Chapter III., pp. 83-88.

[88] The name Paratheria has been suggested for this proposed subclass.

[89] In some few Armadillos the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla passes behind the first upper tooth; but in all other known members of the order all the teeth are implanted in the maxilla.

[90] See Flower, “On the Mutual Affinities of the Animals composing the Order Edentata,” _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, 1882, p. 358.

[91] An attempt has been made to represent these views by the following classification:

Order EDENTATA. Suborder PILOSA. _Bradypodidæ._ _Megatheriidæ._ _Myrmecophagidæ._ Suborder LORICATA. _Dasypodidæ._ Suborder SQUAMATA. _Manidæ._ Suborder TUBULIDENTATA. _Orycteropodidæ._

It may be objected to this arrangement that the _present_ divergence between the Sloths and Anteaters is hardly sufficiently indicated by their association in one suborder.—Flower, “On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of Mammals,” _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 178.

[92] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 50 (1766).

[93] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 108 (1811).

[94] Burmeister, _Sitzb. Ak. Berlin_, vol. xxviii. p. 613 (1882).

[95] Lydekker, in Nicholson and Lydekker’s _Manual of Palæontology_, vol. ii. p. 1299 (1889). Originally described under the preoccupied name _Cœlodon_.

[96] Cuvier, _Tableau Élém. d’Hist. Nat. des Animaux_, p. 146 (1798).

[97] An excellent figure of this skeleton, which unfortunately was incorrectly articulated, and wanted the greater part of the tail, was published by Pander and D’Alton in 1821, and has been frequently reproduced in subsequent works.

[98] See E. D. Cape, _Amer. Naturalist_, vol. xxiii. p. 152 (1889).

[99] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 51 (1766).

[100] Professor Cope has recently come to the conclusion that there are three species; but further evidence is required in support of this view.

[101] Gray, _Annals of Philosophy_, new series, vol. x. p. 343 (1825).

[102] Gray, _Annals of Philosophy_, new series, vol. x. p. 343 (1825).

[103] Harlan, _Ann. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist._ vol. i. p. 237 (1824).—Amended from _Chiamyphorus_.

[104] Linn. _Syst. Nat._, 12th ed. vol. i. p. 54 (1766).

[105] Wagler, _Syst. Amphibien_, etc., p. 36 (1830).

[106] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1822).—_Priodontes._

[107] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 111 (1811).

[108] Lesson, _Man. de Mammalogie_, p. 309 (1827); _ex._ F. Cuvier, _Tatusie_.

[109] A single imperfect skin, brought from the province of Ceara in Brazil, indicates a very remarkable form of Armadillo, named by A. Milne-Edwards _Scleropleura brunetti_ (_Ann. Sc. Nat._ xvi. p. 8, 1872). The dermal scutes are said to be much less developed than in other members of the family, and confined to the sides, all the median portion of the back being clothed with a flexible hairy skin. The head is broad and short, the ears small and far apart. The tail is long, and almost entirely devoid of scutes. The feet are unknown.

[110] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 52 (1766).

[111] _Mammalian Descent_, p. 95.

[112] _Mammalian Descent_, p. 99.

[113] Forsyth-Major, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. cvii. p. 1180 (1888).

[114] Geoffroy, _Décade Philosophique_, 1795 (_teste_ Agassiz).

[115] _Proceedings of the Royal Society_; vol. xlvii. p. 246 (1890).

[116] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 41 (1780).

[117] _Zool. Jahrbuch_, vol. i. p. 1 (1886).

[118] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 140 (1811).

[119] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 141 (1811).—Amended from _Rytina_.

[120] Nordenskiöld, during his voyage in the _Vega_, obtained some information from the natives of Behring Island which led him to believe that a few individuals may have survived to a much later date, even to 1854; but this conclusion is disputed by later writers.

[121] Kaup, _Neues Jahrbuch_, 1838, pp. 319 and 536.

[122] This is an important distinction from the Sirenia, but a character common to nearly all other mammals. It is doubtful whether there is any foundation for the statement that these epiphyses remain ununited for an exceptionally long period in the Cetacea.

[123] A character repeated in some of the Seals.

[124] These have been described in detail by Professor Struthers in the _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, 1881.

[125] The ankylosed mass of cervical vertebræ, on which the genus _Palæocetus_ was established, was regarded by its describer as having probably come from the Kimeridge Clay, but the mineral condition of the specimen points to the Red Crag as the place of origin.

[126] There is much resemblance in the larynx of the Hippopotamus, but none in that of the Seal, to the same organ in the Cetacea.

[127] German _Meerschwein_, whence the French _Marsouin_. “Porpoise” is said to be derived from “_Porc-poisson_.”

[128] Icel. _hvalr_; Dan. and Swed. _hval_; Anglo-Saxon _hwæl_; Germ. _wal_, _walfisch_. The meaning apparently is “roller,” the word being closely allied to “wheel” (Skeat).

[129] These were discovered in the Greenland Whale by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, whose observations were confirmed and extended to other genera by Eschricht. They have been very fully described in _Balænoptera rostrata_ by Julin (_Archives de Biologie_, i. 1880).

[130] For the structure of whalebone see Hunter, “Observations on the Structure and Economy of Whales,” _Phil. Trans._ 1787; Eschricht and Reinhardt, _On the Greenland Right Whale_, English translation by the Ray Society, 1866, pp. 67-78; and Sir W. Turner, in _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._ 1870.

[131] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 105 (1766).

[132] Gray, _Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales in Brit. Mus._ p. 39 (1871).

[133] Cope, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1869, p. 15.

[134] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 16 (1846).

[135] See J. Struthers, “On the Anatomy of _Megaptera longimana_,” _Journ. Anatomy and Physiology_, 1887-89.

[136] Lacépède, “Table des Ordres,” _Hist. Nat. des Cétacés_, p. xxxvi. (1804).

[137] See P. J. Van Beneden, “Histoire Naturelles des Balénoptères,” _Mém. Acad. Belgique_, xli. 1887.

[138] In a recent memoir Professor D’Arcy Thompson has brought forward some arguments to show that the Zeuglodonts have no direct affinities with the Cetacea, but have on the other hand the strongest possible relation with the Pinnipede Carnivora. “On the Systematic position of Zeuglodon,” _Studies from the Museum of Zoology, Dundee_, vol. i. No. 9, 1890.

[139] An appearance in one specimen has been described by C. G. Carus as indicating a vertical succession of the teeth, but the evidence upon which this rests is by no means satisfactory, and appears to admit of another explanation.

[140] A mutilated humerus of _Zeuglodon cetoides_ has given rise to many conjectures, appearing to some anatomists to indicate seal-like freedom of motion at the elbow-joint, while to others its characters appear to be truly Cetacean.

[141] See _Trans. Geol. Soc._ ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 67.

[142] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 107 (1766).

[143] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 22 (1846). Usually spelt _Kogia_.

[144] Lacépède, “Table des Ordres,” _Hist. Nat. des Cétacés_, p. xliv. (1804).

[145] See the figures in the _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, pp. 728, 729.

[146] Cuvier, _Ossemens Fossiles_, 2d ed. vol. v. p. 352 (1823).

[147] Gervais, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 16 (1850). For the very complicated synonymy of this genus, see _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. viii. p. 208.

[148] Duvernoy, _Ann. Sci. Nat.-Zoologie_, sér. 3, vol. xv. p. 41 (1851).

[149] Duvernoy, _op. cit._ p. 61.

[150] Grateloup, _Act. Ac. R. Sci. Bordeaux_, 1840, p. 208.

[151] Wagler, _Syst. Amphib._ etc., p. 35 (1830).

[152] The anatomy of _Platanista_ is fully described by J. Anderson, _Zoological Results of Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan_, 1878.

[153] D’Orbigny, _Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris_, vol. iii. p. 31 (1834).

[154] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 46 (1846).

[155] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 105 (1766).

[156] Lacépède, _Hist. Nat. des Cétacés_, p. xli. (1804).

[157] Cuvier, _Règne Animal_, vol. i. p. 279 (1817).

[158] _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 30 (1846). The name is preoccupied by Lamarck for a genus of Polyzoa (1816).

[159] Gray, _Cat. Cetacea Brit. Mus._ p. 106 (1850).

[160] Gray, _Cat. Seals and Whales in Brit. Mus._ p. 285 (1866).

[161] _Anatomical and Zoological Researches, comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, in 1868 and 1875_ (1878).

[162] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 33 (1846).

[163] Reinhardt, _Overs. Dan. Sezsk. Forh._ 1862, p. 151.

[164] Lesson, _N. Tab. d. Règne Animal—Mamm._ p. 200 (1842).

[165] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 30 (1846).

[166] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 77.

[167] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 35 (1846).

[168] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 108 (1766).

[169] Gervais, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_, vol. ii. p. 323 (1855).

[170] Gervais, _Ostéographie des Cétacés_, p. 604 (1880).

[171] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, p. 43 (1846).

[172] Gray, _Cat. Seals and Whales Brit. Mus._ 2d ed. p. 393 (1866).

[173] Since this was in type the discovery of transient rudimentary clavicles in the embryo of the Sheep has been announced by Wineza (_Morpholog. Jahrb._ xvi. p. 647).

[174] Also known as Diplarthra.

[175] The pollex is present in the manus of the extinct _Cotylops_.

[176] In the table on p. 89 the Peccaries are included in the _Suidæ_.

[177] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 101 (1766).

[178] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 102 (1766).

[179] If from any accidental circumstances these teeth are not constantly worn down by friction, they grow into a complete circle, the point penetrating the bone of the jaw close to the root of the tooth. The natives of the Fiji Islands avail themselves of this circumstance to produce one of their most valued ornaments—a circular boar’s tusk: the upper canines being extracted, the lower ones are allowed to grow to the desired form.

[180] See Garson, _Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond._ 1883, p. 413.

[181] Lesson, _Man. d. Mamm._, p. 337 (1827), “Babirusa.”

[182] Cuvier, _Règne-Animal_, vol. i. p. 236 (1817).

[183] Cuvier, _Règne Animal_, vol. i. p. 237 (1817).

[184] Professor Cope considers that there is a third species, for which he has proposed the name _D. angularis_.

[185] This name (Leidy, 1851) is preoccupied by _Orodus_ (Agassiz, 1838).

[186] The stomach of the Camel inhabiting the Arabian desert is commonly looked upon as a striking example of specialised structure, adapted or modified in direct accordance with a highly specialised mode of life; it is therefore very remarkable to find an organ exactly similar, except in some unessential details, in the Llamas of the Peruvian Andes and the Guanacos of the Pampas. No hypothesis except that of a common origin will satisfactorily account for this, and, granting that this view is correct, it becomes extremely interesting to find for how long a time two genera may be isolated and yet retain such close similarities in parts which in other groups appear readily subject to adaptive modifications.

[187] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 90 (1766).

[188] There is much confusion as to the proper use of the names Camel and Dromedary. It is now generally accepted that the former is the common term for all the members of the genus, and that Dromedary should be confined to the lighter and swifter breeds of the one-humped species. One of the oldest pictures of the two-humped Camel extant, painted on the wall of the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, has, however, “Dromedary” inscribed under it.

[189] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 103 (1811).

[190] _Natural History of the Strait of Magellan_, 1871.

