CHAPTER IX

THE ORDER UNGULATA 273

UNGULATA VERA 275

_Suborder_ ARTIODACTYLA 275

SUINA, 278. _Family_ HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, 278; _Hippopotamus_, 278. _Family_ SUIDÆ, 281; _Sus_, 281; _Babirusa_, 287; _Phacochœrus_, 288. _Family_ DICOTYLIDÆ, 289; _Dicotyles_, 289; _Hyotherium_, etc., 291. EXTINCT TRANSITIONAL ARTIODACTYLES, 292; Chœropotamidæ, 292; Anthracotheriidæ, 292; _Merycopotamus_, 293; Cotylopidæ, 293; Anoplotheriidæ, 293; Cænotheriidæ, 294; Dichodontidæ, 294. TYLOPODA, 295. _Family_ CAMELIDÆ, 295; _Camelus_, 296; _Auchenia_, 298; Extinct Cameloids, 303. TRAGULINA, 305. _Family_ TRAGULIDÆ, 305; _Tragulus_, 305; _Dorcatherium_, 306; Extinct Traguloids, 306. PECORA, 307; Antlers, 308; Horns, 310; Teeth, 310; Stomach, 312. _Family_ CERVIDÆ, 313; _Subfamily_ Moschinæ, 314; _Moschus_, 314; _Subfamily_ Cervinæ, 316; Plesiometacarpalia, 316; _Cervulus_, 316; _Elaphodus_, 318; _Cervus_, 319; Telemetacarpalia, 323; _Rangifer_, 324; _Alces_, 326; _Cervalces_, 327; _Capreolus_, 327; _Hydropotes_, 328; _Cariacus_, 329; _Pudua_, 330; Extinct genera, 330. _Family_ GIRAFFIDÆ, 330; _Giraffa_, 331; Allied extinct types, 332. _Family_ ANTILOCAPRIDÆ, 333; _Antilocapra_, 333. _Family_ BOVIDÆ, 334; _Alcelaphus_, 334; _Connochætes_, 336; _Cephalophus_, 338; _Tetraceros_, 338; _Neotragus_, 338; _Nanotragus_, 339; _Pelea_, 339; _Cobus_, 339; _Cervicapra_, 340; _Antilope_, 340; _Æpyceros_, 341; _Saiga_, 341; _Pantholops_, 341; _Gazella_, 341; _Hippotragus_, 343; _Oryx_, 343; _Addax_, 345; _Boselaphus_, 345; _Tragelaphus_, 346; _Strepsiceros_, 347; _Oreas_, 348; Extinct types, 348; _Rupicapra_, 349; _Nemorhædus_, 350; _Haploceros_, 351; _Budorcas_, 351; _Capra_, 352; _Ovis_, 354; _Ovibos_, 357; _Bos_, 360.

_Suborder_ PERISSODACTYLA 368

_Family_ TAPIRIDÆ, 370; _Tapirus_, 370; _Palæotapirus_, 373. _Family_ LOPHIODONTIDÆ, 373. _Family_ PALÆOTHERIIDÆ, 375. _Family_ EQUIDÆ, 376; _Protohippus_, 380; _Hipparion_, 380; _Equus_, 381. _Family_ RHINOCEROTIDÆ, 402; _Rhinoceros_, 402; Extinct types, 411. _Families_ LAMBDOTHERIIDÆ, CHALICOTHERIIDÆ, and TITANOTHERIIDÆ, 412. _Family_ MACRAUCHENIIDÆ, 414. _Family_ PROTEROTHERIIDÆ, 414.

SUBUNGULATA 414

_Suborder_ HYRACOIDEA 415

_Family_ HYRACIDÆ, 415; _Hyrax_, 417; _Dendrohyrax_, 418.

_Suborder_ PROBOSCIDEA 418

_Family_ ELEPHANTIDÆ, 423; _Elephas_, 424; _Mastodon_, 431. _Family_ DINOTHERIIDÆ, 435; _Dinotherium_, 435.

_Suborder_ AMBLYPODA 436

_Uintatherium_, 436; _Coryphodon_, 437.

_Suborder_ CONDYLARTHRA 438

_Suborder_ TOXODONTIA 439

_Nesodon_, 439; _Toxodon_, 439; _Typotherium_, 440.

_Group_ TILLODONTIA 441

Bibliography of Ungulates 442