CHAPTER XIII
: COSTUMES AND CUSTOMS OF BRITTANY
Distinctive national costume has to a great extent become a thing of the past in Europe, and for this relinquishment of the picturesque we have doubtless in a measure to thank the exploitation of remote districts as tourist and sporting centres. Brittany, however, has been remarkably faithful to her sartorial traditions, and even to-day in the remoter parts of the west and in distant sea-coast places her men and women have not ceased to express outwardly the strong national and personal individuality of their race. In these districts it is still possible for the traveller to take a sudden, bewildering, and wholly entrancing step back into the past.
In Cornouaille the national costume is more jealously cherished than in any other part of the country, even to the smallest details, for here the men carry a _pen-bas_, or cudgel, which is as much a supplement to their attire and as characteristic of it as the Irish shillelagh is of the traditional Irish dress. Quimper is perhaps second to Cornouaille in fidelity to the old costume, for all the men wear the national habit. On gala days this consists of gaily embroidered and coloured waistcoats, which often bear the travelling tailor's name, and voluminous _bragou-bras_, or breeches of blue or brown, held at the waist with a broad leather belt with a metal buckle and caught in at the knee with ribbons of various hues, the whole set off with black leather leggings and shoes ornamented with silver buckles. A broad-brimmed hat, beneath which the hair falls down sometimes to below the shoulders, finishes a toilet which on weekdays or work-days has to give place to white _bragou-bras_ of tough material, something more sombre in waistcoats, and the ever serviceable sabot.
_Hats and Hymen_
In the vast stretch of the salt-pans of Escoublac, between Batz and Le Croisic, where the entire population of the district is employed, the workers, or _paludiers_, affect a smock-frock with pockets, linen breeches, gaiters, and shoes all of white, and with this dazzling costume they wear a huge, flapping black hat turned up on one side to form a horn-shaped peak. This peak is very important, as it indicates the state of the wearer, the young bachelor adjusting it with great nicety over the ear, the widower above his forehead, and the married man at the back of his head. On Sundays or gala-days, however, this uniform is discarded in favour of a multicoloured and more distinctive attire, the breeches being of fine cloth, exceedingly full and pleated and finished with ribbons at the knees, the gaiters and white shoes of everyday giving place to white woollen stockings with clocks embroidered on them and shoes of light yellow, while the smock is supplanted by several waistcoats of varying lengths and shades, which are worn one above the other in different coloured tiers, finished at the neck with a turnover muslin collar. The holiday hat is the same, save for a roll of brightly and many tinted chenille.
Several petticoats of pleated cloth, big bibs or plastrons called _pièces_, of the same shade as their dresses, and a shawl with a fringed border, compose the costume of the women. The aprons of the girls are very plain and devoid of pockets, but the older women's are rich in texture and design, some of them being of silk and others even of costly brocade. The women's head-dress is almost grotesque in its originality, the hair being woven into two rolls, swathed round with tape, and wound into a coronet across the head. Over this is drawn tightly a kind of cap, which forms a peak behind and is crossed in front like a handkerchief. Should widowhood overtake a woman she relinquishes this _coiffe_ and shrouds her head and shoulders in a rough black triangular-shaped sheepskin mantle.
The toilette of a bride is as magnificent as the widow's is depressing and dowdy. It consists of three different dresses, the first of white velvet with apron of moire-antique, the second of purple velvet, and the third of cloth of gold with embroidered sleeves, with a _pièce_ of the same material. A wide sash, embroidered with gold, is used for looping up all these resplendent skirts in order to reveal the gold clocks which adorn the stockings. These, and all gala costumes, are carefully stored away at the village inn, and may be seen by the traveller sufficiently interested to pay a small fee for the privilege.
_Quaint Head-dresses_
Though the dress of the Granville women does not attempt to equal or rival the magnificence just described, nevertheless it is as quaint and characteristic. They favour a long black or very dark coat, with bordering frills of the same material and shade, and their cap is a sort of _bandeau_, turning up sharply at the ears, and crested by a white handkerchief folded square and laid flat on top.
In Ouessant the peasant women adopt an Italian style of costume, their head-dress, from under which their hair falls loosely, being exactly in almost every detail like that which one associates with the women of Italy. The costume of the man from St Pol is, like that of the Granville women, soberer than most others of Brittany. Save for his buttons, the buckle on his hat, and the clasps of white metal fastening his leather shoes, his dress, including spencer, waistcoat, trousers, and stockings, is of black, and his hair is worn falling on his shoulders, while he rarely carries the _pen-bas_--an indication, perhaps, of his rather meditative, pious temperament.
At Villecheret the cap of the women is bewilderingly varied and very peculiar. At first sight it appears to consist of several large sheets of stiff white paper, in some cases a sheet of the apparent paper spreading out at either side of the head and having another roll placed across it; in other cases a ridged roof seems to rest upon the hair, a roof with the sides rolling upward and fastened at the top with a frail thread; while a third type of head-dress is of the skull-cap order, from which is suspended two ties quite twenty inches long and eight inches wide, which are doubled back midway and fastened again to the top of the skull-cap. The unmarried woman who adopts this _coiffe_ must wear the ties hanging over the shoulders.
Originality in head-dress the male peasant leaves almost entirely to the woman, for nearly everywhere in Brittany one meets with the long, wide-brimmed, black hat, with a black band, the dullness of which is relieved by a white or blue metal buckle, as large as those usually found on belts. To this rule the Plougastel man is one of the exceptions, wearing a red cap with his trousers and coat of white flannel.
At Muzillac, some miles distant from La Roche-Bernard, the women supplant the white _coiffe_ with a huge black cap resembling the cowl of a friar, while at Pont l'Abbé and along the Bay of Audierne the cap or _bigouden_ is formed of two pieces, the first a species of skull-cap fitting closely over the head and ears, the second a small circular piece of starched linen, shaped into a three-cornered peak, the centre point being embroidered and kept in position by a white tape tie which fastens under the chin. Over the skull-cap the hair is dressed _en chignon_. The dress accompanying this singular _coiffe_ and _coiffure_ has a large yellow _pièce_, with sleeves to match. The men wear a number of short coats, one above the other, the shortest and last being trimmed with a fringe, and occasionally ornamented with sentences embroidered in coloured wools round the border, describing the patriotic or personal sentiments of the wearer.
The women of Morlaix are also partial to the tight-fitting _coiffe_. This consists of five broad folds, forming a base from which a fan-like fall of stiffened calico spreads out from ear to ear, completely shading the nape of the neck and reaching down the back below the shoulders. Many of the women wear calico tippets, while the more elderly affect a sort of mob-cap with turned-up edges, from which to the middle of the head are stretched two wide straps of calico, joined together at the ends with a pin. Most of the youths of Morlaix wear the big, flapping hat, but very often a black cloth cap is also seen. This is ridiculous rather than picturesque, for so long is it that with almost every movement it tips over the wearer's nose. The tunic accompanying either hat or cap is of blue flannel, and over it is worn a black waistcoat. The porters of the market-places wear a sort of smock. The young boys of Morlaix dress very like their elders, and nearly all of them wear the long loose cap, with the difference that a tasselled end dangles down the back.
[Illustration: MODERN BRITTANY]
On religious festivals the gala dress is always donned in all vicinities of Brittany, and the costume informs the initiated at once in what capacity the Breton is present. For instance, the _porteuses_, or banner-bearers, of certain saints are dressed in white; others may be more gorgeously or vividly attired in gowns of bright-coloured silk trimmed with gold lace, scarves of silver thread, aprons of gold tissue or brocade, and lace _coiffes_ over caps of gold or silver tissue; while some, though in national gala dress, will have flags or crosses to distinguish them from the more commonplace worshipper.
_Religious Festivals_
This dressing for the part and the occasion is interwoven with the Breton's existence as unalterably as sacred and profane elements are into the occasions of his religious festivals. A feast day well and piously begun is interspersed and concluded with a gaiety and abandon which by contrast strikes a note of profanity. Yet Brittany is quite the most devotedly religious of all the French provinces, and one may see the great cathedrals filled to their uttermost with congregations including as many men as women. Nowhere else, perhaps, will one find such great masses of people so completely lost in religious fervour during the usual Church services and the grander and more impressive festivals so solemnly observed. This reverence is attributed by some to the power of superstition, by others to the Celtic temperament of the worshippers; but from whatever cause it arises no one who has lived among the Bretons can doubt the sincerity and childlike faith which lies at the base of it all, a faith of which a medieval simplicity and credence are the keynotes.
_The Pardons_
This pious punctiliousness is not confined to Church services and ceremonies alone, for rarely are wayside crosses or shrines unattended by some simple peasant or peasants telling beads or unfolding griefs to a God Who, they have been taught, takes the deepest interest in and compassionates all the troubles and trials which may befall them. Between May and October the religious ardour of the Breton may be witnessed at its strongest, for during these months the five great 'Pardons' or religious pilgrimage festivals are solemnized in the following sequence: the Pardon of the Poor, at Saint-Yves; the Pardon of the Singers, at Rumengol; the Pardon of the Fire, at Saint-Jean-du-Doigt; the Pardon of the Mountain, at Troménie-de-Saint-Renan; the Pardon of the Sea, at Sainte-Anne-la-Palud.
The Pardon of the Poor, the Pardon of the Singers, and the Pardon of the Sea are especially rigorous and exacting, but the less celebrated Pardon of Notre Dame de la Clarté, in Morbihan, has an earthly as much as a celestial object, for while the pilgrimage does homage to the Virgin it is at the same time believed to facilitate marriage. Here, once the sacred side of the festival has been duly observed, the young man in search of a wife circles about the church, closely scrutinizing all the eligible demoiselles who come within range of his vision. As soon as he decides which maiden most appeals to him, he asks her politely if she will accept a gift from him, and at the same time presents a large round cake, with which he has armed himself for that occasion. "Will mademoiselle break the cake with me?" is the customary form of address, and in the adoption or rejection of this suggestion lies the young peasant's yea or nay.
The Pardon of Saint-Jean-du-Doigt takes place on the 22nd of June, and is, perhaps, the most solemn of these festivals. During its celebration the relic of the Saint, the little finger of his right hand, is held before the high altar of the church by an _abbé_ clad in his surplice. The finger is wrapped in the finest of linen, and one by one the congregation files past the _abbé_ for the purpose of touching for one brief moment the relic he holds. At the same time another cleric stands near the choir, holding the skull of St Mériadec, and before this the pilgrims also promenade, reverently bowing their heads as they go. The devotees then repair to a side wall near which there is a fountain, the waters of which have been previously sanctified by bathing in them the finger of St Jean suspended from a gold chain, and into this the pilgrims plunge their palms and vigorously rub their eyes with them, as a protection against blindness. This concludes the religious side of the Pardon, and immediately after its less edifying ceremonies begin.
The Pardon of the Mountain is held on Trinity Sunday at Troménie. Every sixth year there is the 'Grand Troménie,' an event which draws an immense concourse of people from all parts. The principal feature of this great day from the spectator's point of view is the afternoon procession. It is of the most imposing description, and all who have come to take part in the Pardon join it, as with banners flying and much hymn-singing it takes its way out of the town to wind round a mountain in the vicinity.
_Barking Women_
In the old days of religious enthusiasm a remarkable phenomenon often attended these festivals, when excitement began to run high, as it was certain to do among a Celtic people. This was the barking of certain highly strung hysterical women. In time it became quite a usual feature, but now, happily, it is a part of the ceremony which has almost entirely disappeared. There is a legend in connexion with this custom that the Virgin appeared before some women disguised as a beggar, and asked for a draught of water, and, when they refused it, caused them and their posterity to be afflicted with the mania.
_The Sacring Bell_
Another custom of earlier times was that of ringing the sacring bell. These bells are very tiny, and are attached at regular intervals to the outer rim of a wooden wheel, wrongly styled by some 'the Wheel of Fortune,' from which dangles a long string. In most places the sacring bell is kept as a curiosity, though in the church of St Bridget at Berhet the _Sant-e-roa_, or Holy Wheel, is still rung by pilgrims during Mass. The bells are set pealing through the medium of a long string by the impatient suppliant, to remind the saint to whom the _Sant-e-roa_ may be dedicated of the prayerful requests with which he or she has been assailed.
There are in many of the churches of Brittany wide, old-fashioned fireplaces, a fact which testifies to a very sensible practice which prevailed in the latter half of the sixteenth century--that of warming the baptismal water before applying it to the defenceless head of the lately born. The most famous of these old fireplaces belong to the churches of St Bridget in Perguet, Le Moustoir-le-Juch, St Non at Penmarch, and Brévélenz. In the church at the latter place one of the pinnacles of the porch forms the chimney to its historic hearth.
_The Venus of Quinipily_
Childless people often pay a visit to some standing stone in their neighbourhood in the hope that they may thereby be blessed with offspring. Famous in this respect is the 'Venus,' or _Groabgoard_, of Quinipily, a rough-hewn stone in the likeness of a goddess. The letters ...LIT... still remain on it--part of a Latin inscription which has been thought to have originally read ILITHVIA, "a name in keeping with the rites still in use before the image," says MacCulloch.[61]
_Holy Wells_
The holy well is another institution dating from early days, and there is hardly a church in Brittany which does not boast one or more of these shrines, which are in most cases dedicated to the saint in whose honour the church has been raised. So numerous are these wells that to name them and dwell at any length on the curative powers claimed for their waters would fill a large volume. Worthy of mention, however, is the Holy Well of St Bieuzy, as typical of most of such sacred springs. It is close to the church of the same name in Bieuzy, and flows from a granite wall. Its waters are said to relieve and cure the mentally deranged. Some of the wells are large enough to permit the afflicted to bathe in their waters, and of these the well near the church of Goezenou is a good example. It is situated in an enclosure surrounded by stone seats for the convenience of the devotees who may desire to immerse themselves bodily in it. Several of these shrines bear dates, but whether they are genuine is a matter for conjecture.
