CHAPTER XVIII

CATALOGUING METHOD

=256. General.=--Of the interior administrative work of the municipal, or even more of the university or institutional library, that which occupies most time and thought is cataloguing. A catalogue is properly defined as an explanatory, logically-arranged inventory and key to the books and their contents, and differs from a bibliography in being confined to the books in a given library. For its production wide knowledge both of cataloguing rules and of general subjects is required, and experience in ordinary reference work is essential. The staff, therefore, to whom the cataloguing is entrusted should be highly trained and well educated; that is to say, that part of the staff which deals with the final processes in cataloguing--the choice of headings, treatment of titles, annotation, selection of added entries, and the filing of the finished material. In large libraries cataloguing staffs are chosen with care, and cataloguing rooms are arranged for the work with a careful regard to the value of natural lighting, of furniture so arranged that the cataloguer has not to rise from his desk every time he wishes to make a reference, and, indeed, with the object of producing the best results at a minimum expenditure of energy. Even in the smallest library, where the librarian does the cataloguing, a preliminary attention to such matters as the construction of the cataloguing table and its accessibility to the inevitable cataloguer’s reference books, will save much labour hereafter. It may not be superfluous to add that as cataloguing is exacting work, it is fatiguing work, and no assistant should be kept at it without variation for a longer time than he can remain mentally alert and fresh. Eye-strain and fatigue mean inaccuracy, and at the best inefficient work, and seven hours is a maximum that should not be exceeded.

=257. Kinds of Catalogue.=--There is no more important decision that a librarian has to make than that of the form which the catalogue is to take. A wrong choice here will produce months of labour to make good the error. The choice will no doubt be influenced by the kind of public for which the catalogue is required. The public may be general in character, and within that somewhat vague definition may be artisan, or commercial, or what not; or it may be special--with a large number of students. The public a municipal library has to serve usually combines all these elements; and in choosing the form of catalogue, a librarian may be guided by the desire to serve them all, but to emphasize the educational side of his work. The questions which a catalogue or catalogues may be expected to answer are: what books has the library (_a_) by a given author, (_b_) on a given subject, (_c_) having a given title. Most catalogues may, by the addition of indexes, be made to yield this information with varying degrees of efficiency. The various forms, and examples of them, should be considered carefully before the choice is made. Those most recognized are the _Author_ catalogue, the _Dictionary_ catalogue, the _Classified_ catalogue, and the _Alphabetical-Classed_ catalogue.

The _author_ catalogue is most valuable in the hands of literary men and of experts, but is of very limited use to the reader whose knowledge of authors is small. It is simply an alphabetical arrangement of author entries of books, without any reference in that arrangement to their subjects. The best examples of this form of cataloguing are the British Museum _Catalogue of the Printed Books_ and the _Author Catalogue_ of the London Library.

The _dictionary_ catalogue is the form most popular here and in America, and, unfortunately, is usually the most defective. As its name implies, it resembles the ordinary alphabetical arrangement of the dictionary, and embraces in one alphabet entries of authors, subjects, titles, and series. The principle of subject entry is that books are entered under the specific subject, and not usually under broad headings; thus books on Trees are entered under that word, and not, as in a classified catalogue, under their historical, or logical, place in Botany. The dictionary form is that most attractive to the general reader, and in its ideal form is a remarkably effective instrument; that is to say, when it analyses the subjects in books, and links all specific and general headings by cross-references. The best examples are the Brooklyn _Library Catalogue_ and the _Index Catalogue_ of the U.S. Surgeon-General’s Library; and good English examples, which will repay study, are the catalogues of Bishopsgate Institute, London, and of Hampstead Public Libraries which seems to be modelled on the Bishopsgate catalogue. Objections to the dictionary catalogue are that it gives no connected view of any subject and of its collateral subjects, that it is rarely cross-referenced adequately, that headings are chosen haphazard, and, what is its chief objection, if it is printed it is out-of-date the day after publication--an objection which does not apply so much to the printed classified catalogue, as that lends itself to publication, and to revision, a class at a time. Librarians using this form should base their subject entries upon the _A. L. A. List of Subject Headings_ (second edition, 1912) or the _Library of Congress List_ (in progress, issued in parts by the Library), as these will secure a choice of recognized headings and save much labour in deciding between alternative headings. The application of the Library of Congress list may be studied in The Library Association _Index to Periodicals_ (1915-16), which is, in the main, arranged upon it.

