CHAPTER XIII

_The Dutch must maintain their right of trade with the East Indies by peace, by treaty, or by war_

Wherefore since both law and equity demand that trade with the East Indies be as free to us as to any one else, it follows that we are to maintain at all hazards that freedom which is ours by nature, either by coming to a peace agreement with the Spaniards, or by concluding a treaty, or by continuing the war. So far as peace is concerned, it is well known that there are two kinds of peace, one made on terms of equality, the other on unequal terms. The Greeks[178] call the former kind a compact between equals, the latter an enjoined truce; the former is meant for high souled men, the latter for servile spirits. Demosthenes in his speech on the liberty of the Rhodians[179] says that it was necessary for those who wished to be free to keep away from treaties which were imposed upon them, because such treaties were almost the same as slavery. Such conditions are all those by which one party is lessened in its own right, according to the definition of Isocrates.[180] For if, as Cicero says,[181] wars must be undertaken in order that people may live in peace unharmed, it follows that peace ought to mean not an agreement which entails slavery, but an undisturbed liberty, especially as peace and justice according to

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complurium[182a] iudicio pax et iustitia nominibus magis quam re differant, sitque pax non qualiscumque, sed ordinata concordia.

* [Philippica XII, 14: cum iis facta pax non erit pax, sed pactio servitutis.]

Indutiae autem si fiunt satis apparet ex ipsa indutiarum natura non debere medio earum tempore condicionem cuiusquam deteriorem fieri, cum ferme interdicti uti possidetis instar obtineant.

Quod si in bellum trudimur hostium iniquitate, debet nobis causae aequitas spem ac fiduciam boni eventus addere. Nam[183a] ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν ἐλαττῶνται μεχρὶ δυνατοῦ πάντες πολεμοῦσι, περὶ δὲ τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν οὐχ οὕτως, ‘pro his in quibus iniuria afficiuntur omnes quantum omnino possunt depugnant: at propter alieni cupiditatem non item’; quod et Alexander Imperator ita expressit: τὸ μὲν ἄρχειν ἀδίκων ἒργων οὐκ ἀγνώμονα ἔχει τὴν πρόκλησιν, τὸ δὲ τοὺς ὀχλοῦντας ἀποσείεσθαι ἔκ τε τῆς ἀγαθῆς συνειδήσεως ἔχει τὸ θαῤῥαλέον, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ἀδικεῖν ἀλλ’ ἀμύνασθαι ὑπάρχει τὸ εὔελπι, ‘eius a quo coepit iniuria, provocatio maxime invidiosa est; at cum depelluntur aggressores, sicut bona conscientia fiduciam secum fert, ita quia de vindicanda non de inferenda iniuria laboratur, spes etiam adsunt optimae’.

Si ita necesse est, perge gens mari invictissima, nec tuam tantum, sed humani generis libertatem audacter propugna.

_Nec te, quod classis centenis remigat alis, Terreat: INVITO labitur illa MARI: Quodve vehunt prorae Centaurica saxa minantes, Tigna cava et pictos experiere metus. Frangit et attollit vires in milite causa; Quae nisi iusta subest, excutit arma pudor._[184a]

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the opinion of many philosophers and theologians[182] differ more in name than in fact, and as peace is a harmonious agreement based not on individual whim, but on well ordered regulations.

If however a truce is arranged for, it is quite clear from the very nature of a truce, that during its continuance no one’s condition ought to change for the worse, inasmuch as both parties stand on the equivalent of a _uti possidetis_.

But if we are driven into war by the injustice of our enemies, the justice of our cause ought to bring hope and confidence in a happy outcome. “For,” as Demosthenes has said, “every one fights his hardest to recover what he has lost; but when men endeavor to gain at the expense of others it is not so.”[183] The Emperor Alexander has expressed his idea in this way: ‘Those who begin unjust deeds, must bear the greatest blame; but those who repel aggressors are twice armed, both with courage because of their just cause, and with the highest hope because they are not doing a wrong, but are warding off a wrong’.

Therefore, if it be necessary, arise, O nation unconquered on the sea, and fight boldly, not only for your own liberty, but for that of the human race. “Nor let it fright thee that their fleet is winged, each ship, with an hundred oars. The sea whereon it sails will have none of it. And though the prows bear figures threatening to cast rocks such as Centaurs throw, thou shalt find them but hollow planks and painted terrors. ’Tis his cause that makes or mars a soldier’s strength. If the cause be not just, shame strikes the weapon from his hands.”[184]

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Si iusta multi, et ipse Augustinus,[185a] arma crediderunt eo nomine suscipi, quod per terras alienas iter innoxium negaretur, quanto illa erunt iustiora, quibus maris, quod naturae lege commune est, usus communis et innoxius postulatur? Si iuste oppugnatae sunt gentes quae in suo solo commercia aliis interdicebant, quid illae quae populos ad se nihil pertinentes per vim distinent, ac mutuos earum commeatus intercludunt? Si res ista in iudicio agitaretur, dubitari non potest quae a viro bono expectari deberet sententia, ait Praetor:[186a] ‘Quo minus illi in flumine publico navem agere, ratem agere, quove minus per ripam exonerare liceat, vim fieri veto’. De mari et litore in eandem formam dandum interdictum docent interpretes, exemplo Labeonis, qui cum interdiceret Praetor:[187a] ‘Ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius facias, quo statio iterve navigio deterius sit, fiat’; simile dixit interdictum competere in mari:[188a] ‘Ne quid in mari inve litore facias, quo portus, statio, iterve navigio deterius sit, fiat’.

Immo et post prohibitionem, si quis scilicet in mari navigare prohibitus sit, aut non permissus rem suam vendere, aut re sua uti, iniuriarum eo nomine competere actionem Vlpianus respondit.[189a] Theologi insuper et qui tractant casus, quos vocant, conscientiarum, concordes tradunt,

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If many writers, Augustine himself[185] among them, believed it was right to take up arms because innocent passage was refused across foreign territory, how much more justly will arms be taken up against those from whom the demand is made of the common and innocent use of the sea, which by the law of nature is common to all? If those nations which interdicted others from trade on their own soil are justly attacked, what of those nations which separate by force and interrupt the mutual intercourse of peoples over whom they have no rights at all? If this case should be taken into court, there can be no doubt what opinion ought to be anticipated from a just judge. The praetor’s law says:[186] ‘I forbid force to be used in preventing any one from sailing a ship or a boat on a public river, or from unloading his cargo on the bank’. The commentators say that the injunction must be applied in the same manner to the sea and to the seashore. Labeo, for example, in commenting on the praetor’s edict,[187] ‘Let nothing be done in a public river or on its bank, by which a landing or a channel for shipping be obstructed’, said there was a similar interdict which applied to the sea, namely,[188] ‘Let nothing be done on the sea or on the seashore by which a harbor, a landing, or a channel for shipping be obstructed’.

Nay more, after such a prohibition, if, namely, a man be prevented from navigating the sea, or not allowed to sell or to make use of his own wares and products, Ulpian says that he can bring an action for damages on that ground.[189] Also the theologians and the casuists agree that he who prevents another from buying or selling, or who puts his

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eum qui alterum vendere aut emere impediat, utilitatemve propriam publicae ac communi praeponat, aut ullo modo alterum in eo quod est iuris communis impediat, ad restitutionem teneri omnis damni viri boni arbitrio.

Secundum haec igitur vir bonus iudicans, Batavis libertatem commerciorum adiudicaret, Lusitanos et ceteros, qui eam libertatem impediunt, vetaret vim facere, et damna restituere iuberet. Quod autem in iudicio obtineretur, id ubi iudicium haberi non potest, iusto bello vindicatur. Augustinus:[190a] ‘Iniquitas partis adversae iusta ingerit bella’. Et Cicero:[191a] ‘Cum sint duo genera decertandi, unum per disceptationem, alterum per vim, confugiendum ad posterius, si uti non licet priore’. Et Rex Theodoricus: ‘Veniendum tunc ad arma, cum locum apud adversarium iustitia non potest reperire’. Et quod proprius est nostro argumento,[192a] Pomponius eum qui rem omnibus communem cum incommodo ceterorum usurpet, MANV PROHIBENDVM respondit. Theologi quoque tradunt, sicuti pro rerum cuiusque defensione bellum recte suscipitur, ita non minus recte suscipi, pro usu earum rerum quae naturali iure debent esse communes. Quare ei qui itinera praecludat, evectionemque mercium impediat, etiam non expectata ulla publica auctoritate, _via facti_, ut loquuntur, posse occurri.