_Reliquaries_
Every Breton churchyard worthy of the name has its reliquary or bone-house. There may be seen rows of small boxes like dog-kennels with heart-shaped openings. Round these openings, names, dates, and pious ejaculations are written. Looking through the aperture, a glimpse of a skull may startle one, for it is a gruesome custom of the country to dig up the bones of the dead and preserve the skulls in this way. The name upon the box is that once borne by the deceased, the date that of his death, and the charitable prayer is for the repose of his soul. Occasionally these boxes are set in conspicuous places in the church, but generally they remain in the reliquary. In the porch of the church of St Trémeur, the son of the notorious Breton Bluebeard, Comorre, there is one of the largest collections of these receptacles in Brittany. Rich people who may have endowed or founded sacred edifices are buried in an arched recess of the abbey or church they have benefited.
_Feeding the Dead_
In some parts of Brittany hollows are found in tombstones above graves, and these are annually filled with holy water or libations of milk. It would seem as if this custom linked prehistoric with modern practice and that the cup-hollows frequently met with on the top of dolmens may have been intended as receptacles for the food of the dead. The basins scooped in the soil of a barrow may have served the same purpose. On the night of All Souls' Day, when this libation is made, the supper is left spread on the table of each cottage and the fire burns brightly, so that the dead may return to refresh and warm themselves after the dolours of the grave.
_The Passage de l'Enfer_
How hard custom dies in Brittany is illustrated by the fact that it is still usual at Tréguier to convey the dead to the churchyard in a boat over a part of the river called the 'Passage de l'Enfer,' instead of taking the shorter way by land. This custom is reminiscent of what Procopius, a historian of the sixth century, says regarding Breton Celtic custom in his _De Bello Gothico_. Speaking of the island of Brittia, by which he means Britain, he states that it is divided by a wall. Thither fishermen from the Breton coast are compelled to ferry over at darkest night the shades of the dead, unseen by them, but marshalled by a mysterious leader. The fishermen who are to row the dead across to the British coast must go to bed early, for at midnight they are aroused by a tapping at the door, and they are called in a low voice. They rise and go down to the shore, attracted by some force which they cannot explain. Here they find their boats, apparently empty, yet the water rises to the bulwarks, as if they were crowded. Once they commence the voyage their vessels cleave the water speedily, making the passage, usually a day and a half's sailing, in an hour. When the British shore is reached the souls of the dead leave the boats, which at once rise in the sea as if unloaded. Then a loud voice on shore is heard calling out the name and style of those who have disembarked.
Procopius had, of course, heard the old Celtic myth of an oversea Elysium, and had added to it some distorted reminiscence of the old Roman wall which divided Britain. The 'ship of souls' is evidently a feature of Celtic as well as of Latin and Greek belief.
_Calvaries_
Calvaries, or representations of the passion on the Cross, are most frequently encountered in Brittany, so much so, indeed, that it has been called 'the Land of the Calvaries.' Over the length and breadth of the country they are to be met at almost every turn, some of them no more than rude, simple crosses originating in local workshops, and others truly magnificent in carving and detail. Some of the most famous are those situated at Plougastel, Saint-Thégonnec, and Guimiliau.
The Calvary of Plougastel dates from the early sixteenth century, and consists of an arcade beneath a platform filled with statues. The surrounding frieze has carvings in bas-relief representing incidents in the life of Christ. The Calvary of Saint-Thégonnec represents vividly the phases of the passion, being really a 'way of the Cross' in sculpture. It bears the unmistakable stamp of the sixteenth century. The Calvary of Guimiliau is dated 1580 and 1588. A platform supported by arches bears the three crosses, the four evangelists, and other figures connected with the principal incidents in the life and passion of our Lord. The principal figures, that of Christ and those of the attending Blessed Virgin and St John, are most beautifully and sympathetically portrayed. The figures in the representations from the life of Christ, which are from necessity much smaller than those of the Crucifixion, are dressed in the costume of the sixteenth century. The entire Calvary is sculptured in Kersanton stone.
[Illustration: THE SOULS OF THE DEAD]
Whether these and other similar groups are really works of art is perhaps a matter for discussion, but regarding their impressiveness there cannot be two opinions. By the bulk of the people they are held in great reverence, and rarely are they unattended by tiny congregations of two or three, while on the occasion of important religious festivals people flock to them in hundreds.
_Weddings_
In many of their religious observances the Bretons are prone to confuse the sacred with the profane, and chief among these is the wedding ceremony--the customs attendant on which in some ostensibly Christian countries are yet a disgrace to the intellect as well as the good feeling of man. In rural Brittany, however, the revelry which ensues as soon as the church door closes on the newly wedded pair is more like that associated with a children's party than the recreation of older people. Should the marriage be celebrated in the morning, tables laid out with cakes are ranged outside the church door, and when the bridal procession files out of the church the bride and bridegroom each take a cake from the table and leave a coin in its stead for the poor. The guests follow suit, and then the whole party repairs to the nearest meadow, where endless _ronds_ are begun.
The _rond_ is a sort of dance in which the whole assembly joins hands and revolves slowly with a hop-skip-and-a-jump step to the accompaniment of a most wearisome and unvarying chant, the music for which is provided by the _biniou_, or bagpipe, and the flageolet or hautboy, both being occasionally augmented by the drum. Before the ceremony begins the musicians who are responsible for this primitive harmony are dispatched to summon the guests, who, of course, arrive in the full splendour of the national gala costume. As soon as the _ronds_ are completed to the satisfaction of everybody the custom common to so many countries of stealing the bride away is celebrated. At a given signal she speeds away from the party, hotly pursued by the young gallants present, and when she is overtaken she presents the successful swain with a cup of coffee at a public _café_. This interlude is followed by dinner, and after that the _ronds_ are resumed. These festivities, in the case of prosperous people, sometimes last three days, during which time the guests are entertained at their host's expense. If the wedding happens to be held in the evening, dancing is about the only amusement indulged in, and this follows an elaborate wedding supper. The _biniou_ and its companions are decidedly _en évidence_, while sometimes the monotony of the _ronds_ is varied by the _grand rond_, a much more graceful and intricate affair, containing many elaborate and difficult steps; but the more ordinary dance is the favourite, probably because of the difficulties attending the other.
_Breton Burials_
An ancient Breton funeral ceremony was replete with symbolic meaning and ritual, which have been carried down through the Middle Ages to the present time. As soon as the head of the family had ceased to breathe, a great fire was lit in the courtyard, and the mattress upon which he had expired was burned. Pitchers of water and milk were emptied, for fear, perhaps, that the soul of the defunct might be athirst. The dead man was then enveloped from head to foot in a great white sheet and placed in a description of funeral pavilion, the hands joined on the breast, the body turned toward the east. At his feet a little stool was placed, and two yellow candles were lit on each side of him. Then the beadle or gravedigger, who was usually a poor man, went round the country-side to carry the news of death, which he usually called out in a high, piping voice, ringing his little bell the while. At the hour of sunset people arrived from all parts for the purpose of viewing the body. Each one carried a branch, which he placed on the feet of the defunct.
The evening prayer was recited by all, then the women sang the canticles. From time to time the widow and children of the deceased raised the corner of the shroud and kissed it solemnly. A repast was served in an adjoining room, where the beggar sat side by side with the wealthy, on the principle that all were equal before death. It is strange that the poor are always associated with the griefs as with the pleasures of Breton people; we find them at the feast of death and at the baptism as at the wedding rejoicing.
In the morning the rector of the parish arrived and all retired, with the exception of the parents, if these chanced to be alive, in whose presence the beadle closed the coffin. No other member of the family was permitted to take part in this solemn farewell, which was regarded as a sacred duty. The coffin was then placed on a car drawn by oxen, and the funeral procession set out, preceded by the clergy and followed by the female relations of the deceased, wearing yellow head-dresses and black mantles. The men followed with bared heads. On arriving at the church the coffin was disposed on trestles, and the widow sat close by it throughout the ceremony. As it was lowered into the tomb the last words of the prayer for the dead were repeated by all, and as it touched the soil beneath a loud cry arose from the bereaved.
The Breton funeral ceremony, like those prevalent among other Celtic peoples, is indeed a lugubrious affair, and somewhat recalls the Irish wake in its strange mixture of mourning and feasting; but curiously enough brightness reigns afterward, for the peasant is absolutely assured that at the moment his friend is placed in the tomb he commences a life of joy without end.
_Tartarus and Paradise_
Two very striking old Breton ballads give us very vivid pictures of the Breton idea of Heaven and its opposite. That dealing with the infernal regions hails from the district of Léon. It is attributed to a priest named Morin, who flourished in the fifteenth century, but others have claimed it for a Jesuit father called Maunoir, who lived and preached some two hundred years later. In any case it bears the ecclesiastical stamp. "Descend, Christians," it begins, "to see what unspeakable tortures the souls of the condemned suffer through the justice of God, Who has chained them in the midst of flames for having abused their gifts in this world. Hell is a profound abyss, full of shadow, where not the least gleam of light ever comes. The gates have been closed and bolted by God, and He will never open them more. The key is lost!
"An oven heated to whiteness is this place, a fire which constantly devours the lost souls. There they will eternally burn, tormented by the intolerable heat. They gnash their teeth like mad dogs; they cannot escape the flames, which are over their heads, under their feet, and on all sides. The son rushes at his father, and the daughter at her mother. They drag them by the hair through the midst of flames, with a thousand maledictions, crying, 'Cursed be ye, lost woman, who brought us into the world! Cursed be ye, heedless man, who wert the cause of our damnation!'
"For drink they have only their tears. Their skins are scorched, and bitten by the teeth of serpents and demons, and their flesh and their bones are nothing but fuel to the great fire of Hell!
"After they have been for some time in this furnace, they are plunged by Satan into a lake of ice, and from this they are thrown once more into the flames, and from the flames into the water, like a bar of iron in a smithy. 'Have pity, my God, have pity on us!' they call; but they weep in vain, for God has closed His ears to their plaints.
"The heat is so intense that their marrow burns within their bones. The more they crave for pity, the more they are tormented.
"This fire is the anger of God which they have aroused; verily it may never be put out."
One turns with loathing, with anger, and with contempt from this production of medieval ecclesiasticism. When one thinks of the thousands of simple and innocent people who must have been tortured and driven half wild with terror by such infamous utterances as this, one feels inclined to challenge the oft-repeated statement concerning the many virtues of the medieval Church. But Brittany is not the only place where this species of terrorism was in vogue, and that until comparatively recent times. The writer can recall such descriptions as this emanating from the pulpits of churches in Scottish villages only some thirty years ago, and the strange thing is that people of that generation were wont to look back with longing and admiration upon the old style of condemnatory sermon, and to criticize the efforts of the younger school of ministers as being wanting in force and lacking the spirit of menace so characteristic of their forerunners. There are no such sermons nowadays, they say. Let us thank God that to the credit of human intelligence and human pity there are not!
The opposite to this picture is provided by the ballad on Heaven. It is generally attributed to Michel de Kerodern, a Breton missionary of the seventeenth century, but others claim its authorship for St Hervé, to whom we have already alluded. In any case it is as replete with superstitions as its darker fellow. The soul, it says, passes the moon, sun, and stars on its Heavenward way, and from that height turns its eyes on its native land of Brittany. "Adieu to thee, my country! Adieu to thee, world of suffering and dolorous burdens! Farewell, poverty, affliction, trouble, and sin! Like a lost vessel the body lies below, but wherever I turn my eyes my heart is filled with a thousand felicities. I behold the gates of Paradise open at my approach and the saints coming out to receive me. I am received in the Palace of the Trinity, in the midst of honours and heavenly harmonies. The Lord places on my head a beautiful crown and bids me enter into the treasures of Heaven. Legions of archangels chant the praise of God, each with a harp in his hand. I meet my father, my mother, my brothers, the men of my country. Choirs of little angels fly hither and thither over our heads like flocks of birds. Oh, happiness without equal! When I think of such bliss to be, it consoles my heart for the pains of this life."
FOOTNOTES:
[61] _Religion of the Ancient Celts_, p. 289.
