Chapter 10 of 13 · 3991 words · ~20 min read

Part 10

Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse.

36 (REVIEW)

recipe guerilla intrigue decisive souvenir scimitar facetious defrayal reservoir apoplexy dyspepsia diminutive efficacious abbreviate migratory erysipelas pneumonia meerschaum anniversary superintendent chrysanthemum rescind nautical deficiency pulmonary quarantine coincidence pre-eminent

Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.

pharmacy blaspheme diphtheria asphyxiate hydrophobia autograph biography calligraphy amphibious phenomenon clique physique grotesque burlesque picturesque panacea avalanche lineaments conspirator frontispiece

The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.

eccentric authentic pneumatic spasmodic diplomatic antiseptic lymphatic calisthenic pyrotechnic hieroglyphic privilege sacrilege symptom thraldom martyrdom lucrative diarrhœa velocipede monotonous predecessor

Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.

deodorize neutralize monopolize crystallize tranquillize delineation realization anticipation specification resuscitation heredity longevity ingenuity solemnity eccentricity eulogy prestige coercion procedure reparation

Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.

lacteal funereal ethereal corporeal cochineal effervesce acquiesce excrescent convalescent incandescent larynx pharynx baritone labyrinth strychnine vitriol seidlitz antidote mammal oleander

Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

abbreviate abhorrence aborigines abridgment accelerate accomplice accoutre acquiesce adjutant aggressor alimentary allegiance amateur amphibious anemone anonymous anthracite apostasy approximate armistice artificer assassin assimilate audacity auricle authentic avalanche avaricious asphyxiate avoirdupois banqueted baritone beauteous benefactor benefiting bulletin bumptious buoyant burlesque calcimine calligraphy capricious catastrophe celibacy chancellor chilblain chronicle cochineal coincidence competitive complainant complexion conciliatory condescension confidants conscientious contemptuous contiguous colleague corporeal corpuscle corroborate cotillion cotyledon courtesy crocheting crucifixion crystallize debauchery debilitate decisive deficiency delineation delirium dentifrice dexterous diaphragm diarrhœa dilapidate diphtheria diminutive discrepancy dysentery eccentricity ecstasy effervesce elasticity eliminate emaciate embezzle emphasis employee epilepsy episcopacy equestrian equinoctial etiquette exaggerate exhaustion exhilarate existence expedite exquisite exorbitant extempore facetious facilitate fastidious fraudulent fricassee funereal garrulous gesticulate gorgeous grandeur gratuitous grievance grotesque guarantee guillotine harangue hemorrhage hippopotamus homicide hydrophobia hypocrisy hysterics ignominious incandescent incendiary incision indefatigable influenza ingenious initiative instalment interference intersperse interstice irresistible irrevocable jonquil kerosene labyrinth licentious lineaments loathsome loquacious ludicrous malevolent malicious manœuvre maritime martyrdom marvellous massacre mausoleum mediocre meerschaum menagerie mercenary meridian microscope mignonette miscellaneous mistletoe monotonous mortgagee munificent mutinied mysterious nautical neuralgia nuisance nutritious obeisance obsequies obstinacy occurrence œsophagus omnivorous ostensible pageant palmistry panacea parachute paralysis parishioner pavilion pedagogue penitentiary pernicious perquisite pharmacy phenomenon philopena physique pictorial picturesque plebeian plebiscite pneumatic pneumonia precedence precision precocious pre-eminent prejudicial preliminary presumptuous privilege procedure proficient propitious puncheon pursuance quartette raillery recipient remediable repetition requiem requisite resuscitate reverential rheumatism rhinoceros sacrilege sagacity sanguinary sarsaparilla sauer-kraut scarlatina sceptical scrimmage scurrilous seditious semaphore seniority sepulchre simultaneous sinecure somersault souvenir specification spirituous steadfast stratagem strychnine stupefying sumptuous superintendent surcingle susceptible symptom syndicate synopsis tabernacle tarlatan technical teetotaler tempestuous tenacious theatrical tragedian tranquillity trousseau tyrannical unanimous upheaval variegated velocity verbosity vermilion vindictive witticism

allege aqueduct aquiline arraign assuage bailiff balance biassed bigoted bologna bunion calibre carbine chamois chasm clique concise copse conduit corps corpse courier critic croquet crotchet curtsy dahlia decency decipher deficit depot despatch diocese discern eclipse efficacy elicit enmity ensign facile faucet fissure fraught frenzy fuchsia furlough guerilla hygiene illicit jugular lunacy malign meteor missive mucous navvy nicotine optical palisade plateau premier pyjamas recipe redoubt requite rescind reverie reynard rites routine salver seidlitz series solace species succumb suite sumac trait trapeze trivial typhus utensil vitriol weird

RULES FOR SYLLABICATION.