Quae cum ita sint, minime verendum est, ne aut Deus

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private interests before the public and common interests, or who in any way hinders another in the use of something which is his by common right, is held in damages to complete restitution in an amount fixed by an honorable arbitrator.

Following these principles a good judge would award to the Dutch the freedom of trade, and would forbid the Portuguese and others from using force to hinder that freedom, and would order the payment of just damages. But when a judgment which would be rendered in a court cannot be obtained, it should with justice be demanded in a war. Augustine[190] acknowledges this when he says: ‘The injustice of an adversary brings a just war’. Cicero also says:[191] “There are two ways of settling a dispute; first, by discussion; second, by physical force; we must resort to force only in case we may not avail ourselves of discussion.” And King Theodoric says: ‘Recourse must then be had to arms when justice can find no lodgment in an adversary’s heart’. Pomponius, however, has handed down a decision which has more bearing on our argument[192] than any of the citations already made. He declared that the man who seized a thing common to all to the prejudice of every one else must be forcibly prevented from so doing. The theologians also say that just as war is righteously undertaken in defense of individual property, so no less righteously is it undertaken in behalf of the use of those things which by natural law ought to be common property. Therefore he who closes up roads and hinders the export of merchandise ought to be prevented from so doing _via facti_, even without waiting for any public authority.

Since these things are so, there need not be the slightest

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eorum conatus secundet, qui ab ipso institutum ius naturae certissimum violant, aut homines ipsi eos inultos patiantur, qui solo quaestus sui respectu communem humani generis utilitatem oppugnant.

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fear that God will prosper the efforts of those who violate that most stable law of nature which He himself has instituted, or that even men will allow those to go unpunished who for the sake alone of private gain oppose a common benefit of the human race.

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CVM SVB HOC TEMPVS PLVRIMAE REGIS HISPANIARVM LITTERAE IN MANVS NOSTRAS VENISSENT, QVIBVS IPSIVS ET LVSITANORVM INSTITVTVM MANIFESTE DETEGITVR, OPERAE PRETIVM VISVM EST EX IIS, QUAE PLERAEQVE EODEM ERANT ARGVMENTO, BINAS IN LATINVM SERMONEM TRANSLATAS EXHIBERE.

Domine Martine Alphonse de Castro, Prorex amice, ego Rex multam tibi salutem mitto:

Cum hisce litteris perveniet ad te exemplum typis impressum Edicti quod faciendum curavi, quo, ob rationes quas expressas videbis, aliasque meis rebus conducentes prohibeo commercium omne externorum in ipsis partibus Indiae aliisque regionibus transmarinis. Quandoquidem res haec est momenti atque usus maximi, et quae effici summa cum industria debeat, impero tibi, ut simulatque litteras has et edictum acceperis, publicationem eius omni diligentia procures in omnibus locis ac partibus istius imperi, idque ipsum quod edicto continetur exsequaris sine ullius personae exceptione, cuiuscumque qualitatis, aetatis, condicionisve sit, citra omnem moram atque excusationem, procedasque ad impletionem mandati via merae exsecutionis, nullo admisso impedimento, appellatione, aut gravamine in contrarium, cuiuscumque materiae generis aut qualitatis. Iubeo itaque hoc ipsum impleri per eos ministros ad quos exsecutio pertinet, iisque significari, non modo eos qui contra fecerint malam operam mihi navaturos, sed eosdem me puniturum privatione officiorum in quibus mihi serviunt.

Quia autem relatum est mihi commorari in istis partibus

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APPENDIX

_Two letters of Philip III, King of Spain_

As several letters of the King of Spain have come of late into our hands, in which his design and that of the Portuguese is clearly disclosed, it seemed worth while to translate into Latin two of them which had particular bearing upon the controversy at issue, and to append them here.

LETTER I

_To Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, our beloved viceroy, I, the King, send many greetings:_

Together with this letter will come to you a copy printed in type of an edict which I have taken much pains to draw up, by which, for reasons which you will see expressed, and for other reasons which are consonant with my interests, I prohibit all commerce of foreigners in India itself, and in all other regions across the seas. As this matter is of the greatest importance and serviceableness, and ought to be carried out with the highest zeal, I command you, as soon as you shall have received this letter and edict, to further with all diligence its publication in all places and districts under your jurisdiction, and to carry out the provisions of the edict without exception of any person whatsoever, no matter what his quality, age, or condition, and without delay and excuse, and to proceed to the fulfilment of this command with the full power of your authority, no delay, appeal, or obstacle to the contrary, being admitted, of any kind, sort, or quality.

Therefore I order that this duty be discharged by those

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externos multos variarum nationum, Italos, Gallos, Germanos, Belgas, quorum pars maior, quantum intelligimus, eo venit per Persida et Turcarum imperium, non per hoc regnum, adversus quos si ex huius Edicti praescripto ac rigore procedatur, posse inde nonnullas difficultates sequi, si illi ad Mauros inimicos perfugiant, vicinisque munitionum mearum dispositionem indicent, rationesque monstrent quae rebus meis nocere possent, exsequi te hoc edictum volo prout res et tempus ferent, atque ea uti prudentia, qua illae difficultates evitentur, curando ut omnes externos in potestate tua habeas eosque custodias pro cuiusque qualitate, ita ut adversus imperium nostrum nihil valeant attentare, utque ergo omnino eum finem consequar quem hoc Edicto mihi proposui.

Scriptae Vlyssipone XXVIII Novembris, Anno MDCVI. Subsignatum erat Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Alfonsum de Castro Consiliarium suum, et suum Proregem Indiae.

Prorex amice Rex multam salutem tibi mitto:

Etsi pro certo habeo tua praesentia, iisque viribus cum quibus in partes austrinas concessisti, perduelles Hollandos,

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officers to whom its execution belongs, and that they be informed that not only will those who disobey serve me ill, but that I will punish them by depriving them of the offices in which they now serve me.

Further, inasmuch as it has been reported to me that within your jurisdiction there are sojourning many foreigners of different nations, Italians, French, Germans, and men of the Low Countries, the larger part of whom as we know came there by way of Persia and Turkey, and not through our realm; and inasmuch as, if this edict be rigidly enforced against those persons to the letter, some inconveniences might follow, if they should escape to the Moors, our enemies, and make known to our neighbors the disposition of my forces, and thus show ways that they might be able to harm my dominion: Therefore, I wish you to carry out the provisions of this edict as the exigencies of circumstances and occasion demand, and to use all prudence necessary in order to avoid those difficulties, taking especial pains to keep all foreigners in your power, and to guard them in accordance with their individual rank, so that they may have no opportunity to attempt anything prejudicial to our power, that thus I may attain fully that end which I have set forth in this edict.

Given at Lisbon, on the 28th of November in the year of our Lord, 1606. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.

LETTER II

_To our beloved viceroy, I, the King send many greetings:_

Although I consider it absolutely certain that your presence and the forces which you took with you into those Eastern regions, guarantee that our enemies, the Dutch,

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qui illic haerent, nec minus indigenas qui eis receptum praebent, ita castigatos fore, ut nec hi, nec illi tale quicquam in posterum audeant; expediet tamen, ad res tuendas, ut iustam classem, eique operi idoneam, cum tu Goam redibis, in istis Maris partibus relinquas, eiusque imperium et summam praefecturam mandes Andreae Hurtado Mendosae, aut si quem ei muneri aptiorem iudicabis, quemadmodum pro tuo in me affectu confido, ea in re non aliud te respecturum quam quod rebus meis erit utilissimum.

Scriptae Madritii XXVII Ian. MDCVII. Signatum Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Alfonsum de Castro suum Consiliarium, et suum Proregem Indiae.

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who infest those quarters as well as the natives who give them a welcome reception, will be so thoroughly punished that neither the one nor the other will ever dare such practices in the future: still it will be expedient for the protection of our interests, that, when you shall return to Goa, you leave in those parts of the sea a fleet large and capable enough to do the business, and also that you delegate the supreme command of that fleet to Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, or to any one else whom you shall consider better fitted for this post. I rely upon your affection for me, knowing that in this matter you will do nothing but what will be most useful to my interests.

Given at Madrid the 27th day of January in the year of our Lord 1607. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.

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INDEX

_References are to pages of text and translation alike._

Accursius, biographical note, 51, n. †; cited, 51.

Agamemnon, mention of, 9.

Agreements, when not binding, 35.

Air, common to all, 28; nature of, 39.

Alciatus, A., biographical note, 10 n. 2.

Alexander, Emperor, quoted, 73.

Alexander the Great, mention of, 14, 40.

Alexander VI, Pope, reference to, 15, 45.

Alexandria, mention of, 68.

Ambrose, St., biographical note, 33 n. 5; cited, 52, 71; quoted, 32.

Amorites, mention of, 9.