[191] Pallas, _Spicilegia Zoologica_, vol. xiii. p. 27 (1779).

[192] Kaup, _Ossemens Fossiles de Darmstadt_, pt. 5, p. 92 (1836). This name, which was proposed for a fossil species, antedates _Hyomoschus_, Gray, applied to the living form.

[193] For the anatomy of this group see A. H. Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 2.

[194] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 91 (1766).

[195] For the anatomy of _Moschus_ see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 159; and Garrod, _ibid._ 1877, p. 287.

[196] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 889.

[197] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 74.

[198] Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. Bull. p. 93 (1872).

[199] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 92 (1766).

[200] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 304 (1827).

[201] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 303 (1827).

[202] Scott, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1885, p. 181.

[203] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 313 (1827).

[204] Swinhoe, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 90.

[205] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1850, p. 237.

[206] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1850, p. 242.

[207] This accessory column is shown in the figure of the molar of _Boselaphus_ on p. 311.

[208] Zimmermann, _Geograph. Geschichte_, vol. ii. p. 125 (1780).

[209] Ord. _Journ. de Physique_, vol. lxxxvii. p. 149 (1818).

[210] Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75.

[211] Lichtenstein, _Berlin Ges. Natuforsch. Freunde Magazin_, vol. vi. pp. 152, 165 (1814).

[212] F. E. Blaauw, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 2.

[213] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. iv. p. 258 (1827). Taken to include _Grimmia_, _Terphone_, etc., of Gray.

[214] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiv. p. 524 (1823).

[215] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. iv. p. 269 (1827).

[216] _Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia_, p. 268.

[217] Sundevall, _Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl._ for 1844, p. 191. Taken to include _Calotragus_, _Scopophorus_, _Nesotragus_, _Pediotragus_, and _Oreotragus_ of Gray.

[218] See V. Brooke, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, pp. 642 and 875.

[219] Gray, _Cat. Ungulate Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 90 (1852).

[220] Andrew Smith, _Illustrations of Zoology of South Africa_, No. 12 (1840), “Kobus.” Is taken to include _Adenota_ and _Onotragus_ of Gray.

[221] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Syn. _Eleotragus_.

[222] Pallas, _Spicilegia Zoologica_, vol. i. p. 3 (1767).

[223] Sundevall, _Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl._ for 1845, p. 271.

[224] Gray, _List Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 160 (1843).

[225] Hodgson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1834, p. 81.

[226] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Is taken to include _Procapra_ and _Tragops_.

[227] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 537. Three species subsequently described are here added to the list.

[228] Sundevall, _Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl._ for 1844, p. 196.

[229] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75.

[230] Rafinesque, _Anal. Nat._ 1815, p. 56.

[231] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Syn. _Portax_, Hamilton-Smith.

[232] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Includes _Euryceros_, Gray.

[233] Gray, _List. Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 155 (1843).

[234] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 471 (1822).

[235] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75.

[236] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 352 (1827).

[237] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 354 (1827). Amended from “Aplocerus.”

[238] Hodgson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xix. p. 65 (1850).

[239] See A. O. Hume, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, pp. 483-486.

[240] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 94 (1766).

[241] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 314; and 1887, p. 552.

[242] Specimens referred by Dinnik to _C. caucasica_ have been made the types of another species—_C. severtzovi_.

[243] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 97 (1766).

[244] There may be a beard on the throat, as in _O. cycloceros_.

[245] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 326.

[246] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 76.

[247] _Zoologist_, September 1877.

[248] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 98 (1766).

[249] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 474.

[250] Sir V. Brooke states that this species is distinguished from _B. pumilus_ by the absence of a fringe to the ears, but specimens in the British Museum show that this is not the case.

[251] _The Extirpation of the American Bison_, 1889.

[252] The late Mr. Alston, _Fauna of Scotland_, “Mammalia” (Glasgow, 1880), p. 25, considers that the Chillingham cattle are descendants of a race which had escaped from domestication.

[253] Wanting in the aberrant _Chalicotherium_.

[254] See W. N. Parker, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 775.

[255] Cuvier, _Tableau Élément. de l’Hist. Nat._ p. 152 (1798); _ex_ Brisson.

[256] See J. Murie, _Journ. Anat. and Physiol._ vol. vi. p. 131, 1871; W. N. Parker. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 768; and F. E. Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 252.

[257] The Swiss _P. siderolithicus_ has only one cusp in the last upper premolar.

[258] Leidy, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1858, p. 26.

[259] Christol, _Ann. Sci. Indust. Mid. France_, vol. i. p. 180 (1832).

[260] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 100 (1766).

[261] Darwin, _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_, 1868, vol. i. chap. ii.

[262] See _Nature_, 21st August 1884, and _Zool. Garten._ vol. xxviii. p. 453.

[263] See Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 542.

[264] See Blanford, _Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia_ (_Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission_), p. 84.

[265] This must not be confounded with the navicular of the tarsus.

[266] Want of space and of the necessary illustrations rendered it impossible to give an account of mammalian myology in the earlier chapters of this work.

[267] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 104 (1766).

[268] Many authors use Cuvier’s name, _R. indicus_, in preference to this, on the ground that there are more than one species with one horn, forgetting that the name substituted is equally inconvenient, as more than one species live in India. The fact of a specific name being applicable to several members of a genus is no objection to its restriction to the first to which it was applied; otherwise changes in old and well-received names would constantly have to be made in consequence of new discoveries.

[269] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. xii.; see also _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 9.

[270] See Beddard and Treves, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 9.

[271] For the internal anatomy of _R. sumatrensis_ see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 92; and Beddard and Treves, _loc. cit._

[272] Those external points of distinction from _R. simus_ are taken from a paper by Sclater in the _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 143.

[273] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 726.

[274] This name is the earliest, but is preoccupied.

[275] Hermann, _Tab. Affinit. Anim._ p. 115 (1783). It has recently been proposed to substitute the earlier name _Procavia_ in lieu of _Hyrax_. The anatomy of Hyrax was first described by Pallas (_Spicilegia Zoologica_). Besides minor memoirs, two detailed accounts of its structure have appeared—one by Brandt, in _Mém. Acad. Nat. Scien. St. Pétersbourg_, 7ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. vol. xiv. No. 2, 1869; and another by George, in _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, 6ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. tom. i. 1874, in which references to all the previous literature will be found. The mechanism by which the sole of the foot is enabled to adhere to smooth surfaces is fully described by G. E. Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 526.

[276] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 4. vol. i. p. 48 (1868).

[277] See a paper by J. V. Barboza du Bocage, in the _Jorn. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lisboa_ (2), vol. i. p. 186 (1889), where a list of all the known species will be found.

[278] These teeth are by some writers classed as canines, as their roots are implanted in the maxillæ; but, as in Rodents, they are originally developed in the gum covering the premaxillæ, in which bones their primitive alveoli are sunk. As growth proceeds, however, firm support for such massive and weighty bodies can only be obtained by their roots gradually sinking through the premaxillæ into the great and specially modified alveolar processes of the maxillæ, but this does not vitiate their homology with the incisors of other mammals.

[279] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 48 (1766).

[280] In the Gulf of Cambay,—not the island of the same name in the Red Sea.

[281] The word Mammoth was introduced into the languages of Western Europe about two centuries ago from the Russian, and is thought by Pallas and Nordenskiöld to be of Tartar origin, but others, as Witzen, Strahlenburg, and Howorth, have endeavored to prove that it is a corruption of the Arabic word _Behemoth_, or great beast.

[282] The best known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk found in the cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Lartet and Christy’s _Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ_, and in many other works bearing on the subject of the antiquity of man.

[283] Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. viii. p. 270 (1806).

[284] This, and the larger number of ridges in the latter, are the only absolute distinctions which Falconer could find between _Mastodon_ and _Elephas_ (_Palæont. Memoirs_, ii. p. 9), and it is clear that they are somewhat arbitrary. The line between the two genera is drawn at this point more as a matter of convenience for descriptive purposes than as indicating any great natural break in the sequence of modifications of the same type.

[285] Also found beyond the extreme north-western frontier of India.

[286] Kaup, _Isis_, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829).

[287] Leidy, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1872, p 169.

[288] For detailed descriptions and figures of this group, see Marsh, “Monograph of the Dinocerata,” _Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv._ vol. x. (1884).

[289] Owen, _Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds_, p. 299 (1846).

[290] See G. E. Dobson, _Journ. Anat. Phys._ vol. xvii.

[291] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1842, p. 124.

[292] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 8.

[293] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 86 (1766).

[294] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 272 (1867).

[295] Hemprich and Ehrenberg, _Symbol. Phys. Mamm._ vol. i. (1832).

[296] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 83 (1811).

[297] Some American zoologists have recently proposed to raise a large number of the forms usually regarded as local races to the rank of species.

[298] Cuvier, _Leçons d’Anatomie Comp._ (1800).

[299] Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. x. p. 126 (1825).

[300] O. Thomas, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. lvii. p. 256 (1888).

[301] Schreber, _Säugethiere_, vol. iv. p. 721 (1792).

[302] Rafinesque, _Amer. Monthly Mag._ vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).

[303] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 293 (1822).

[304] Richardson, _Zool. Journ._ vol. iv. p. 334 (1829). Amended.

[305] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 78 (1766).

[306] For a monograph of the _Myoxidæ_, see C. L. Reuvens, _Die Myoxidæ_, etc., 4to, Leyden, 1890.

[307] Schreber, _Säugethiere_, vol. iv. p. 824 (1792).

[308] Wagner, _Abh. baier. Akad._ vol. iii. p. 179 (1843).

[309] F. Cuvier, _Mammifères_, 60ᵐᵉ livr. (1845).

[310] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. x. p. 41 (1888).

[311] Kaup, _Entwickl. Europ. Thierwelt_, p. 139 (1829).

[312] A. Milne-Edwards, _L’Institut_, vol. xxxv. p. 46 (1867).

[313] _Sminthus_ is referred to the _Dipodidæ_.

[314] Geoffrey, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

[315] For the anatomy of this animal see B. C. A. Windle, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 53.

[316] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 247.

[317] Blyth, _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxviii. p. 289 (1859).

[318] Desmarest, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xxiv. p. 22 (1804).

[319] Lataste, _Le Nat._ vol. i. p. 314 (1880).

[320] Wagner, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1841, p. 132.

[321] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 168 (1825).

[322] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1875, p. 12.

[323] A. Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

[324] _Nesocia_ was included by Alston in this subfamily.

[325] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1839, p. 108.

[326] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. p. 158 (1834).

[327] Peters, _Reise n. Mossambique_, vol. i. p. 162 (1852).

[328] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1874, p. 234.

[329] Cuvier, _Règne Animal_, vol. i. p. 198 (1817).

[330] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 133.

[331] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 451.

[332] Brandt, _Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg_, sér. 3, iii. p. 428 (1835).

[333] Say and Ord, _Journ. Acad. Philad._ vol. iv. p. 352 (1825).

[334] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 29.

[335] Coues, _Proc. Acad. Philad._ 1874, p. 184.

[336] Say and Ord, _Journ. Acad. Philad._ vol. iv. p. 346 (1825).

[337] Grandidier, _Rev. and Mag. Zool._ 1869, p. 388.

[338] Peters, _Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde_, 1870, p. 54 (1871).

[339] Günther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 79.

[340] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. i. p. 107, note 27 (1879).