The _classified_ catalogue--the best accessible example of which is the catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh (1895-1902, supplements, 1902-06 and 1907-11), while good English examples are issued by The Patent Office, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Islington (selected catalogue), Bolton and Walthamstow--is gradually ousting the dictionary catalogue from the favour of librarians. In this form books are arranged in the order of the classification, in the perfect form in the strict order of it, and under each specific heading the books can be arranged alphabetically or (preferably) in chronological or inverse-chronological order, or in the order which places the best book first. Such a catalogue shows the whole “family” literature of every subject in a logical progression, and is therefore much more valuable to the student than other forms. It must, however, be equipped with author and subject indexes to make it usable by ordinary readers who have not grasped the scheme of classification; such indexes are usually placed at the end of the catalogue, or class if the catalogue is issued in class lists, and the catalogue is prefaced with an outline of the scheme.

The _alphabetical-classed_ catalogue is one in which the books are arranged under specific subjects and the subject headings are arranged in alphabetical order. Excellent examples of the method are the Library Association _Index to Periodicals_ and (with briefer entries) the London Library _Subject Index_, and the British Museum _Subject Index_. As the last two examples show, this form is usually provided as an index to be used in conjunction with a separate author catalogue, but complete, individual catalogues have been produced in this form. Its advantages are those accruing to the alphabet, rapid reference and easy recognition; its disadvantages are the inevitable separations of allied topics.

=258. Annotation, etc.=--In all forms of catalogue the difficulties which have to be obviated are the lack of clearness of meaning in titles and of information as to the qualifications of authors, the scope, size, _format_, date and other features of books. These particulars can, and should, be given as a rule under the principal entry of each book as part of the main entry; but to amplify such information, notes--technically called annotations--are now frequently provided. An admirable conspectus of the art of annotation is available in E. A. Savage’s _Manual of Annotation in Library Catalogues_, and the student is referred to that work. Here it will be sufficient to say that catalogue entries should be as full in bibliographical particulars as the means of the library will allow, and that notes, which must be as brief as possible, should elucidate obscure titles, show the qualifications of the author, his method, elementary or otherwise, the preliminary knowledge required for the reading of the book, its place in the literature of the subject, and the presence of bibliographies, glossaries, etc.; and should give, in the case of reprints, the date of first publication, and in that of revised editions, the nature of the revision or editorial additions.

=259. Form of Catalogue.=--Having chosen the manner in which his catalogue is to be compiled, or, to adapt a term from classification, its inner form, the librarian has an almost equally important decision to make as to the manner of its outer form, or the way in which it may be made accessible to his public. At one time every librarian aimed to produce a printed catalogue as a matter of course and necessity, partly because MS. forms were imperfect, and partly because the universal prevalence of the barrier system made a key of which every reader could have a copy an integral part of the charging. This view does not prevail to anything like the former extent, and the complete printed catalogue in book form is becoming less and less general. In some ways this is unfortunate, because the printed catalogue has the indisputable value of book-form, homogeneity, and convenience both for consultation and for carrying about; besides, it is a valuable bibliographical tool for use in all other libraries. At the same time, the great cost of the printed catalogue, especially when issued complete in any of the alphabetical forms, and the irritating fact that in a growing library it is incomplete the day after it is published, have made it almost impossible for public librarians to publish in this form. Complete printed class-lists are a more satisfactory form, because each class can be published separately and at such intervals as will distribute the cost over several years; and revisions can be made in similar serial manner, so that classes such as the Useful Arts, in which books most rapidly run out of date or are superseded, can be more frequently revised than others. Most classified catalogues are issued in this manner. But, in spite of the admitted advantages of the complete printed catalogue in book-form, the tendency is to depend upon complete manuscript catalogues at the library, and to advise readers of additions by means of a periodical library bulletin, by duplicated lists, by lists published in the local newspapers, etc. The open access system has destroyed the most immediate necessity for the printed catalogue--the choosing of books from a stock which readers were unable to examine--and few libraries which publish such a catalogue can hope to recoup even a substantial part of the cost from sales. One or two libraries have a _selected_ printed catalogue, which contains the 10,000-20,000 invariable books in the library--the classics in all branches of literature which readers have a right to expect to find on the shelves--and depend upon MS. catalogues for the stock as a whole.