Andocides, cited, 72 n. 1.

Angelus Aretinus, biographical note, 48 n. 2; reference to, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55.

Apollinaris, mention of, 32.

Aquinas, Thos., biographical note, 13 n. 4; mention of, 13, 19.

Arabians, mention of, 40, 68.

Arbitration, 6.

Archidiaconus, cited, 74 n. 5.

Aristotle, cited, 61, 63, 71; quoted, 63.

Art of exchange, definition of, 61.

Athenaeus, reference to, 29.

Athenians, mention of, 9.

Augustine, St., cited, 71, 74; quoted, 75; reference to, 9.

Augustus, mention of, 12, 41.

Avienus, quoted, 23, 24.

Ayala, reference to, 16 n. 5.

Aztecs, mention of, 9.

Balbus, J. F., biographical note, 49 n. 3; cited, 49; mention of, 55.

Baldus de Ubaldis, biographical note, 9 n. 7; mention of, 9, 55.

Bartolus, biographical note, 48 n. *; cited, 48; reference from, 19 n. 2.

Bennett, C. E., translation from, 31.

Bernhardus, St., reference from, 16 n. 3.

Boëthius, quoted, 19.

du Bois, see Silvius.

Bolognese, mention of, 9.

Butler, translation from, 73.

Cadiz, mention of, 40.

Caelius Antipater, cited, 40.

Caietanus, T. (Cajetan), biographical note, 19 n. 4; reference to, 17, 19.

Cape of Good Hope, mention of, 40, 59.

Castrensis, A. de, biographical note, 53 n. 1; cited, 53.

Castrensis, P. de (de Castro), biographical note, 49 n. †; reference from, 22 n. 1.

Castro, M. C. de, letters to, 77.

Celsus, cited, 30, 31, 34.

Ceylon, mention of, 11, 12.

Charles V, Emperor, reference to, 21.

Chinese, mention of, 62, 68.

Cicero, cited, 72; quoted, 23, 25, 27, 28, 75; reference to, 29.

Cinus, cited, 63 n. 1.

Claudius, Emperor, mention of, 41.

Clemens Alexandrinus, cited, 73 n. 1.

Coercion, Portuguese, in case of East Indies, 68.

Columella, reference to, 32.

Comines, P. de, biographical note, 28 n. 3.

Commerce, origin of, 62.

Common ownership, definition of, 23.

Common right, 44.

Community of use, annihilation of, 62.

Connanus, F. de, biographical note, 12 n. 2.

Conscience, 3.

Contract, nature of, 35.

Cornelius Nepos, cited, 40.

Council of Spain, mention of, 20.

Council of Toledo, mention of, 19.

Covarruvias, D., biographical note, 9 n. 3.

Crown properties, in sea and river, 36.

Custom, established by privilege, 52.

Demosthenes, cited, 72; quoted, 73.

Divine law, 1.

Donation of Pope Alexander VI, reference to, 15, 18, 45, 66.

Donellus, H. (Doneau), biographical note, 12 n. 2.

Dryden, J., translations from, 7, 8, 26.

Duarenus, biographical note, 27 n. 4.

Dutch, answer to Portuguese, 71; East India trade to be maintained by, 72; navigation by, 59; reasonable claims of, 70.

East Indies, mention of, 65; not chattels of Portuguese, 21, 60, 68; Portuguese claim of exclusive right to trade in, 61; Portuguese not first in, 41; right of trade to be kept with, 72; way is free to, 37.

Emmanuel, King of Portugal, mention of, 59.

English, mention of, 43.

Ennius, quoted, 38.

Equity, chapter on, 69.

Estius, biographical note, 9 n. 5.

Exchange, art of, defined, 61; derivation of, 62.

Exhaustion, question of, 57.

Expediency, 1.

Faber, J., biographical note, 34 n. 2; reference to, 34, 55.

Fachinham, N., biographical note, 50 n. 3.

Felinus, M. S., biographical note, 49 n. 2; cited, 49.

Fishing, an ancient national right, 56; free to all, 32, 38; not legal to prevent, 33, 51; revenues from, 36; a servitude, 34.

Fleets, maintenance of, 35.

Free navigation, chapter on, 7.

Freedom of trade, basis of, 63; chapter on, 61; Dutch should have, 75.

French, mention of, 43; navigation by, 59.

Gaius Caesar, mention of, 40.

Genoese, mention of, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58.

Gentilis, A., biographical note, 8 n. 2.

Goa, mention of, 79.

Gorcum, H. v., cited, 75 n. 3.

Gordianus, Fab. Claud., biographical note, 12 n. 1; mention of, 12.

Grandpont, A. G. de., xi.

Greeks, reference to, 19.

Gregory, mention of, 19.

Gregory of Nazianzus, cited, 71.

Guicciardini, cited, 68 n. 2.

Hanno, reference to, 40.

Harris, E. I., translations from, 24, 25.

Hercules, mention of, 9.

Hermogenianus, quoted, 26.

Hesiod, quoted, 70; reference to, 22.

Homer, cited, 62.

Horace, quoted, 12, 23, 31.

Hugo, reference from, 16 n. 3.

Hunting, an ancient national right, 56.

India, mention of, 12.

Inner sea, as distinguished from outer sea, 37.

Innocentius, reference from, 19 n. 2.

Innocent passage, 20, 43, 74.

International rights, 31.

Isernia, A., biographical note, 36 n. *.

Isocrates, cited, 72 n. 1, 2.

Israelites, mention of, 9.

James, H. R., translation from, 19.

Jason, cited, 54 n. 1.

Java, mention of, 11.

John, King of Portugal, mention of, 59.

Jowett, B., translation from, 63.

Jurisdiction, distinguished from ownership, 35.

Labeo, quoted, 31, 74.

Law of Human Society, 9.

Law of Nations, 7, 9, 28, 31, 61, 63; right conception of, 52.

Law of Nature, 2, 5, 23; right conception of, 52.

Law of property, 25.

Legitimate rulers, 19.

Leo, Emperor, cited, 33.

Lucullus, mention of, 32.

Mair, A. W., translation from, 70.

Malacca, mention of, 59.

Marcianus, cited, 32, 48, 49; reference to, 33.

Martial, quoted, 32.

Martin, J. C., xii.

Megarians, mention of, 8.

Mendoza, A. H. de, mention of, 79.

Miller, W., translations from, 27, 38, 75.

Milton, quoted, 11 n. *.

Moluccas, mention of, 11.

Monopoly, question of, 71.

Morocco, mention of, 40.

Natural Law, 2, 5, 23, 53.

Navigation, Dutch, 59; free to all, 7, 32, 38, 44, 46, 55, 56; Portuguese, 59; prescriptive right claimed by Portuguese, 54, 60; protection of, 35.

Nazianzenus, see Gregory of Nazianzus.

Neratius, reference to, 28.

Nonius Marcellus, quoted, 12 n. 2.

Occupation, definition of, 25, 39, 48; mention of, 27, 34; not to affect common use, 30.

Oldradus (Oldrado de Ponte), biographical note, 74 n. 5.

Osorius, H., biographical note, 59 n. 1.

Outer sea, as distinguished from inner sea, 37.

Ovid, quoted, 26, 28.

Ownership, common, 26; private, 29, 33, 62; transition to, 24.

Panormitanus, cited, 67 n. 2.

Papal Donation, chapters on, 15, 45, 66.

Papinian, cited, 60; quoted, 48.

Paul III, Pope, reference to, 21.

Paulus, cited, 32, 51.

Personal right, 35.

Peter, St., mention of, 16.

Philip III of Spain, letters of, 77.

Pickard-Cambridge, translation from, 73.

Pirates, treatment of, 35.

Placentinus, quoted, 34.

Plato, cited, 63.

Plautus, quoted, 29.

Pliny, cited, 12, 32, 40, 41, 62; quoted, 7.

Plutarch, reference to, 14.

Polus Lucanus, cited, 73 n. 1.

Pomponius, cited, 30, 75.

Pomponius Mela, quoted, 40 n. 1.

Pope, The, no right in temporal matters, 45; no authority against law of nature and of nations, 66.

Portuguese, arrogant pretensions of, 39, 40, 43, 75; claim of exclusive right to trade, 61; claim to ocean, 37; desire for profits, 42, 69, 71; mention of, 56, 65; not first in East Indies, 41.

Prescription, acquisition by, 49, 59; chapters on, 47, 67; definition of, 47; failure of, 50, 51; immemorial time no help to, 49, 58; reference to, 4, 52.

Pretexts for war, 18.

Private possessions, reference to, 28.

Privative right, 23.

Propertius, quoted, 73.

Property, origin of, 27.

