var. _washingtoni_, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18:431, February 17.

_Marginal records_ (Dalquest, 1942:175, unless otherwise noted).--British Columbia (Nelson, 1909:107): Sumas; Chilliwack. Washington: _Mt. Vernon_; Lake Kapowsin; White Salmon. Oregon: Drew; Florence; _Tillamook_. Washington: Sekiu River.

=Lepus othus=

Alaskan Hare

Total length, 565-690; tail, 53-104; hind foot, 147-189; ear from notch (dry), 75-78. Color brownish in summer; white in winter; but tips of ears always black. General comparisons indicate that this is the species which, in Eurasia, bears the name _Lepus timidus_.

LEPUS OTHUS OTHUS Merriam.

1900. _Lepus othus_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:28, March 14, type from St. Michael, Norton Sound, Alaska.

_Marginal records._--Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:334): Kotzebue Sound; mts. NW Nulato River; Akiak; 75 mi. below Bethel; thence N along coast.

LEPUS OTHUS POADROMUS Merriam.

1900. _Lepus poadromus_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:29, March 14, type from Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska.

1936. _Lepus othus poadromus_, A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:334, November 16.

_Marginal records._--Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:335): Nushagak; Kawatna Bay, Shelikof Strait; _Cold Bay_; _Chignik_; _type locality_; _Sand Point_; 15 mi. W Pavlof Mtn.

=Lepus arcticus=

Arctic Hare

Revised by A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:315-332, November 16, 1936. For the taxonomic status of the technical names _arcticus_ and _glacialis_ see Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:234-235, March, 1896; Merriam, Science, n. s., 3:564-565, April 10, 1896; Rhoads, Science, n. s., 3:843-845, June 5, 1896; Merriam, Science, n. s., 3:845, June 5, 1896.

Total length, 480-678; tail, 34-80; hind foot, 132-174; ear from notch (dry), 70-84. Upper parts gray in summer in southern subspecies; in others white; in winter white in all subspecies, except black tips of ears. Weights of lean individuals reach 12 pounds. Hopping on the hind feet without touching the forefeet to the ground has repeatedly been recorded for this species. There are four to eight young in a litter.

[Illustration: FIG. 45. Distribution of _Lepus othus_ and _Lepus arcticus_.

1. _L. o. othus_ 2. _L. o. poadromus_ 3. _L. a. groenlandicus_ 4. _L. a. porsildi_ 5. _L. a. monstrabilis_ 6. _L. a. arcticus_ 7. _L. a. andersoni_ 8. _L. a. labradorius_ 9. _L. a. bangsi_ ]

LEPUS ARCTICUS ARCTICUS Ross.

1819. _Lepus arcticus_ Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, vol. 2, appendix 4, p. 151, type locality Possession Bay, Bylot Island, lat. 73[deg] 37' N.

1819. _Lepus glacialis_ Leach, in Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 170, type locality same as for _Lepus arcticus_ Ross.

_Marginal records._--Franklin: type locality; Egukjuak, 8 mi. E Pond Inlet, Baffin Island (A. H. Howell, 1936:322); W coast Baffin Island, 67[deg] 30' (Anderson, 1947:96); Winter Island, Melville Peninsula (A. H. Howell, 1936:321); Repulse Bay, Melville Peninsula (_ibid._)

LEPUS ARCTICUS ANDERSONI Nelson.

1934. _Lepus arcticus andersoni_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:85, March 8, type from Cape Barrow, Coronation Gulf, Northwest Territory.

_Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:328).--Franklin: Cape Kellett, Banks Island; Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island. Mackenzie: Bathurst Inlet; Backs River near Lake Beechey; Lake Hanbury; Fort Rae; Fort Anderson.

LEPUS ARCTICUS BANGSII Rhoads.

1896. _Lepus arcticus bangsii_ Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:253[=236 of March issue], author's separates (preprints) published February 20, 1896, type from Codroy, Newfoundland.

_Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:327).--Labrador: Hopedale; Makkovik. Newfoundland: Saint Johns; type locality; Mt. St. Gregory.

LEPUS ARCTICUS GROENLANDICUS Rhoads.

1896. _Lepus groenlandicus_ Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:254(=237 of March issue), author's separates (preprints) issued February 20, type from Robertson Bay, NW Greenland.

1934. [_Lepus arcticus_] _groenlandicus_, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:83, March 8.