=260. Card Distribution, etc.=--In using the term “manuscript catalogue” we speak somewhat loosely, in that the term usually covers any catalogue not in printed _book_ form; hence it covers slip, card, sheaf, placard and various other forms in which individual entries may indeed be printed. The most used of these is the card catalogue, in which each entry of books is made on a separate card, and the cards are arranged on their fore-edges in drawers or trays (but drawers preferably) in the order that would be used in a book-catalogue. The merit of this system is its infinite flexibility; for, as every book has its separate card, cards for additions can be inserted without dislocating the order, and the catalogue can be kept up-to-date always. Several of the great bibliographical and cataloguing institutions have adopted this form, the most important being the Library of Congress at Washington. This admirable library not only prints its own cards, but offers copies for sale to other libraries at a low cost. In 1914 these cards were available for 650,000 titles, and to these additions of from 50,000 to 55,000 are made annually. As the cards are of standard size (5 inches × 3 inches = 12·5 × 7·5 cm.) they can be used in any properly constructed catalogue. Naturally there is an emphasis on American books, but thousands of the cards apply to English books as well. Thus, for an expenditure of about two cents per card, any library may have the cards for its catalogues, and this is at a far smaller cost in labour and money than any individual printed entry can be obtained by any library. The backbone of the system is the “unit” card; that is to say, one card is printed for a book and on it are indicated all cross-references, etc., and extra copies of the card can, if it is thought necessary, be purchased and placed under the headings indicated. The Library of Congress issues advance proof sheets at a charge of $30 a year, which may be cut up and mounted on cards as a staff catalogue, or as suggestion slips, and from these may be learned the serial numbers by which cards may be ordered. In the United States several of the great city libraries act as depots for storing whole sets of the cards, which librarians of other libraries may consult instead of proof sheets. This card distribution method has thus been dwelt upon as it has as yet no analogue in the United Kingdom, and it is to be hoped that some judiciously chosen great British libraries may act as depots for Library of Congress and other cards. Their use would save thousands of pounds to British libraries, as well as set free for other library purposes the hundreds of cataloguers in hundreds of different libraries who are all engaged in the wasteful task of cataloguing the very same books. Other libraries which issue printed cards are the Institute International de Bibliographie at Brussels, the Concilium Bibliographicum, Zurich, the John Crerar Library, Chicago, and Pittsburgh Library. About ninety per cent. of the municipal library books in the United States are covered by the Library of Congress cards; therefore a certain number of cards have still to be made by the individual libraries; and in English libraries practically all the card catalogues are so made. In some cases the cards are made by mounting entries from the periodical list of additions or bulletin, but usually the cards are written, hand-printed or typed. It is obvious that some system of card distribution from an authoritative centre is badly needed in the United Kingdom as a measure of mere economy.

=261. Sheaf Catalogue.=--The second form of manuscript catalogue is the _sheaf_, which may be described as a book-application of the principle of the card catalogue. It consists of a sheaf or holder in the shape of a book-cover which is fitted with locking rods designed to hold some 600 or 800 leaves. The leaves are separate individual pieces of paper cut to a standard size and punched with slots and holes to accommodate the locking rods of the sheaf. The sheaf is arranged on much the same plan as the card catalogue, except that several books are entered on each page as a rule, and when any page becomes congested it is re-written as a whole. It will be seen that this is the loose-leaf principle, which has largely become so prominent in business methodology; and, indeed, the sheaf-catalogue was undoubtedly the forerunner of the loose-leaf ledger. It has most of the advantages of the card catalogue, occupies less space, and has the undeniable advantage of book form; but whereas in the card catalogue there is little or no re-writing of entries, in the sheaf catalogue this must be undertaken at intervals. Of course if one page were devoted to each entry, as one card is so devoted in the card catalogue, the merits of the systems would seem to be equal, except perhaps that the card is of a more durable material than the paper used in the sheaf. But either card or sheaf is infinitely superior to any other form of MS. catalogue.