[341] Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 6, vol. xx. art. 1, _bis_, p. 1 (1886).

[342] Merriam, _Fauna of North America_, No. 2, p. 28 (1889).

[343] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 495 (1801). Many writers employ the earlier name _Microtus_ for the true Voles.

[344] Baird, _Mamm. North America_, pp. xliv. 558 (1857).

[345] Pallas, _Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat._ vol. i. p. 173 (1811).

[346] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 1220.

[347] Cuvier, _Leçons d’Anatomie Compar._ tab. 1 (1800).

[348] True, _Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus._ vol. vii. p. 170 (1884).

[349] Fischer, _Zoognosia_, vol. iii. p. 72 (1814).

[350] Brants, _Het. Geslact der Muizen_, p. 20 (1827).

[351] O. Thomas. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 130.

[352] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 79 (1766).

[353] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 264 (1842). Amended from _Nesokia_.

[354] Gray, Charlesworth’s, _Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. p. 586 (1837). Syn. _Pelomys_, Peters (1852).

[355] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1867, p. 343.

[356] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 237.

[357] Lichtenstein, _Darst. neu. Säugethiere_, pt. iv. pl. 29 (1829).

[358] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 413 (1882).

[359] Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1840). _Acomys._

[360] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1867, p. 599. Amended from _Echimys_.

[361] Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

[362] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1840, p. 2.

[363] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1846, p. 258.

[364] Güldenstädt, _Nov. Comment. Petrop._ vol. xiv. art. i. p. 409 (1770).

[365] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1830, p. 95.

[366] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 86 (1811).

[367] Illiger, _loc. cit._ p. 87.

[368] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 448 = _Heliophobius_; Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1846, p. 243.—Preoccupied.

[369] Rüppel, _Mus. Senkenb._ vol. i. Säugeth. p. 99 (1834).

[370] Including the _Saccomyidæ_ of Coues.

[371] Rafinesque, _Amer. Monthly Mag._ vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).

[372] Wied, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xix. pt. i. p. 383 (1839).

[373] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. vii. p. 521 (1840).

[374] Wied, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xix. pt. i. p. 369 (1839).

[375] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 313 (1820).

[376] Keyserling und Blasius, _Wirbelthiere Europ._ p. 38 (1840).

[377] Coues, _Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs._ ser. 2, No. 5, p. 253 (1873). Syn. _Jaculus_, Wagler.

[378] Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, vol. i. p. 157 (1788).

[379] F. Cuvier, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1836, p. 141.

[380] Brandt, _Bull. Ac. St. Pétersbourg_, 1844, p. 209.

[381] = _A. jaculus_, Auct.

[382] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 81 (1811).

[383] Gray, _Spicilegia Zoologica_, p. 10 (1830).

[384] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxxiv. p. 294 (1855).

[385] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 46.

[386] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 30. Amended from _Abrocoma_.

[387] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1841, p. 91.

[388] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1826, p. 62.

[389] Wagler, _ibid._ p. 1219.

[390] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. p. 2 (1831).

[391] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

[392] Desmarest, _Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. i. p. 44 (1822).

[393] For description and anatomy of this species see Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 233.

[394] Temminck, _Monographies des Mammifères_, vol. i. p. 245 (1827).

[395] Cuvier, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. vi. p. 347 (1836). Amended.

[396] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 90 (1811).

[397] Desmarest, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. x. p. 45 (1817). Amended from _Echimys_.

[398] Wagner, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1845, pt. 2, p. 145.

[399] Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1838).

[400] F. Cuvier, _Mammifères_, 6ᵐᵉ livr. (1829).

[401] Waterhouse, _Nat. Hist. of Mamm._ vol. ii. p. 351 (1848).

[402] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 256 (1825).

[403] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. ix. p. 413 (1822). “Sinéthère.”

[404] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1843, p. 21.

[405] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 76 (1766).

[406] Cuvier, _Règne-Animal_, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 215 (1829). “Atherure.”

[407] Günther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 739.

[408] Bennett, _Gardens, etc. Zool. Soc._ pt. i. p. i. (1829).

[409] Meyer, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xvi. p. 576 (1833).

[410] Brooks, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xvi. p. 102 (1828).

[411] Foster, _Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio_, p. 81 (1838).

[412] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 93 (1811).

[413] F. Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. x. p. 203 (1807).

[414] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1873, p. 551.

[415] Pallas, _Misc. Zool._ p. 30 (1766); _ex_ Klein.

[416] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 360 (1822).

[417] Erxleben, _Syst. Règ. Animal_, p. 191 (1777); _ex_ Brisson.

[418] Cuvier, _Tabl. Élément. de l’Hist. Nat._ p. 132 (1798).

[419] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 77 (1766).

[420] From the absence of the Common Hare in Scandinavia it is considered probable that the name _L. timidus_ was really applied to the Mountain Hare, and some writers accordingly use the name _L. europæus_ for the former.

[421] _Variations of Animals and Plants_, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 119.

[422] The Feræ of Linnæus included all the then known species of the modern orders Carnivora, Insectivora, and Marsupialia.

[423] The tusks of the Walrus, altogether so aberrant in its dentition, are partial exceptions to this statement, but in old individuals the pulp-cavity fills up, and they cease to grow.

[424] See Flower, “On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order _Carnivora_,” _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 4; Mivart, “On the Classification and Distribution of the _Æluroidea_,” _ibid._ 1882, pp. 135 and 459; see also _The Cat, an Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, especially Mammals_, by the same author, 1881.

[425] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 60 (1766).

[426] _The Cat_, pp. 392-426 (1881).

[427] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” pp. 56-90 (1888).

[428] _Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia_ (1876).

[429] See Blanford, _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 57 (1883).

[430] _Transactions of the Zoological Society_, vol. i. p. 165 (1835).

[431] _A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa_, 1881, p. 258.

[432] Mr. Selous, whose opportunities for obtaining evidence upon this subject were very large, says that in the region of South Africa, between the Zambesi and the Limpopo rivers, he never saw a lion with any long hair under the body, and that the manes of the wild lions of that district are far inferior in development to those commonly seen in menageries in Europe.

[433] _The Lion and the Elephant_, 1873, p. 19.

[434] Hon. W. H. Drummond, _The Large Game and Natural History of South and South-East Africa_, 1875, p. 278.

[435] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 59 (1888).

[436] See W. T. Blanford, _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 69 (1888).

[437] _Monographs of the Palæontographical Society_, 1872.

[438] Syn. _F. macrocelis_.

[439] Syn. _F. maniculata_ and _caligata_.

[440] Wagler, _Syst. Amphib._ etc. p. 30 (1830).

[441] Bennett, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. i. p. 137 (1833).

[442] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 63 (1766).

[443] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 518.

[444] Cuvier, _Règne-Animal_, vol. i. p. 156 (1817).

[445] Horsfield, _Zool. Research. Java_ (1824).—_Prionodontidæ._

[446] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 520.

[447] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_, No. 186 (1821).

[448] See W. T. Blanford, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 780.

[449] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 108 (1888).

[450] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 542, _ex_ Petero.

[451] Jourdan, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. v. p. 442 (1837). Amended.

[452] Temminck, _Prospectus de Monographies des Mammifères_, March 1824; _Monographies_, vol. i. p. xxi. (1827).

[453] Gray, _List of Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 54 (1843).

[454] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1836, p. 88.

[455] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 135 (1811).

[456] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1861, p. 308.

[457] Peters, _Mith. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin_, 19th November 1850.

[458] Ogilby, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1833, p. 48.

[459] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 573.

[460] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_, No. 199 (1825).

[461] Desmarest, “Tabl. Méth. Mamm.” in _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xxiv. (1804).

[462] Geoffroy, _Comptes Rendus_, 1837, p. 578.

[463] Geoffroy, _Mag. de Zool._ 1839, pp. 27, 37.

[464] Doyère, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ vol. iv. p. 281 (1835).

[465] Jourdan, _Comptes Rendus_, 1837, p. 422. Amended.

[466] Geoffroy, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xi. p. 354 (1824).

[467] For Anatomy of _Proteles_ see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 474.

[468] Zimmermann, _Specimen Zoologiæ Geographicæ_, p. 365 (1777).

[469] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 133 (1888).

[470] The anatomical peculiarities of _Hyæna crocuta_ have been fully elucidated in a series of papers by Morrison Watson in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_ for 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1881, in which references to previous authors on the subject will be found.

[471] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 56 (1766).

[472] In Domestic Dogs a hallux is frequently developed, though often in a rudimentary condition, the phalanges and claw being suspended loosely in the skin, without direct connection with the other bones of the foot; it is called by dog-fanciers the “dew claw.”

[473] _Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond._, 1880, p. 238. See also Mivart, _Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes; a Monograph of the Canidæ_ (1890).

[474] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” pp. 153, 154 (1888).

[475] Brookes, _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 151 (1827).

[476] Lund, _K. Danks. Vid. Selsk. Afhand._ vol. xi. p. 62 (1845).

[477] Lichtenstein, _Wiegmann’s Archiv._ 1838, vol. i. p. 290.

[478] _Arch. Mus. Lyon._ vol. iii. art. 1, p. 85 (1881).

[479] _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ vol. xviii. p. 452 (1880).

[480] For full details of the Arctoidea see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 340.

[481] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 69 (1766).

[482] Meyer, _Uebersicht d. neu. Zool. Entdeckungen_, etc. p. 155 (1793).

[483] A. Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. _Bull._ p. 88 (1871). Amended from “Ailuropus.”

[484] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825). Amended from “Ailurus.” For anatomy, see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1870, p. 752.

[485] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 189 (1888).

[486] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 35 (1780).

[487] A corruption of the North American Indian “arrathkune” or “arathcone.” The French _raton_ or _raton laveur_, German _Waschbär_, and other European names are derived from a curious habit the Raccoon has of dipping or washing its food in water before eating it.

[488] Lichtenstein, _Isis_, 1831, p. 512.

[489] Allen, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1876, p. 20.

[490] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 35 (1780).

[491] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 127 (1811).

[492] Also in two other species noticed below. One extinct Otter has two upper molars.

[493] Erxleben, _Syst. Règn. Animal_, p. 445 (1777).

[494] See Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 190.

[495] The synonymy of this species is not settled, and the adoption of the name given here only preliminary.

[496] Gloger, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 511 (1827): Syn. _Enhydra_; Fleming, _Philosophy of Zoology_, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822). Preoccupied by _Enhydris_, Merrem, _Tent. Syst. Amphib._ p. 140 (1820).

[497] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Compar._ vol. i. (1800).

[498] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 2, vol. i. p. 581 (1837).

[499] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825).

[500] Possibly the name should be Bálu-soor (Sand-pig).

[501] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825).

[502] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).

[503] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1838, p. 154.

[504] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).

[505] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1831, p. 94.

[506] Garrod, _ibid._ 1879, pl. xxix.

[507] Kaup, _Thierreich_, vol. i. p. 352 (1835).

[508] Bell, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 45.

[509] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 66 (1766).

[510] By all old authors of authority, as Ray, Pennant, Shaw, and Fleming, the word is written “Martin,” but this form of spelling is now generally reserved by way of distinction for the bird. The term “Marten-Cat,” often used, is a misnomer.

[511] See Rolleston, “On the Domestic Cats, _Felis domesticus_ and _Mustela foina_, of Ancient and Modern Times,” _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, vol. ii. p. 47, 1868.

