chapter xi

.

[132] Felix Renouard de St. Croix (cited by Jagor) says, in his _Voyage commercial et politique mix Indes orientales, aux Iles Philippines, a la Chine_ (Paris, 1810; ii, p. 157), that the curas in his day were served by young girls. A Franciscan of the lake of Bay had twenty of them at his disposal, two of whom were always at his side.

[133] Jagor cites, in a footnote at this point, a portion of Le Gentil's description of the power of the friars in the Philippines, which is to be found in vol. ii, p. 183, of that author; and _ante_, in our extract from Le Gentil, pp. 210-219.

[134] _Leg. ult._, i, 266, Sec.Sec. 87, 89.

[135] Probably _Memorias historicas y estadisticas de Filipinas y

## particularmente de la grande isla de Luzon_ (imprint from _Diario de

Manila_, 1850), by Rafael Diaz Arenas.

[136] See _Recopilacion de leyes de Indias_, lib. ii, tit. xvi, ley liv (dated: Valladolid, April 29, 1549, Carlos I and the queen of Bohemia; Valladolid, April 16 and May 2, 1550, Maximiliano and the queen; Valladolid, May 9, 1569, Felipe II), and tit. vi, ley xxvi (dated: Madrid, July 20, 1618, Felipe III; ordinance 139 of 1636, Felipe IV), which forbid alcaldes and other officials to trade, to use the money of the communal funds of the natives, or to compel the latter to serve them. Lib. v, tit. ii, treats in great part of the office of the alcalde, and ley xlvii (dated: Madrid, July 10, 1530, Carlos I; Valladolid, September 4, 1551, Carlos I and the queen of Bohemia; Pinto, April 4, 1563, Felipe II; Lisboa, August 31, 1619, Felipe III), declares that the alcaldes and others are included in the prohibition to trade. (Cited by Jagor.)

[137] By royal decree of July 17, 1754. (Cited by Jagor.)

[138] Renouard de St. Croix, ii, p. 124. (Cited by Jagor.)

[139] This note is as follows: "The _obras pias_ are pious legacies, in which it was generally determined that two-thirds were to be loaned at interest for maritime commercial enterprises, until the premiums--which for the risk to Acapulco reached 50 per cent, to China, 25 per cent, and to the Indias, 35 per cent--had increased the original capital to a certain amount. Then the interest of that amount was to be applied to the good of the soul of the founder, or to pious or charitable ends (Arenas, _Historia_, p. 397). One-third was usually retained as a reserve, to cover chance losses. These reserve funds were long ago claimed by the government as compulsory loans, 'but they are still regarded as existing.'

"When the trade with Acapulco came to an end, the capitals could no longer be employed in accordance with the request of the founder, and they were loaned at interest in other ways. By a royal decree, dated November 3, 1854 (_Leg. ult._ ii, p. 205), an administrative council is appointed to take charge of the money of the _obras pias_. The total capital of five foundations (or rather only four, since one of them no longer has any capital) amounts to a trifle less than one million dollars [_i.e._, pesos]. From that amount the profit obtained from the loans is distributed according to the amount of the original capital--which is, however, no longer in existence in cash, because the government has disposed of it."

[140] _Ut supra_, ii, p. 336. (Cited by Jagor.)

[141] The office of alcalde falls into three divisions--_entrada_ [_i.e._, entrance], _ascenso_ [_i.e._, promotion], and _termino_ [_i.e._, limit] (royal order, March 31, 1837, tit. i, i) The alcalde's term of service is three years in each grade (tit. ii, articles 11, 12, and 13). Under no pretext can anyone remain longer than ten years in the magistracy of the Asiatic provinces (article 16). (Note by Jagor.)

[142] This town is on the Pacific coast of Luzon, and is provincial capital of Infanta (now annexed to province of Tayabas). It is near the port of Lampon, which was used in the seventeenth century as a harbor for the Acapulco galleons, as being more accessible than any port in San Bernardino Strait. See _U. S. Philippine Gazetteer_, pp. 553, 554, 578.

[143] This name is still retained, as an alternative appellation of Point Concepcion, which is on the southeastern coast of Maestro de Campo Island, off west coast of Mindoro.

[144] Referring to Gabriel Sanchez and Juan de Torres (VOL. XII, pp. 301, 310-313). The former entered the Society in its Toledo province, about 1589; and, seven years later, went to join the Philippine mission. He spent some twenty years in labors among the Visayan natives; and died at Palapag, aged forty-eight years, on January 1, 1617. Juan de Torres was born at Montilla, in 1564, and entered the Jesuit order at the age of nineteen. He came to the islands with Sanchez, in 1596, and the two were colaborers in Bohol. After many years of work in the Visayas, Torres was obliged by ill-health to return to Manila; he then learned the Tagal language, and labored among the mountaineers of Bondoc. He died at Manila, January 14, 1625. (See Murillo Velarde's _Hist. Philipinas_, fol. 11, 30.)

[145] The name of a point and a village on the southeastern coast of Bohol.

[146] See Legazpi's account of this, in VOL. II, pp. 207, 208.