A reference only is necessary to other forms of MS. which have been proposed from time to time, as none of them has been adopted by any number of libraries. The very old libraries occasionally use a slip catalogue; the Bodleian and British Museum, for example, paste slips into volumes or guard books resembling large scrap-books in approximate alphabetical order, and other libraries use similar methods. The system is a good one in many respects; the public understands and likes it; but the catalogue runs to so many large volumes that its accommodation would be a serious matter for the ordinary library; and the congestion of entries, with loss of all but approximate alphabetical order at most letters of the alphabet, will be obvious. Adjustments will be explained in the next chapter.

It is not the intention here to recommend any special method or form of cataloguing; individual library systems have individual needs; and no librarian should make so important a decision as to the character of his catalogue without an examination of such catalogues as have been named and described. Our next chapter will illustrate the physical forms of catalogue sufficiently, we think, for most practical purposes.

=262. Codes and Rules[9].=--Whatever form of catalogue is chosen, the main entry is practically the same for them all; that is, the author entry; and a whole literature of cataloguing rules and codes now exists which must receive careful attention. The principal of them are as follows:

Bodleian Library. Rules for the Author Catalogues of Printed Books and Printed Music. _See_ Supplement to the Staff-Kalendar, 1911, etc.

British Museum. Rules for Compiling Catalogues in the Department of Printed Books, 1906.

Cutter, C. A. Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue. 4th ed., Washington, D.C., 1904.

(The most complete and detailed work on the subject.)

Quinn, J. H. Library Cataloguing, 1913. Truslove & Hanson.

(The best English text-book for beginners, but limited mainly to the dictionary form, which the author prefers.)

Brown, J. D. Library Classification and Cataloguing, 1912. Grafton.

(More advanced and comprehensive than Quinn, and is illustrated freely.)

Dewey, Melvil. Library School Rules: 1, Card Catalog Rules; 2, Accession Book Rules; 3, Shelf List Rules. 5th ed. Boston: Libr. Bureau, 1905.

(With 52 facsimiles of sample cards.)

Jast, L. S. Classified and Annotated Cataloguing: Suggestions and Rules. _See_ Library World, vi. 3, 1898-1900. Abridged in Library World, v. 7, 1906.

Linderfelt, K. A. Eclectic Card Catalog Rules: Authors and Titles. Based on Dziatzko’s Instruction, compared with the Rules of the British Museum, Cutter, Dewey, Perkins and other authorities. Boston: C. A. Cutter, 1890.

(An invaluable reference book.)

New South Wales. Sydney Public Library. Guide to the System of Cataloguing the Reference Library: with rules for cataloguing. By H. C. L. Anderson. 4th ed. 1902. Sydney: Gullick.

Perkins, F. B. San Francisco Cataloguing for Public Libraries: A Manual based on the System in use in the San Francisco Free Public Library. S. Francisco: C. A. Murdock, 1884.

Hitchler, Theresa. Cataloguing for Small Libraries. Ed. 2, 1915. Chicago: A.L.A.

[9] Foreign codes which deserve mention are:

_Italian_: Fumagalli, Giuseppe. Cataloghi di Biblioteche, e Indice Bibliographia: Memoria. Firenze: G. C. Sansoni, 1887.

_German_: Instructionen für die Alphabetischen Kataloge der Preuszischen Bibliotheken. Zweite Ausg., 1908. Berlin: Behrend, 1909.

_Austrian_: K. K. Hofbibliothek. Vorschrift für die Verfassung des Alphabetischen Nominal-Zettelkatalogs der Druckwerke. Hrsg. von der Direction. Mit zwei Beilagen, einem Sachregister und 500 Beispielen. Wien: Selbstverlag der K. K. Hofbibliothek, 1901.

_Spanish_: Junta Facultativa de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos. Instrucciones para la redacción de los catálogos en las bibliotecas publicas del estado. Madrid: Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1902.

=263. Anglo-American Code.=--While the study of the above codes and elucidations is a necessary preliminary to the best cataloguing work, they all lead up in general to the Anglo-American cataloguing code, which made its first appearance in 1908,[10] and at the time of writing (May 1919) is again under revision. It is a useful and happy example of co-operation between the two principal library societies of the world, and may be said to have laid the foundations of all future cataloguing method. It consists of definitions; 174 substantive rules, with variations where the two countries could not agree, and where some recognized authority such as the Library of Congress differed from the rule recommended; and appendices on abbreviations, transliteration, and sample catalogue cards illustrating the rules. A digest and criticism of these rules, which are too many to be copied here, will be found in Brown’s _Library Classification and Cataloguing_, and will serve to show the skeleton of the entries they provide, and will be serviceable to the student who reads it in connexion with the Code itself. The main feature of the Code is fulness of entry, involving various repetitions in places; for example, the author’s name, which is used as the heading, is also repeated in the title.