[512] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 370 (1883).

[513] Gervais, _Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat._ t. iv. p. 685 (1849).

[514] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).

[515] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 497.

[516] Péron, _Voyage aux Terres Australes_, vol. ii. p. 37 note (1816).

[517] “On the structure of Hooker’s Sea-Lion (_Arctocephalus hookeri_),” _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. xii. p. 369 (1890).

[518] Linn, _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 49 (1766).

[519] The former word is a modification of the Scandinavian _vallross_ or _hvalros_ (“whale-horse”), the latter an adaptation of the Russian name for the animal.

[520] Nilsson, _Faun. Scandinav._ vol. i. p. 377 (1820).

[521] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 55 (1766).

[522] Fleming, _Philosophy of Zoology_, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822).

[523] For details of these and the other genera see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 486, _et seq._

[524] Peters, _Monatsb. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin_, p. 393 (1875), substituted for _Stenorhynchus_, F. Cuvier; preoccupied for a genus of Crustacea.

[525] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, vol. i. p. 5 (1844).

[526] New name, _Syn. Leptonyx_, Gray, _Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. p. 582 (1837); preoccupied by Swainson, 1821.

[527] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).

[528] Nilsson, _Faun. Scandinav._ vol. i. p. 382 (1820).

[529] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xi. p. 200 (1824), “Macrorhine.”

[530] Pallas, _Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolis_, vol. iv. pt. 1, p. 208 (1780).

[531] _Ueber die Säugethiergattung Galeopithecus._ _Sv. Ak. Handl._ vol. xxi. pt. xi. (1886).

[532] Raffles, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 256 (1822).

[533] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1848, p. 23.

[534] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. No. 1, p. 64 (1833).

[535] The above correct formula of the dentition of this family has been recently worked out by O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, pp. 445, 446.

[536] Peters, _Bericht k. preuss. Ak. Wiss._ 1847, p. 36.

[537] Horsfield and Vigors, _Zool. Journ._ vol. iii. p. 246 (1828).

[538] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 75 (1766).

[539] Originally given incorrectly as _Neurogymnurus_.

[540] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 49.

[541] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 73 (1766).

[542] Syn. _S. minutus_.

[543] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxiv. p. 36 (1855).

[544] Coues, _Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs._ vol. iii. p. 646 (1877).

[545] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 124.

[546] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 275.

[547] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 124.

[548] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 275.

[549] Brandt, in _Lehmann’s Reise.-Zool. Anh._ p. 299 (1852).

[550] Milne-Edwards, _Comptes Rendus_, vol lxx. p. 341 (1870).

[551] Anderson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xlvi. p. 262 (1877).

[552] Milne-Edwards, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxx. p. 341 (1870).

[553] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Compar._ vol. i. (1800).

[554] Temminck, _Fauna Japonica_, vol. i. p. 22 (1842).

[555] Milne-Edwards, _Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

[556] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçon d’Anat. Comp._ vol. i. (1800).

[557] Pomel, _Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat._ vol. ix. p. 247 (1848).

[558] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_. p. 125 (1811).

[559] Milne-Edwards, _N. Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

[560] Linn, _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. p. 73 (1766).

[561] The following account is taken almost entirely from Dr. Dobson.

[562] Du Chaillu, _Proc. Boston Soc. Hist. Nat._ vol. vii. p. 363 (1860).

[563] Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ vol. xv. p. 5 (1872).

[564] Brandt, _Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg_, 1833, vol. ii. p. 459.

[565] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 124 (1811).

[566] Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 72.

[567] I. Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. viii. p. 60 (1837).

[568] Thomas, _Journ. Linn. Soc.—Zool._ vol. xvi. p. 319 (1882).

[569] Grandidier, _Rev. and Mag. Zool._ 1870, p. 50.

[570] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 493 (1801—read 1799).

[571] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 473.

[572] Bennett, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. ii. p. 38 (1835).

[573] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xv. p. 90 (1810).—_Ex._ Brisson.

[574] Gray, _List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus._ pp. 37, 38 (1843): Syn. _Cynonycteris_.

[575] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. i. p. 117 (1879).—Amended.

[576] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 39 (1825).

[577] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 118 (1811).

[578] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xvi. p. 99 (1810).

[579] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. i. p. 155 (1888).

[580] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1859, p. 36.

[581] Dobson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xlii. p. 204 (1873).

[582] New name: Syn. _Macroglossus_, F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 40 (1825). Preoccupied by _Macroglossum_, Scopoli, 1777.

[583] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 119.

[584] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 417 (1887).

[585] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. xi. p. 209 (1889).

[586] New name: Syn. _Megaloglossus_; Pagenstecher, _J. B. Mus. Hamburg_, vol. ii. p. 125 (1885). Preoccupied by _Megaglossa_, Rond., 1865.

[587] Geoffroy, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xix. p. 383 (1803).

[588] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1834, p. 53. The Bats of this genus are usually described as _Phyllorhina_, but this use has been shown to be incorrect; see Blanford, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 637.

[589] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. i. p. 156 (1888).

[590] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1847, p. 16.

[591] Dobson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xl. p. 455 (1871).

[592] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1848).

[593] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xv. p. 197 (1810).

[594] Geoffroy, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xv. p. 501 (1803).

[595] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 112 (1812).

[596] Keyserling and Blasius, _Wirbelthiere Europ._ p. 55 (1840).

[597] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1859, p. 222.

[598] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 78 (1822).

[599] Allen, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1862, p. 247.

[600] Keyserling and Blasius, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1839, p. 312.

[601] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1866, p. 672.

[602] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 71 (1822).

[603] See O. Thomas, _Ann. Mus. Genova_ (2), vol. ix. pp. 84-88 (1890).

[604] Rafinesque, _Journ. de Physique_, vol. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819).

[605] Rafinesque, _Précis des Decouvértes et Trav. Somiol._ p. 12 (1814).

[606] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 259 (1842).

[607] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 46 (1766).

[608] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 258 (1842), _Kerivoula_.

[609] Gray, _Mag. Zool. Bot._ vol. ii. p. 496 (1838).

[610] Bonaparte, _Fauna Italica_, fasc. xxi. (1837).

[611] Spix, _Sim. and Vesp. Bresil_, p. 61 (1823).

[612] A. Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 7, vol. ii. p. 1 (1878).

[613] Bonaparte, _Faun. Ital._ vol. i. (1832-41): Syn. _Furia_, F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xvi. p. 150 (1828). Preoccupied by Linn. 1766.

[614] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1877, p. 185.

[615] Temminck (Van der Hoeven), _Tijdsch. Nat. Ges._ 1839, p. 22.

[616] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1867, p. 479.

[617] Peters, _loc. cit._ p. 477.

[618] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 121 (1811).

[619] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 126 (1812).

[620] Wied, _Isis_, 1819, p. 1629.

[621] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 88 (1766).

[622] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 123 (1812).

[623] Horsfield, _Zool. Research Java_ (1824).

[624] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 154 (1805).

[625] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 114 (1812).

[626] New name: Syn. _Mystacina_; Gray, _Voyage of the “Sulphur,”_ “Mamm.” p. 23 (1843). Preoccupied by _Mystacina_, Boie, 1822.

[627] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. iv. p. 4 (1839).

[628] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22).—Amended.

[629] Tomes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1863, p. 81.

[630] New name: Syn. _Macrotus_; Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1843, p. 21. Preoccupied by _Macrotis_, Dej. 1833.

[631] New name: Syn. _Macrophyllum_; Gray, _Mag. Zool. Bot._ vol. ii. p. 489 (1838). Preoccupied by _Macrophylla_, Hope, 1837.

[632] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822). For the references to the other genera see Dobson, _Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus._

[633] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1866, p. 113. Syn. _Schizostoma_; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Broun, 1835.

[634] New name: Syn. _Tylostoma_; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Sharpe, 1849.

[635] Gervais, Castlenau’s _Exped.-Zool._ p. 43 (1855): Syn. _Carollia_, Gray, 1838. Preoccupied by _Carolia_, Cantraine, 1837.

[636] The references to the genera of this and the following division will be found in Dobson’s _Catalogue_.

[637] New name: Syn. _Ischnoglossa_, Saussure, 1860. Preoccupied by Kraatz, 1856.

[638] Wied, _Beitr. Natgesch. Brasil_, vol. ii. p. 231 (1826).

[639] Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 68 (1823).

[640] For the arguments in favour of placing the Lemurs in a separate order see Milne-Edwards, “Observations sur quelques points de l’embryologie des Lemuriens et sur les affinités zoologiques de ces animaux,” in the _Ann. des Sciences Nat._ October 1871; and P. Gervais, “Encephale des Lemures,” in _Journ. de Zoologie_, tom. i. p. 7. For those for retaining them among the Primates, see Mivart, “On _Lepilemur_ and _Chirogaleus_, and on the Zoological Rank of the Lemuroidea,” in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 484.

[641] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 46 (1796), “Indri.”

[642] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 20.

[643] Jourdan, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. ii. p. 231 (1834).

[644] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 44 (1766).

[645] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 132.

[646] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 829.

[647] I. Geoffroy, _Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris_, p. 75 (1851). Amended from _Lepilemur_.

[648] _Monatsb. Ak. Berlin_, 1874, p. 690.

[649] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 171 (1812).

[650] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 49 (1796).

[651] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. pp. 162, 163 (1812).

[652] For the anatomy of this genus, see J. L. C. Shroeder van der Kolk and W. Vrolik, “Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le genre _Stenops_ d’Illiger,” in _Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde_, Part 1, Amsterdam, 1848-54.

[653] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 48 (1796).

[654] _Mammalia of British India_, p. 48 (1888).

[655] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1839, p. 109.

[656] For the anatomy of _P. potto_, see Van der Hoeven and Van Campen (_Ontleedkundige Onderzoek van den Potto van Bosman_, 1859) for _P. calabarensis_, Huxley, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 314.

[657] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ (1780).

[658] H. Burmeister, _Beiträge zur nähreren Kenntniss der gattung Tarsius_, 1846.

[659] Cuvier, “Table de Class.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Comp._ vol. i. (1800).

[660] It was first named _Daubentonia_ by Geoffroy; but this name was withdrawn by its author in favour of _Chiromys_, as it had been previously given to a genus in the vegetable kingdom. This would not, however, constitute preoccupation according to the modern rules of nomenclature.

[661] R. Owen, “On the Aye-aye,” in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ 1862, vol. v. p. 33; W. Peters, “Ueber die Säugethiergattung _Chiromys_,” in _Abhand. Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Berlin, 1865, p. 79.

[662] One specimen has been seen with only three lower premolars.

[663] Article Ape, _Encyclopædia Britannica_, ninth edition.

[664] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 71 (1811).

[665] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 120 (1812).

[666] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 70 (1811).

[667] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 115 (1812).

[668] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1849, p. 9. Amended from _Ouakaria_: Syn. _Brachyurus_; Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 11 (1823). Preoccupied by Fischer, 1814.

[669] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 112 (1812).

[670] Kaup, _Thierreich_, vol i. p. 51 (1835).

[671] Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 25 (1823).

[672] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vii. p. 260 (1806).

[673] I. Geoffroy, _Dict. Class._ vol. xv. p. 443 (1829).

[674] Geoffrey, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 106 (1812).

[675] Erxleben, _Syst. Règne Animal_, p. 44 (1777).