1912. _Boreolepus groenlandicus_, Barrett-Hamilton, Hist. British Mammals, pt. 12, p. 298, October.

1930. _Lepus variabilis hyperboreus_ Pedersen, Medd. om Gr[:o]nland, 77:363, no type or type locality designated but name applied to hares of east Greenland in the general vicinity of Scoresby Sound (preoccupied by _Lepus hyperboreas_ Pallas, Zoogeographica Rosso Asiatica, 1:152, 1831, a species of _Ochotona_).

1934. _Lepus arcticus persimilis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:84, March 8, type from S side Clavering Island, east Greenland.

_Marginal records._--Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:331): Cape Alexander; on east coast to Francis Joseph Fiord; on west coast to _Nugsuak Peninsula_; Disko Island; Holsteinsborg.

LEPUS ARCTICUS LABRADORIUS Miller.

1899. _Lepus labradorius_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:39, May 29, type from Fort Chimo, Ungava, Canada.

1924. _Lepus arcticus labradorius_, G. M. Allen and Copeland, Jour. Mamm., 5:12, February 9.

1902. _Lepus arcticus canus_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 22:59, October 31, type from Hubbart Point, W coast Hudson Bay, Keewatin.

_Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:323).--Franklin: Pangnirtung Fiord; Nunata, Kingua Fiord; Cumberland Sound, Blacklead Island; Weddell Harbor, Frobisher Bay. Labrador: Ramah; Solomons Island, near Davis Inlet. Quebec: _type locality_; Great Whale River, Hudson Bay; Belcher Islands. Manitoba: Fort Churchill; _Hubbart Point_. Keewatin: Cape Fullerton; Southampton Island. Franklin: _Cape Dorset_; Camp Kungovik, W coast Baffin Island, 65[deg] 35' N lat.; _Nettilling Fiord_.

LEPUS ARCTICUS MONSTRABILIS Nelson.

1934. _Lepus arcticus monstrabilis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:85, March 8, type from Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island.

_Marginal records._--Franklin (A. H. Howell, 1936:329): Cape Sheridan; Craig Harbor; Dundas Harbor, Devon Island.

LEPUS ARCTICUS PORSILDI Nelson.

1934. _Lepus arcticus porsildi_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:83, March 8, type from near Julianehaab, 61[deg] 20' N lat., Greenland.

_Marginal records._--Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:332): Sukkertoppen; _Neria, 61[deg] 36' N lat_.; 60[deg] 42' N lat.

=Lepus townsendii=

White-tailed Jack Rabbit

Total length, 565-655; tail, 66-112; hind foot, 145-172; ear from notch (dry), 96-113. Upper parts grayish brown; tail all white or with dusky or buffy mid-dorsal stripe which does not extend onto back; white in winter in northern parts of its range. Two adult males weighed 2945 and 2494 grams (Orr, 1940:43) and there are 3 to 6 young in a litter.

[Illustration: FIG. 46. Distribution of _Lepus townsendii_.

1. _Lepus townsendii townsendii_ 2. _Lepus townsendii campanius_ ]

LEPUS TOWNSENDII CAMPANIUS Hollister.

1837. _Lepus campestris_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:349, not of Meyer, 1790; type locality plains of the Saskatchewan, probably near Carlton House.

1915. _Lepus townsendii campanius_ Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28:70, March 12.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:78, unless otherwise noted).--Saskatchewan: Indian Head (Nelson, 1909:77). Manitoba: Carberry (_ibid._). Ontario: Rainy River (Anderson, 1947:100). Minnesota (Swanson, Surber and Roberts, 1945:97): Polk County; Otter Tail County; Sherburne County: Washington County. Illinois: Blanding, 6 mi. WNW Hanover (Hoffmeister, 1948:1). Kansas: Red Fork, 60 mi. W Fort Riley; Greensburg (Brown, 1940:387). New Mexico: "near" Taos (V. Bailey, 1932:47); Hopewell. Colorado: Antonito; Fort Garland; Villa Grove; Salida; Como; _Denver_; Mt. Whitely, 25 mi. N Kremmling. Wyoming: Spring Creek; Big Piney; head Glenn Creek, Yellowstone Nat'l Park. Alberta: Great Plains region (Anderson, 1947:99).

LEPUS TOWNSENDII TOWNSENDII Bachman.