[10] _Cataloguing Rules: Author and Title Entries._ Compiled by Committees of the American Library Association and the Library Association. English edition, 1908. (Out of print, 1919.)

LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE. The American Revolution, 1763-83; being the chapters and passages relating to America from the author’s _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, by William Edward Hartpole Lecky. . . . Arranged and edited, with historical and bibliographical notes, by James Albert Woodburn. . . .

Added entry: Woodburn, James Albert.

The example will give an idea of the general treatment of a book and of the use of punctuation. The three dots have a “separating” purpose merely. Rules that differ from some in fairly general use are: 23, which prescribes that authors shall be entered in full and in their vernacular form with certain exceptions; 25, which enters compound names under the first part of the name and refers from the other part,--thus: Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, _not_ Jones, Sir Edward Burne-; and in

## particular 33, which enters a nobleman under his family name and refers

from his titles,--thus: THOMSON, WILLIAM, _1st baron Kelvin_; LUBBOCK, JOHN, _1st Lord Avebury_. Authors who have changed their names are entered under the earliest form, but the later name is added to the entry,--thus: SMITH, HANNAH, _afterwards_ Hesba Stretton; and married women are treated similarly. Pseudonymous authors are entered under their real names when they are known, with references from the assumed names.

It will be clear that, in view of the impossibility of printing the Anglo-American Code in this chapter, it will be futile to give an alternative Code in a manual which deals with the general activities of the profession. A brief Code did appear in the last edition, which was practical and simple, and reference may be made to that, but it is strongly to be suggested that all future catalogues should be accommodated to the A.-A. Code in order that uniform methods of entry may be perfected, catalogues may become more generally understandable, and a formidable obstacle to co-operative cataloguing be removed.

=264. Bulletins.=--Since about 1894 a number of libraries have issued periodical magazines, or bulletins, in which are printed lists of new books, reading lists on special subjects, notes on the work of the libraries, and other matter likely to be of use and interest to library readers. The first use of such a magazine is to supply readers with a regular supplementary catalogue of all book additions; a second purpose is to publish notifications of new rules or alterations in the working of the library; and a third may be to issue information about the work accomplished by the library. The greatest amount of space, therefore, should be allotted to the description of new books, and annotations should be supplied liberally to the entries which require them. The magazine has the advantage over ordinary supplementary catalogues in that it is issued regularly and frequently; and it has a valuable purpose in supplying printed entries by means of which the card or sheaf catalogue can be kept up-to-date effectively. Copies of the magazine can be printed on thin paper (preferably bank paper) on one side only, and the entries can be cut out and mounted on cards or slips and inserted in the standard catalogue of the library, whatever form it may take. Emphasis may be laid upon the special catalogues or reading lists which can conveniently be published by this means. A special catalogue is usually a classified list of entries on the subject chosen in ordinary catalogue form, of which several good examples appear in the Norwich _Readers’ Guide_. A reading list has a directive purpose; it is in a much freer form as a rule, selects the best books on the subject, and indicates the order in which they may be read most profitably, with qualitative and elucidatory notes. Examples of such lists appear in several American library bulletins, and examples readily accessible are those in the Croydon _Reader’s Index_, a sample from one of which is subjoined:

=DARWIN AND THE EVOLUTION THEORY=

=PART 1. INTRODUCTORY COURSE.=

For those who are unable to read very widely in the theory the following are suggested, in the order given, as sufficient for giving an accurate and fairly complete view of the question.