GLOSSARY & INDEX
A
ABÉLARD. A Breton monk; the story of Héloïse and, 248-253
ABERLADY BAY. A bay in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, 357
ABERNETHY. A town in Scotland; the Round Tower at, 52
ABERYSTWYTH. A town in Wales; Taliesin buried at, 22
ADDER'S STONE. A substance supposed to have magical properties, employed in Druidic rites, 247; Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed, 252
ALAIN III. Count of Brittany (Count of Vannes); drives back the Northmen, 25
ALAIN IV (BARBE-TORTE). Arch-chief of Brittany; defeats the Northmen, 25-26
ALAIN V. Duke of Brittany, 27, 28
ALAIN FERGANT. Duke of Brittany, 30
ALAIN. Son of Eudo of Brittany, 29
ALBERT LE GRAND. Monk of Morlaix, 278
ALCHEMY. The art of; the position of, in the fifteenth century, 175; Gilles de Retz experiments in, 175-179
ALGONQUINS. A race of North American Indians; mentioned, 302
ALI BABA. The story of; mentioned, 316
ALL SOULS' DAY. The custom of leaving food for the dead on, 383
ALOÏDA. A maiden; in the ballad of the Marriage-girdle, 234-236
'ALPINE' RACE. A European ethnological division; the Bretons probably belong to, 14, 37 _n._
AMENOPHIS III. An Egyptian king; mentioned, 43
AMERICA. _See_ United States
ANGERS. A town in France; St Convoyon goes to, to obtain holy relics from the cathedral, 336
ANIMALS. Frequently the bearers of divine aid, in legends of the saints, 347; St Pol noted for his miraculous power over wild beasts, 366
ANIMISM, 86-87
ANKOU, THE. The death-spirit of Brittany, 101-102
ANNAÏK. A maiden; in a story of the Marquis of Guérande, 199-202
ANNE. Duchess of Brittany; married to Charles VIII of France, and then to Louis XII, 36; the oratory of, in the château of Dinan, 209; gives the château of Suscino to John of Châlons, 210
ANTWERP. The city; relics of St Winwaloe preserved in the Jesuit church of St Charles at, 371; mentioned, 205
APPLE, THE. Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Telio, 18
ARDMORE. A town in Ireland; the Round Tower at, 51-52
AREZ, MOUNTAINS OF. Same as Montagnes d'Arrée, _which see_
ARGOED. A place in Wales; battle of, 22
ARMAGH. A city in Ireland; Budoc made Bishop of, 356
ARMENIA. The country; were-wolf superstition in, 291
ARMOR ('On the Sea'). The ancient Celtic name for Brittany, 13
ARMORICA. The Latin name for the country of Brittany, 13, 15; Julius Cæsar in, 16; two British kingdoms in, 19; the first monastery in, founded by Gwénnolé, 185; King Arthur hunts wild beasts in, 278; St Samson bidden to go to, 349
ARTHUR, KING. British chieftain, of legendary fame; his finding of Excalibur, 256-257; his encounter with the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, 275-277; his existence doubted by Bretons in the twelfth century, 278; his fight with the dragon at the Lieue de Grève, 278-281; carried to the Isle of Avalon after his last battle, 282; Gugemar at the Court of, 292; his contest with Modred, 344; his sister Margawse the wife of King Lot of Lothian, 357; mentioned, 64, 66, 173, 212, 224
ARTHUR. Duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet; murdered by King John of England, 30
ARTHURIAN ROMANCE. Resemblances in Villemarqué's _Barzaz-Breiz_ to, 224; the controversy as to the original birthplace of, 228, 254-255; indigenous to British soil, 255
ARZ. _See_ Ile d'Arz
ASH-TREE, THE LAY OF THE. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 317-320
AUCHENTORLIE. An estate in Scotland; inscribed stones at, 46
AUCHINLECK MS. A manuscript containing a version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 272
AUDIERNE, BAY OF. A bay on the Breton coast; national costume in the district of, 376
AULNOY, COMTESSE D'. Noted seventeenth-century French authoress; mentioned, 144
AURAY. A town in Brittany; battle at, 35; centre from which to visit the megaliths of Carnac, 42
AVALON, ISLE OF. A fabled island to which King Arthur was carried after his last battle, 282
AVENUE OF SPHINXES. At Karnak, Egypt, 43
AZÉNOR. Mother of St Budoc of Dol, 354-356
AZÉNOR THE PALE. A maiden; the legend of, 360-364
B
BACCHUS. The Greek god of wine; mentioned, 189
BALON. Monastery of; St Tivisiau and, 338-339
BAN. King of Benwik; father of Sir Lancelot, 257
BANGOR TEIVI. A village in Wales; Taliesin said to have died at, 22
BARANTON, THE FOUNTAIN OF. A magical fountain in Broceliande, 70-71
BARD. Singer or poet attached to noble households; late survival of the custom of maintaining, 364
BARKING WOMEN. A phenomenon connected with religious festivals, 380
BARON OF JAUIOZ, THE. A ballad, 145-147
BARRON. A fictitious youth; in a story of Gilles de Retz, 178
BARZAZ-BREIZ ("The Breton Bards"). A collection of Breton ballads made by Villemarqué; cited (under sub-title, _Chants populaires de la Bretagne_), 57 _n._; criticism of, 211-212
BASS ROCK. An islet in the Firth of Forth, 359
BATZ. I. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol settles on, 365-366 II. A town in Brittany, 373
BAYARD, THE CHEVALIER DE. A famous French knight; mentioned, 31
BEAN NIGHE ('The Washing Woman'). An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands, 100
BEAUMANOIR. A Breton noble house, 229
BEAUTY AND THE BEAST. The story of; mentioned, 137
BEAUVAU. Matthew, Seigneur of; in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, 190-193
BEDIVERE, SIR. One of King Arthur's knights; accompanies Arthur on his expedition against the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, 275-277
BEES. Cultivated by the monks of Dol, 19; St Pol taught the people to cultivate, 366
BEIGNON. A town in Brittany, 360
BELGIUM. Mentioned, 52
BELIAGOG. A giant; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 271
BELSUNCE DE CASTELMORON, HENRI-FRANÇOIS-XAVIER DE. Bishop of Marseilles; mentioned, 195
BENEDICTION OF THE BEASTS. A festival held at Carnac, 45
BERHET. A village in Brittany; the custom of ringing the sacring bell still observed in the church of St Bridget at, 380
BERRY. John, Duke of; mentioned, 145
BERRY. Caroline, Duchess of; imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, 205
BERTRAND DE DINAN. A Breton knight, 29
BIEUZY. A town in Brittany; the Holy Well of St Bieuzy at, 381
BIGOUDEN. A cap worn by the women in some parts of Brittany, 376
BINIOU. A musical instrument resembling the bagpipe; one of the national instruments of Brittany, 229; played at weddings, 386
BIRDS. In Breton tradition, the dead supposed to return to earth in the form of, 227; frequently messengers in ballad literature, 233; in the legends of the saints, commonly the bearers of divine aid, 347
BISCLAVERET. The Breton name for a were-wolf; in the Lay of the Were-wolf, 287-289, 291
BLACK MOUNTAIN. The name of one of the peaks of the Black Mountains, 197
BLACK MOUNTAINS. A mountain chain in Brittany, 196
BLANCHE OF CASTILE. Mother of Louis IX, 208
BLANCHEFLOUR. Princess, sister of King Mark, mother of Tristrem; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258-259, 261
BLOIS. A famous French château; mentioned, 206
BLOIS, CHARLES OF. Duke of Brittany; contests the succession to the duchy, 30-32; taken prisoner by Joan of Flanders, 31; the marriage of, with Joan of Penthièvre, 32; defeated at Auray, 35; the château of Suscino taken by, 210
BLUEBEARD. The villain in the nursery-tale; Gilles de Retz identified with, 174, 180; the story of, identified with the story of Comorre and Triphyna, 180
BLUE CHAMBER. A boudoir in the château of Tourlaville, 209
BODMIN. A town in Cornwall; mentioned, 278
BOITEUX. A fiend; in the story of the Princess Starbright, 123, 124, 125
BONCOTEST, COLLEGE OF. One of the colleges of the old University of Paris; Fontenelle at, 229
BONNY KILMENY. A ballad by James Hogg; mentioned, 327
BOURDAIS, MARC. A peasant, nicknamed Maraud; in the story of the Lost Daughter, 75-77
BOUTEVILLE. John of, Seigneur of Faouet; mentioned, 335
BOY WHO SERVED THE FAIRIES, THE. The story of, 88-95
BRAN ('Crow'). A Breton warrior; the story of, 225-227; analogies between the story of, and the poem of _Sir Tristrem_, 227-228
BRENGWAIN. A lady of Ysonde's suite; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 267, 269, 271, 272
BRENHA, FATHER JOSÉ. A Portuguese antiquary; mentioned, 47
BREOCHAN. A legendary Welsh king, father of St Nennocha, 340
BRÉRI. A Breton poet, 255
BREST. A town in Brittany, 354, 368, 371
BRETON. The language, 15-16
BRETONS. The race; their origin and affinities, 13-15, 17, 37 _n._; Bretons join William of Normandy in his expedition against England, 29, 232, 233; send an expedition to help Owen Glendower, 234; defeat the English in a naval battle, 236
BREVELENZ. A village in Brittany; a fireplace in the church of, 381
BREZONEK. The language spoken by the Bretons, 15-16
BRIAN. Son of Eudo of Brittany, 29
BRIDE OF SATAN, THE. The story of, 143-144; mentioned, 147
BRITAIN. Celts flee from, to Brittany, before the Saxon invaders, 15, 17; subject kingdoms of, in Brittany, 19; immigrants from, in Brittany, form a confederacy and fight against the Franks, 22-23; the headquarters of the Druidic cult, 245; Arthurian romance indigenous to, 255; St Patern founds religious houses in, 348; St Samson fled from, to Brittany, 350; Procopius' story of the ferrying of the Breton dead over to, 383-384
BRITONS. The race; members of, emigrate to Brittany, 15, 17, 22-23; carried Arthurian romance to Brittany, 254, 255
BRITTANY. Divisions and character of the country, 13; Julius Cæsar in, 16; the Latin tongue did not spread over, 17; the origin of the name, 17; Nomenoë wins the independence of, 23; invaded by Northmen, 25; the Northmen expelled from, 26; division of, into counties and seigneuries, 27; relations with Normandy, 27-30; French influences in, 30; the War of the Two Joans, 30-31, 35-36; annexed to France by Francis I, 36; the prehistoric stone monuments of, 37-53; the fairies of, 54-95; the sprites and demons of, 96-105; 'world-tales' in, 106-155; folk-tales of, 156-172; popular legends of, 173-202; the châteaux of, 202-210; hero-tales of, 211-240; sends help to Owen Glendower in his conflict with the English, 234; a British army in, 237; the black art in, 241-253; Arthurian romance in, 254-282; Arthur found Excalibur in, 256; Tristrem in, 270-271, 272; the scene of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 284; the saints of, 332-371; many saints in, 350; costumes of, 372-377; customs of, 378-388; religious observance in, 377-378; holy wells in, 381-382; observances relating to the dead and interments, 382-384, 386-388; Calvaries in, 384-385; wedding ceremonies in, 385-386
BRITTANY, COUNTS AND DUKES OF. _See under_ Alain; Arthur; Blois, Charles of; Conan; Dreux; Eudo; Francis; Geoffrey; Hoel; John; _and_ Salomon
BRITTIA. Procopius' name for Britain, 383
BROCELIANDE. A forest in Brittany, 54-73; the shrine of Arthurian story, 55; the Korrigan a denizen of, 56; the scene of the adventures of Merlin and Vivien, 64; the fountain of Baranton in, 70-71; lines on, 71; in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, 72-73; the wood of Helléan a part of, 221; mentioned, 338
BRODINEUF. A Breton château, 207
BROWNIES. Elfish beings of small size; distinct from fairies, 87
BRUNHILDA. Queen of Austrasia; mentioned, 31
BRUNO OF LA MONTAGNE. The story of, 72-73
BRUYANT. A friend of Butor of La Montagne; in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, 72-73
BUGELNOZ, or TEUS. A beneficent spirit of the Vannes district, 100
BURIAL CUSTOMS. In Brittany, 382-384, 386-388
BURNS, ROBERT. The poet; his use of old songs and ballads, 211; mentioned, 241
BURON. A knight; in the Lay of the Ash-tree, 318-320
BUTOR. Baron of La Montagne; in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, 72
C
CADOUDAL, GEORGES. A Chouan leader; mentioned, 25
CAERLEON-UPON-USK. A town in Wales; Tristrem sails for, 263; mentioned, 21
CÆSAR. _See_ Julius
CALENDAR, THE. Supernatural beings often associated with, 97
CALIBURN. A name for Excalibur. _See_ Excalibur
CALLERNISH. A district in the island of Lewis, Outer Hebrides; mentioned, 53
CALVARIES. Representations of the passion on the Cross; common in Brittany, 384-385
CAMARET. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 41
CAMELOT. A legendary town in England, the scene of King Arthur's Court; the battle at, in which King Arthur was killed, 344; mentioned, 64
CANADOS. King Mark's Constable, in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 272
CANCOET. A village in Brittany; the Maison des Follets at, 49
CARADEUC. A Breton château, 207
CARDIGAN BAY. A bay in Wales; the site of a submerged city, according to Welsh legend, 187, 188
CARDIGANSHIRE. Welsh county; mentioned, 22
CARHAIX. A town in Brittany; Comorre the ruler of, 180
CARNAC. A town in Brittany; the megaliths at, 42-45; the legend of, 44-45; the 'Benediction of the Beasts' at, 45; sometimes called 'Ty C'harriquet,' 98; its megaliths supposed to have been built by the gorics, 98; the gorics' revels around the megaliths of, 99
CAROLINE. Queen of England, wife of George II; mentioned, 196