[147] These were Loboc and Baclayon; see Murillo Velarde's account of this rebellion (_Hist. Philipinas_, fol. 17, 18). It was put down by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde-mayor of Cebu, with fifty Spaniards and one thousand friendly Indians (1622). Murillo Velarde says: "The Boholans are the most warlike and valiant among the Indians."

[148] Giuseppe Lamberti, an Italian, was born November 25, 1691; and entered the Jesuit order October 15, 1716. In the following year, he set out for the Philippine missions; and finally was slain by the natives, January 24, 1746. Sommervogel thus mentions him (_Bibliotheque_, iv, col. 1412), but does not speak of Morales.

[149] The present population of the island of Bohol is 269, 223, which is all civilized. See _Census of the Philippine Islands: 1903_, Bulletin No. 7, "Population of the Philippine Islands" (Washington, 1904), published by the Department of Commerce and Labor.

[150] Pedro (according to Perez) Jaraba was in Manila in 1598-99, and went as a missionary to La Caldera in 1603. In the following year, he died at Manila.

[151] The Cagayan (river and town) of Misamis, in northern Mindanao. Camiguin also here refers, not to the island of that name near Luzon, but to one on the coast of Misamis. Bislig is on the eastern coast of Surigao province. There is no present application of the name Surigao to an island; the reference in the text is apparently to one of the two larger islands dependent on Surigao province, which are Dinagat and Siargao.

[152] This name is misprinted "Juan Francisco de San Agustin" by Algue.

[153] The Society of St. Vincent de Paul was founded in March, 1833, to perpetuate the work started about 1831 by Bailly de Surcey in the Latin Quarter in Paris among the students--an organization known as "Societe de bonnes etudes" or "Society of good studies," and which was designed primarily for the spiritual growth of its members. The immediate cause that led to the formation of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul was the sneers of the non-Christians and freethinkers among the students who contended that the spirit of Christianity was dead. The objects striven for by the new society were greater spiritual growth, and charitable work--the latter extending to work among the poor and imprisoned, and the teaching of children. In 1835 the society was divided into sections, in order that the work among the poor might be carried on better from many centers. It grew rapidly, and received papal sanction in 1845. By 1853 the society had spread to England, America, Ireland, Spain, Belgium, and Palestine. In 1861, being charged with political bickerings, they were persecuted by the French government, and were ordered to accept Cardinal Morlot as the head of the general council which had been formed in 1853. The society refused this, and the general council was suspended. In 1875 there were 205,000 active members in France, and about 750,000 in the world. The significant fact in this society is, that it was founded by laymen and has always remained in the hands of laymen, though in union with and subordinate to the clergy. See _Grande Encyclopedie,_ and Addis and Arnold's _Cath. Dict._, pp. 844, 845.

Vincent de Paul, from whom this society was named, was a French priest born in 1576, who was noted for his great altruism, philanthropy, and executive ability; he founded various charitable orders, notably the Lazarists and the Sisters of Charity. He died in 1660, and was canonized in 1737.

[154] Note in _Archipielago filipino_: "He was freed from his captivity at the end of December, 1899."

[155] The orders in the Philippines and other colonies were wont, as still is their custom, to have head administrative quarters at Rome and Madrid, for the expedition of business with the pontiff or the king. The officer, always an expert in the management of affairs, was entitled the "procurador general," and his business was chiefly to attend to law problems in relation to the colonial missions, to guard against adverse legislation, and to promote favorable measures. His residence, whether at Rome or Madrid, was known as "la casa de la procuracion" or at Rome "la procura," of such and such an order. Besides the "procurador general" the orders had single "procuradores"--one for each house--who were the business men of the convents, and saw to affairs of the outside world.--T. C. Middleton, O.S.A.

[156] Note in _Archipielago filipino_: "This assertion must be understood of those who do not live in the active missions--that is to say, of the Christian settlements and villages of more or less long standing."

[157] Referring to the insurgent government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo, erected when Manila was captured by the Americans, May, 1898. On September 15 of that year the insurgent congress assembled at Malolos, which was chosen as their seat of government; but, in consequence of the advance of American troops, the capital was removed (February, 1899) to several other places successively. In November, 1899, the insurgent government was broken up, Aguinaldo fleeing to the mountains--where he was finally captured, in March, 1901.

[158] This order was founded by St. Benedict, who removed his monastery from Subiaco to Monte Cassino in 529. He prescribed neither asceticism nor laxity, but laid especial emphasis on work, ordering that each monastery have a library. The clothing was generally black, but was to vary with the needs of the various countries and climates. They were founded in France by St. Maur, a disciple of St. Benedict, and were introduced into Spain about 633. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries many relaxations crept into the order, in the reforms of which the congregation of St. Vanne (1550) and the congregation of St. Maur (1618) were formed in France. The order was entirely suppressed in France at the Revolution, but was later reestablished there. It was also suppressed in Spain and Germany, and has not been introduced again in the former country. The order was established first in the United States in 1846. See Addis and Arnold's _Cath. Dict._, pp. 74-76.