A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; _e.g._, re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word _on one line_. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; _e.g._, _happiness_ should be divided--_happi-ness_, not _hap-piness_.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters _f_, _l_, or _s_ are usually double; _e.g._, muff, ball, pass.

2. Words ending in silent _e_ usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; _e.g._, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

EXCEPTIONS:--(i) Words ending in _ce_ or _ge_ retain the _e_ before the suffixes _able_ and _ous_, in order to keep the soft sound of _c_ or _g_; _e.g._, traceable, outrageous.

(ii) Words ending in _ee_, _oe_, or _ye_ retain the final _e_ when _ing_ is added; _e.g._, freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, _e.g._, clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

EXCEPTION:--When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; _e.g._, prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, _gases_, _gaseous_, _transferable_, _woolly_.

4. Words ending in a single _l_ double it before a vowel-suffix; _e.g._, chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, _paralleled_.

5. Words ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant usually change the _y_ into _i_ when a suffix not beginning with _i_ is added; _e.g._, cry, cries, crying.

EXCEPTIONS:--Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.

Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.

6. _ei_ or _ie_. When sounded like long _e_, _i_ comes before _e_ except after _c_; _e.g._, piece, deceit. But, _either_, _neither_, _plebeian_, _seize_, _leisure_, _weird_.

When not sounded like long _e_, the order of the letters is always _ei_; _e.g._, skein, height.

PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

actuary warranty accruing aggrieve indelible collectible codicil clerical implicit coercion obsolete obduracy cavilling repellent recurrent deterrent sullenness stubbornness statutory executrix appraisal legitimate rescinded rescission

coupon waiver vellum engross erasure issuing voucher lessor lessee felony nullify consols vendor annuity pleas marine tontine zephyr vestige salvage assigns vacillate oscillate irrigated deprecate desiccate mitigated litigation

elegy poesy lyrical couplet synonym homonym ellipsis metaphor paradigm italicize rhetorical allegorical ordnance ordinance colloquy soliloquy antithesis hyperbole dunning endorsed collateral purloined remittance acceptance

rabies subtler sentient consular succinct incipient æsthetic emanate permeate relegated licentiate depreciate excruciate disseminate narrator instigate promissor guarantor assignor consignee mortgagor plagiarist chirography phonography facsimile petit jury puisne judge knight-errant

oriel tenon newel mortise dovetail boudoir mullion stanchion buttress abutment colonnade escutcheon flotilla binnacle halyards forecastle pyramidal maelstrom arsenal reveille patrolled gymnastics silhouette supercilious

missal schism Genesis heretics perusing proselyte itinerary auspices nonpareil lacquered ensconced accountant personnel sustenance judiciary beneficiary depositary depository rendezvous proprietary commissary symmetrical connoisseur malfeasance discoloration maintenance complaisance presentiment

chiffon ruching chenille organdie chambray tarpaulin silesia mohair taffeta bandanna buckram valenciennes beryl carat emery pyrites sardonyx turquoise inertia fusible residue volatile calcium magnesia

oxygen hydrogen sulphate chloride molecule radially ambrosial febrile lesion cohesion sensory specific bronchial lachrymal polygon rhomboid trapezium reciprocal precipitate centripetal centrifugal scalene isosceles equitable acoustics dynamics corollary equilateral

anise hyssop jasmine spiræa syringa caraway hydrangea eczema biceps molars calibers bicuspid debauchee victuallers chyme cognac trachea cranium papilla chrysalis hellebore anæmia phthisic phthisis varicose paroxysm allopathic homœopathy

cocaine calomel lobelia copperas paregoric collodion anodyne osseous diagnose mortuary lymphatic panegyric morphine quassia sassafras condiments eucalyptus apocalypse eustachian belladonna ipecacuanha laryngitis peritonitis appendicitis

abettor coadjutor precursor laboratory prohibitory admonitory alluvial connubial centennial cylindrical rhetorical rhythmical collusion demurred agrarian patrician herculean sepulchral conscientious predilection reminiscence commissariat homogeneous embarrassment

moiety nucleus mussels mollusc cuisine pristine libertine sedative sediment abeyance prevalence dependence ascendency excrescence throes pallor orgies exorcise colossal analogous anomalous metaphysics psychology aide-de-camp physiognomy paraphernalia plenipotentiary pharmaceutical

psaltery psalmody hierarchy espionage plenteous mnemonics irascible porphyry equipoise fortuitous reversible transferable auricular auriferous succulent ameliorate deshabille dishevelled cinerary prescience saccharine boulevard troubadour tournament