[676] Lacépède, “Nouv. tabl. méth.” (1799) in _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 490 1801.

[677] “‘Mandrill’ seems to signify a ‘man-like Ape,’ the word ‘Drill’ or ‘Dril’ having been anciently employed in England to denote an Ape or Baboon. Thus in the fifth edition of Blount’s ‘_Glossographia_, or a dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language now used in our refined English tongue ... very useful for all such as desire to understand what they read,’ published in 1681, I find ‘Dril, a stonecutter’s tool wherewith he bores little holes in marble, etc. Also a large overgrown Ape and Baboon, so called.’ ‘Drill’ is used in the same sense in Charlton’s _Onomasticon Zoicon_, 1668. The singular etymology of the word given by Buffon seems hardly a probable one.”—Huxley’s _Man’s Place in Nature_, p. 10, 1863.

[678] I. Geoffroy, _Arch. du Muséum_, vol. ii. p. 576 (1841).

[679] I. Geoffroy, _Voyage de Belanger_, p. 66 (1834).

[680] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 450 (1801). Amended.

[681] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 97 (1812).

[682] Erxleben, _Syst. Règne. Animal_, p. 22 (1777).

[683] Or _Colobinæ_.

[684] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 90 (1812).

[685] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1821), “Semno-pithèque.”

[686] Separated generically by some writers as _Rhinopithecus_.

[687] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 69 (1811).

[688] Wagner, _Gelehrte Anzeigen_, vol. viii. No. 38, p. 310 (1839).

[689] Depéret, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. cix. p. 982 (1889); see also _Mém. Soc. Géol. France_, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. (1890).

[690] Gervais, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxxiv. p. 1217 (1872).

[691] Scimmie Fossili Italiane, _Boll. Comm. Geol._ 1890.

[692] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 67 (1811).

[693] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 34 (1766).

[694] A Malay word, signifying “Man of the Woods.”

[695] One skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons has five lumbar vertebræ, and has thus given rise to the statement that the number of vertebræ in the Orang is the same as in Man.

[696] I. Geoffroy, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. xxxiv. p. 84 (1852).

[697] De Blainville, _Leçons Orales_ (1839). The Chimpanzees have been very generally described under the name of _Troglodytes_, but since this name is preoccupied for a genus of birds, it is incumbent to follow the strict rule, and adopt the name _Anthropopithecus_, although both the present writers have elsewhere expressed the opposite opinion.

[698] Lartet, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. xliii. p. 219 (1856).

[699] _Mém. Soc. Géol. France_, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. Mém. No. 1 (1890).

[700] _Man’s Place in Nature_, 1863, and _Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals_, 1871. See also the more recent investigations of Broca into the comparative structure of Man and the higher Apes, published mostly in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_.

[701] “On the Classification of the Varieties of the Human Species,” by W. H. Flower, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland_, May 1885.

[702] The Malay of Blumenbach was a strange conglomeration of the then little known Australian, Papuan, and true Malay types.

[703] No one can have seen a group of Botocudos from Brazil or of natives of Tierra del Fuego without being struck by their markedly Mongolian external characteristics.