Ptolemaeus, cited, 41.

Public opinion, 3.

Public territory, origin of, 34.

Quintilian, quoted, 25.

Revenues, on fisheries, 36.

Right of innocent passage, 20, 43, 74.

Right of navigation, not Portuguese because of Papal Donation, 45.

Rivalry, comment on, 70.

Roman Church, mention of, 19.

Sandeus, see Felinus.

Saracens, reference to, 10, 17.

Scaevola, mention of, 30.

Scott, J. B., Introductory note by, v.

Sea, The, common to all, 28, 30, 34, 37, 43, 44, 52, 55; defined by law of nations, 22; nature of, 31, 39; not exhausted by use, 43, 57; not merchandise, 34; not Portuguese by Papal Donation, 45; not subject to servitude, 35, 36; sovereignty of, 53.

Seashore, common to all, 28, 30; how to be used, 30, 34; right of Roman people to, 31.

Seneca, cited, 63; quoted, 8, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Shahan, Bishop, xii.

Sigonius, C., biographical note, 9 n. 2.

Silvestris, cited, 46 n. 1.

Silvius, F., biographical note, 17 n. 1; reference from, 17.

Smith, K. F., xi.

Sovereignty, grant by reason of, 17; matter of positive law, 20; Papal Donation gives no right to, chapter on, 15; a particular proprietorship, 22, 24; by right of conquest, 18; by right of discovery, 11; title to, 11; universal, 24.

Spaniards, arrogance of, 70, 71; claim to ocean, 37, 54; mention of, 56.

Strabo, quoted, 41.

Sylvius, see Silvius.

Tacitus, quoted, 10.

Temporal possessions, 19.

Theodoric, King, quoted, 75.

Thucydides, cited, 72 n. 1; quoted, 27.

Title by prescription, destroyed, 50.

Tolls, 11, 36.

Torquemada, see Turre Cremata.

Trade, freedom of, 61, 63, 72; origin of, 62; Portuguese claim to right of, 61.

Trajan, mention of, 41.

Turre Cremata, reference from, 16 n. 3.

Ulpian, cited, 31, 33, 35, 44, 51, 63, 74; reference to, 28, 69.

Use, definition of, 24, 27; sea not exhausted by, 43; things susceptible to universal, 29.

Usurpation, definition of, 52; Portuguese worthless, 68.

_Uti possidetis_, 32, 73.

Varro, reference to, 32.

Vasquius, F. M. (Vasquez), biographical note, 52 n. 4; cited, 53, 67, 68; quoted, 52, 55, 56, 58, 70.

Venetians, mention of, 9, 43, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58.

Vergil, quoted, 7, 8, 26; reference to, 29.

Victoria, F. de, biographical note, 9 n. 3; reference to, 9, 13, 17, 18.

War, pretexts for, 18, 20.

Water, common to all, 28.

West Indies, claimed by Portuguese, 54.

Willoughby, W. W., xii.

World monopoly, question of, 71.

Zuarius, R., biographical note, 44 n. 3.

FOOTNOTES:

[A] For the freedom of the seas and the relation of Grotius to the doctrine, see Ernest Nys’s _Les Origines du Droit International_ (1894), pp. 379-387, and the same author’s _Etudes de Droit International et de Droit Politique_, 2^e série (1901), _Une Bataille de Livres_, pp. 260-272. For an account in English see Walker’s _History of the Law of Nations_, Vol. I (1899), pp. 278-283.

For an interesting sketch of the illustrious author of the _Mare Liberum_, see Motley’s _The Life and Death of John of Barneveld_, Vol. II, Chap. XXII; for an analysis of Grotius’ views on the law of nations, see Hallam’s _Introduction to the Literature of Europe_ (4th edition), Vol. II, Part III, Chap. IV, Sec. III; for an account of Grotius as a humanist, see Sandys’ _History of Classical Scholarship_ (1908), Vol. II, pp. 315-319.

[B] _Hugonis Grotii De Jure Praedae_, edited, with an introduction, by H. G. Hamaker, and published at The Hague in 1868 by Martinus Nijhoff.

[C] In support of the view that Grotius appeared as counsel in cases arising out of captures made by vessels in the service of the Dutch East India Company, and that the treatise, _De Jure Praedae_, is a legal brief, see R. Fruin’s _Een Onuitgegeven Werk van Hugo De Groot_ in _Verspreide Geschriften_, Vol. III, pp. 367-445. The following passages are quoted from this remarkable essay:

“While busy with the sale of the goods [of the captured merchantman _Catherine_, which had been unloaded in the Amsterdam arsenal], the process of adjudicating the booty before the admiralty court was conducted in the usual forms. Claimants: Advocate General of Holland, the Board of eight Aldermen, and Admiral Heemskerck; ... on Thursday, September 9, 1604, final sentence was rendered, and ‘the merchantman together with the goods taken from it were declared forfeited and confiscated’” (pp. 389-390).

“Hulsius in some measure replaces what the fire at the Marine Arsenal has robbed us of; among other records he has preserved for us in his _Achte Schiffart_ the sentence pronounced in this matter by the admiralty, and of which we have knowledge from no other sources. From it we learn the grounds upon which the claimants demanded the adjudication of the booty. These grounds are the same twelve which De Groot discusses in his book.... This concordance can be explained on the ground that De Groot must have had acquaintance with the sentence; but he was not a man merely to repeat what others had before him witnessed. I should be inclined to feel that in the process he had served as counsel for the Company, and that he himself was one of the authors of the written claim upon which the sentence was based. It would not then be surprising if in his book he should develop at greater length and throw light upon what had already been set forth in the claim” (pp. 390-391).

“I cannot state definitely that Hugo De Groot was persuaded by the Directors to write such an argument; I have been unable to discover any evidence to that end. That he was in close relations with the Company, he himself says in a letter of later date, addressed to his brother. Nor can there be any doubt that in writing his work he made use of the archives of the United Company and of its predecessor. If the supposition, which I have elsewhere ventured to make is correct, that is to say, that in the conduct of the case he appeared as advocate for the Company, it would then appear most probable that, after consultation with the directors, he set about writing his book, which was to be a second plea in their behalf” (p. 403).

[D] For the account which Grotius himself gives of the incident, see his _Annales et Historiae de Rebus Belgicis ab Obitu Philippi Regis usque ad Inducias Anni_ 1609, written in 1612, but first published in 1658, Book 1, p. 429.

For a fuller account of the circumstances under which the treatise on the law of prize was written, see Hamaker’s edition of the _De Jure Praedae_, pp. vii-viii. The distinguished historian and scholar, Robert J. Fruin, after an exhaustive examination of the evidence, informed Hamaker that Grotius was retained by the Company to prepare the commentary on the law of prize. The English translation of Hamaker’s exact statement reads as follows: “Fruin is of the opinion that he [Grotius] undertook this work at the instance of the Company, and that he appeared in it as their spokesman.”

For an analysis of the commentary _De Jure Praedae_ and the circumstances under which it was written, see Jules Basdevant’s study on Grotius, pp. 131-137, 155-179, in Pillet’s _Les Fondateurs du Droit International_ (1904).

[E] Selden’s _Mare Clausum_ was not the only defense of England, nor was the _Mare Liberum_ the only lance which Grotius broke for the freedom of the seas. In 1613 William Welwod, professor of Civil Law at the University of Aberdeen, published a little book entitled _An Abridgement of all the Sea-Lawes_, in which he maintained the English side of the question, of which Title XXVII, pp. 61-72, deals with the community and property of the seas. Two years later Welwod published a second work, this time in Latin, entitled _De Dominio Maris Juribusque ad Dominium praecipue Spectantibus Assertia Brevis ac Methodica_.

Grotius prepared, but did not publish, a reply to Welwod’s first attack, entitled _Defensio Capitis Quinti Maris Liberi Oppugnati a Gulielmo Welwodo Juris Civilis Professore, Capite XXVII ejus Libri Scripti Anglica Sermone cui Titulum Fecit Compendium Legum Maritimarum_. It was discovered at the same time as the commentary _De Jure Praedae_ and was published in 1872 in Muller’s _Mare Clausum, Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der rivaliteit van Engeland en Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1a] Panegyricus 29, 2: quod genitum esset usquam, id apud omnes natum esse videtur.

[2a] Vergil, Georgica II, 109.

[3a] Vergil, Aeneis VI, 847-853.

[4a] Naturales Quaestiones III, IV.

[5a] Institutes II, 1 (De rerum divisione, § 1); Digest I, 8, 4 (eod. tit., L. Nemo igitur); cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 (De commerciis, L. Mercatores).

[6a] Vergil, Aeneis I, 539-540.