=Saleeby’s= “Organic Evolution,” a simple but interesting intro. to the subject

=C=[11] 575

=Romanes’s= “Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution” is also a brief statement of the primary factors of the theory

=CST= 575

=Clodd’s= “Story of Creation” is a popular but more extensive study of the whole question of evolution

=CST= 575

=Wallace’s= “Darwinism” should be read as a direct intro. to Darwin’s own works. Embraces researches made between 1872 and 1889, and answers objections; it is popular in method

=CST= 575

=Darwin’s= “Origin of Species” is the epoch-making work in which, in 1859, he first fully expounded his theory of the mutability of species

=CST= 575

His “Descent of Man,” 1871, is an account of further experiments, and more careful in style

=CT= 575

=Huxley’s= “Man’s Place in Nature” may be read as a suppl. to Darwin, as the work of a brilliant independent critic

=CST= 573

=Romanes’s= “Darwin and after Darwin” carries on the theory to 1890. 3 v.

=C= 575

=Haeckel’s= “Evolution of Man” contains the view of the theory of the first of German biologists. Principally a study of embryology. 2 v.

=C= 575

=Weissmann’s= “The Evolution Theory” is the latest re-statement of the whole subject (1904). Is popular, and contains a study of the author’s germ theory. 2 v.

=C= 572

If the reader is unable to spare time for reading all the above, Romanes’s “Scientific Evidences” and Wallace’s “Darwinism” are perhaps the most useful to the beginner.

[11] =C= = Central, =R= = Reference, =S= = South Norwood, and =T= = Thornton Heath, the Libraries possessing copies.

=PART 2. A MORE COMPLETE COURSE.=

=BIOGRAPHY.=

See =Francis Darwin’s= “Life and Letters of Charles Darwin.” 3 v., 1887

=CS= B

The official life, by his son; it contains an autobiographical c., and is “at once a biography, an autobiography, and the history of a great idea.”

And its complement, =Darwin’s= “More Letters.” 2 v.

=CST= 575

A record of his work, in hitherto unpublished letters. V. 1 deals almost entirely with evolution.

See also the popular biographies:

=Bettany’s= “Life of Charles Darwin” in the “Great Writers” ser.

=C= B

And =Grant Allen’s= “Charles Darwin” in the “English Worthies” ser.

=CST= B

Also “MEMORIAL NOTICES: REPRINTED FROM ‘NATURE,’” 1882

=CSTR= B

Appreciations and criticisms of his work in geology, botany, zoology, psychology, and other branches of thought, by Huxley, Romanes, Geikie, and Dyer.

=WORKS.=

1839 =Darwin’s= “Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle’ [1832-36],” 1889

=CSTR= 508.3

This v. and the two succeeding ones were the outcome of a government scientific expedition round the world during which D. was naturalist. The results of the voyage were considered “the most important of recent years,” and “it is impossible to overrate the influence of the voyage on D.’s career. He left England untried, he returned a practised and brilliant geologist. And above all he came back full of the thoughts of evolution.”

The general appearance of the additions catalogue as it appears in these bulletins may be gathered from the two following examples:

=Philology.=

=Wright, Joseph.= Primer of the Gothic Language: containing the Gospel of St Mark, selections from the other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Timothy: with grammar, notes, and glossary. 1899. (Clarendon Pr.)

=R= 439

Author was deputy prof. of comparative philology, Oxford Univ., and ed. of “The English Dialect Dict.” (=R=q 427). Bibliog. of works on Gothic, 2 pp.

_225 =bb=_

_6060_

=Natural Science.=

=Ellis, David.= Medicinal Herbs and Poisonous Plants. _Illus._ 1918. (Blackie)

=CST= 581.6

Author is D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.E. Elementary botanical descriptions of British plants, including herbs imported or collected for the herbalist. Notes concerning cultivation, source of supply, present and former price, and other commercial details, are given of the more important British drug plants.

_615_

_2349_

=Gerhardi, C. H. W.= Electricity Meters: their construction and management: a practical manual for central station engineers, distribution engineers, and students. _Illus._ 1917. (Benn)

=CR= 621.3

Author is chief of testing dept., Metropolitan Electric Supply Co., London. Alphabetically arranged descriptions, under classified heads, of the principal meters in use to-day. Latter portion of v. is devoted to testing arrangements and apparatus, meter testing, fixing, reading, cleaning and repairing, and book-keeping.

_19843_

=Mackenzie=, _Col._ =J. S. F.= Wild Flowers, and How to Name Them at a Glance without Botany. _Illus._ (Holden) =CST= 580

Deals with some 300 of the larger and more common wild flowers, without technical terms, and uses identification methods described as similar to those employed by the police in identifying people.