1839. _Lepus townsendii_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8(pt. 1):90, pl. 2, type from Fort Walla Walla, near present town of Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington.

1904. _Lepus campestris sierrae_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:132, July 14, type from 7800 ft., Hope Valley, Alpine County, California. Regarded as inseparable from _L. t. townsendii_ by Orr, Occas. Papers, California Acad. Sci., 19:42, May 25, 1940.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:82, unless otherwise noted).--British Columbia: Fairview, Okanagan Valley. Idaho: Rathdrum Prairie (Rust, 1946:322); Lemhi River; Teton Basin. Wyoming: Hamsfork; Henrys Fork. Colorado: Hot Sulphur Springs; Mt. Baldy; Crested Butte; Mill City. Utah: Kanab. Nevada (Hall, 1946:600): Hamilton; Desatoya Mts.; Santa Rosa Mts. California: Parker Creek, 6300 ft., Warner Mts. Nevada (Hall, 1946:600): 8600 ft., 3 mi. S Mt. Rose; 8900 ft., Lapon Canyon, Mt. Grant; Mt. Magruder. California (Orr, 1940:43): Tuolumne Meadows; Woodfords; Tahoe City; 4700 ft., Steele Meadows. Oregon: Antelope. Washington: Manson (Dalquest, 1948:382).

=Lepus californicus=

Black-tailed Jack Rabbit

Total length, 465-630; tail, 50-112; hind foot, 112-145; ear from notch (dry), 99-131. Upper parts gray to blackish; tail with black mid-dorsal stripe extending onto back; never all white in winter. On the tableland of Mexico and in the southwestern United States where this species occurs together with the white-sided jack rabbits, _L. californicus_ can be recognized by the terminal black patch on the outside of each ear and by the less extensive area of white on the flank. To the eastward, in Tamaulipas, where only the black-tailed jack rabbit occurs, it too, has extensively white flanks and some individuals lack the terminal black patch on the ear.

A certain means for distinguishing the skulls of the black-tailed jack rabbit from those of all of the white-sided jack rabbits has not yet been found. The same is true of the skulls of the white-tailed jack rabbit and the black-tailed jack rabbit in the Great Basin region of Nevada. The skulls, at least of adults, of these two species, in the region east of the Rocky Mountains can be readily distinguished by the pattern of infolding of the enamel on the front of the first upper incisor teeth; _L. townsendii_ has a simple groove on the anterior face of the tooth and _L. californicus_, east of the Rocky Mountains, has a bifurcation, or even trifurcation, of the infold that can readily be seen by examining the occlusal surface of the incisor.

In Arizona, Vorhies and Taylor (1933:478) found the weight of 23 adult males to average 5.1 (4.4-6.1) lbs. In that state, 70 pregnant females averaged 2.24 (1-6) young per litter and the authors (_op. cit._) thought that a female had three or four litters each year.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS ALTAMIRAE Nelson.

1904. _Lepus merriami altamirae_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:109, May 18, type from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. Known from type locality only.

1951. _Lepus californicus altamirae_, Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1, 1951.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS ASELLUS Miller.

1899. _Lepus asellus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 380, September 29, type from San Luis Potos['i], San Luis Potos['i].

1909. _Lepus californicus asellus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:150, August 31.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:151).--Coahuila: Jaral. Nuevo Leon: Miquihuana. San Luis Potos['i]: R['i]o Verde. Aguascalientes: Chicalote. Zacatecas: Valparaiso.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS BENNETTII Gray.

1844. _Lepus bennettii_ Gray, Zoology Voy. _Sulphur_, p. 35, pl. 14, type from San Diego, San Diego County, California.

1909. _Lepus californicus bennetti_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:136, August 31.

_Marginal records._--California: Mt. Pi[~n]os (Orr, 1940:73); Arroyo Seco, Pasadena (Orr, 1940:74); San Felipe Valley (_ibid._); Jacumba (Nelson, 1909:137), Baja California: San Quint['i]n (Nelson, 1909:137). Northward along coast at least to California: Montalvo (Orr, 1940:73).

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS CALIFORNICUS Gray.

1837. _Lepus californica_ Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1:586, type from "St. Antoine," California (probably on coastal slope of mts. near the Mission of San Antonio, Jolon, Monterey County).

1926. _Lepus californicus vigilax_ Dice, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 166:11, February 11, type from Balls Ferry, Shasta County, California.