[7a] Vergil, Aeneis VII, 229-230.

[8a] Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4.

[9a] Sigonius, De regno Italiae.

[10a] Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta.

[11a] Numbers XXI, 21-26.

[12a] Augustinus, Locutionum IV (de Numeris), 44; Et Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2.

[13a] Sophocles, Trachiniae.

[14a] Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293.

[15a] Tacitus, Historiae IV, 64.

[16a] Andreas Alciatus, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 (De paganis, L. 1).

[17a] Code VIII, 40, 13 (De fideiussoribus, L. Si Barsagoram).

[18a] Nonius Marcellus, De varia significatione sermonum, in verbo ‘occupare’ (p. 562, Lindsay); cf. Connanus, Commentarii juris civilis III, 3; cf. Donellus, Commentarii de jure civili IV, 10.

[19a] Institutes II, 1, 13 (De rerum divisione, § Illud quaesitum est).

[20a] Digest XLI, 2, 3 (De adquirenda possessione, § Neratius).

[21a] Epistulae I, 1, 44-45.

[22a] Pliny, Naturalis historia VI, 22.

[23a] Digest XLI, 1, 3 (De adquirendo rerum dominio).

[24a] Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5.

[25a] De potestate civili I, 9.

[26a] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12.

[27a] De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19.

[28a] Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres.

[29a] Cf. Osorium.

[30a] Institutes II, 1, 40 (De rerum divisione, § Per traditionem).

[31a] Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 25.

[32a] Victoria XVI, n. 27.

[33a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 21; Turre Cremata II, c. 113; Hugo on Dist. XCVI, C. VI (Cum ad verum); Bernhardus, De consolatione ad Eugenium III; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 27; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 9, n. 7.

[34a] Matthew XVII, 27; XX, 26; John VI, 15.

[35a] Victoria, De Indis I, n. 28, 30; Covarruvias on I Corinthians V in fine; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 12, a. 2; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 29.

[36a] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 66, a. 8; Silvius, De infidelibus § 7; Innocentius on Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, III, 34, 8 (De voto, c. Quod super his); Victoria, De Indis I, n. 31.

[37a] De Indis I, n. 31.

[38a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 24; Victoria, De Indis II, n. 10.

[39a] De consolatione philosophiae IV, carmen 4, 7-10.

[40a] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 8; Dist. XLV, C. V (De Iudeis), C. III (Qui sincera); Innocentius, cf. note 1, page 17; Bartolus on Code I, 11, 1 (De paganis); Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 9, 10; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 28.

[41a] Matthew X, 23.

[42a] On Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 4, 66, a. 8.

[43a] Victoria, De Indis II, 1.

[44a] Castrensis on Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); Dist. I, C. VII (Ius naturale).

[45a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 1, n. 10; Lib. VI, V, 12, 3 (De verborum significatione, c. Exiit, qui seminat); Clem. V, 11 (De verborum significatione, c. Exivi de paradiso).

[46a] Sermones II, 2, 129-130.

[47a] Avienus, Aratus 302-303 [promisca quetura V; promiscaque cura A; iura peragros; praestiterat Buhlius, Breyzig].

[48a] Seneca, Octavia 413-414.

[49a] Avienus, Aratus 302.

[50a] Digest VII, 5 (De usu fructu earum rerum, quae usu consumuntur vel minuuntur); Extravag. XIV, 3 et 5 (De verborum significatione, c. Ad conditorem, et c. Quia quorundam); Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 78.

[51a] Thyestes 203-204 (F. CXXII).

[52a] De beneficiis VII, 12, 3.

[53a] Ps. Quintilianus, Declamatio XIII (Pro paupere).

[54a] Cicero, De officiis I.

[55a] Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure).

[56a] Vergil, Georgica I, 139-140; Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 121.

[57a] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 135-136.

[58a] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 134 (exsultavere, Magnus).

[59a] De beneficiis VII, 4, 3.

[60a] Octavia 431-432.

[61a] De officiis I, 21.

[62a] Thucydides I, 139, 2.

[63a] Duarenus on Digest I, 8 (De divisione rerum).

[64a] De officiis I, 51.

[65a] De officiis I, 52.

[66a] Ovid, Metamorphoses VI, 349-351 (aquis, 349, and ad publica, 351, Merkel).

[67a] Digest VIII, 4, 13 (Communia praediorum, L. Venditor).

[68a] Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore); Comines, Memoirs III, 2; Donellus IV, 2; Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus).

[69a] Digest I, 8, 10 (De divisione rerum, L. Aristo).

[70a] Cicero, Loco citato. [Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino 26, 72].

[71a] Institutes II, 1, 1 et 5 (De rerum divisione, § Et quidem naturali; § Litorum); Digest I, 8, 1, 2, 10 (De rerum divisione); Digest XLI, 1, 14 et 50 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore, et L. Quamvis); Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum § si quis me); Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora) et 4-7.

[72a] 975, 977, 985 (IV, 3).

[73a] Donellus IV, 2.

[74a] Digest XXXIX, 2, 24 (De damno infecto, L. Fluminum); other references same as note 1, page 29.

[75a] Donellus IV, 2 et 9; also references in note 1, page 29.

[76a] Digest I, 8, 4 (De divisione rerum, L. Nemo igitur); XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora).

[77a] Horace, Carmina III, i, 33-34.

[78a] Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (as in note 1); 8, 2 (eod. tit., L. Praetor, § Adversus).

[79a] Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. Ait praetor, § Si in mari).

[80a] Pliny, Naturalis historia IX, 54, 170.

[81a] Martial, Epigrammata X, 30, 19-20.

[82a] De Nabuthe, cap. 3.

[83a] Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane si maris).

[84a] Cf. note 1, page 31.

[85a] Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis, L. Si quisquam).

[86a] Digest XLI, 3, 45 (De usucapionibus, L, Praescriptio).

[87a] Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § Si quis me).

[88a] Novella Leonis, 102, 103, 104; cf. Cuiacium XIV, 1.

[89a] Hexameron V, 10, 27.

[90a] Donellus IV, 6.

[91a] Joannes Faber on Institutes II, 1 (§ Litorum); Digest XIV, 2, 9 (De Lege Rhodia, L. Ἀξίωσις).

[92a] Digest XLIII, 8, 3 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Litora).

[93a] Digest V, 1, 9 (De iudiciis, L. Insulae); XXXIX, 4, 15 (De publicanis, L. Caesar); Gloss. on Digest I, 8, 2 (De divisione rerum, L. Quaedam); Institutes II, 1; Baldus on Quaedam (above).

[94a] Baldus, Quibus modis feudi amittuntur, c. In principio, 2 col; Code XI, 13, 1; Angelus on Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane); Digest VIII, 4, 13 (Communia praediorum, L. Venditor fundi) et 4 (L. Caveri).

[95a] C. Quae sint Regalia, in Feudis.

[96a] Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5; 1, q. 6, n. 4.

[97a] Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § 7, v. conductori); XLIII, 9, 1 (De loco publico fruendo).

[98a] Cf. note 1.

[99a] Ennius: ‘Nihilo minus ipsi lucet, cum illi accenderit’. Vahlen,[100a] Fab. Inc. 398 (Telephus?).

[100a] Cicero, De officiis I, 51.

[101a] Seneca, De beneficiis III, 28 [IV, 28].

[102a] Johannes Faber on Institutes II, 1, 5 (De rerum divisione, § Litorum).

[103a] Pliny, Naturalis historia II, 69; VI, 27 [(31) Vol. 1, pp. 482-488 Mayhoff]; Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III.

[104a] Pliny, Naturalis historia VI, 20 (23).

[105a] Geographica II et XVII.

[106a] Pliny, Naturalis historia XII, 19 [VI, 23].

[107a] Gloss. on Lib. VI, I, 6, 3 (De electione, c. Ubi periculum, § Porro); on Digest II, 12, 3 (De feriis, L. Solet [Grotius has Licet]).

[108a] Digest I, 8, 4 (De divisione rerum, L. Nemo igitur); Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19.

[109a] Digest XLIII, 8, 2 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. Praetor ait, § Si quis in mari).

[110a] Gloss. on Digest XLIII, 14 (Ut in flumine publico).

[111a] Baldus on Digest I, 8, 3 (De divisione rerum, L. Item lapilli); Zuarius, Consilia duo de usu maris I, 3, part. tit. 28, L. 10 et 12.

[112a] Victoria, De Indis I (II?), n. 26.

[113a] Silvestris, In verbo Papa. n. 16.

[114a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 51.