_33549_

=Stanley, W. F.= Notes on the Nebular Theory in Relation to Stellar, Solar, Planetary, Cometary, and Geological Phenomena. 15 + 259 pp. 31 _Illus._ 8¼ ins. × 5½ ins. 1895. (Paul, Trench, Trübner). =CSTR= S70(016)

Author (1829-1900), (F.R.A.S., F.G.S., etc.), scientific instrument maker and educationalist, was a South Norwood resident, a local J.P., and founder of the Stanley Technical Trade Schools, South Norwood.

_523.1 Gift from Mrs Cushing_

_19840_

=Useful Arts.=

=Jennings,= A. S. =Painting= by immersion and by compressed air. 1915. _Ill._ [698]

22216

A detailed technical treatise on the methods and appliances for “spraying” paint, lacquer, enamel, varnish, etc., and painting by immersion. By the process of “flowing on” it is stated that a complete coat of enamel can be given to the body of a four-seated touring car in two minutes.

=Jex-Blake=, A. J. =Tuberculosis:= a general account of the disease, its forms, treatment, and prevention. 1915. [616.995]

22158

=Kean=, F. J. =Petrol engine.= 1915. _Diagrams._ [621.434]

22217

Each part of the engine is dealt with in a separate chapter. The two-stroke engine receives a chapter to itself. Liquid fuels are very briefly covered in four pages. The appendix deals with engine troubles, their causes and cure.

=Kingsbury=, J. E. =Telephone= and telephone exchanges: their invention and development. 1915. _Ill._ [621.385]

22207

An attempt has been made in this work so to relate the inventions and developments in the telephone field that the record may constitute in effect a short history of the telephone industry and an expression of its main principles.

=Lange=, K. R. By-products of =coal-gas= manufacture; _trans._ from the German. 1915. _Ill._ [665.7]

22037

_Contents_: Introduction; Purification of coal gas; Coke; Gas-tar; Gas liquor; Treatment of the gas purifying agents; Treatment of cyanogen sludge; Treatment of crude liquors; Treatment of ammonium thiocyanate, etc.

=McCormick=, W. H. _Electricity_. _Romance of Reality Series._ 1915. _Ill._ [621.3]

21858

=Martin=, Geoffrey. =Chlorine= and Chlorine products. _Manuals of Chemical Technology IV._ 1915. _Ill._ [661.3]

22159

Includes the manufacture of bleaching powder, hypochlorites, chlorates, etc., with sections on bromine, iodine, hydrofluoric acid; with a chapter on “Recent oxidizing agents” by G. W. Clough.

=Martin=, Geoffrey, _and_ =Barbour=, William. Industrial =nitrogen compounds= and explosives. _Manuals of Chemical Technology III._ 1915. _Ill._ [662]

22160

A practical treatise on the manufacture, properties, and industrial uses of nitric acid, nitrates, ammonia, ammonium salts, cyanides, etc., including most recent modern explosives.

The cost of such bulletins varies according to style, variety of types used, etc., and rarely can it be recovered from sales. Some bulletins are wholly or partly supported by advertisements, and when these are included it is better that they should be on separated pages at the beginning and end, and not, as is sometimes done, inserted in irritating manner amongst the library matter.

=265. Preparation of Catalogue Copy.=--The quickest and most economical method of preparing catalogue copy for the printer is to do it as perfectly as possible, according to set rules of typing or handwriting, punctuation, type-marking, and revision. Irritations innumerable pursue the librarian who allows copy to go to the printer which leaves anything to the imagination or discretion of that too often unjustly abused person; printers’ corrections are an alarming addition to the cost if they have not been anticipated; and what is and what is not a correction has always been a matter upon which author and printer have rarely seen eye to eye. If the copy is fool-proof and composition-proof the chances of corrections are reduced to the minimum, although it is impossible to remove them entirely.