INDEX

Aard-Wolf, 540

Aard-Vark, 211

Absorbent system, 63

_Acanthoglossus_, 125

_Acanthomys_, 476

_Aceratherium_, 411

_Achænodon_, 292

_Achyrodon_, 114

_Acrobates_, 155

_Acrotherium_, 440

_Adapis_, 697

_Adapisorex_, 634

_Adapisoricidæ_, 634

_Adapisoriculus_, 634

_Addax_, 345

_Adenota_, 339

_Adinotherium_, 440

_Ælurictis_, 524

_Ælurodon_, 562

_Æluroidea_, 501

_Æluropus_, 560

_Ælurus_, 562

_Æpyceros_, 341

_Æpyprymnus_, 164

_Agabelus_, 260

Agouti, 488

_Agriochœrus_, 293

Ai, 182

Air-sacs, 68

_Alactaga_, 480

Albinism, 10

_Alcelaphus_, 334

_Alces_, 326

Allantois, 77

_Allodon_, 111

_Allops_, 413

Allotheria, 109

Alpaca, 303

_Amblotherium_, 114

Amblypoda, 436

_Amorphochilus_, 666

_Amphictis_, 539

_Amphicyon_, 555

_Amphidozotherium_, 634

_Amphilestes_, 114

_Amphiperatherium_, 135

_Amphisorex_, 628

_Amphitherium_, 114

_Amphitragulus_, 330

_Amynodon_, 412

_Anaptomorphus_, 697

_Anchilophus_, 376

_Anchippodus_, 441

_Anchitherium_, 376

Ancylopoda, 413

_Ancylotherium_, 413

_Anoa_, 361

_Anomaluridæ_, 449

_Anomalurus_, 449

_Anoplotheriidæ_, 293

_Anoplotherium_, 294

Anteater, 191 Scaly, 205

Antebrachium, 47

_Antechinomys_, 139

Antelopes, 334

_Anthops_, 657

_Anthorhina_, 674

_Anthracotheriidæ_, 292

Anthropoidea, 699

_Anthropopithecus_, 736

_Antilocapra_, 333

_Antilocapridæ_, 333

_Antilope_, 340

Antlers, 308

_Antrozous_, 661

_Anurosorex_, 626

Aoudad, 356

Apar, 199

Ape, 699

_Aphelops_, 411

_Aphelotherium_, 697

_Archælurus_, 524

Archæoceti, 246

_Archæomys_, 484

_Archizonurus_, 157

_Arctictis_, 534

_Arctocebus_, 693

_Arctocephalus_, 595

_Arctocyon_, 609

_Arctocyonidæ_, 609

_Arctogale_, 533

Arctoidea, 556

Arctomyinæ, 454

_Arctomys_, 454

_Arctonyx_, 574

_Arctotherium_, 561

Argali, 355

Armadillo, 195

_Artibeus_, 676

Artiodactyla, 275

_Arvicola_, 466

Arvicolinæ, 465

Ass, 383

_Atalapha_, 663

_Ateles_, 715

_Atherura_, 487

_Auchenia_, 298

_Aulacodus_, 483

_Aulaxinuus_, 723

Aurochs, 367

Australasian region, 102

_Avahis_, 686

Axis, 320

Aye-aye, 695

_Babirusa_, 287

Baboon, 719

_Bachitherium_, 307

Badger, 575 American, 576 Sand, 575

_Balæna_, 236

_Balænidæ_, 234

_Balænodon_, 251

Balænoidea, 234

_Balænoptera_, 242

_Balænotus_, 240

Bandicoot, 141

Banteng, 365

_Bassaricyon_, 566

_Bassaris_, 566

Bats, 641

_Bathyergus_, 478

_Bdeogale_, 537

Bear, 558

Beaver, 458

Beisa, 343

Beluga, 262

_Berardius_, 256

_Bettongia_, 163

Bharal, 356

_Bibos_, 360

Bighorn, 355

Binturong, 534

Bison, 362

Black-Fish, 269

Bladder, 69

_Blarina_, 624

_Blastomeryx_, 330

Blaubok, 343

Blessbok, 335

Blood, 63

_Bolodon_, 111

_Boncia_, 653

Bontebok, 334

Bosch-Vark, 286

_Boselaphus_, 345

_Bothriolabis_, 291

Bottlenose, 253, 270

_Bovidæ_, 334

Brachium, 47

_Brachyphylla_, 675

_Brachytarsomys_, 465

_Brachyurus_, 712

_Bradypodidæ_, 179

_Bradypus_, 181

Brain, 69

_Bramatherium_, 333

Brocket, 330

_Brontotherium_, 413

Bruta, 176

_Bubalus_, 361

_Budorcas_, 351

Buffalo, 361

Bush-dog, 553

Cachalot, 249

_Cadurcotherium_, 412

Cæcum, 59

_Cælogenys_, 489

_Cænopithecus_, 696

_Cænotheriidæ_, 294

_Cænotherium_, 294

_Callinycteris_, 655

_Callithrix_, 713

_Callophoca_, 606

_Calomys_, 463

_Caloprymnus_, 164

_Calotragus_, 339

Camel, 296

_Camelidæ_, 295

_Camelus_, 296

_Canidæ_, 544

_Canis_, 546

_Capra_, 352

_Capreolus_, 327

_Capromys_, 482

Capybara, 491

Caracal, 518

_Cardiatherium_, 491

_Cardiomys_, 491

_Cariacus_, 329

Caribou, 324

Carnivora, 496

_Carollia_, 674

_Carponycteris_, 654

Carpus, 48

_Carterodon_, 484

_Castor_, 457

_Castoridæ_, 457

_Castoroididæ_, 488

_Castoroides_, 488

Cat, 517

_Cavia_, 489

_Caviidæ_, 489

Cavy, 490

_Cayluxotherium_, 621

_Cebidæ_, 711

_Cebochœrus_, 292

_Cebus_, 717

Cement, 15

_Centetes_, 637

_Centetidæ_, 637

_Centurio_, 676

_Cephalogale_, 562

_Cephalophus_, 338

_Cephalorhynchus_, 266

_Cephalotes_, 653

_Cercocebus_, 723

_Cercoleptes_, 567

_Cercomys_, 483

_Cercopithecidæ_, 718

_Cercopithecus_, 724

_Cerivoula_, 664

_Cervalces_, 327

_Cervicapra_, 340

_Cervidæ_, 313

_Cervinæ_, 316

_Cervulus_, 316

_Cervus_, 319

_Cetacea_, 225

_Cetotherium_, 245

_Chænohyus_, 291

_Chætomys_, 486

_Chalcochloris_, 639

_Chalicomys_, 458

_Chalicotheriidæ_, 413

_Chalicotherium_, 413

_Chalinolobus_, 662

Chamois, 349

_Champsodelphis_, 259

Cheeta, 523

Chevrotain, 305 Water, 306

_Chilonycteris_, 672

_Chimarrogale_, 626

Chimpanzee, 736

_Chinchilla_, 487

_Chinchillidæ_, 487

_Chirogaleus_, 689

_Chiromeles_, 669

_Chiromyidæ_, 694

_Chiromys_, 695

_Chironectes_, 134

Chiroptera, 641

Chiru, 341

_Chiruromys_, 476

_Chlamydophorinæ_, 196

_Chlamydophorus_, 196

_Chlamydotherium_, 201

_Chœronycteris_, 674

_Chœropotamidæ_, 292

_Chœropotamus_, 292

_Chœropsis_, 280

_Chœropus_, 143

_Cholœpus_, 182

Chorion, 77

_Chrysochloridæ_, 638

_Chrysochloris_, 639

_Chrysothrix_, 714

_Cimoliomys_, 113

Circulation, 63

Civet, 526 Palm, 532

Classification, 84, 88

_Claviglis_, 460

Claws, 12

Coati, 566

_Cobus_, 339

_Cœlodon_, 184

_Cœlops_, 658

_Cogia_, 250

_Coleüra_, 667

_Colobus_, 727

Colour, 8

_Comphotherium_, 621

Condylarthra, 438

_Condylura_, 630

_Conepatus_, 574

_Connochætes_, 336

_Contracavia_, 491

_Coryphodon_, 437

_Coryphodontidæ_, 438

Cotylophora, 307

_Cotylopidæ_, 293

_Cotylops_, 293

Coypu, 482

Cranium, 35

_Crassitherium_, 223

Creodonta, 606

_Cricetodipus_, 479

_Cricetodon_, 464

_Cricetomys_, 477

_Cricetus_, 463

_Criotherium_, 349

_Crocidura_, 626

_Crossarchus_, 537

_Crossopus_, 625

Crusta Petrosa, 15

_Cryptophractus_, 201

_Cryptopithecus_, 699

_Cryptoprocta_, 525

_Ctenacodon_, 112

_Ctenodactylus_, 481

_Ctenomys_, 482

_Cuniculus_, 470

_Cuscus_, 149

_Cyclopidius_, 293

_Cycloturus_, 193

_Cynælurus_, 523

_Cynictis_, 537

_Cynocephalus_, 719

_Cynodictis_, 555

_Cynogale_, 534

_Cynohyænodon_, 608

Cynoidea, 544

_Cynomys_, 455

_Cynonycteris_, 652

_Cynopithecus_, 722

_Cynopterus_, 653

_Cyon_, 551

_Cystophora_, 605

_Dacrytherium_, 294

_Dactylomys_, 483

_Dactylopsila_, 152

_Damalis_, 351

_Daphœnus_, 555

_Dasymys_, 462

_Dasypodidæ_, 194

_Dasypodinæ_, 197

_Dasypotherium_, 201

_Dasyprocta_, 488

_Dasyproctidæ_, 488

_Dasypus_, 197

_Dasyuridæ_, 136

_Dasyurus_, 138

_Daubentonia_, 695

Deer, 317, 319

_Delphinapterus_, 262

_Delphinidæ_, 260

Delphinoidea, 247

_Delphinus_, 271

_Dendrohyrax_, 418

_Dendrolagus_, 165

_Dendromys_, 463

Dental system, 13

Dentine, 14

_Deomys_, 473

Dermoptera, 614

Desman, 629

_Desmodus_, 677

_Desmotylus_, 223

Diaphragm, 67

_Diceratherium_, 411

_Dichobunus_, 294

_Dichodon_, 294

_Dichodontidæ_, 294

_Diclidurus_, 668

_Dicolpomys_, 484

_Dicotyles_, 289

_Dicotylidæ_, 289

Didelphia, 128

_Didelphyidæ_, 133

_Didelphys_, 134

_Didymictis_, 539

Digestive system, 53

_Dinictis_, 523

_Dinoceras_, 437

_Dinocyon_, 556

_Dinomyidæ_, 489

_Dinomys_, 489

_Dinotheriidæ_, 435

_Dinotherium_, 435

_Dinoziphius_, 251

_Diobroticus_, 458

_Dioplotherium_, 223

_Diphylla_, 678

Diphyodont, 20

Diplarthra, 275

_Diplomesodon_, 626

_Dipodidæ_, 479

_Dipodomys_, 479

_Dipodops_, 479

_Diprotodon_, 171

Diprotodontia, 144

_Diprotodontidæ_, 171

_Dipus_, 480

_Distœchurus_, 155

_Dœdicurus_, 203

Dog, 551

_Dolichophyllum_, 673

_Dolichopithecus_, 728

_Dolichotis_, 490

Dolphin, 270

_Dorcatherium_, 306

_Dorcopsis_, 166

Dormouse, 459

Douroucouli, 714

_Dremotherium_, 330

_Dromatherium_, 113

_Dromicia_, 154

_Dryolestes_, 114

_Dryopithecus_, 738

Duck-bill, 120

Ductless glands, 65

Dugong, 221

Duikerbok, 338

Duplicidentata, 491

_Echidna_, 125

_Echidnidæ_, 124

_Echinogale_, 634

_Echinomys_, 483

_Echinothrix_, 477

Edentata, 176

Effodientia, 178

Eland, 348

_Elaphodus_, 318

_Elasmognathus_, 371

_Elasmotherium_, 411

_Eleotragus_, 340

Elephant, 424

_Elephantidæ_, 423

_Elephas_, 424

_Eleutherocercus_, 203

_Eliomys_, 459

_Eliurus_, 465

Elk, 326

_Ellobius_, 472

_Elotherium_, 292

_Emballonura_, 667

_Emballonuridæ_, 666

Enamel, 15

_Enhydra_, 570

_Enhydriodon_, 570

_Enhydrocyon_, 562

Entomophaga, 178

_Eohippus_, 374

_Eomys_, 464

_Eonycteris_, 654

_Eotherium_, 224

_Epiblema_, 488

Epiglottis, 67

_Epihippus_, 374

_Epomophorus_, 650

_Eporeodon_, 293

_Equidæ_, 376

_Equus_, 381

_Erethizon_, 484

_Ericulus_, 638

_Erinaceidæ_, 619

_Erinaceus_, 620

_Eriodes_, 715

Ermine, 590

_Eschatius_, 303

Ethiopian region, 98

_Eucastor_, 458

_Eucetus_, 251

_Eupetaurus_, 454

_Eupleres_, 538

_Euryceros_, 346

_Euryurus_, 203

_Eusmilus_, 524

_Eutatus_, 201

Eutheria, 173

_Evotomys_, 467

Eye, 72

Fallow Deer, 323

_Felidæ_, 502

_Felis_, 502

_Felsinotherium_, 223

Fennec, 553

_Fennecus_, 553

_Feresia_, 270

_Fiber_, 470

Flying Fox, 651 Lemur, 615 Squirrel, 453

Foot, 52

_Fossa_, 527

Foussa, 525

Fox, 552

Fox-Bat, 651

_Furia_, 666

_Furipterus_, 666

_Galago_, 690

_Galeopithecidæ_, 614

_Galeopithecus_, 614

_Galera_, 579

_Galictis_, 579

_Galidea_, 538

_Galidictis_, 538

Gaur, 365

Gayal, 365

_Gazella_, 341

_Gelocus_, 294