CASTLE OF THE SUN, THE. The story of, 131-137
CATTWG. A town in Wales; Taliesin and Gildas said to have been educated at the school of, 21
CAYOT DÉLANDRE, F. M. A Breton poet, 43
'CELTIC.' The term; its disputed connotation, 37
CELTS. The race; the Bretons a division of, 14-15; Druidism may not have originated with, 245; musical and poetic elements in the temperament of, 339
CHAMBER OF THE BLACK CAVALIER. In the ballad of Azénor the Pale, 362
CHAMBORD. A famous French château; mentioned, 206
CHAMP DOLENT ('Field of Woe'). The field in which the menhir of Dol stands, 40; the battle in, 40
CHAMPTOCÉ. A Breton château; the home of Gilles de Retz, 175, 176, 179-180
CHANGELINGS. The Breton fairies and, 83
CHANSONS DE GESTES. Medieval French poems with an heroic theme; Villemarqué's work marked by the style of, 224-225
CHANTS POPULAIRES DE LA BRETAGNE. The sub-title of Villemarqué's _Barzaz-Breiz_. _See_ _Barzaz-Breiz_
CHAPELLE DU DUC. A chapel at Tréguier, built by Duke John V, 353
CHARLEMAGNE. The Emperor; mentioned, 225
CHARLES I (THE BALD). King of France; Nomenoë rises against, 23, 337-338
CHARLES V. King of France; mentioned, 32
CHARLES VI. King of France; mentioned, 174
CHARLES VIII. King of France; Anne of Brittany married to, 36
CHARLES. A youth; in the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, 115-121
CHASE, THE. Superstitions of, 301
CHÂTEAU DES PAULPIQUETS. A name given to a megalithic structure in Questembert, 49
CHÂTEAUX. Of Brittany; their rich legendary and historical associations, 202-203; stories of, 203-210
CHÂTEAUBRIAND. François-René-Auguste, Viscount of; famous French writer and statesman; associated with the château of Comburg, 207
CHÂTEAUBRIANT. A Breton château, 207
CHÂTEAUBRIANT. Françoise de Foix, Countess of; a story of her relations with King Francis I and her fate, 207; the château of Suscino given to, by Francis I, 210
CHAVEAU-NARISHKINE, COUNTESS. Restored the château of Kerjolet, 208
CHILDEBAT. A Breton king, 366; and St Pol, 367
CHRAMNE. Son of Clotaire I, King of the Franks, 40
CHRISTIANITY. St Samson teaches, in Brittany, 17-19; the Curiosolites refuse to receive the teachings of St Malo, 342
CHURCH. The early; hostility of, to the fairies, 56
CINDERELLA. The story of; mentioned, 144
CISALPINE GAUL. Roman province; had no Druidic priesthood, 245
CLAIRSCHACH. The Highland harp; replaced as the national instrument by the bagpipe, 229
CLAUDE. Queen of Francis I of France, 36
CLÉDER. A town in Brittany; St Keenan built a monastery at, 344
CLERK OF ROHAN, THE. The story of, 189-193
CLISSON. A Breton château, 204-205
CLISSON, OLIVER DE. A celebrated Breton soldier, Constable of France; fought in the War of the Two Joans, 35, 204; and the château of Clisson, 204; and the château of Josselin, 205, 206
CLOTAIRE I. King of the Franks, 40
COADELAN. The manor of; occupied by Fontenelle, 230, 231; has gone to decay, 232
COADELAN, THE LADY OF. Her daughter carried off by Fontenelle, 229-230
COAT-SQUIRIOU, MARQUIS OF. In the story of the Youth who did not Know, 106-109
COCKNO. A place in Scotland; inscribed stones at, 47
COESORON. A river in Brittany, 17
COÊTMAN. The house of, 204
COÊTMAN, VISCOUNT OF. A Breton nobleman; mentioned, 204-205
COËTQUEN, TOWER OF. One of the towers in the city wall of Dinan, 209
COIFFES. Of Brittany; specimens of, in the museum at Kerjolet, 208 _See_ Head-dress
COLE, KING. A half-legendary British king; mentioned, 173
COLODOC. A name given to St Keenan. _See_ St Keenan
COMBAT OF SAINT-CAST, THE. The ballad of, 236-238
COMBOURG. A Breton château, 207-208; Châteaubriand associated with, 208
COMORRE THE CURSED. The story of, 180-184; mentioned, 382
COMTE DE GABALIS, LE. The Abbé de Villars' work; mentioned, 64
CONAN I. Count of Brittany (Count of Rennes), 27
CONAN II. Duke of Brittany; and Duke William of Normandy, 27-29
CONAN III. Duke of Brittany, 30; patron of Abélard, 248
CONAN IV. Duke of Brittany, 30
CONAN. Father of Morvan, 215
CONCARNEAU. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 42; the château of Kerjolet in, 208
CONCORET. A town in Brittany; had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, 242
CONCURRUS. A village in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
CONNAUGHT. An Irish province; St Keenan a native of, 343
CONSTANCE. Daughter of Conan IV of Brittany; married to Geoffrey Plantagenet, 30
CONTES POPULAIRES DE LA HAUTE-BRETAGNE. P. Sébillot's work; cited, 83 _n._
CORK. A county of Ireland; mentioned, 355
CORNOUAILLE. A district in Brittany; the ancient Cornubia, 19; formed by immigrants from Britain, 23; Azénor the Pale, a ballad of, 360-364; distinctive national costume in, 372; mentioned, 108
CORNUBIA. A British kingdom in Armorica, the modern Cornouaille, 19
CORNWALL. An English county, anciently a kingdom; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 257-262; mentioned, 278
CORSEUL. A town in Brittany; the people of, refuse the teachings of St Malo, 342-343
CORSTORPHINE. A village near Edinburgh; the legend of the building of the church at, 51
COSTUME. Breton; specimens of, in the museum at Kerjolet, 208; the faithfulness of the Bretons to their national costume, 372; the varieties of, 372-377; the costume of Cornouaille, 372; of Quimper, 372-373; of the workers of the Escoublac district, 373-374; of the women of Granville, 374; of the women of Ouessant, 374; of the men of St Pol, 375; of Pont l'Abbé and the Bay of Audierne, 376; of Morlaix, 376-377; gala dress in Brittany, 377
CÔTES-DU-NORD. One of the departments of Brittany, 13; part of the ancient kingdom of Domnonia, 19; mentioned, 41, 88, 167, 282, 351
COUDRE. A maiden; in the Lay of the Ash-tree, 319-320
COURILS. A race of gnomes peculiar to Brittany, 87, 98-99
COURONNES DE STE BARBE. Amulets sold at the festival of St Barbe at Le Faouet, 333
COX, REV. SIR G. W. Cited, 275 _n._
CRAON. The house of, 174
CRIONS. A race of gnomes peculiar to the ruins of Tresmalouen, 99
CROMLECH. The term; its derivation and significance, 38
CROSS OF THE THOUSAND SAILS. A monument at Guic-sezne, 370
CRUSADES. Mentioned, 190
CULROSS. A town in Scotland; St Kentigern born at, 357
CUP-AND-RING ALTAR. A monument discovered in the Milton of Colquhoun district, Scotland, 47
CUP-AND-RING MARKINGS. Symbols inscribed on megaliths; their meaning and purpose, 46-48
CUPID AND PSYCHE. The story of; mentioned, 137
CURIOSOLITÆ. A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, 16; the Curiosolites refuse to receive Christian teaching from St Malo, 342-343
CYMBELINE. A half-legendary British king; mentioned, 173
D
DAGWORTH, SIR THOMAS. An English knight; at the battle of La Roche-Derrien, 31
DAHUT. Princess, daughter of Gradlon; in the legend of Ys, 185, 186
DANAË. A maiden, in Greek mythology, mother of Perseus; mentioned, 358
DAOINE SIDHE. Irish deities, 87
DAOULAS. A village in Brittany; the statue of the Virgin in the abbey of, adorned with a girdle of rubies, 236
DEAD, THE. In Breton tradition, supposed to return to earth in the form of birds, 227; food left for, 382-383, 387; burial customs, 382-384, 386-388; the Breton dead ferried over to Britain, 383-384
DEATH-BIRD. A bird whose note is supposed to portend misfortune to the maiden who hears it, 145, 147
DEATH-SPIRIT. The Ankou, 101-102
DEER GOD. A deity of the North American Indians, 301
DÉLANDRE, CAYOT. _See_ Cayot
DEMETER. Greek corn goddess; mentioned, 59
DEMON LOVER, THE. A Scottish ballad; mentioned, 144
DEMONS. Of Brittany, 96-105; the invariable accompaniment of an illiterate peasantry, 96
DENIS PYRAMUS. An Anglo-Norman chronicler; on the poems of Marie de France, 284
DESONELLE, PRINCESS. Heroine of _Sir Torrent of Portugal_; mentioned, 358
DEVIL, THE. The erection of the megalithic monuments ascribed to, 49; the Teus and, 100 _See also_ Satan
DIANA. Roman moon-goddess; mentioned, 74
DIANCECHT. An Irish god; mentioned, 247
DINAN. I. A town in Brittany, 194, 195, 209 II. The château of, 209
DOL. A town in Brittany; the menhir near, 18, 39-40, 318; St Samson settled near, 18; the Northmen defeated by Alain Barbe-torte near, 26; the legend of the menhir of, 40; Buron lived at, 318; St Turiau, or Tivisiau, associated with, 338-339; the legend of the founding of, by St Samson, 350; the legend of St Budoc of, 353-358
DOL, BISHOP OF. And St Tivisiau, 338-339
DOL DES MARCHANDS. The name given to a dolmen near Dol, 48
DOLMENS. Derivation and meaning of the term, 38; purpose of the monuments, 38-39; the dolmen-chapel at Plouaret, 41; the dolmen at Trégunc, 42; the dolmen at Rocenaud, 46; cup-and-ring markings upon, 46-48; the dolmen at Penhapp, 48; the dolmen near the wood of Rocher, 50; the dolmen at La Lande-Marie, 51; the dolmen of Essé, 53; haunted by nains, 96; cup-hollows on, may have been intended as receptacles for food for the dead, 383
DOLOROUS KNIGHT, THE LAY OF THE, or THE LAY OF THE FOUR SORROWS. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 328-331
DOMNONÉE. A county of Brittany, 23 _See also_ Domnonia
DOMNONIA. A British kingdom in Armorica, 19, 27 _See also_ Domnonée
DOTTIN, GEORGES. Cited, 37 _n._
DOUARNENEZ, BAY OF. A bay on the Breton coast; the city of Ys said to have been situated there, 185
DRACHENFELS. A famous castle on the Rhine; mentioned, 203
DREUX, PIERRE DE. Duke of Brittany; defeats John of England at Nantes, 30
DREZ, JOB ANN. A sexton; in a story of the Yeun, 103-105
DRUIDISM. In early times, sorcery identified with, 245; the question whether Druidism was of Celtic or non-Celtic origin, 245; the nature of the practices of, 245-248; survival of Druidic spells and ritual, 246; an Eastern origin claimed for, 247; survivals of the Druidic priesthood, 247; a college of Druidic priestesses situated near Nantes, 253; mentioned, 53 _See also_ Druids
DRUIDS. Origin of the cult, 245; the nature of their practices, 245-246; in the legend of Kentigern's birth, condemn Thenaw, 357 _See also_ Druidism
DUBLIN. The city; Tristrem comes to, 263; Tristrem's second visit to, 265
DUBRIC. Archbishop who officiated at the marriage of King Arthur and Guinevere, 67
DU GUESCLIN, BERTRAND. A famous knight, Constable of France; helps Charles of Blois in the War of the Two Joans, 31-32; a notable figure in Breton legend, 32; buried at Saint-Denis, 32; the legend of the Ward of, 33-35; taken prisoner at the battle of Auray, 35
DUNGIVEN. A town in Ireland; Druidic ritual still observed at, 246
DUNPENDER. A mountain in East Lothian, now called Traprain Law; Thenaw cast from, 357
DUSII. Spirits inhabiting Gaul, 100
DYLAN. A British sea-god; mentioned, 69
DYONAS. A god of the Britons; Vivien sometimes represented as the daughter of, 69
E
EDINBURGH. The city; mentioned, 51, 60, 203
EDMUND. King of East Anglia; mentioned, 284
ELIDUC, THE LAY OF. One of the LAIS of Marie de France, 305-313
ELLÉ. A river in Brittany, 19, 332
ÉLORN. A river in Brittany, 19
ELPHIN. Son of the Welsh chieftain Urien; taught by Taliesin, 21
ELVES. In Teutonic mythology, diminutive spirits; the fairy race of Celtic countries may have been confused with, 87
EMERALD COAST, THE. A district in the southern portion of Brittany, 13
ENGLAND. I. The country; loses its ancient British name, which becomes that of Brittany, 17; Bretons who accompanied William the Conqueror receive land in, 232; Bretons invade, from Wales, 234; claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, 254; King Arthur moves against the Emperor Lucius' threatened invasion of, 275; the existence of King Arthur credited in, in the twelfth century, 278; Marie de France lived in, 283 II. The State; supports John of Montfort's claim to Brittany, 31
ENORA. _See_ St Enora
EQUITAN, THE LAY OF. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 313-317
ERDEVEN. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
ERMONIE. A mythical kingdom, in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde; Roland Rise, Lord of, 258; Duke Morgan becomes Lord of, 259; Tristrem returns to, 261
ERNAULT, E. Cited, 16 _n._
ERYRI, MOUNT. King Arthur slew the giant Ritho upon, 277
ESCOUBLAC. A town in Brittany, 373
ESSÉ. A village in Brittany; the dolmen of, 53
ESTAING, PIERRE D'. A French alchemist; mentioned, 175
ÉTANG DE LAVAL. A lake, supposed to cover the site of the submerged city of Ys, 185
ETHWIJE. Wife of Geoffrey I of Brittany, 196, 198
EUDO. Count of Brittany, son of Geoffrey I, 27, 29
EUFUERIEN. King of Cumbria, 357
EVEN THE GREAT. Breton leader; defeats the Norsemen at the battle of Kerlouan, 225, 227
EWEN. Son of Eufuerien, King of Cumbria, 357
EXCALIBUR. King Arthur's miraculous sword; given to Arthur in Brittany, 256-257; Arthur kills the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel with, 277; mentioned, 280
EXETER. The city; mentioned, 307
F
FABLES. Of Marie de France, 283