[115a] Donellus, V, 22 et seq.; Digest XVIII, 1, 6 (De contrahenda emptione, L. Sed Celsus); XLI, 3, 9 (De usucapionibus, L. Usucapionem), 25 (L. Sine); Lib. VI, V, 12 (De regulis iuris, Reg. Sine possessione); Digest L, 16, 28 (De verborum significatione, L. ‘Alienationis’); XXIII, 5, 16 (De fundo dotali, L. Si fundum).

[116a] Digest XLI, 3, 45 (De usucapionibus); Code VIII, 11, 6 (De operis publicis, L. Praescriptio); XI, 43, 9 (De aquaeductu, L. Diligenter); Digest XLIII, 11, 2 (De via publica, L. Viam); XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.).

[117a] Consilia 286; Thema tale est: inter caetera capitula pacis.

[118a] Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis temporalibus praescriptionibus, L. Si quisquam).

[119a] Duarenus, De usucapionibus, c. 3; Cuiacius on Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.); Donellus V, 22 on Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore).

[120a] Code XI, 43, 4 (De aquaeductu, L. Usum aquae); cf. eod. tit., L. Diligenter; cf. Digest XLIII, 20, 3 (De aqua cottidiana et aestiva, L. Hoc iure, § Ductus aquae).

[121a] On Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, II, 26, 11 (De praescriptionibus, c. Accedentes).

[122a] De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 8.

[123a] On Digest XLI, 3, 49 (De usucapionibus, L. ult.).

[124a] Par. 3, tit. 29, I. 7 in c. Placa.; Zuarius, Consilia, num. 4.

[125a] Fachinham VIII, c. 26 et c, 33; Duarenus, De praescriptionibus, parte 2, § 2, n. 8; § 8, n. 5 et 6.

[126a] Fachinham VIII, c. 28.

[127a] Angelus Aretinus in rubr. Digest I, 8 (De divisione rerum); Balbus, l. c., n. 2; cf. Vasquium, Controversiae illustres c. 29, n. 38.

[128a] On Digest XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane).

[129a] Digest XLVII, 10, 13 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum, § ult.)

[130a] Cf. Gloss. eodem loco.

[131a] De officiis ministrorum I, 28; Gentilis I, 19 (sub finem).

[132a] Auth. Ut nulli Iudicum § 1, c. cum tanto de consuetudine.

[133a] Controversiae illustres c. 89, n. 12 et seq.

[134a] De potestate legis poenalis II, 14, part. 572.

[135a] Digest XLI, 1, 14 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quod in litore); XLI, 3 (De usucapionibus, L. fin. in prin.); Institutes II, 1, 2 (De rerum divisione, § Flumina, v. omnibus); Digest XLIV, 3, 7 (De diversis temporalibus praescriptionibus, L. Si quisquam); XLVII, 10, 14 (De iniuriis, L. Sane si maris).

[136a] Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); Institutes I, 2 (De iure naturali et gentium et civili, § 2, v. ius autem gentium).

[137a] Digest XLI, 3, 4, 26 (27) (De usucapionibus, L. Sequitur § Si viam); Institutes IV, 6, 14 (De actionibus, § Sic itaque); Ut dictis juribus et L. cum filio, ubi multa per Bartolum et Jason on Digest XXX, 11 (De Legatis I, L. Cum filio; part. I in pr. qu. 3 et 4).

[138a] Digest I, 5, 4 (De statu hominum, L. Libertas); Institutes I, 3, 1 (De iure personarum, § Et libertas); Digest XLIII, 29, 1 et 2 (De homine libero exhibendo); XLIV, 5, 1 (Quarum rerum actio non datur, L, Iusiurandum, § Quae onerandae); Code III, 28, 35 (De inofficioso testamento, L. Si quando, § Illud, v. adstringendos); Digest IV, 6, 28 (Ex quibus causis maiores, L. Nec non, § ‘Quod eius’).

[139a] Code III, 44, 7 (De religiosis et sumptibus funerum, L. Statuas).

[140a] Code VI, 43 (Communia de legatis, Contra L. 2, cum vulgatis).

[141a] Digest IX, 2, 32 (Ad legem Aquiliam, L. Illud).

[142a] Dist. IV, C II (Erit autem lex); Digest I, 3, 1 et 2 (De legibus), 32 (eod. tit., L. De quibus, cum seq.); Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, II, 26, 20 (De praescriptionibus, c. Quoniam).

[143a] Digest XLIII, 13 (Ne quid in flumine publico fiat).

[144a] Digest IV, 4, 3 (De minoribus, L. 3, § Scio); Vasquius, De successionum progressu I, 7.

[145a] Balbus, De praescriptionibus 5 in pr. in qu. 11, illius 5, quaest. pr. Gl. in cap. inter caetera 16, q. 3; Castrensis, De potestate legis poenalis II, 14; Balbus, and Angelus, on Code VII, 39, 4 (De praescriptione XXX vel XL annorum, L. Omnes).

[146a] Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis regis Lusitaniae I.

[147a] Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure); et ibi Bartolus.

[148a] Aristotle, Politica I, 9 (1257^a 30).

[149a] Cf. Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 8.

[150a] Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III, 7.

[151a] Digest XVIII, 1, 1 (De contrahenda emptione, L. Origo).

[152a] Naturalis historia XXXIII, 1.

[153a] Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea 5, 5, 11 (1133^a 20): οὐ φύσει ἀλλὰ νόμῳ ἐστί; Politica I, 9 (1257^b 10).

[154a] Dist. I, C. VII (Ius naturale); Aristotle, l. c.

[155a] Castrensis ex Cino et aliis n. 20 et 28 on Digest I, 1, 5 (De iustitia et iure, L. Ex hoc iure).

[156a] Plato, Sophista 223^d.

[157a] Plato, Republic II (p. 371) cited in Digest L, 11, 2 (De nundinis).

[158a] Politica I, 11 (1258^b 22-23).

[159a] καὶ ταύτης μέρη τρία, ναυκληρία, φορτηγία, παράστασις are the exact words.

[160a] Cicero, De officiis I, 150-151; Aristotle, Politica I, 9.

[161a] L. c. (1257^a 14-17).

[162a] De beneficiis V, 8.

[163a] Cf. cap. III et VI.

[164a] Cf. cap. VII.

[165a] Gloss. et Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 11, 2 (De via publica, L. Viam publicam); Balbus 4, 5 pr. qu. 1; Panormitanus on Decretales Gregorii Papae IX, III, 8, 10 (De concessione praebendae, c. Ex parte Hastenen.); Digest XLI, 2, 41 (De adquirenda possessione, L. Qui iure familiaritatis); Covarruvias in c. possessor. 2, § 4; Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 10 et 12.

[166a] Vasquius, l. c. n. 11.

[167a] Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia XIX.

[168a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 10, n. 10; Victoria, De Indis I, 1, n. 3; Digest VI, 1, 27 (De rei vindicatione, L. Sin autem, § penult.) L, 17, 55 et 151 (De diversis regulis, L. Nullus videtur, et L. Nemo damnum); XLII, 8, 13 (Quae in fraudem creditorum, L. Illud constat); XXXIX, 2, 24 (De damno infecto, L. Fluminum, § ult.); Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L, 1, § 5); Castrensis on Code III, 34, 10 (De servitutibus, L. Si tibi); Digest XXXIX, 3, 1 (De aqua, L. Si cui, § Denique).

[169a] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 3 et seq.; Digest XXXIX, 2, 26 (De damno infecto, L. Proculus).

[170a] Vasquius, l. c.

[171a] Vasquius, l. c. n. 5.

[172a] Εργα καὶ Ἡμέραι 24.

[173a] Code IV, 59 (De monopoliis, L. 1).

[174a] Caietanus on Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 77, a. 1, ad 3.

[175a] Aristotle, Politica I, 9.

[176a] Hexameron V, 10, 4, q. 44.

[177a] In funere Basilii.

[178a] Thucydides, Isocrates, Andocides.

[179a] Isocrates, Archidamos 51.

[180a] Panegyricus 176.

[181a] De officiis I, 35.

[182a] Polus Lucanus apud Stobaeum, De iustitia (III, p. 362 Wachsmut-Hense); Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromateis; Augustinus, De civitate Dei IV, 15.

[183a] Demosthenes, De libertate Rhodiorum XV, 10 (p. 193 R.).

[184a] Propertius IV, vi, 47-52.

[185a] De civitate Dei V, 1.

[186a] Digest XLIII, 14, 1 (Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat).

[187a] Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. 1, in principio).

[188a] Digest XLIII, 12, 1 (De fluminibus, L. 1, § Si in mari aliquid).