Separate entries should be made for each book on slips, of uniform size to permit of rapid arrangement; and in most cases the 5 in. × 3 in. paper slips used for suggestions will serve, although where annotation is used to any extent the size is rather too small for type- or hand-written entries. On these the entries are made according to the rules in force, and if hand-written, they should be according to a standard hand-writing. The models given (Fig. 91) are the best forms of hand-script that have yet been devised, and every beginner in cataloguing should be required to learn their use. If the slip is ruled horizontally, with two vertical lines (a double margin) at the left side of the slip, it will be easier to regularize every entry by commencing the leading word or name at the first vertical line, the title at the second, and leaving a horizontal line blank between the title and the annotation. Every type distinction should be indicated according to the standard rules for marking printing copy (see Brown’s _Library Classification and Cataloguing_, p. 256, “printer’s corrections,” which apply to the preparation of copy as well as to its correction). Finally, all copy should be checked microscopically before it is sent to the printer, even if it has been written by the librarian himself or by the chief cataloguer. The slips should be arranged in order and numbered, or they may be mounted on sheets of paper in columns of about ten or twenty, in order to prevent loss. Two proofs at least should be required from the printer, the first in slip, or galley, form, the second in page form; it is better to have three proofs, especially if the catalogue has elaborate type distinctions, employs many abbreviations, etc. Moreover, the most minute reading of proofs is necessary. It is really wonderful to what an extent errors creep into proofs, and the practice of the printer’s reader who went over every page of proof however perfect until he _did_ find an error, although it is a counsel of perfection, is suggestive of what may be expected from the reader of catalogue proofs.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

FIG. 91.--Hand-Printing for Catalogues (Section 265).

=266. Printing Specifications.=--Hints on printing specifications relating to catalogues can be gained from Philip’s _The Production of the Printed Catalogue_ and from Quinn’s _Library Cataloguing_, but the specifications there given must be adjusted to the special kind of catalogue proposed. An excellent practical method of obtaining estimates of cost is to have specimen pages printed of the body of the catalogue and the indexes, exactly of the required model, spaced out with the number of lines per page. If the manuscript copy is not ready, estimates can be obtained from the printers per page, according to the specimen pages, and this is a fair way of tendering. If the copy is ready, estimates should be obtained for the whole job, including covers, in the style of the specimen pages. A printer can soon tell how much print a manuscript will run to, especially if the copy has been prepared in a uniform manner, with ten or twelve slips mounted on the folio. A clear understanding as to payment for corrections and additions to proof should be reached before the tender is accepted.

=267. Co-operative Cataloguing.=--Efforts have been made from time to time to obviate the duplicating of cataloguing work that occurs all over the country, and in every country, and brief reference should be made to these. The principal is the Library of Congress card-distribution system, to which detailed reference has been made. In Great Britain various attempts have been made, but chiefly in the form of annotated and classified lists of new books, which it was expected that libraries would transfer to their own catalogues. Such lists were issued in _The Library World_ in 1901, but were discontinued for lack of support. Later the Library Association issued such lists in _The Library Association Record_, but in recent years this work, which is still done by members of the Association, is published in the form of weekly lists in strict catalogue form (Decimal classified, and annotated) in _The Athenæum_; and _The Librarian and Book Selector_ publishes monthly annotated lists which are classified by both the Decimal and Subject classifications. In America, _The A. L. A. Book-List_, _The Wisconsin Library Bulletin_, and _The Ontario Library Review_ all provide similar lists. Any of the entries in all of these is suitable for cutting out and mounting on cards or slips for insertion in existing catalogues.

Other kinds of catalogue co-operation are those in which more than one library has joined in the issue of a catalogue to cover the stock of all in certain subjects. A small example was the _Union Class-List of the Libraries of the Library and Library Assistants’ Association_, 1913; and larger examples are the _Classified Catalogue on Architecture, etc., in the Principal Libraries of Manchester and Salford_, 1909, which was edited by Henry Guppy and Guthrie Vine for the Joint Architectural Committee of Manchester; and the Newcastle _Classical Catalogue_, 1912, which contains certain periodicals and books in the Armstrong College Library, as well as those in the Public Libraries. The most recent examples are series of class-lists on important subjects such as Internal Combustion Engines and Aeronautics, both 1918, issued by the Committee on Joint-Technical Catalogues, Glasgow, which bring together titles from the libraries of eighteen institutions in that city, indicating the location of the various books by abbreviations added to the entries, as:

Cassier’s Engineering Monthly. E. Kp. L. Ml. P. Pp. S. St. U.

Many schemes for a national central co-operative catalogue have been drawn up, and lie buried in the pages of library periodicals, until some future time when the benefits of such work will be realized and recognized in this country.

##