FAIRIES. Credited with the erection of the megalithic monuments, 49-52; magically imprisoned in dolmens, trees, and pillars, 52; the fairy lore of Brittany bears evidence of Celtic influence, 54; the fairies of Brittany hostile to man, 54, 55-56, 85; the Church the enemy of, 56; what derived from, in folk-lore, 73-74; the varying conceptions of, 73; the Bretons' ideas of, 74-75; the fairies of the _houles_, 75, 88; the fairies' distaste for being recognized, and stories illustrating this, 82; bestow magical sight, 82-83; and changelings, 83; prone to take animal, bird, and fish shapes, 83-84; probable reasons for the fairies' malevolence, 85-86; origin of the fairy idea, 85-87; may have originally been deities, 87; in Brittany, conceived as of average mortal height, 87; the _Margots la fée_, a variety of, 88; a story illustrating fairy malevolence, 88; the fairy-woman in the Lay of Graelent, 322-328
FAIRYLAND. Graelent enters, 326; identified with the Celtic Otherworld, 327; a place of death and remoteness, 328
FAIRY-WIFE. A folk-lore _motif_, 327
FALCON, THE. A ballad, 196-198
FARMER, CAPTAIN GEORGE. Commander of the _Quebec_; in a Breton ballad, 238
FAYS. _See_ Fairies
FEBRUARY. The month; personified in the story of Princess Starbright, 128-129
FÉLIX. Bishop of Quimper, 337
FEUILLET, OCTAVE. A French novelist; mentioned, 206
FINETTE CENDRON ('Cinderella'). Mme d'Aulnoy's story of; mentioned, 144
FINISTÈRE. One of the departments of Brittany, 13; part of the ancient kingdom of Domnonia, 19; mentioned, 41, 49, 180
FIONS. A name sometimes given to the fairies in Brittany, occurring also in Scottish and Irish folk-lore, 74
FIRE-GODDESS. St Barbe probably represents the survival of a, 334
FIREPLACES in Breton churches, 380-381
FISHERMAN AND THE FAIRIES, THE. The story of, 80-83
FLAMEL, NICOLAS. A French alchemist; mentioned, 175
FLANDERS. The country; Gugemar in, 292; mentioned, 145
FOLK-TALES. Of Brittany, 156-172
FONTENELLE, GUY EDER DE. A Breton leader, associated with the Catholic League, 229-232
FÖRSTER, PROFESSOR WENDELIN. And the origin of Arthurian romance, 254
FORTH. A river in Scotland; mentioned, 357
FORTH, FIRTH OF. Mentioned, 356, 359
FOSTER-BROTHER, THE. The story of, 167-172
FOUCAULT, JEAN. A Breton peasant; a story of, 244
FOUGÈRES. A town in Brittany; had a reputation as the dwelling-place of sorcerers, 242
FOUQUET, NICOLAS. A French statesman; imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, 205
FOUR SORROWS, THE LAY OF THE, or THE LAY OF THE DOLOROUS KNIGHT. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 328-331
FRAGAN. Governor of Léon, father of St Winwaloe, 370
FRANCE. I. The country; manners and fashions of, spread in Brittany, 30; the were-wolf superstition prevalent in, 291 II. The State; intervenes in the conflict between Brittany and Normandy, 30; Brittany annexed by, under Francis I, 36
FRANCIS I. King of France; annexes Brittany to France, 36; and Françoise de Foix, the Countess of Châteaubriant, 207; gives the château of Suscino to Françoise de Foix, 210
FRANCIS I. Duke of Brittany, 36
FRANKS. The people; exercised a nominal suzerainty over Brittany, 23; Morvan fights with, 216-221; "Morvan will return to drive the Franks from the Breton land," 224
FRANKS, KING OF THE. In Villemarqué's _Barzaz-Breiz_; and Morvan's fight with the Moor, 218-220; Morvan fights with, 220-221; the character drawn in the style of the _chansons de gestes_, 224
FREDEGONDA. Queen of Neustria; mentioned, 31
FRÉMIET, EMMANUEL. A French sculptor; mentioned, 206
FRÊNE. A maiden; in the Lay of the Ash-tree, 318-320
FULBERT. A canon of Notre-Dame, Paris, uncle of Héloïse, 249; mutilated Abélard, 250
FUNERAL CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES. In Brittany, 382-384, 386-388
G
GAIDOZ, H. Cited, 212 _n._
GANHARDIN. Brother of Ysonde of the White Hand; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 271-272, 273
GARB OF OLD GAUL, THE. A song; mentioned, 237
GARGANTUA. A mythical giant; the erection of the megalithic monuments ascribed to, 49
GARLON, THE CLERK OF. In a legend of the Marquis of Guérande, 199-202
GAVR'INIS ('Goat Island'). An island in the Gulf of Morbihan; the tumulus at, 48; nains' inscriptions on the megaliths of, 98
GAWAINE, SIR. One of King Arthur's knights; mentioned, 357
GEBER. An Arabian alchemist; mentioned, 175
GEOFFREY I. Duke of Brittany, 27; in the legend of the Falcon, 196
GEOFFREY II (PLANTAGENET). Duke of Brittany, 30
GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH. An English chronicler; the presentation of Vivien in his work, 69; and the presentation of Merlin, 70; acknowledged a Breton source for his work, 255
GILDAS. A British chronicler; fellow-pupil with Taliesin at the school of Cattwg, 21; St Keenan associated with, 343; St Bieuzy a friend and disciple of, 345; the bell of, in the chapel at La Roche-sur-Blavet, 345; St Bieuzy dies in the presence of, 346; St Pol of Léon a fellow-student of, 364
GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS. A Welsh chronicler; and the legend of the submerged city, 187
GIRDLE. Superstition of the, 302
GLAIN NEIDR. The sea-snake's egg or adder's stone, used in Druidic rites, 247; Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed, 252
GLASGOW. The city; mentioned, 357, 359
GOELC. A seigneury of Brittany; a Count of, the father of St Budoc of Dol, 354, 355
GOEZENOU. A village in Brittany; the cheeses petrified by St Goezenou preserved in the church of, 369; holy well at, 382
GOIDELIC DIALECT. A Celtic tongue, 15
GOLDEN BELL, CHÂTEAU OF THE. In the story of the Youth who did not Know, 111-114
GOLDEN BELL, PRINCESS. In the story of the Youth who did not Know, 110-115
GOLDEN HERB. A plant supposed in Druidical times to possess magical properties, 247-248
GOMME, SIR G. L. Cited, 173, 247 _n._
GORICS. A race of gnomes peculiar to Brittany, 87, 98-99
GOULVEN. A village in Brittany; historical tablet in the church of, 225
GOUVERNAYL. Servitor to Tristrem; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 263, 264
GRADLON MEUR. A ruler of Ys; in the legend of the city, 185-186; the statue of, at Quimper, 188-189; supposed to have introduced the vine into Brittany, 189
GRAELENT, THE LAY OF. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 320-328
GRAIL. Legend of the; a parallel incident in the Lay of Gugemar and, 301-302
GRALLO. King of Brittany; and St Ronan, 367
GRAND MONT. An eminence upon which St Gildas built his abbey, 249
GRAND TROMÉNIE. The special celebration of the Pardon of the Mountain held every sixth year, 379-380
GRANVILLE. A town in Brittany; women's costume in, 374
GRIFESCORNE. King of the Demons; in the story of the Youth who did not Know, 111, 114
GROABGOARD. An image at Quinipily, 381
GROTTES AUX FÉES. Name given to the megalithic monuments by the Bretons, 48, 49
GUÉMENÉ. A town in Brittany, 334
GUÉRANDE. A town in Brittany, 198
GUÉRANDE. Louis-François, Marquis of; the story of, 199-202
GUERECH. Count of Vannes; in the story of Comorre the Cursed, 180-181, 183, 184
GUGEMAR, THE LAY OF. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 292-302
GUIC-SEZNE. A town in Brittany, 370
GUILDELUEC. Wife of Eliduc, 306-313
GUILLARDUN. A princess; in the Lay of Eliduc, 307-313
GUILLEVIC, A. Cited, 16 _n._
GUIMILIAU. A town in Brittany; the Calvary at, 384-385
GUINDY. A river in Brittany, 167, 220
GUINEVERE. King Arthur's Queen; mentioned, 67; comforted by St Keenan after Arthur's death, 344
GUINGAMP. A town in Brittany, 229
GWEN. Mother of St Winwaloe, 370
GWENALOE ('He that is white'). The Breton name for St Winwaloe, 370
GWENN-ESTRAD. A place in Wales; battle of, 22
GWENNOLAÏK. A maiden of Tréguier; in the story of the Foster-brother, 167-172
GWÉNNOLÉ. A holy man; in the legend of the city of Ys, 185, 186
GWEZKLEN. The Breton name for Du Guesclin, 32 _See_ Du Guesclin
GWINDELUC. A monk, a disciple of St Convoyon, 335
GWYDDNO. Twelfth-century Welsh bard; relates the story of the submerged city, 188
H
HAINAULT. A Belgian province; mentioned, 328
HARP, THE. Not now popular in Brittany, but in ancient times one of the national instruments, 228-229
HATCHET OF BRITTANY, THE. An appellation of Morvan, 221
HAUTE-BÉCHEREL. A town in Brittany; pagan temple at, 342
HEAD-DRESS. Of the women of the Escoublac district, 374; of the women of Ouessant, 374; of the women of Villecheret, 375; of the men of Brittany, does not vary much, 375; headgear of the men of Plougastel, 375; of the women of Muzillac, 376; of the women of Pont l'Abbé and the Bay of Audierne, 376; of the women of Morlaix, 376 _See also_ COIFFES
HEAVEN. An old Breton conception of, 388, 390-391
HELENA, LADY. Niece of Duke Hoel I of Brittany; carried off by the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, 275, 276
HELL. In the story of the Bride of Satan, 144; an old Breton conception of, 388-389
HELLÉAN, WOOD OF. A former part of the forest of Broceliande, 221, 224
HELOÏSE. An abbess, beloved of Abélard; the story of Abélard and, 248-253; in a Breton ballad represented as a sorceress, 250-253
HÉNAN. Manor of, in Brittany, 364
HENDERSON, GEORGE. Cited, 52
HENNEBONT. A Breton château, 206
HENRY II. King of England, 30; identified as the king to whom Marie of France dedicated her _Lais_, 284
HENRY III. King of England; mentioned, 284
HENRY IV. King of France; and Fontenelle, 231-232; mentioned, 204
HENWG. A Welsh bard; said to be the father of Taliesin, 21
HERSART DE LA VILLEMARQUÉ, VICOMTE. Writer on Breton legendary lore; his poem on Nomenoë, 23; his ballad of Alain Barbe-torte, 25-27; and a story of the Clerk of Rohan, 190 _n._; his _Barzaz-Breiz_, 211-212; stories from his _Barzaz-Breiz_, 212-237; indications of the source of his matter, 224-225; and the story of Fontenelle, 230; and the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, 237; on the story of Azénor the Pale, 363, 364; cited, 57 _n._, 65 _n._, 184 _n._, 247
HERVÉ. Son of Kyvarnion; the story of the wolf and, 22; mentioned, 390
HIGHLANDERS. Scottish; in the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, 237
HIGHLANDS. Scottish; beliefs in, respecting stones, 52-53; the 'Washing Woman' of, 100
HILDWALL. A pious man of Angers; St Convoyon lodges with, 336
HODAIN. A dog; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 267
HOEL I. Duke of Brittany, 275, 276, 278
HOEL V. Duke of Brittany, 30
HOLGER. A half-mythical Danish hero; mentioned, 212
HOLMES, T. RICE. Cited, 245 _n._
HOLY LAND. _See_ Palestine
HOULES. Caverns; the Bretons suppose fairies to inhabit, 75
HUON DE MÉRY. A thirteenth-century writer; on the fountain of Baranton, 71
HURLERS, THE. A Cornish legend; mentioned, 44
I
IBERIANS. A non-Aryan race, supposed to have inhabited Britain; held by Rhys to be the originators of Druidism, 245
IDA. King of Bernicia; mentioned, 21, 22
ILE D'ARZ. An island off the coast of Brittany; megaliths in, 48
ILE-DE-FRANCE. A French province; Marie of France said to have been a native of, 283
ILE AUX MOINES. An island in the Gulf of Morbihan; megalithic monuments in, 48
ILE DE SEIN. An island off the Breton coast, 63; St Winwaloe settled on, 371
ILE-VERTE. An island off the Breton coast; St Winwaloe lived on, 370
ILLE-ET-VILAINE. One of the departments of Brittany, 13, 39, 50
INVERESK. A village in Scotland; mentioned, 359
IOUENN. A young man; in the story of the Man of Honour, 147-155
IRELAND. Markings on the megalithic monuments in, 46; the legend of the submerged city in, 187; the harp anciently the national instrument of, 229; Tristrem in, 264, 265-267; Petranus, father of St Patern, goes to, 347; St Patern meets his father in, 348; many saints in, 350; Azénor and Budoc in, 355-356; Budoc made King of, 356; late survival of the custom of keeping domestic bards in, 364
IRELAND, KING OF. In the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 265, 266
IRELAND, QUEEN OF. In the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 264-267
IRMINSUL. A Saxon idol; probable connexion between the menhir and the worship of, 18 _n._
ISIDORE OF SEVILLE. A Spanish ecclesiastic and writer; mentioned, 100
J
JANUARY. The month; personified, in the story of the Princess Starbright, 128-129
JARGEAU. A town in France; the battle of, 174
JAUDY. A river in Brittany, 31, 167
JAUIOZ. A seigneury in Languedoc; the story of Louis, Baron of, 145-146
JEANNE DARC. The French heroine; mentioned, 174; the play or mystery of, 175
JOAN OF FLANDERS. Wife of John of Montfort; in the War of the Two Joans, 31
JOAN OF PENTHIÈVRE. _See_ Penthièvre
JOB THE WITLESS. In the story of the Foster-brother, 169
JOHN (LACKLAND). King of England; mentioned, 30
JOHN III. Duke of Brittany, 30
JOHN IV. Duke of Brittany _See_ Montfort, John of
JOHN V. Duke of Brittany, son of the famous John of Montfort, 35-36; and Gilles de Retz, 179; built a magnificent tomb for St Yves, 353
JOHN. Duke of Châlons; the château of Suscino given to, 210
JOSSELIN. A Breton château, 205-206
JOYOUS GARDEN. A garden raised by enchantment by Merlin to please Vivien, 66; mentioned, 67, 69
JUD-HAEL. A Breton chieftain; the vision of, 20-21
JUDIK-HAEL. A Breton chieftain, son of Jud-Hael, 21
JULIUS CÆSAR. On the Druids of Gaul, 245
K
KADO THE STRIVER. A Breton peasant, leader of a revolt, 197-198
KARNAK. A village in Egypt; mentioned, 43