[189a] Digest XLIII, 8, 2 (Ne quid in loco publico, L. 2, § Si quis); XLVII, 10, 13 et 24 (De iniuriis, L. Iniuriarum actio, et L. Si quis proprium); Silvestris, In verbo ‘restitutio’, 3 sub finem; Oldradus et Archidiaconus on Digest XLVIII, 12, 2 (De lege Iulia de annona), and XLVII, 11, 6 (De extraordinariis criminibus. L. Annonam).

[190a] De civitate Dei IV.

[191a] De officiis I, 34.

[192a] Digest XLI, 1, 50 (De adquirendo rerum dominio, L. Quamvis quod in litore); Henricus von Gorcum, De bello justo 9.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Panegyric 29, 2.

[2] Georgics II, 109 [Dryden’s translation, II, 154].

[3] Aeneid VI, 847-853 [Dryden’s translation, VI, 1168-1169].

[4] Natural Questions III, IV.

[5] Institutes II, 1; Digest I, 8, 4; cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 [Grotius refers particularly to his famous predecessor Albericus Gentilis (1552-1608), an Italian who came to England and was appointed to the chair of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. He published his De Jure Belli in 1588].

[6] Aeneid I, 539-540 [Dryden’s translation, I, 760-763].

[7] Aeneid VII, 229-230 [Dryden’s translation, VII, 313-314].

[8] Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4. [The Athenian decree prohibiting the Megarians from trading with Athens or any part of the Athenian Empire was one of the leading causes of the Peloponnesian War.]

[9] Carlo Sigonio [(1523-1584), an Italian humanist, in his work] On the Kingdom of Italy.

[10] Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta [Franciscus de Victoria (1480-1546), the famous Spanish Scholastic, a Dominican, and Professor of Theology at Salamanca from 1521 until his death. His thirteen Relectiones (De Indis is no. V) were published (‘vitiosa et corrupta’) in 1557 after his death; the 1686 Cologne edition is held to be the best.

Diego Covarruvias (1512-1577), styled the Bartolo of Spain. He should probably be credited with formulating the reform decrees of the Council of Trent. The 5 vol. Antwerp 1762 edition of his works is the best.]

[11] Numbers XXI, 21-26.

[12] Locutionum IV (on Numbers), 44; Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2 [Estius (?-1613) was a Dutch commentator on the Epistles of St. Paul and on the works of St. Augustine].

[13] [Grotius refers to the Trachiniae of Sophocles, but probably from memory, for there is no such reference in that play.]

[14] Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293 [Baldus (1327-1406) was a pupil of the great Bartolus].

[15] Histories IV, 64 [In connection with the revolt of Civilis].

[16] Andrea Alciati, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 [Alciati (1492-1550) was made Comes Palatinus by the Emperor Charles V, and offered a Cardinal’s hat by Pope Paul III, which he refused, but he did become a Protonotarius Apostolicus].

[17] Code VIII, 40, 13 [Probably Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius (468-533), a Benedictine monk, one of the Latin Fathers].

[18] Nonius Marcellus, On the various significations of speech, under the word ‘occupare’; cf. Connan, Commentaries on the civil law III, 3; Donellus [Doneau], Commentaries on the civil law IV, 10. [François de Connan (1508-1551), a French jurisconsult, a pupil of Alciati; Hugues Doneau (1527-1591) a famous jurisconsult, who wrote many volumes of commentaries on the Digest and the Code.]

[19] Institutes II, 1, 13.

[20] Digest XLI, 2, 3.

[21] Letters I, 1, 44-45 [Francis’s translation, English Poets XIX, 726].

[22] Pliny, Natural History, VI, 22.

[23] Digest XLI, 1, 3.

[24] Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5.

[25] De potestate civili I, 9.

[26] Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12 [Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), one of the most famous of the Schoolmen and Theologians, spoken of often as Aquila Theologorum, and Doctor Angelicus].

[27] De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19.

[28] Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres.

[29] [Grotius cites Osorius, but gives no reference.]

[30] Institutes II, 1, 40.

[31] Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n, 25.

[32] Victoria XVI, n. 27.

[33] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 21; Torquemada II, c. 113; Hugo on Dist. XCVI, C. VI; St. Bernard, Admonitory epistle to Pope Eugene III, book 2; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 27; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 9, n. 7.

[34] Matthew XVII, 27; XX, 26; John VI, 15.

[35] Victoria, De Indis I, n. 28, 30; Covarruvias on I Corinthians V, at the end; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 12, a. 2; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 29 [Best edition of Ayala is in The Classics of International Law, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2 vol., 1912].

[36] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 66, a. 8; Silvius, De infidelibus § 7; Innocent on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 34, 8; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 81. [Franciscus Silvius, or Sylvius, or du Bois (1581-1649), was a Belgian theologian.]

[37] De Indis I, n. 31.

[38] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 24; Victoria, De Indis II, n. 10.

[39] On the Consolation of Philosophy IV, 4, 7-10 [H. R. James’ translation, page 194].

[40] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 8; Dist. XLV, C. V, C. III; Innocent, see note 1, page 17; Bartolus on Code I, 11, 1; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 9, 10; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 28.

[41] Matthew X, 23.

[42] On Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 4, 66, a. 8 [Thomas de Cajetan (1469-1534), an Italian cardinal, wrote voluminous commentaries on Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, and the Bible].

[43] Victoria, De Indis II, 1.

[44] Paul de Castro on Digest I, 1, 5; Dist. I, C. VII.

[45] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 1, n. 10; Lib. VI, V, 12, 3; Clem. V, 11.

[46] Satires II, 2, 129-130.

[47] Aratus 302-303.

[48] Octavia 413-414 [Translation by E. I. Harris (Act II, Scene 1)].

[49] Aratus 302.

[50] Digest VII, 5; Extravagantes of Pope John XXII, XIV, 3 and 5; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 78.

[51] 203-204 [E. I. Harris’ translation (Act II, Scene 1)].

[52] De beneficiis VII, 12, 3.

[53] Speech XIII, In behalf of the poor man.

[54] De officiis I.

[55] Digest I, 1, 5.

[56] Vergil, Georgics I, 139-140 [Dryden’s translation I, 211]; Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 121.

[57] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 135-136 [Dryden’s translation I (English Poets XX, 432)].

[58] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 134.

[59] De beneficiis VII, 4, 3.

[60] Octavia 431-432 [Grotius here takes a slight liberty with the context].

[61] De officiis I, 21 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 23].

[62] History I, 139, 2.

[63] Duaren [a French humanist (1509-1559)], on Digest I, 8.

[64] De officiis I, 51 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55].

[65] De officiis I, 52.

[66] Metamorphoses VI, 349-351.

[67] Digest VIII, 4, 13.

[68] Digest XLI, 1, 14; Comines, Memoirs III, 2; Donellus IV, 2; Digest XLI, 3, 49. [Philippe de Comines (1445-1509), a French historian, and one of the negotiators of the treaty of Senlis (1493).]

[69] Digest I, 8, 10.

[70] Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino 26, 72.

[71] Institutes II, 1, 1 and 5; Digest I, 8, 1, 2, 10; XLI, 1, 14 and 50; XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 8, 3, and 4-7.

[72] Act IV, Scene 3 (975, 977, 985).

[73] Donellus IV, 2.

[74] Digest XXXIX, 2, 24; other references same as note 1, page 29.

[75] Donellus IV, 2 and 9; also references in note 1, page 29.

[76] Digest I, 8, 4; XLIII, 8, 3.

[77] Odes III, i, 33-34 [Bennett’s (Loeb) translation, page 171].

[78] Digest XLIII, 8, 3; 8, 2.

[79] Digest XLIII, 12, 1.

[80] Pliny, Natural History IX, 54, 170.

[81] Epigrams X, 30, 19-20.

[82] De Nabuthe, cap. 3.

[83] Digest XLVII, 10, 14.

[84] See note 1, page 31.

[85] Digest XLIV, 3, 7.

[86] Digest XLI, 3, 45.

[87] Digest XLVII, 10, 13.

[88] Novels of Leo, 102, 103, 104; See also Cujas XIV, 1.

[89] Hexameron V, 10, 27 [St. Ambrose (c. 333-397), Bishop of Milan, is meant].

[90] Donellus IV, 6.

[91] On Institutes II, 1; Digest XIV, 2, 9 [Johannes Faber (c. 1570-c. 1640) was Bishop of Vienna, and Court preacher to Emperor Ferdinand. He was known popularly as ‘Malleus Haereticorum’].

[92] Digest XLIII, 8, 3.

[93] Digest V, 1, 9; XXXIX, 4, 15; Glossators on Digest I, 8, 2; Institutes II, 1; Baldus on L. Quaedam, in Digest I, 8, 2.

[94] Baldus, Quibus modis feudi amittuntur, chapter beginning In principio, second column; Code XI, 13, 1; Angeli on Digest XLVII, 10, 14; Digest VIII, 4, 13 and 4.