Gemsbok, 343

Genet, 528

_Genetta_, 528

_Geogale_, 635

Geographical distribution, 93

Geological distribution, 107

_Geomyidæ_, 478

_Geomys_, 478

_Georychus_, 478

Gerbillinæ, 462

_Gerbillus_, 462

Gibbon, 728

_Giraffa_, 331

_Giraffidæ_, 330

Glands, 12

_Glauconycteris_, 662

_Globicephalus_, 268

_Glossonycteris_, 674

Glossophaga, 674

Glutton, 591

_Glyptodon_, 203

_Glyptodontidæ_, 202

Gnu, 336

_Golunda_, 476

Goat, 352

Gopher, 478

Goral, 351

_Gorilla_, 734

Grampus, 267

_Grampus_, 270

_Graphiurus_, 459

Greenland Whale, 236

_Grimmia_, 338

_Grisonia_, 579

Ground Sloth, 184

_Gryphoca_, 606

_Grypotherium_, 189

Guanaco, 301

Guib, 347

Guinea-Pig, 490

_Gulo_, 591

_Gymnobelideus_, 154

_Gymnoptychus_, 454

_Gymnura_, 619

_Habrocoma_, 482

_Habrothrix_, 464

Hair, 7

_Halichœrus_, 601

_Halicore_, 220

_Halicoridæ_, 220

_Halitheriidæ_, 222

_Halitherium_, 222

_Hallomys_, 465

Hamster, 463

_Hapale_, 710

_Hapalemur_, 689

_Hapalidæ_, 709

_Hapalotis_, 476

_Haploceros_, 351

_Haplodon_, 457

_Haplodontidæ_, 457

Hare, 492

_Harpyia_, 653

_Harpyiocephalus_, 663

Harte-beest, 335

Hearing, 73

Heart, 63

Hedgehog, 620

_Helicophora_, 340

_Helictis_, 578

_Heliophobius_, 478

_Helladotherium_, 333

_Helogale_, 537

_Hemiauchenia_, 303

_Hemicentetes_, 637

_Hemiderma_, 674

_Hemigale_, 533

_Hemigalidea_, 538

_Hemitragus_, 354

_Herpestes_, 535

_Herpetocetus_, 245

_Herpetotherium_, 135

_Heterocephalus_, 478

_Heterocetus_, 245

Heterodont, 23

_Heterohyrax_, 418

_Heteromys_, 479

_Hipparion_, 380

_Hippodactylus_, 381

_Hippohyus_, 291

_Hippopotamidæ_, 278

_Hippopotamus_, 278

_Hipposiderus_, 657

_Hippotigris_, 384

_Hippotragus_, 343

_Holochilus_, 464

_Holomeniscus_, 303

_Homalodontotherium_, 412, 414

_Hominidæ_, 740

_Homo_, 739

Homodont, 22

Hoofs, 12

Hoolock, 729

_Hoplocetus_, 251

_Hoplophoneus_, 524

_Hoplophorus_, 202

Horns, 310

Horse, 382

Hunting dog, 553

_Hyæna_, 540

_Hyænarctus_, 561

_Hyænidæ_, 540

_Hyænocyon_, 562

_Hyænodon_, 608

_Hyænodontidæ_, 608

_Hydaspitherium_, 333

_Hydrochœrus_, 490

Hydromyinæ, 461

_Hydromys_, 461

_Hydropotes_, 328

_Hylobates_, 728

_Hylomys_, 619

Hyoid, 39

_Hyomoschus_, 306

_Hyopotamus_, 292

_Hyopsodus_, 698

_Hyotherium_, 291

_Hypertragulus_, 307

_Hypogeomys_, 465

_Hypsiprymnodon_, 162

_Hypsiprymnodontinæ_, 162

_Hypsiprymnopsis_, 111

_Hypsiprymnus_, 163

_Hyrachyus_, 373

_Hyracidæ_, 415

_Hyracodon_, 412

_Hyracodontotherium_, 439

Hyracoidea, 415

_Hyracotherium_, 373

_Hyrax_, 417

_Hystricidæ_, 484

Hystricomorpha, 480

_Hystrix_, 486

Ibex, 353

Ichneumon, 535

_Icticyon_, 553

_Ictitherium_, 539

_Ictonyx_, 579

_Ictops_, 640

_Indris_, 684

_Indrodon_, 699

_Inia_, 259

Insectivora, 610

Intestine, 59

_Inuus_, 723

_Ischnoglossa_, 674

_Isectolophus_, 374

_Issiodoromys_, 491

Ivory, 14

_Ixacanthus_, 259

Jackal, 550

Jaguar, 521

Jerboa, 480

Kangaroo, 159

_Kerivoula_ = _Cerivoula_

Kidney, 69

Killer, 267

Kinkajou, 567

Koala, 156

_Koalemus_, 157

_Kobus_ = _Cobus_

_Kogia_ = _Cogia_

Kudu, 348

Kusimanse, 538

_Lagenorhynchus_, 270

_Lagidium_, 488

_Lagomyidæ_, 491

_Lagomys_, 491

_Lagorchestes_, 166

_Lagostomus_, 488

_Lagostrophus_, 165

_Lagothrix_, 716

_Lambdotheriidæ_, 413

_Lambdotherium_, 413

Langur, 727

_Lantanotherium_, 618

Larynx, 67

_Lasionycteris_, 661

_Latax_, 570

Leg, 51

Lemming, 467

_Lemur_, 687

_Lemuridæ_, 683

Lemuroidea, 682

Leopard, 514

_Lepidolemur_, 689

_Leporidæ_, 492

_Leptictidæ_, 640

_Leptictis_, 640

_Leptobos_, 367

_Leptomeryx_, 307

_Leptonycteris_, 674

_Leptonyx_, 605

_Leptotragulus_, 304

_Lepus_, 492

_Lestodon_, 189

_Leucocyon_, 553

_Limnosyops_, 413

Linsang, 530

Lion, 504

_Liotomus_, 113

_Listriodon_, 291

Liver, 60

Llama, 299, 302

_Lobodon_, 605

_Loncheres_, 483

_Lonchoglossa_, 674

_Lonchorhina_, 673

_Lophiodon_, 373

_Lophiodontidæ_, 373

_Lophiomeryx_, 294

_Lophiomyidæ_, 460

_Lophiomys_, 460

_Lophiotherium_, 374

_Lophocetus_, 259

_Lophostoma_, 673

Loricata, 179

_Loris_, 692

_Loxolophodon_, 437

Lungs, 68

_Lutra_, 567

_Lycalopex_, 552

_Lycaon_, 553

Lymphatics, 65

_Lyncodon_, 590

Lynx, 518

_Macacus_, 722

_Machærodus_, 524

_Macrauchenia_, 414

_Macraucheniidæ_, 414

_Macroglossus_, 654

_Macrophyllum_, 673

_Macropodidæ_, 158

_Macropodinæ_, 164

_Macropus_, 167

_Macrorhinus_, 606

_Macroscelides_, 618

_Macroscelididæ_, 618

_Macrotherium_, 413

_Macrotus_, 673

_Malacomys_, 462

Mammary glands, 75

Mammoth, 428

Man, 739

Manatee, 215

_Manatidæ_, 215

_Manatus_, 215

Mandrill, 719

_Manidæ_, 204

_Manis_, 204

Manus, 48

Maral, 322

Markhoor, 354

Marmoset, 709

Marmot, 454 Prairie, 456

Marsupialia, 128

Marten, 580

_Martes_, 580

_Mastacomys_, 476

_Mastodon_, 431

Megachiroptera, 650

_Megaderma_, 658

_Megaloglossus_, 655

_Megamys_, 488

_Megaptera_, 241

_Megatheriidæ_, 183

_Megatherium_, 185

Melanism, 9

_Meles_, 575

_Mellivora_, 576

_Melonycteris_, 654

_Melursus_, 560

_Menacodon_, 115

_Meniscoëssus_, 113

_Meniscomys_, 454

_Meniscotherium_, 439

_Menodus_, 413

_Mephitis_, 572

_Merychippus_, 380

_Merycochœrus_, 293

_Mesodectes_, 640

_Mesohippus_, 376

_Mesomys_, 483

_Mesonychidæ_, 609

_Mesonyx_, 609

_Mesopithecus_, 727

_Mesoplodon_, 254

_Mesotaria_, 606

_Mesotherium_, 440

Mesozoic mammals, 108

Metacarpus, 49

_Metamynodon_, 412

Metatheria, 128

_Metriotherium_, 294

_Miacidæ_, 539

_Miacis_, 539

_Microcavia_, 491

_Microcebus_, 690

_Microchœrus_, 696

_Microchiroptera_, 655

Microconodon, 113

_Microgale_, 638

_Microlestes_, 111

_Micromeryx_, 330

_Micronycteris_, 673

_Microsorex_, 624

_Microsyops_, 698

_Microtus_, 466

_Midas_, 710

Milk-teeth, 20

_Mimon_, 674

_Miniopterus_, 664

Mink, 586

_Miohippus_, 376

_Miosiren_, 223

_Mixodectes_, 699

Mole, 630 Golden, 639 Star-nosed, 630

Mole-Rat, 477

_Molossus_, 670

_Monachus_, 604

_Monatherium_, 606

Monkey, 699

Monodelphia, 173

_Monodon_, 260

_Monophylla_, 674

Monophyodont, 20

Moose, 326

_Morenia_, 484

_Mormops_, 672

_Moropus_, 413

_Morotherium_, 413

Morse, 597

_Moschinæ_, 314

_Moschus_, 314

Moufflon, 356

Mouse, 475

Mouth, 54

Mulita, 201

Multituberculata, 109

Mungoose, 535

Muntjac, 316

_Muridæ_, 461

_Mus_, 473

_Muscardinus_, 460

Musk Deer, 314 Ox, 358 Rat, 470, 626

Musquash, 470

_Mustela_, 579

_Mustelidæ_, 567

_Mycetes_, 711

_Mydaus_, 575

_Mylodon_, 189

_Myodes_, 467

_Myogale_, 628

_Myolagus_, 492

Myomorpha, 459

_Myopotamus_, 482

_Myoscalops_, 478

_Myosorex_, 625

_Myoxidæ_, 459

_Myoxus_, 459

_Myrmecobiinæ_, 140

_Myrmecobius_, 140

_Myrmecophaga_, 190

_Myrmecophagidæ_, 190

_Mysarachne_, 634

_Mystacina_, 671

Mystacoceti, 234

_Mystacops_, 671

_Mystromys_, 462

_Myxocebus_, 689

_Myxopoda_, 665

Nails, 12

Nakong, 346

_Nandinia_, 534

_Nanotragus_, 339

Nares, 66

Narwhal, 261

_Nasalis_, 725

_Nasua_, 566

_Natalus_, 664

Nearctic region, 102

_Necrogymnurus_, 621

_Necrolemur_, 696

_Necromantis_, 679

_Nectogale_, 627

_Nectomys_, 464

_Nemorhædus_, 350

_Neobalæna_, 241

_Neofiber_, 472

_Neomeris_, 266

_Neoplagiaulax_, 113

_Neosorex_, 624

_Neotoma_, 464

_Neotragus_, 338

Neotropical region, 103

Nerves, 71

_Nesocerodon_, 491

_Nesocia_, 475

_Nesodon_, 439

_Nesomys_, 465

_Nesonycteris_, 655

_Nesotragus_, 339

_Neurotrichus_, 629

Nilghai, 345

_Nimravus_, 524

_Noctilio_, 668

Nostrils, 66

_Notharctus_, 698

_Nothropus_, 183

_Nothrotherium_, 184

_Notiosorex_, 624

_Notopteris_, 654

_Nototheriidæ_, 172

_Nototherium_, 171

_Nyctereutes_, 552

_Nycteridæ_, 658

_Nycteris_, 659

_Nycticebus_, 691

_Nycticejus_, 662

_Nyctilestes_, 665

_Nyctinomus_, 670

_Nyctipithecus_, 714

_Nyctitherium_, 665

_Nyctophilus_, 661

Ocelot, 521

_Ochetodon_, 464

_Octodon_, 481

_Octodontidæ_, 480

_Odobænus_, 597

Odontoceti, 247

_Ogmorhinus_, 605

_Ommatophoca_, 605

_Onotragus_, 339

_Onychogale_, 166

_Onychomys_, 463

Opossum, 133

Orang, 731

_Orca_, 267

_Orcella_, 267

_Oreas_, 348

_Oreodon_, 293

_Oreopithecus_, 728

_Oreotragus_, 339

Oriental region, 100

Ornithodelphia, 117

_Ornithorhynchidæ_, 119

_Ornithorhynchus_, 119

_Orohippus_, 374

_Orotherium_, 374

_Orthaspidotherium_, 634

_Orthomys_, 484

_Orycteropodidæ_, 208

_Orycteropus_, 208

_Oryx_, 343

_Oryzomys_, 463

_Oryzorictes_, 638

_Otaria_, 593

_Otariidæ_, 593

_Otocyon_, 554

_Otomys_, 462

_Otonycteris_, 661

_Otopterus_, 673

Otter, 568 Sea, 571

Ounce, 517

Ovaries, 75

_Ovibos_, 357

Oviduct, 75

_Ovis_, 354

Oxen, 360

_Oxhyæna_, 608

_Oxymycterus_, 464

Paca, 489

_Pachyacanthus_, 224

Pachydermata, 87

_Pachynolophus_, 374

_Pachyuromys_, 462

_Paciculus_, 465

Palæarctic region, 97

_Palæocastor_, 458

_Palæocetus_, 245

_Palæoerinaceus_, 621

_Palæolemur_, 697

_Palæomanis_, 208

_Palæomeryx_, 330

_Palæonycteris_, 657

_Palæophoca_, 606

_Palæopontoporia_, 259

_Palæoprionodon_, 539

_Palæoreas_, 348

_Palæoryx_, 344

_Palæospalax_, 629

_Palæosyops_, 413

_Palæotapirus_, 373

_Palæotheriidæ_, 375

_Palæotherium_, 375

_Palæotragoceros_, 349

_Palauchenia_, 303