KARO. Son of a Breton chieftain; in a story of Nomenoë, 23-25
KAY, SIR. King Arthur's seneschal, 275
KENNEDY. A character in a Highland tale, 51
KERGARIOU, COMTE DE. And the story of Fontenelle, 230
KERGIVAS. A place in Brittany; the cheeses petrified by St Goezenou preserved in the manor of, 369
KERGOALER, COUÉDIC DE. Captain of the _Surveillante_; in a Breton ballad, 238
KERGONAN. A village in the Ile aux Moines; megaliths at, 48
KERIDWEN. A fertility goddess who dwelt in Lake Tegid, Wales; mentioned, 59
KER-IS. A name of the city of Ys, 185 _See_ Ys
KERJOLET. A Breton château, 208
KERLAZ. A village in Brittany, 232
KERLESCANT. A village in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
KERLOUAN. A town in Brittany; battle at, between Norsemen and Bretons, 225; the oak on the battlefield at, 227
KERMARIO. A village in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
KERMARTIN. A village in Brittany; St Yves born at, 350
KERMORVAN. A place in Brittany; Yves the Seigneur of, in the ballad of Azénor the Pale, 360-363
KERODERN, MICHEL DE. A Breton missionary, 390
KEROUEZ. An old château; in the story of the Seigneur with the Horse's Head, 137
KERSANTON. A place in Brittany; stone from, forms the Calvary of Guimiliau, 385
KERVRAN. A village in Brittany; the warrior Bran taken prisoner at, 225
KING OF THE ANTS. In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, 118, 119, 120
KING OF THE BIRDS. In the story of the Youth who did not Know, 111, 113
KING OF THE FISHES. In a tale from Saint-Cast, 84-85; in the story of the Youth who did not Know, 110, 114
KING OF THE LIONS. In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, 118, 119, 120
KING OF THE SPARROW-HAWKS. In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, 118, 119
KIPLING, RUDYARD. Quoted, 86
KORRIGAN, THE. A forest fairy; a denizen of Broceliande, 56; in the story of the Seigneur of Nann, 57-58; associated with water, an element of fertility, 59; an enchantress, 60; in the story of the Unbroken Vow, 62-63; desired union with humanity, 64; mentioned, 69, 98
KYVARNION. A British bard, father of Hervé, 22
L
LADY OF LA GARAYE, THE. Poem by Mrs Norton; quoted, 194, 195, 196
LADY OF THE LAKE. In Arthurian legend, Vivien; foster-mother of Lancelot, 69, 257; of Breton origin, 256; gives Arthur the sword Excalibur, 256-257 _See also_ Vivien
LA GARAYE. A Breton château, near Dinan; the story of the Lady of, 195
LAILOKEN. A character in early British legend; mentioned, 70
LAIS. Of Marie de France; their value in the study of Breton lore, 283; date and other circumstances of their composition, 283-284; stories from, 284-289, 292-331
LAKE OF ANGUISH, THE. A lake in Hell; in the story of the Bride of Satan, 144; in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, 146
LA LANDE MARIE. A place in Brittany; the dolmen at, 51
LANCELOT, SIR. One of the Knights of the Round Table, son of King Ban of Benwik; stolen and brought up by Vivien, 257; does not appear in Celtic legend, 257; mentioned, 64, 69
LANDÉVENNEC. A town in Brittany; a chapel of St Nicholas at, 345; a monastery built at, by St Winwaloe, 371
LANDIVISIAU. A town in Brittany, 338; fine carvings in the church of, 339-340
LANDEGU. A village in Cornwall; St Keenan at, 344
LANGOAD. A town in Brittany, 198
LANGUAGE. Brezonek, the tongue of the Bretons, 15; the old Breton tongue closely similar to Welsh, 15; the Latin tongue did not spread over Brittany, 17
LARGOET. A Breton château, 206
LA ROCHE-BERNARD. A town in Brittany, 376
LA ROCHE-SUR-BLAVET. A place in Brittany; a retreat of Gildas and St Bieuzy, 345
LA ROCHE-DERRIEN. A place in Brittany; battle at, 31
LA ROCHE-JAGU. A Breton château, 203-204
LA ROSE. A young man; in the story of the Magic Rose, 156-162
LATIN. The language; did not spread over Brittany, 17
LAUSTIC, THE LAY OF. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 302-305
LAVAL, GILLES DE. _See_ Retz
LAVAL, JEAN DE. Governor of Brittany, 207; married to Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant, 207
LAY OF THE WERE-WOLF, THE. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 284-289
LEAGUE, THE. A Catholic organization formed against the Huguenots, 205, 206; Fontenelle associated with, 229
LE BRAZ, ANATOLE. Cited, 102, 184 _n._
LE CLERC, L. Cited, 16 _n._
LE CROISIC. A town in Brittany, 373
LE FAOUET. A village in Brittany; the chapel of St Barbe near, 332-333, 334-335
LEGEND. The meaning of the term, 173
LE GOFF, P. Cited, 16 _n._
LE GRAND, A. Cited, 184 _n._
LÉGUER. A town in Brittany, 220
LÉGUER, LAKE OF. In the story of the Princess Starbright, 121, 131
LELIAN. Father of St Tivisiau, 338
LE MOUSTOIR-LE-JUCH. A village in Brittany; fireplace in the church of, 381
LEO IV. Pope; Nomenoë sends gifts to, 337; and St Convoyon, 337
LÉON. I. A county of Brittany, 23, 143, 212, 225, 226, 229, 356, 367, 388 II. The see of; given to St Pol, 367
LE ROUZIC, ZACHARIE. A Breton archæologist; mentioned, 45
LEWIS. An island in the Outer Hebrides; mentioned, 53
LEYDEN, JOHN. A Scottish poet and Orientalist; his treatment of legendary material, 211
LÉZAT. A town in Brittany; had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, 242
LEZ-BREIZ, MORVAN. _See_ Morvan
LIEUE DE GRÈVE. A place in Brittany; Arthur's fight with the dragon of, 278-281
LIVONIA. The country; were-wolf superstition in, 290
LLANVITHIN. A village in Wales; mentioned, 21
LOC-CHRIST. Monastery of, built under the persuasion of St Winwaloe, 370-371
LOCMARIA. A place in Brittany, 199
LOCMARIAQUER. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
LOGRES. An ancient British kingdom; in the Lay of Eliduc, 306-311
LOGUIVY-PLOUGRAS. A town in Brittany, 137
LOHANEC. A village in Brittany; St Yves incumbent of, 351
LOHENGRIN. A knight, in German legend; mentioned, 137
LOIRE. The river; mentioned, 16, 174, 253
LOIRE-INFÉRIEURE. One of the departments of Brittany, 13
LONDON. The city; mentioned, 31, 99
LONG MEG. A Cumberland legend; mentioned, 44
LONGSWORD, WILLIAM. Earl of Salisbury; identified as the nobleman to whom Marie of France dedicated her _Fables_, 284
LORELEI. A water-spirit of the Rhine; mentioned, 64
LORGNEZ. A Frankish chieftain; Morvan fights with, and slays, 217-218
LOST DAUGHTER, THE. The story of, 75-80
LOT. King of Lothian, grandfather of St Kentigern, 357
LOTHIAN. A district in Scotland, formerly a kingdom; mentioned, 357, 359
LOTHIAN, EAST. A county of Scotland; mentioned, 357
LOUDÉAC. An _arrondissement_ of Brittany, 88
LOUGH NEAGH. A lake in Ireland; according to Irish legend, the site of submerged city, 187
LOUIS I (THE PIOUS). King of France; places the native chieftain Nomenoë over Brittany, 23; St Convoyon visits, to obtain confirmation of grants, 335
LOUIS IX. King of France; mentioned, 208
LOUIS XI. King of France; mentioned, 36, 205
LOUIS XII. King of France; Anne of Brittany married to, 36
LOUIS XV. King of France; honours the Count of La Garaye, 195
LOUIS. Baron of Jauioz; the story of, 145-147
LOUVRE, THE. A palace in Paris; mentioned, 206
LUCIUS. Roman consul, sometimes referred to as Emperor; King Arthur moves against, 275
LUZEL, F. M. His _Guerziou Breiz-Izel_, mentioned, 211
LYONESSE. A legendary kingdom near Cornwall, 257
M
MACCULLOCH, J. R. Cited, 59 _n._, 70, 102, 188 _n._, 189 _n._, 381
MACCUNN, HAMISH. Composer; mentioned, 145
MACHUTES. _See_ St Malo
MACPHERSON, JAMES. A Scottish poet; mentioned, 23, 211
MACRITCHIE, D. Cited, 74
MAC-TIERNS ('Sons of the Chief'). A name given to Brian and Alain, sons of Count Eudo, 29
MAGEEN. Mother of St Tivisiau, 338
MAGIC. _See_ Sorcery
MAGIC ROSE, THE. The story of, 156-162
MAH[=A]BH[=A]RATA. A Hindu epic; mentioned, 52
MAISON DES FOLLETS. A name given to a megalithic structure at Cancoet, 49
MAMAU, Y. Welsh deities, 87
MAN OF HONOUR, THE. The story of, 147-155
MARAUD. A peasant; in the story of the Lost Daughter, 75-77
MARCH. The month; personified in the story of Princess Starbright, 128-129
MARGAWSE. Sister of King Arthur, wife of King Lot of Lothian, 357
MARGOTS LA FÉE, LES. Fairies which inhabit large rocks and the moorlands, 88
MARGUERITE. A maiden, avenged by Du Guesclin, 33-35
MARIE DE FRANCE. A twelfth-century French poetess; acknowledged Breton sources for her work, 255, 283; the _Lais_ and _Fables_ of, 283-284; personal history, 283; stories from the _Lais_, 284-331; and the Lay of Laustic, 302; and the Lay of Eliduc, 305-306; and the Lay of the Dolorous Knight, 328, 330-331
MARK. King of Cornwall; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258-274
MARK. King of Vannes; and St Pol of Léon, 364
MAROT, CLAUDE TOUSSAINT. Count of La Garaye; the story of, 194-196
MARRIAGE. Costume of the bride in the Escoublac district, 374; the Pardon of Notre Dame de la Clarté made the occasion of betrothals, 378; wedding customs, 385-386
MARRIAGE-GIRDLE, THE. The ballad of, 234-236
MARSEILLES. The city; mentioned, 195
MATSYS, QUENTIN. A Flemish painter; the well of, at Antwerp, 205
MATTHEW. Seigneur of Beauvau; in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, 189-193
MAUNOIR. A Jesuit Father, 388
MAURON. A town in Brittany; battle at, 31
MAY, ISLE OF. An island in the Firth of Forth, 357
MAYENNE. Charles de Lorraine, Duke of; one of the leaders of the Catholic League, 229
MEGALITHS. The derivation and meaning of the terms 'menhir' and 'dolmen,' 37-38; nature and purpose of the monuments, 38-39; the menhir of Dol, and its legend, 39-41; the chapel-dolmen at Plouaret, 41; the megaliths at Camaret, 41; at Penmarch, 41; at Carnac, 42-45; the tumulus at Mont-Saint-Michel, 45; the dolmen at Rocenaud, 46; 'cup-and-ring' markings, 46-48; the gallery of Gavr'inis, 48; the megaliths of the Ile aux Moines and the Ile d'Arz, 48; folk-beliefs associated with the monuments, 48-53; tales connected with them, 52; the question of the date of their erection, 53; the nains' inscriptions upon, 97-98; the megaliths of Carnac supposed to have been built by the gorics, 98 _See also_ Menhir _and_ Dolmens
MELUSINE. A fairy, in French folk-lore; mentioned, 327
MENAO. A place in Wales; battle of, 22
MÉNÉAC. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
MENHIR. A megalithic monument, 18; the menhir of Dol, 18, 39-40; probably connected with pillar-worship and Irminsul-worship, 18 _n._; derivation and meaning of the term, 38; purpose of the monuments, 38-39
MERIADOK. A Cornish knight; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 269, 272
MERIADUS. A Breton chieftain; in the Lay of Gugemar, 299-301
MERLIN. An enchanter, in Arthurian legend; meets Vivien in Broceliande, and is afterward enchanted by her there, 65-69; his relationship with Vivien as presented in Arthurian legend, 69; the varying conceptions of, 70; the typical Druid or wise man of Celtic tradition, 70; protects Arthur in his combat with Sir Pellinore, 256; and Arthur's finding of Excalibur, 256-257
MEZLÉAN. A place in Brittany, 362, 363; the Clerk of, in the ballad of Azénor the Pale, 361-363
MILTON OF COLQUHOUN. A district in Scotland; inscribed stones found in, 47
MINIHY. A town in Brittany; St Yves' will and breviary preserved in the church of, 353
MODRED, SIR. Nephew of King Arthur; his contest with the King, 344
MONCONTOUR. A village in Brittany, 242
MONEDUC. Mother of St Nennocha, 340
MONTAGNES D'ARRÉE, or AREZ. A mountain chain in Brittany; the Yeun in, 102; mentioned, 235
MONTALEMBERT, COMTE DE. His _Moines d'Occident_, cited, 19
MONTFORT, JOHN OF. Duke of Brittany (John IV); disputes the succession to the Dukedom, 30-32, 35-36; captures the château of Suscino, 210; mentioned, 204
MONTMORENCY. The house of; mentioned, 174
MONTREUIL-SUR-MER. A town in the Pas-de-Calais, France; St Winwaloe's body preserved at, 371
MONT-SAINT-MICHEL. I. A tumulus, 45-46 II. An island off the coast of Brittany, 45 _n._; King Arthur's fight with the giant of, 275; mentioned, 103
MOOR, THE. In a story of Morvan; Morvan's fight with, 218-220; the character of, probably drawn from Carlovingian legend, 225
MOORS, THE. Mentioned, 225
MOORE, THOMAS. The poet; quoted, 187
MORAUNT. An Irish ambassador at the English Court; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 262-263, 264, 266
MORBIHAN. I. One of the departments of Brittany, 13, 48, 49; the nains' inscriptions on the megaliths of, 98; the Pardon of Notre Dame de la Clarté held in, 378 II. An inland sea or gulf in the south of Brittany, (Gulf of Morbihan); naval battle between the Romans and Veneti probably took place in, 16; mentioned, 48
MORGAN, DUKE. A Cymric chieftain; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258-259, 261-262
MORIN. A priest, 388
MORLAIX. A town in Brittany; the castle of, haunted by gorics, 99; the teursts of the district of, 100; in the story of the Youth who did not Know, 106, 107, 108, 109; national costume in, 376-377
MORTE D'ARTHUR. Malory's romance; the presentation of Vivien in, 69; Arthur's finding of Excalibur related in, 256; incident in, paralleled in the Lay of Gugemar, 301-302; mentioned, 257