[95] C. Quae sint Regalia, in Feudis.

[96] Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5; 1, q. 6, n. 4.

[97] Digest XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 9, 1.

[98] See note 1.

[99] [Quoted in Cicero, De officiis I, 51, and here taken from Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55.]

[100] Cicero, De officiis I, 51.

[101] Seneca, De beneficiis IV, 28.

[102] Johannes Faber on Institutes II, 1, 5.

[103] Pliny, Natural History II, 69; VI, 27; Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III.

[104] Natural History VI, 20.

[105] Geography II and XVII.

[106] Natural History VI, 23.

[107] Glossators on Lib. VI, I, 6, 3; on Digest II, 12, 3.

[108] Digest I, 8, 4; Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19.

[109] Digest XLIII, 8, 2.

[110] Glossators on Digest XLIII, 14.

[111] Baldus on Digest I, 8, 3; Zuarius, Consilia duo de usu maris I, 3, 28, L. 10 and 12. [Rodericus Zuarius, Consilia published in 1621].

[112] Victoria, De Indis I, n. 26.

[113] Silvestris, In verbo Papa. n. 16.

[114] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 51.

[115] Donellus, V. 22 ff.; Digest XVIII, 1, 6; XLI, 3, 9, 25; Lib. VI, V, 12 (Reg. Sine possessione); Digest L, 16, 28; XXIII, 5, 16.

[116] Digest XLI, 3, 45; Code VIII, 11, 6; XI, 43, 9; Digest XLIII, 11, 2; XLI, 3, 49.

[117] Consilia 286 [Angelus Aretinus a Gambellionibus (?-1445), a voluminous commentator on the Digest and the Institutes].

[118] Digest XLIV, 3, 7.

[119] Duren, De usucapionibus, c. 3; Cujas on Digest XLI, 3, 49; Donellus V, 22 on Digest XLI, 1, 14.

[120] Code XI, 43, 4; cf. XI, 43, 9; cf. Digest XLIII, 20, 3.

[121] On the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 11 [Felinus Maria Sandeus (c. 1427-1503), Bishop of Lucca].

[122] De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 8 [Johannes Franciscus Balbus, a priest and jurisconsult at Muentz-hof].

[123] On Digest XLI, 3, 49.

[124] Par. 3, tit. 29, I. 7 in c. Placa.; Zuarius, Consilia, num. 4.

[125] Fachinham VIII, c. 26 and c. 33; Duaren, De praescriptionibus, parte 2, § 2, n. 8; § 8, n. 5 and 6, [Nicholas Fachinham (?-1407), a Franciscan, who taught Theology at Oxford.]

[126] Fachinham VIII, c. 28.

[127] Angelus Aretinus on Digest I, 8; Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 2; see Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 29, n. 38.

[128] On Digest XLVII, 10, 14.

[129] Digest XLVI, 10, 13.

[130] Glossators on the reference in note 4, page 51.

[131] De officiis ministrorum I, 28; Gentilis I, 19.

[132] Auth. Ut nulli Iudicum § 1, c. cum tanto de consuetudine.

[133] Controversiae illustres c. 89, n. 12 ff. [Ferdinand Manchaea Vasquez (1509-1566) the famous Spanish jurisconsult, who held many high honors of the realm].

[134] De potestate legis poenalis II, 14, part 572 [Alphonse de Castro (?-1558). Theologian at Salamanca, confessor to the Emperor Charles V.].

[135] Digest XLI, 1, 14; XLI, 3; Institutes II, 1, 2; Digest XLIV, 3, 7; XLVII, 10, 14.

[136] Digest I, 1, 5; Institutes I, 2, § 2.

[137] Digest XLI, 3, 4, 26 (27); Institutes IV, 6, 14; Bartolus and Jason on Digest XXX, 11.

[138] Digest I, 5, 4; Institutes I, 3, 1; Digest XLIII, 29, 1-2; XLIV, 5, 1; Code III, 28, 35; Digest IV, 6, 28.

[139] Code III, 44, 7.

[140] Code VI, 43.

[141] Digest IX, 2, 32.

[142] Dist. IV, C. II; Digest I, 3, 1-2, 32; Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 20.

[143] Digest XLIII, 13.

[144] Digest IV, 4, 3; Vasquius, De successionum progressu I, 7.

[145] Balbus, De praescriptionibus 5, 11; 16, 3; Alphonse de Castro, De potestate legis poenalis II, 14; Balbus and Angelus on Code VII, 39, 4.

[146] Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis regis Lusitaniae I [Hieronymus Osorius (1506-1580) was known as the Portuguese Cicero].

[147] Digest I, 1, 5.

[148] I, 9 (1257^a 30).

[149] Cf. Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 8.

[150] Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III, 7.

[151] Digest XVIII, 1, 1.

[152] Natural History XXXIII, 1.

[153] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 5, 5, 11 (1133^a 20); Politics I, 9 (1257^b 10) [Nummus--νόμος. The fact that this is an incorrect derivation does not of course affect the argument].

[154] Dist. I, C. VII; Aristotle, see note 4 above.

[155] Castrensis from Cinus and others on Digest I, 1, 5.

[156] Plato, Sophista 223^{d}.

[157] II (p. 371) cited in Digest L, 11, 2.

[158] Politics I, 11 (1258^{b} 22-23).

[159] [The text here is somewhat expanded.]

[160] Cicero, De officiis I, 150-151; Aristotle, Politics I, 9.

[161] Politics I, 9 (1257^{a} 14-17) [Jowett’s translation, Vol. I, page 15].

[162] De beneficiis V, 8 [Not a quotation, but a summing up of the chapter].

[163] See chapters III and VI.

[164] See chapter VII.

[165] On Digest XLIII, 11, 2; Balbus 4, 5 pr. qu. 1; Panormitanus on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 8, 10; Digest XLI, 2, 41; Covarruvias in c. possessor. 2, § 4; Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 10 and 12.

[166] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 11.

[167] Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia XIX.

[168] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 10, n. 10; Victoria, De Indis I, 1, n. 3; Digest VI, 1. 27; L, 17, 55, 151; XLII, 8, 13; XXXIX, 2, 24; Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 12, 1; Castrensis on Code III, 34, 10; Digest XXXIX, 3, 1.

[169] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 3 ff.; Digest XXXIX, 2, 26.

[170] Vasquius, same reference.

[171] Vasquius, same reference, n. 5.

[172] In his Works and Days [The entire passage as translated by A. W. Mair (Oxford translation, page 1) is: “For when he that hath no business looketh on him that is rich, he hasteth to plow and to array his house: and neighbour vieth with neighbour hasting to be rich: good is this Strife for men.”].

[173] Code IV, 59.

[174] Cajetan on Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 77, a. 1, ad 3.

[175] Politics I, 9.

[176] Hexameron V, 10, 4, q. 44.

[177] In funere Basilii.

[178] Thucydides, Isocrates, Andocides.

[179] Isocrates, Archidamos 51 [Grotius probably quoted here from memory].

[180] Panegyric 176.

[181] De officiis I, 35.

[182] Polus Lucanus apud Stobaeum, De iustitia; Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromateis; Augustine, City of God IV, 15.

[183] On the liberty of the Rhodians XV, 10 [Pickard-Cambridge’s translation I, page 59].

[184] Propertius IV, vi, 47-52 [Butler’s (Loeb) translation, page 305].

[185] City of God V, 1.

[186] Digest XLIII, 14, 1.

[187] Digest XLIII, 12, 1.

[188] Digest XLIII, 12, 1.

[189] Digest XLIII, 8, 2; XLVII, 10, 13 and 24; Silvestris, on the word ‘restitutio’; Oldradus and Archidiaconus on Digest XLVIII, 12, 2, and XLVII, 11, 6 [Oldrado de Ponte (?-1335), a Bologna canonist. Archidiaconus is probably the Italian decretalist Guido Bosius.]

[190] City of God IV.

[191] De officiis I, 34 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 37].

[192] Digest XLI, 1, 50; Heinrich von Gorcum, De bello justo 9.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Footnote [100a] is referenced twice, from page 38 and from the prior Footnote [99a].

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 16 (Fn 33a): ‘Eugenium II;’ replaced by ‘Eugenium III;’. Pg 16 (Fn 35a): ‘Corinthinas V,’ replaced by ‘Corinthians V,’. Pg 31: ‘praetors was able’ replaced by ‘praetors were able’. Pg 44: ‘this is specificially’ replaced by ‘this is specifically’. Pg 68: ‘more absurd then’ replaced by ‘more absurd than’. Pg 80 (Index): ‘Baldis’ replaced by ‘Baldus’.