astute abstruse falchion alchemy tubercles algebraical anatomical aspirate archives authentic halcyon harlequin clairvoyant connivance bourn breviary brougham bellicose captious capillary seriatim centipede composite charlatan iniquitous ubiquitous incorrigible irrepressible

corsair contour deify expiate embryo emissary deducible fallibility credibility debilitate defamatory equanimity hydraulic guttural critique technique hypotenuse hypothesis expatiate ingratiate illusory internecine iridescent putrescence

kraal khedive jeopardize laconically lithograph litigious pharisaical memoirs maniacal medallion parricide fratricide ostracized percussion vertebræ minutiæ oligarchy miscellany adolescent omniscient necropolis indigenous ingenuous methylated immaculate Mussulmans querulous quintessence

hybrid pillory placable precincts papyrus repertory spherical sedulous spermaceti prodigious promiscuous perspicacity Teutonic quixotic symphony sycophant superficies surveillance phrenologist phraseology polytechnic punctilious pseudonym surreptitious

viscid zodiac satiety zoology vacuum vagaries camellia facade pedagogy vibratory vicarious usurious vouchsafe vociferate nefarious voluptuous vicissitude vernacular consummate ventriloquist deliquescent extricate defalcate exchequer perforated cognizant apparition incarcerate

aviary callous guerdon piquant brusque flippancy aeronaut plausible aeroplane regrettable similarity contrariwise cuirass caitiff caisson cogitating tessellated pomegranate propagate immaterial acclamation subsidiary unparalleled cartilaginous

onerous libellous rancorous derelict tamarack deciduous calamitous minx sphinx chloral murrain vignette casually casualty orifice bacillus tattooed tasselled proboscis patrician dissimilar gherkin stoicism bagatelle whirligig beleaguer stomachic decoction

SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS--_Use these words in sentences_.

abyss acacia acme aerial alias alpaca annals axiom azure benign broncho cache cairn calyx caulk chaise chaos chary chronic cinque clique corse cote crucial cymbal cynic dais débris disc doily ecstasy elite elixir ellipse epoch facade facile falcon fiasco flaccid foci futile ghoul gist gluey gneiss groat guano gyves heresy holm idyl igneous irate ivied jargon lichen liege lien lithe llama lode lymph lyre Maori melee mirage morgue myrrh naive newel nymph ogre onyx orchid oust pageant placid plaguy plaice poise pygmy python qualm radii realm regime rhythm schism scion scroll sedge seethe sere sheik shoal Sioux sloyd sluice soiree sphinx steppe suave swarthy sylph sylvan synod theme theory thews thrall tierce trawl treatise trite tryst tutor umbel venial vial vicar viceroy virile viscera viscid visual vital vitiate vizier vogue vying waive weevil weird whiz whorl wiliness wince winch winze withal wraith wreak wroth wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The _root_ of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus _tal_, meaning number, speech, is the root of _tale_, a number counted; _tale_, a story; _tell_, narrate; _toll_, something counted out; _talk_, discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a _stem_. Thus _love_ is the stem of the root _lov-_, and to this stem are added such _inflections_ as _-est_, _-s_, _-d_, as loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a _prefix_ or _suffix_, thereby forming a new word called a _derivative_.

If to the root _dar-_, dear, the prefix _en-_ be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix _-ling_ gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by _compounding_. A _compound_ word is one made by uniting two words together, as _sea-lion_.

=Compound Nouns= are formed in various ways:--(_a_) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (_b_) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (_c_) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (_d_) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (_e_) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (_f_) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

=Compound Adjectives= are numerous:--(_a_) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (_b_) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (_c_) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (_d_) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (_e_) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + _ed_: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

=Compound Verbs= are few:--(_a_) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (_b_) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (_c_) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.

=Compound Adverbs= are made by uniting (_a_) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (_b_) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (_c_) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (_d_) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.

PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin--it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

ENGLISH PREFIXES.

=Inseparable prefixes= have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:--

=A-=, _on_: away, alive; _at_: ahead: _of_: akin.

=And-=, _against_ (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

=Be-=, old form of _by_: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

=For-=, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

=Fore-=, _first_, _before_: foresight, forejudge.

=Mis-=, _wrong_, _wrongly_: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

=Un-=, _not_: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

=With-=, _against_, (_from_): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

=Separable Prefixes.=

=After=, _after_: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

=All= (old Eng. _al_), _all_: almost, alone.

=Forth=, _forth_: forthcoming.

=In= (French en), _in_: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = _to make_ able, embitter.

=Off= or =of=, _off_, _from_: offal = what falls off, offspring.

=On=, _against_, _towards_: onset, onslaught, onward.

=Out= has a sense of direction or surpassing, (_beyond_): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (_i.e._, outer, outmost).