MORVAN LEZ-BREIZ. A famous Breton hero of the ninth century, 212; stories of, 212-224; tradition that he will return to "drive the Franks from the Breton land," 224
MOURIOCHE, THE. A malicious demon, 101
MÜLLER, W. MAX. Mentioned, 358
MURILLO. A celebrated Spanish painter; paintings by, in the château of Caradeuc, 207
MUT. An Egyptian goddess; mentioned, 43
MUZILLAC. A town in Brittany; head-dress of the women of, 376
N
NAINS. A race of demons; their character, 96-98; guardians of hidden treasure, 99
NAMNETES. A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, 16
NANN, THE SEIGNEUR OF. The story of, 57-59
NANTES. A city in Brittany; in a ballad, represented as the scene of magical exploits of Abélard and Héloïse, 253; traditionally associated with sorcery, 253; Equitan the King of, 313; the scene of the Lay of the Dolorous Knight, 328; Nomenoë obtains possession of, 338; mentioned, 17, 30, 168, 169, 170, 180, 337
NANTES. The castle of, 205
NEOLITHIC AGE. The race which built the stone monuments of Brittany probably belonged to, 37 _n._
NÉVET. Forest of, in Léon, 367
NÉVEZ. A town in Brittany, 190
NEW CALEDONIA. An island in the Pacific; markings on the megalithic monuments in, 46-47
NICOLE, THE. A mischievous spirit, 100-101
NIGHTINGALE, THE LAY OF THE. One of the _Lais_ of Marie de France, 302
NIGHT-WASHERS. A race of supernatural beings, 100
NIMUE. A name under which Vivien, the Lady of the Lake, appears in some romances, 69; mentioned, 256 _See_ Vivien
NOGENT. Sister of Gugemar, 292
NOGENT-SUR-SEINE. A town in France; the abbey at, founded by Abélard, and made over by him to Héloïse, 249; Abélard and Héloïse buried at, 250
NOLA. A youth; in the story of the Foster-brother, 170-171
NOMENOË. A Breton chieftain, afterward King of Brittany; rises against Charles the Bald and defeats him, 23, 337-338; a story of, 23-25; and St Convoyon, 335, 336, 337; sends gifts to Pope Leo IV, 337; burns the abbey of Saint-Florent, 337
NORMANDY. The duchy; early relations of Brittany with, 27-30
NORMANS. The Bretons rise against, 196-198; spread the Arthur legend, 254, 255; mentioned, 338
NOROUAS. Personification of the north-west wind; a story of, 163-167
NORTHMEN, NORSEMEN. Invade Brittany, 25; defeated by Alain Barbe-torte and expelled from Brittany, 25-27; the battle of Kerlouan between the Bretons and, 225
NORTH-WEST WIND, THE. Personification of; a story of, 163-167
NORTON, MRS. An English poetess; her _Lady of La Garaye_, quoted, 194, 195, 196
N'OUN DOARE. A youth; in the story of the Youth who did not Know, 106-115
NUTT, A. Cited, 99 _n._, 254
O
OBERON. King of the fairies; mentioned, 74
OEDIPUS. King of Thebes; mentioned, 357
OGIER THE DANE. One of the paladins of Charlemagne; entered Fairyland, 326
OLAUS MAGNUS. A sixteenth-century Swedish ecclesiastic and writer; mentioned, 290
ORIDIAL. Father of Gugemar, 292
ORIGEN. One of the Fathers of the early Church; and St Barbe, 333
ORLÉANS. The city; the siege of (1428-29), 174; the play or mystery of, on Jeanne Darc, 175; mentioned, 229
OSISMII. A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, 16
OSSIAN. A semi-legendary Celtic bard and warrior; mentioned, 211
OSSORY. A district in Ireland; emigration from, to Brittany, 22
OTHERWORLD. The Celtic, 171-172; Fairyland identified with, 327
OUESSANT. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol in, 365; the costume of the women of, 374-375
OUST. A river in Brittany, 205
OWAIN. A Welsh chieftain, son of Urien; Taliesin the bard of, 22
OWEN GLENDOWER. A Welsh chieftain; the Bretons send an expedition to help, in his conflict with the English, 234
P
PALESTINE. Mentioned, 145, 190, 269, 302
PARACLETE ('Comforter'). Name given by Abélard to his abbey at Nogent, 249; Abélard and Héloïse buried at, 250
PARDONS. Religious pilgrimage festivals of the Bretons, 378-380
PARIS. The city; mentioned, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121, 156, 157, 158, 195, 208, 229, 230-231, 351
PARIS, GASTON. A noted French philologist; claims that Arthurian romance originated in Wales, 254; identifies the persons to whom Marie de France dedicated her _Lais_ and _Fables_, 284
PASSAGE DE L'ENFER. An arm of the sea over which the Breton dead were supposed to be ferried, 383
PATAY. A village in Loiret, France; the battle of, 174
PAVIA. A city in Italy; Francis I of France taken prisoner at, 207
PELLINORE, SIR. One of the Knights of the Round Table; Arthur broke his sword in combat with, 256
PEMBROKESHIRE. Welsh county; St Samson a native of, 17
PENATES. Household gods of the Romans; mentioned, 53
PEN-BAS. A cudgel carried by the men of Cornouaille, 372; rarely carried by the men of St Pol, 375
PENHAPP. A village in the Ile aux Moines; dolmen at, 48
PENMARCH. A town in Brittany; megaliths at, 41; Ty C'harriquet near, 49; a fireplace in the church of St Non at, 381
PENRAZ. A village in the Isle of Arz; megaliths at, 48
PENTECOST. A Jewish festival; mentioned, 324
PENTHIÈVRE. A former county of Brittany, 27, 205
PENTHIÈVRE. Joan of; wife of Charles of Blois, 30; in the War of the Two Joans, 31; her marriage to Charles, 32
PENTHIÈVRE. Stephen, Count of, 208
PERCIVAL. Hero of _Percival le Gallois_; analogy between his flight and that of Morvan, 224
PERCIVAL LE GALLOIS. Arthurian saga; mentioned, 224
PÈRE LA CHIQUE. An old man; in the story of the Magic Rose, 159-160, 162
PERGUET. A village in Brittany; the fireplace in the church of St Bridget at, 381
PERSEUS. A mythical Greek hero; mentioned, 357, 358
PERTHSHIRE. Scottish county; the 'Washing Woman' in, 100
PETRANUS. Father of St Patern, 347
PHILIP VI. King of France; mentioned, 30
PICTS. The race; Celts flee from Britain to Brittany, to escape, 17; the legend that they built the original church of Corstorphine, near Edinburgh, 51; "wee fouk but unco' strang," 99
PIGS. St Pol taught the people to keep, 366
PILLAR-WORSHIP. Probable connexion of the menhir with, 18 _n._
PILLARS. Tales of spirits enclosed in, 52
PLACE OF SKULLS, THE. In the story of the Bride of Satan, 144
PLÉLAN. A town in Brittany; St Convoyon removes to, from Redon, 338
PLESTIN-LES-GRÈVES. A town in Brittany; St Efflam buried in the church of, 281
PLOERMEL. A town in Brittany; St Nennocha founded her monastery at, 340
PLOUARET. A town in Brittany; the dolmen-chapel at, 41
PLOUBALAY. A town in Brittany; in the story of the Fisherman and the Fairies, 81
PLOUBER. A town in Brittany, 199, 202
PLOUGASTEL. A town in Brittany; the costume of the men of, 375; the Calvary of, 384
PLOUHARNEL. A village in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
PLOURIN. A village in Brittany; St Budoc lived at, 356
POITOU. A former county of France; ravaged by Nomenoë, 337; mentioned, 176
POMPONIUS MELA. A Roman geographer; quoted, 63
PONT L'ABBÉ. A town in Brittany; national costume in, 376
PONT-AVEN. A village in Brittany, 364
PONTIVY. A town in Brittany; chapel to St Noyola at, 360
PONTORSON. A town in Brittany, 275
POOR, THE. Regard paid to, at Breton festivals and ceremonies, 387
PORSPODER. A town in Brittany; St Budoc lands at, and dwells in, 356
POULDERGAT, MANNAÏK DE. The bride-to-be of Silvestik, 232
PRAGUE. Capital of Bohemia; mentioned, 203
PRELATI. An alchemist of Padua, employed by Gilles de Retz, 176, 178-179
PRINCESS STARBRIGHT, THE. The story of, 121-131; mentioned, 153
PRINCESS OF TRONKOLAINE, THE. The story of, 115-121
PROCOPIUS. A Byzantine historian; on a Breton burial custom, 383-384
PROP OF BRITTANY, THE. Name given to Morvan, chieftain of Léon, 212; stories of, 212-224
Q
QUEBAN. Wife of King Grallo; St Ronan discovers her fault, 368
QUEBEC, THE. A British vessel; her fight with the _Surveillante_, 238-240
QUEEN ANNE'S TOWER. Name of the keep of the château of Dinan, 209
QUESTEMBERT. A town in Brittany; the Château des Paulpiquets at, 49
QUIBERON. A town in Brittany, 46
QUIMPER. A city in Brittany; St Convoyon Bishop of, 335; national costume in, 372-373; mentioned, 186, 188
QUIMPER, COUNT OF. In a story of Morvan, 213, 216
Quimperlé. A town in Brittany; the château of Rustefan near, 208; St Goezenou killed at the building of the monastery at, 370
R
RAMA. A hero in Hindu mythology; mentioned, 52
R[=A]M[=A]YANA. A Hindu epic; mentioned, 52
RAOUL LE GAEL. A Breton knight, 29
RAVELSTON QUARRY. A quarry near Edinburgh; mentioned, 51
REDON or RODON. A town in Brittany; the abbey of: founded by St Convoyon, 335-336; the bones of St Apothemius carried to, 336; the bones of St Marcellinus carried to, 337; Nomenoë takes spoil from the Abbey of Saint-Florent to, 337; St Convoyon removes from, 338; St Convoyon buried at, 338
REDONES. A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, 16
REGINALD. Bishop of Vannes, 335, 336
REID, GENERAL JOHN. The composer of _The Garb of Old Gaul_, 238
REINACH, SALOMON. Cited, 53
RELIGION. Brittany the most religious of the French provinces, 377; the religious element in the Breton character, 377-378
RELIQUARIES. In Brittany, 382
REMUS. In Roman legend, brother of Romulus; mentioned, 358
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE. References to, 205, 206, 209
RENÉ. Constable of Naples, 190
RENNES. A city in Brittany; the scene of Nomenoë's vengeance, 23-25; the Counts of, gain ascendancy in Brittany, 27; the marriage of Charles of Blois and Joan of Penthièvre at, 32; Robert the sorcerer dwelt in, 242; Nomenoë obtains possession of, 338; mentioned, 17, 181, 195
RESTALRIG. A village near Edinburgh; the well of St Triduana at, 59-60
RETIERS. A town in Brittany the Roches aux Fées at, 51
RETZ, or RAIS. A district in Brittany, 23, 174
RETZ, CARDINAL DE. A French politician and writer; imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, 205
RETZ, GILLES DE. A Breton nobleman; a story of, 173-180; the identification of, with Bluebeard, 174, 180
REVOLUTION, FRENCH. Of 1789; mentioned, 188, 195, 338, 353, 369
REVUE CELTIQUE. Cited, 212 _n._
RHEINSTEIN. A famous castle on the Rhine; mentioned, 203
RHINE. The river; mentioned, 203
RHUYS. _See_ St Gildas de Rhuys
RHYS, SIR JOHN. And the origin of Druidism, 245; mentioned, 70
RICHARD II. Duke of Normandy; mentioned, 196
RICHELIEU, CARDINAL. A famous French statesman; the château of Tonquédec demolished by order of, 204
RIEUX, JEAN DE. Marshal of Brittany; leader of the expedition to help Owen Glendower, 234
RITHO. A giant whom King Arthur slew, 277
ROAD OF ST POL, THE. Name given by Breton peasants to a megalithic avenue, 365
ROBERT I. Duke of Normandy, 28
ROBERT. A sorcerer who dwelt in Rennes, 242-243
ROBERT DE VITRY. A Breton knight, 29
ROCENAUD. A village in Brittany; dolmen at, 46
ROCEY. The house of, 174
ROCHE-MARCHE-BRAN. A rocky hill; the chapel of St Barbe built on, 335
ROCHER, THE WOOD OF. The dolmen near, 50
ROCHERS. A Breton château; Mme Sévigné associated with, 208
ROCHES AUX FÉES. Name given to the megalithic monuments by the Bretons, 49; near Saint-Didier-et-Marpire, 50; in Rhetiers, 51; supposed to be the meeting-place of sorcerers, 243
ROCKFLOWER. A fairy maiden; in a tale from Saint-Cast, 83
RODRIGUEZ, FATHER. Mentioned, 47
ROE. A river in Ireland; Druidic ritual associated with, 246
ROGER. An English knight; in the legend of the Ward of Du Guesclin, 33-35
ROHAN. The house of, 206
ROHAN. Alain, Viscount of, 189
ROHAN. Jeanne de, daughter of Alain de Rohan; in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, 189-193
ROHAND. A vassal of Roland; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258-259, 260-261, 262
ROLAND, SIR. A knight; in the story of the Unbroken Vow, 60-63
ROLAND RISE. A Cymric chieftain, Lord of Ermonie; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258-259, 261
ROLLESTON, T. W. Cited, 246
ROLLO. A famous Norse leader, first Duke of Normandy; mentioned, 28
ROMANS, THE. In Brittany, 16
ROME. The city; mentioned, 196, 337
ROMULUS. In Roman legend, the founder of Rome; mentioned, 357, 358
RON. The name of King Arthur's lance, 280
ROND. A dance performed at weddings, 385-386
ROSAMOND. Mistress of Henry II of England (Rosamond Clifford, 'the Fair Rosamond'); mentioned, 284
ROS-YNYS. A place in Wales, afterward St David's; a story of St Keenan and, 343-344
ROUND TOWER. At Ardmore, Ireland, 51; at Abernethy, Perthshire, 52
RUMENGOL. A village in Brittany; the Pardon of the Singers held at, 378
S
SACRING BELLS. The use of, an old Breton custom, 380
ST ANNE. A Breton saint; Morvan prays to, 216-217; Morvan rewards with gifts, 218; Morvan gives praise to, for his victory over the Moor, 220; frees Morvan from his burden, 224; mentioned, 146
SAINTE-ANNE-LA-PALUD. A village in Brittany; the Pardon of the Sea held at, 378
ST APOTHEMIUS. St Convoyon steals the bones of, from Angers Cathedral, and takes them to Redon, 336
ST AUGUSTINE. Archbishop of Canterbury; mentioned, 100
ST BALDRED. A Celtic saint, 359-360
ST BALDRED'S BOAT. A rock in the Firth of Forth; the legend of, 359
ST BARBE. A Breton saint, 332-335
SAINTE-BARBE. A village in Brittany; megaliths at, 42
ST BIEUZY. A Breton saint, 345-346; the Holy Well of, at Bieuzy, 381