_Palhyæna_, 544

Palla, 341

Palm-Civet, 532

_Paloplotherium_, 375

_Palorchestes_, 170

Panda, 562

Pangolin, 205

_Panochthus_, 203

Panther, 514

_Pantholops_, 341

_Paradoxurus_, 532

_Paramys_, 457

_Parasorex_, 618

Peccary, 289

Pecora, 307

_Pectinator_, 481

_Pedetes_, 480

_Pediotragus_, 339

_Pelea_, 339

_Pellegrinia_, 484

Pelvis, 50

_Pelycodus_, 699

_Peragale_, 143

_Peralestes_, 115

_Peramelidæ_, 141

_Perameles_, 142

_Peratherium_, 135

_Periptychus_, 439

Perissodactyla, 368

_Perodicticus_, 693

_Perognathus_, 479

Pes, 52

_Petauroides_, 152

_Petaurus_, 153

_Petrodromus_, 618

_Petrogale_, 167

_Petromys_, 482

_Phacochœrus_, 288

_Phalanger_, 149

_Phalangeridæ_, 147

_Phalangerinæ_, 149

Phalanges, 49

_Phalangista_, 149

_Phascolarctinæ_, 155

_Phascolarctus_, 156

_Phascologale_, 139

_Phascolomyidæ_, 144

_Phascolomys_, 145

_Phascolonus_, 146

_Phascolotherium_, 114

_Phenacodus_, 439

_Phenacomys_, 466

Phlœomyinæ, 462

_Phlœomys_, 462

_Phloramys_, 484

_Phoca_, 601

_Phocæna_, 263

_Phocanella_, 606

_Phocidæ_, 600

_Phylloderma_, 674

_Phyllonycteris_, 674

Phyllophaga, 178

_Phyllorhina_, 657

_Phyllostoma_, 674

_Phyllostomatidæ_, 672

_Physeter_, 248

_Physeteridæ_, 247

_Physeterinæ_, 248

_Physeterula_, 251

_Physetodon_, 251

_Physodon_, 251

Pica, 492

Pichiciago, 196

Pig, 282

Pilosa, 179

Pinnipedia, 592

_Pithanotomys_, 484

_Pithechirus_, 477

_Pithecia_, 712

Placenta, 75

_Plagiaulacidæ_, 113

_Plagiaulax_, 111

_Plagiodon_, 483

_Platacanthomyinæ_, 461

_Platacanthomys_, 462

_Platanista_, 258

_Platanistidæ_, 257

_Platycercomys_, 480

_Platygonus_, 291

_Platyonyx_, 188

_Platyphoca_, 606

_Platypus_, 120

_Plecotus_, 660

_Plesiadapis_, 698

_Plesiarctomys_, 457

_Plesictis_, 590

_Plesiocetus_, 245

Plesiometacarpalia, 316

_Plesiosorex_, 634

_Plesispermophilus_, 457

_Pleuraspidotherium_, 634

_Pleurolichus_, 479

_Plexochœrus_, 491

_Pliauchenia_, 304

_Pliolagostomus_, 488

_Pliolophus_, 374

_Pliopithecus_, 731

_Poëbrotherium_, 304

_Pœcilogale_, 590

_Pœcilophoca_, 605

_Poëphagus_, 360

_Pogonodon_, 524

_Poiana_, 531

Polecat, 587

_Polymastodon_, 113

Polyprotodontia, 133

_Pontistes_, 259

_Pontoporia_, 259

Porcupine, 486 Tree, 485

Porpoise, 263

_Potamarchus_, 488

_Potamochœrus_, 286

_Potamogale_, 635

_Potamogalidæ_, 634

_Potamophilus_, 534

_Potamotherium_, 570

_Potoroinæ_, 162

Potoroo, 163

_Potorous_, 163

Pouched-Rat, 478

_Praopus_, 201

Prehallux, 49

Prepollex, 49

Primates, 680

_Priodon_, 198

_Prionodon_, 530

_Priscodelphinus_, 259

_Proælurus_, 523

Proboscidea, 418

_Probubalus_, 361

_Procamelus_, 304

_Procapra_, 341

_Procavia_, 417

_Procoptodon_, 170

_Procyon_, 564

_Procyonidæ_, 562

_Prodelphinus_, 271

_Prodremotherium_, 307

_Proechidna_, 126

_Prohalicore_, 223

_Prohyæna_, 562

_Prolagostomus_, 488

_Promegatherium_, 189

_Promylodon_, 190

Prong-buck, 333

_Prophoca_, 606

_Propithecus_, 684

_Prorastomatidæ_, 224

_Prorastomus_, 224

_Protechinomys_, 484

_Proteleidæ_, 539

_Proteles_, 539

_Proterotheriidæ_, 414

_Proterotherium_, 414

_Protoadapis_, 698

_Protohippus_, 380

_Protolabis_, 304

_Protoreodon_, 293

Prototheria, 117

_Protoxodon_, 440

_Protragelaphus_, 349

_Protragoceros_, 349

_Proviverra_, 608

_Proviverridæ_, 608

_Prox_, 317

_Pseudælurus_, 523

_Pseudalopex_, 552

_Pseudochirus_, 151

_Pseudois_, 355

_Pseudorca_, 268

_Pseudorhinolophus_, 657

_Pseudosciurus_, 454

_Psittacotherium_, 442

_Pteralopex_, 654

_Pterodon_, 608

_Pteromys_, 453

_Pteropodidæ_, 650

_Pteropus_, 651

_Ptilocercus_, 618

_Ptilodus_, 113

_Pudua_, 330

Puma, 520

_Putorius_, 585

Quagga, 384

Rabbit, 494 Bandicoot, 143

Raccoon, 565

_Rangifer_, 324

Rasse, 527

Rat, 474

Ratel, 576

Rat-Kangaroo, 163

Red Deer, 322

Rehbok, 339

Reitbok, 349

Reproductive organs, 74

Respiratory system, 63

_Rhabdosteus_, 259

_Rhachianectes_, 241

_Rhinoceros_, 402

_Rhinocerotidæ_, 402

_Rhinogale_, 537

_Rhinolophidæ_, 656

_Rhinolophus_, 656

_Rhinonycteris_, 658

_Rhinophylla_, 674

_Rhinopithecus_, 726

_Rhinopoma_, 669

_Rhipidomys_, 463

_Rhithrodon_, 464

_Rhithrosciurus_, 452

_Rhizomys_, 477

_Rhizoprion_, 257

_Rhogeëssa_, 661

_Rhynchocyon_, 618

_Rhynchonycteris_, 667

_Rhytina_, 221

_Rhytinidæ_, 221

Ribs, 44

River-Hog, 286

Rock-Wallaby, 167

Rodentia, 443

Roe, 327

Rorqual, 242

_Rosmarus_, 597

Ruminants, 307

_Rupicapra_, 349

_Rytiodus_, 223

Sable, 584

_Saccomys_, 479

_Saccopteryx_, 667

_Saccostomus_, 477

Sacrum, 43

_Saiga_, 341

Saki, 712

Salivary glands, 55

Sambur, 320

_Samotherium_, 333

Sapajou, 717

_Sarcophilus_, 137

_Scaldicetus_, 251

Scales, 11

_Scalops_, 630

_Scapanus_, 630

_Scapteromys_, 464

_Scaptochirus_, 633

_Scaptonyx_, 630

_Scelidotherium_, 188

_Schizodelphis_, 259

_Schizodon_, 482

_Schizostoma_, 673

_Sciuravus_, 457

_Sciuridæ_, 450

_Sciurodon_, 454

_Sciuroides_, 454

Sciuromorpha, 448

_Sciuropterus_, 453

_Sciurus_, 450

_Scopophorus_, 339

_Scotophilus_, 662

_Scotozous_, 661

Sea-Leopard, 605

Sea-otter, 571

Seal, 600 Eared, 594

_Selenacodon_, 113

_Semnopithecus_, 726

Sense organs, 69

Serow, 351

Sheep, 354

Shoulder-girdle, 46

Shrew, 622 Tree, 617 Water, 625

Siamang, 728

_Siamanga_, 728

Sight, 72

_Sigmodon_, 464

_Simia_, 731

_Simiidæ_, 728

_Simocyon_, 562

Simplicidentata, 448

_Siphneus_, 472

Sirenia, 212

_Sivatherium_, 322

Skeleton, 33

Skull, 34

Skunk, 572

Sloth, 180

Sloth, Ground, 184

Smell, 72

_Sminthopsis_, 139

_Sminthus_, 479

_Solenodon_, 636

_Solenodontidæ_, 635

_Sorex_, 622

_Soricidæ_, 621

_Soriculus_, 624

_Sotalia_, 272

Souslik, 456

_Spalacidæ_, 477

_Spalacopus_, 482

_Spalacotherium_, 115

_Spalax_, 477

_Spaniotherium_, 294

_Spermophilus_, 456

Sperm Whale, 249

Spider Monkey, 715

_Spilogale_, 574

Spiny Anteater, 124

Spleen, 65

_Squalodon_, 257

_Squalodontidæ_, 257

Squamata, 179

Squirrel, 451

_Stegodon_, 427

_Steneofiber_, 458

_Steno_, 271

_Stenoderma_, 676

_Stenoplesictis_, 539

_Stenops_, 691

_Stenorhynchus_, 605

_Stereognathus_, 110

Sternum, 44

_Sthenurus_, 170

Stoat, 590

Stomach, 57

_Strepsiceros_, 347

_Sturnira_, 676

_Stylacodon_, 114

_Stylinodon_, 442

_Styloceros_, 317

_Stylodon_, 114

_Stypolophus_, 608

Subungulata, 414

_Suidæ_, 281

Suina, 278

_Suricata_, 538

_Sus_, 281

_Syllophodus_, 484

_Symborodon_, 413

_Synaptomys_, 467

_Synetheres_, 485

_Synotus_, 661

_Systemodon_, 374

Takin, 351

_Talpa_, 630

_Talpidæ_, 628

_Tamandua_, 192

_Tamias_, 452

_Taphozous_, 667

Tapir, 371

_Tapiridæ_, 370

_Tapirulus_, 294

_Tapirus_, 370

Tardigrada, 178

_Tarsiidæ_, 694

_Tarsipedinæ_, 148

_Tarsipes_, 148

_Tarsius_, 694

Taste, 72

Tatouay, 198

_Tatusia_, 200

_Tatusiinæ_, 200

_Taxidea_, 576

Tayra, 579

Teetee, 713

Teeth, 13

Tegument, 7

Teledu, 575

Telemetacarpalia, 323

_Temnocyon_, 555

Tenrec, 637

_Terphone_, 338

Tertiary mammals, 115

_Tetraceros_, 338

_Tetraconodon_, 292

_Tetracus_, 634

_Tetrastylus_, 488

_Theridomyidæ_, 484

_Theridomys_, 484

_Theropithecus_, 722

Thigh, 51

_Thomomys_, 478

_Thoracophorus_, 203

Thylacine, 137

_Thylacinus_, 136

_Thylacoleo_, 157

Thymus gland, 66

Thyroid body, 66

_Thyroptera_, 665

Tiger, 511

Tillodontia, 441

_Tillotherium_, 441

_Tinoceras_, 437

_Titanomys_, 492

_Titanotheriidæ_, 413

_Titanotherium_, 413

_Tolypeutes_, 199

_Tomitherium_, 698

_Toxodon_, 439

Toxodontia, 439

Touch, 72

Trachea, 67

_Trachyops_, 674

_Trachytherium_, 224

_Tragelaphus_, 346

_Tragoceros_, 349

_Tragops_, 341

_Tragulidæ_, 305

Tragulina, 305

_Tragulus_, 305

_Trechomys_, 484

_Triacanthodon_, 113

_Triænops_, 658

_Trichechidæ_, 596

_Trichechus_, 597

_Trichosurus_, 150

_Trichys_, 487

_Triclis_, 162

_Triconodon_, 113

_Trilodon_, 484

Trituberculism, 30

_Tritylodon_, 111

_Trochictis_, 570

_Troglodytes_, 736

_Trogontherium_, 458

_Trygenycteris_, 655

Tubulidentata, 179

_Tupaia_, 617

_Tupaiidæ_, 617

_Tursiops_, 271

Tylopoda, 295

_Tylostoma_, 674

_Typhlomys_, 477

_Typotherium_, 440

_Uacaria_, 712

Uakari, 712

_Uintatheriidæ_, 437

_Uintatherium_, 436

Umbilical vesicle, 77

Unau, 183

Ungulata, 273

Urinary organs, 69

_Urocyon_, 553

_Uromys_, 476

_Uropsilus_, 629

_Urotrichus_, 629

_Ursidæ_, 557

_Ursus_, 557

Urus, 367

Uses of mammals, 4

Uterus, 75

Vampyre, 676

_Vampyrus_, 673

Vertebræ, 39

_Vesperimus_, 463

_Vespertiliavus_, 666

_Vespertilio_, 663

_Vespertilionidæ_, 660

_Vesperugo_, 661

Vicugna, 300

Viscacha, 488

_Vishnutherium_, 332

_Viverra_, 526

_Viverricula_, 527

_Viverridæ_, 525

Vole, 465

_Vulpes_, 552

Vulpine Phalanger, 150

Wallaby, 169

Walrus, 597

Wapiti, 322

Wart-Hog, 288

Weasel, 589

Whale, 225

White Whale, 262

Wolf, 548

Wolverene, 591

Wombat, 145

_Xantharpyia_, 652

_Xenurus_, 198

_Xeromys_, 461

_Xerus_, 452

_Xiphodon_, 294

Yak, 364

Yapock, 134

Yolk-sac, 77

_Zapus_, 480

Zebra, 385

_Zeuglodon_, 246

_Zeuglodontidæ_, 246

_Ziphiinæ_, 251

_Ziphius_, 254

Zoological regions, 96

THE END

_Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Edinburgh_