_Marginal records._--Oregon (Nelson, 1909:132): Drain; Grants Pass. California (Orr, 1940:68-69): Callahan, Scott River; 3300 ft, Lymans, NW of Lyonsville; Dry Creek, Oroville-Chico Road; Snelling; Hernandez; Morro; _Carmel Point_; _Bolinas Bay_; _Freestone_; _Sherwood_; _Ferndale_; 3 mi. W Arcata. Oregon: Rogue River Valley (Nelson, 1909:132).

_Lepus californicus curti_ Hall.

1951. _Lepus californicus curti_ Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:42, October 1, 1951, type from 88 mi. S and 10 mi. W Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Known from type locality only.

[Illustration: FIG. 47. Distribution of _Lepus californicus_ and _Lepus insularis_.

1. _L. c. wallawalla_ 2. _L. c. californicus_ 3. _L. c. deserticola_ 4. _L. c. richardsonii_ 5. _L. c. bennettii_ 6. _L. c. martirensis_ 7. _L. c. xanti_ 8. _L. c. sheldoni_ 9. _L. c. magdalenae_ 10. _L. c. eremicus_ 11. _L. c. texianus_ 12. _L. c. melanotis_ 13. _L. c. merriami_ 14. _L. c. asellus_ 15. _L. c. festinus_ 16. _L. c. altamirae_ 17. _L. c. curti_ 18. _L. insularis_ ]

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS DESERTICOLA Mearns.

1896. _Lepus texianus deserticola_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:564, June 24, type from western edge Colorado Desert, at base of Coast Range Mts., Imperial County, California.

1909. _Lepus californicus deserticola_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:137, August 31.

1932. _Lepus californicus depressus_ Hall and Whitlow, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 45:71, April 2, type from 1/2 mi. S. Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho. (Regarded as inseparable from _L. c. deserticola_ by Davis, The Recent Mammals of Idaho, p. 359, April 5, 1939.)

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:140, unless otherwise noted).--Idaho (Davis, 1939:360): Boise River; Sawtooth Nat'l Forest; Arco; Blackfoot. Utah: Ogden; Provo; Loa. Arizona: San Francisco Mtn.; Fort Whipple; Phoenix; Rancho Bonito, Abra Valley (Huey, 1942:362). Sonora: El Doctor. Baja California: Calamahue; Esperanza Canyon. California (Orr, 1940-76): Coyote Wells; Kenworthy; Victorville; Farrington Ranch; 5 mi. SW Lone Pine; 10,000 ft., head Silver Canyon; Mono Mills; 5600 ft., near Woodfords. Nevada (Hall, 1946:606): Sutcliffe; 3/4 mi. S Sulphur. Idaho: 6 mi. S Murphy (Davis, 1939:360).

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS EREMICUS J. A. Allen.

1894. _Lepus texianus eremicus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:347, December 7, type from Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona.

1909. _Lepus californicus eremicus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, August 31.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:141, unless otherwise noted).--Arizona: Casa Grande; Fort Bowie; 2 mi. E Portal (Cahalane, 1939:435). Chihuahua: San Bernardino Ranch (possibly Nelson should have placed this in Sonora); Colonia Garcia. Sonora: Hermosillo; La Libertad (Burt, 1938:68); Agua Dulce (of Sonora, not of Arizona).

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS FESTINUS Nelson.

1904. _Lepus festinus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:108, May 18, type from Irolo, Hidalgo.

1909. _Lepus californicus festinus_ Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:151, August 31.

_Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:152).--Hidalgo: Zimapan; _Tulancingo_; type locality; Queretaro: Tequisquiapam.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MAGDALENAE Nelson.

1907. _Lepus californicus magdalenae_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:81, July 22, type from Magdalena Island, Baja California.

_Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:155): type locality; Margarita Island.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MARTIRENSIS Stowell.

1895. _Lepus martirensis_ Stowell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 5(ser. 2):51, May 28, type specimen from the San Pedro M['a]rtir Mountains of Baja California.

_Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:154): La Huerta; Calamahue; San Bruno; Rancho San Jos['e]; San Simon.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MELANOTIS Mearns.

1890. _Lepus melanotis_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:297, February 21, type from Independence, Montgomery County, Kansas.

1909. _Lepus californicus melanotis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:146, August 31.