=Over=, _over_, _above_: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

=Through= = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

=Twi=, _two_, _double_: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

=Under=, _below_, _lower_: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

=Up=, _up_: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) PREFIXES.

=A-=, =ab-=, (=ab-s-=), _away from_: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

=Ad-=, (Fr. =a-=) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), _to_: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

=Amb-= or =am-=, _around_, _round about_, (_both_): ambition (lit. _going about_, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

=Ante-=, _before_: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., _an-_ in ancestor = antecessor.

=Bis-= and =bi-=, _twice_, _two_: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

=Circum-=, _around_: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

=Cum-=, _with_, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

=Contra-=, _against_: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

=De-=, _down_, _from_: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _asunder_, _separation_: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., _des-_, _de-_ in defer, defy, delay, descant.

=Ex-=, =e-=, _out_, _out of_, _proceeding from_: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

=Extra-=, _beyond_: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

=In-=, _in_, _into_, _on_: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

=In-=, _not_: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

=Inter-=, =intro-=, _among_, _between_, _within_: interfere, intervene, introspection.

=Male-=, _bad_, _ill_, _wrong_: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

=Mis-=, _ill_, _wrong_: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

=Non-=, _not_: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

=Ob-=, _toward_, _facing_, _against_: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

=Pene-=, _almost_: peninsula, penult.

=Per-=, _through_, often intensive, _throughout_, _thoroughly_--and so _wrongly_: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see _ager_). Fr. _par-_: pardon.

=Post-=, _after_: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

=Pre-=, _before_: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

=Preter-=, _beyond_, _more than_: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_, _forward_: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; _por_-tend. Fr., _pur_: purchase, pursue.

=Re-=, =red-=, _back_, _again_: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

=Retro-=, _backwards_: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

=Se-=, =sed-=, _apart_: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

=Sub-=, _under_, _from under_: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (_i.e._, lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

=Super-=, _above_, _beyond_: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., _sur-_, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

=Trans-=, _across_: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., _tres-_, trespass.

=Ultra-=, _beyond_: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

=Vice-=, _in place of_: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

GREEK PREFIXES.

=A-=, =an-= (before vowels), _not_: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

=Amphi-=, _on both sides_, _double_: amphibious, amphitheatre.

=Ana-=, _up_, _back_, _anew_: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

=Anti-=, _against_: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

=Apo-=, _from_, _away from_, _off_: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

=Arch-=, _chief_: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

=Auto-=, _self_: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

=Cata-=, _down_, (_thoroughly_): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

=Dia-=, _through_, (_between_): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _twice_, _doubly_: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

=Dys-=, _ill_, _bad_: dysentery, dyspepsia.

=Ec-=, =ex-=, _out_, _out of_: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

=En-=, _in_: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

=Epi-=, _upon_, _to_: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

=Eu-=, _well_: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

=Exo-=, _outside_, _without_: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

=Hemi-=, _half_: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

=Hyper-=, _over_, _beyond measure_: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

=Hypo-=, _under_: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

=Meta-=, _after_, _between_, (_changed for_): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

=Para-=, _beside_, _near by_, _contrary to_: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

=Peri-=, _around_, _near_: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

=Syn-=, _with_, _together_: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called _affixes_ or _postfixes_, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

ENGLISH SUFFIXES.

=Nouns.=--The most important are:--

=-ard=, =-art=, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

=-craft=, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

=-d=, =-t=, =-th=, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

=-dom=, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

=-en=, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

=-er=, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

=-hood=, (=-head=), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

=-ing=, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

=-kin=, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

=-le= or =-l=, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

=-ling=, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

=-lock=, state: wedlock.

=-ness=, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

=-ock=, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

=-m=, or =-om=, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

=-red=, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

=-ric=, office, dominion: bishopric.

=-ship=, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

=-stead=, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

=-ster= denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

=-th=, =-t=, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

=-ther=, =-der=, or =-ter= denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

=-wright=, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

=-ward=, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

=-y=, =-ie=, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

=Adjectives.=--Some of the more important are:--

=-ed=, =-d=, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

=-en=, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

=-erly=, =-ern=, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

=-fast=, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

=-fold=, times: fourfold, manifold.

=-ful=, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

=-ish=, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

=-le=, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

=-less=, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

=-like=, =-ly=, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

=-ow=, modern form of old Eng. _-u_: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

=-right=, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

=-some=, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

=-teen=, ten: thirteen, etc.

=-ty=, tens: thirty, etc.

=-ward=, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

=-wise=, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word _ways_ is often substituted: endways, sideways.

=-y=, =-ey=, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

VERB AND ADVERB SUFFIXES are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:--

=Verbs.=--

=-en=, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

=-er=, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).