ST BRIDGET. An Irish saint; Azénor prays to, and is helped by, 354; church of, at Berhet, the custom of ringing the sacring bell survives in, 380; church of, at Perguet, the fireplace in, 381
SAINT-BRIEUC. I. An _arrondissement_ of Brittany, 88, 350 II. A town in Brittany; a relic of St Keenan preserved in the cathedral of, 344
SAINT-BRIEUC, BAY OF. A bay on the Breton coast; the Nicole of, 100; mentioned, 18, 350
ST BUDOC. A Breton saint; the legend of, 353-356
SAINT-CAST. A village in Brittany; in the story of the Lost Daughter, 75; a story from, 84; the story of the Combat of, 236-237; mentioned, 83
ST CECILIA'S DAY. Ceremonies in honour of King Gradlon on, 189
ST CHARLES. Jesuit church of, at Antwerp; relics of St Winwaloe preserved at, 371
ST CONVOYON. A Breton saint, 335-338
ST CORBASIUS. A Breton saint; kills St Goezenou, 370
ST CORNELY. A Breton saint, the patron of cattle; in a legend of Carnac, 44-45
ST DAVID'S. A city in Wales, originally called Ros-ynys; in a story of St Keenan, 344
SAINT-DENIS. A famous abbey, in the city of Saint-Denis, in France; Du Guesclin buried in, 32
SAINT-DIDIER. A village in Brittany; the Roches aux Fées near, 50
ST DUBRICUS. A British saint; mentioned, 346
ST DUNSTAN. A British saint, called St Goustan in Brittany, 248-249
ST EFFLAM. A Breton saint; and King Arthur's encounter with the dragon of the Lieue de Grève, 278-281; the story of St Enora and, 340-342; mentioned, 366
ST ENORA, or HONORA. A Breton saint; the story of Efflam and, 279, 281, 340-342
SAINT-FLORENT. A town in France; Nomenoë and the abbey of, 337
ST GALL. A famous monastery in Switzerland; mentioned, 247
ST GERMAIN. A French saint, Bishop of Paris; the exchange of wax for wine between St Samson and, 19; persuades Nennocha to embrace the religious life, 340
ST GILDAS. A British saint; in the story of Comorre the Cursed, 181, 183-184; founded the abbey of St Gildas de Rhuys, near Vannes, 248-249
ST GILDAS DE RHUYS. An abbey near Vannes; founded by St Gildas, 248-249; Abélard appointed abbot of, 248; St Bieuzy died and was buried at, 346; St Patern educated at, 348
ST GOEZENOU. A Breton saint, 368-370
ST GOUSTAN. The Breton name of St Dunstan, 249
ST HENWG. _See_ Henwg
ST HONORA, or ENORA. _See_ St Enora
ST ILTUD. A Welsh saint; in a legend of St Samson, 349; St Pol a disciple of, 364; mentioned, 346
ST IVES. _See_ St Yves
SAINT-JACUT-DE-LA-MER. A village in Brittany; in the story of the Fisherman and the Fairies, 80, 84
ST JAOUA. A Breton saint, 366
SAINT-JEAN-DU-DOIGT. A village in Brittany; the Pardon of the Fire held at, 378, 379
ST JOHN. A Breton saint, 197
ST KADO. A Breton saint; mentioned, 197
ST KÉ, or ST QUAY. Popular name in Brittany for St Keenan, 344
ST KEENAN. A Breton saint, 343-344
ST KENTIGERN, or ST MUNGO. Patron saint of Glasgow; the legend of, 356-357; mentioned, 70, 359
ST LAZARUS. The Order of; Louis XV sends to the Count of La Garaye, 195
ST LEONORIUS, or LÉONORE. A Breton saint, 346-347
ST LOUIS. _See_ Louis IX
ST MAGAN. A Breton saint, brother of St Goezenou, 370
ST MALGLORIOUS. A Breton saint, 356
ST MALO, or MACHUTES. A Breton saint; the people of Corseul hostile to the teachings of, 343
SAINT-MALO. A town in Brittany; the scene of the Lay of Laustic, 302; St Convoyon born near, 335; mentioned, 230
SAINT-MALO, BAY OF. The Nicole of, 100-101
ST MARCELLINUS. Bishop of Rome; the bones of, given to St Convoyon by Pope Leo IV, and taken by him to Redon, 337
ST MÉRIADEC. A Breton saint; his skull used in the ritual of the Pardon of Saint-Jean-du-Doigt, 379
ST MICHAEL. The archangel; chapel of, on the tumulus of Mont-Saint-Michel, 46; the child Morvan thinks he has seen, 213; Morvan thinks a knight more splendid than, 214
ST MICHEL. A Breton saint, 'Lord of Heights'; a chapel of, near Le Faouet, 333
ST MUNGO. _See_ St Kentigern
ST NENNOCHA. A Breton saint, 340
ST NICHOLAS. A Breton saint; probably the survival of a pagan divinity, 345
ST NICOLAS DE BIEUZY. Church of, in Bieuzy, 180
ST NON. A Breton saint; a fireplace in the church of, at Penmarch, 381
ST NOYALA. A Breton saint, 360
ST PATERN. A Breton saint, 347-349
ST POL, or PAUL. Of Léon; a Breton saint, 248, 364-367
SAINT-POL-DE-LÉON. A town in Brittany; the bell of St Pol in the cathedral of, 367; St Pol buried in the cathedral of, 367; the cathedral of, built by St Pol, 367; costume of the men of, 375; mentioned, 237, 365, 366
ST ROCH. A Breton saint; shrine of, at Auray, 42; and the markings on the dolmen at Rocenaud, 46
ST RONAN. A Breton saint, 367
ST SAMSON. A British saint; settles in Brittany, 17-19; St Gildas the friend of, 248; stories of, 349-350; St Pol of Léon a fellow-student of, 364
ST SERF. A Scottish saint, abbot of Culross, 357
SAINT-THÉGONNEC. A town in Brittany; the Calvary at, 384
ST TIVISIAU, or TURIAU. A Breton saint, 338-339; the fountain of, at Landivisiau, 340
ST TREMEUR. A Breton saint, son of Comorre; the reliquary in the church of, 382
ST TRIDUANA. Guardian of a well at Restalrig, near Edinburgh, 59-60
ST TRIPHYNE. A Breton saint; wife of Comorre, 180 _See_ Triphyna
ST TUGDUAL. A Breton saint; founded the church of Tréguier, 167; made a miraculous crossing to Brittany, 360
ST TURIAU. _See_ St Tivisiau
ST VOUGAS, or VIE. A Breton saint, 360
ST WINWALOE. A Breton saint, 370-371
ST YVES, or YVO. Brittany's favourite saint, 350-353
SAINT-YVES. A village in Brittany; the Pardon of the Poor held at, 378
SAINTS. Stories of, an important element in Breton folk-lore, 332; the primitive saint driven to use methods similar to those of the pagan priests around him, 332; tales of the Breton saints, 332-371; the product of poor countries rather than of prosperous ones, 350
SAINTSBURY, G. E. B. Cited, 254
SALOMON III. Count of Brittany; drives back the Northmen, 25
SANT-E-ROA ('Holy Wheel'). Apparatus of the sacring bell; at the church of St Bridget, Berhet, 380
SATAN. A story of, 143-144; Gilles de Retz seeks association with, 177-179; in an old Breton conception of Hell, 389 _See also_ Devil
SAXONS. The race; Celts flee from Britain to Brittany to escape, 15, 17
SCOTLAND. Markings on the megalithic monuments in, 46-47; the harp formerly the national instrument of, 229; claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, 254; late survival of the custom of keeping domestic bards in, 364; mentioned, 52
SCOTS. The race; Celts flee from Britain to Brittany to escape, 17
SCOTT, SIR WALTER. The novelist; his treatment of legendary matter, 211; one of the first to bring the story of Tristrem to public notice, 258; continued the story of Tristrem beyond the point at which the Auchinleck MS. breaks off, 272
SEA OF DARKNESS, THE. In the story of the Castle of the Sun, 132
SEA-SNAKE'S EGG. _See_ Adder's Stone
SÉBILLOT, PAUL. Cited, 52, 212 _n._; mentioned, 74; and the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, 237 _n._
SEIGNEUR WITH THE HORSE'S HEAD, THE. The story of, 137-143
SEIGNEUR OF NANN, THE. The story of, 57-59
SEIN. _See_ Ile de Sein
SERIPHOS. An island in the Ægean Sea to which Danaë was carried; mentioned, 358
SEVEN SAINTS OF BRITTANY. St Samson and six others who fled with him from Britain, 350
SEVEN SLEEPERS, THE. Seven Christian youths of Ephesus who hid to escape persecution and slept for several hundreds of years; an altar to, in the dolmen-chapel at Plouaret, 41
SEVERN. The river; mentioned, 349
SÉVIGNÉ, MME DE. A famous French epistolary writer; sojourned in the castle of Nantes, 205; wrote many of her letters from the château of Rochers, 208
SHARPE, CHARLES KIRKPATRICK. An antiquary and writer, friend of Sir Walter Scott; his treatment of legendary material, 211
SHEWALTON SANDS. A place in Scotland; inscribed stones found at, 47
SHIP, THE. A rock off the coast of Brittany, said to have been the vessel of St Vougas, 360
SHIP O' THE FIEND, THE. Orchestral work by Hamish MacCunn; mentioned, 145
SHIP OF SOULS. A feature in Breton folk-belief, 384
SIGHT, MAGICAL. Bestowed by fairies, 82-83
SILVESTIK. A young Breton who followed in the train of William the Conqueror to England; the story of, 232-233
SIMROCK, C. J. Cited, 83
SKYE. An island off the west coast of Scotland; the 'Washing Woman' in, 100
SLIEVE GRIAN. A mountain in Ireland; mentioned, 52
SMALL, A. Cited, 52
SOCIÉTÉ ACADÉMIQUE DE BREST, BULLETIN DE. Cited, 199 _n._
SONG OF THE PILOT, THE. A Breton ballad, 238-240
SORCERY. Belief in, prevalent in Brittany, 241-243; in ancient times, identified with Druidism, 245
SOUTH-WEST WIND, THE. Personification of, in a wind-tale, 163
SOUVESTRE, ÉMILE. A French novelist and dramatist; mentioned, 180
SPAIN. Tristrem in, 270; the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel came from, 275
SPENSER, EDMUND. The poet; mentioned, 56
STONES. Folk-tales and beliefs connected with, 52-53
STYX. In Greek mythology, a river of the underworld; mentioned, 327
SUN, THE. Personified in the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, 117-118; the story of Tristrem and Ysonde claimed as a sun-myth, 274-275; personified in the 'fatal children' stories, 358
SUN-PRINCESS. A story of the search for, 121-131
SUROUAS. Name of the south-west wind; in a wind-tale, 163
SURVEILLANTE, LE. A Breton vessel; her fight with the British ship _Quebec_, 238-240
SUSANNUS. Bishop of Vannes, 336-337
SUSCINO. A Breton château, 209-210
SWINBURNE, Algernon. The poet; quoted, 267
T
TADEN. A village in Brittany; the Count and Countess of La Garaye buried at, 195
TALIESIN ('Shining Forehead'). A British bard; and the vision of Jud-Hael, 20-21; early years, 21; the bard of Urien and Owain-ap-Urien, 22; death of, 22; probably sojourned in Brittany, 22; acquainted with black art, 252
TAM O' SHANTER. The character in Burns's poem; mentioned, 244
TANTALLON CASTLE. A famous ruin in Scotland; mentioned, 359
TARTARY. The country; mentioned, 115
TEGID, LLYN. A lake in Wales (Lake Bala); the dwelling-place of Keridwen, a fertility goddess, 59
TELIO. A British monk, associated with St Samson; said to have introduced the apple into Brittany, 18
TEURSTA POULICT. A variety of the teursts taking animal shape, 100
TEURSTS. A race of evil spirits, 100
TEUS, or BUGELNOZ. A beneficent spirit of the district of Vannes, 100
THENAW. Mother of St Kentigern, 357
THIERRY, J. N. A. A French historian; quoted, 17
THOMAS THE RHYMER, or THOMAS OF ERCILDOUNE. Thirteenth-century Scottish poet; his version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 258 _et seq._; visited Fairyland, 326; mentioned, 64, 255, 327
THOUARS, CATHERINE DE. Wife of Gilles de Retz, 174
THOUARS, GUY DE. A French knight; married to Constance of Brittany, 30
TIBER. The river; mentioned, 358
TINA. A maiden; in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, 145-147
TITANIA. Queen of the fairies; mentioned, 74
TONQUÉDEC. A Breton château, 204
TOPOGRAPHY OF IRELAND. A work by Giraldus Cambrensis; cited, 187
TORRENT OF PORTUGAL, SIR. A fifteenth-century English metrical romance; mentioned, 358
TOULBOUDOU. A seigneury near Guémené, 334
TOULBOUDOU, John, Lord of; builds the chapel of St Barbe at Le Faouet, 334-335
TOUR D'ELVEN. A keep of the château of Largoet, 206
TOURLAVILLE. A Breton château, 208-209
TOWER OF LONDON, THE. Charles of Blois confined in, 31; the name of, occurs frequently in Celtic and Breton romance, 99
TRAPRAIN LAW. A mountain in East Lothian, formerly called Dunpender; Thenaw cast from, 357
TREASURE, J. P. Cited, 16 _n._
TREDRIG. A village in Brittany; St Yves the incumbent of, 351
TREES. Tales of spirits enclosed in, 52
TRÉGASTEL. A town on the Breton coast; an island near believed by the Bretons to be the fabled Isle of Avalon, 282
TRÉGUENNEC. A village in Brittany; St Vougas associated with, 360
TRÉGUIER. I. A former county of Brittany, 27, 350 II. A town in Brittany; St Yves buried at, 353; a burial custom of, 383; mentioned, 167, 168, 237, 350
TRÉGUNC. A town in Brittany; dolmen at 42
TREMALOUEN. A hamlet in Brittany; ruins at, haunted by courils, 99
TREMTRIS. Inverted form of Tristrem's name given him by Rohand to secure his safety, 259; Tristrem assumes the name in Ireland, 264, 266
TRÉPASSÉS, BAY OF. A bay on the Breton coast, 185
TRÈVES. A village in Brittany; had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, 242
TRIDWAN. _See_ St Triduana
TRIEUX. A river in Brittany, 203, 204
TRIPHYNA (ST TRIPHYNE). A maiden, married to Comorre, 180-184
TRISTREM, SIR ('Child of Sorrow'). One of the Knights of the Round Table, son of Blancheflour; the story of, and Ysonde, 257-275; mentioned, 301
TRISTREM, SIR. An ancient metrical romance; incidents in, paralleled in the story of Bran, 227-228; date of composition of, 228; had a Breton source, 255; Sir Walter Scott one of the first to bring Thomas the Rhymer's version of, to public notice, 258; Thomas the Rhymer's version of, recounted, 258-272; Scott's continuation of the Auchinleck MS., 272-274; the story of Tristrem and Ysonde claimed as a sun-myth, 274-275
TROGOFF. The château of; in the legend of the Ward of Du Guesclin, 33-35
TROLLOPE, T. ADOLPHUS. Quoted, 179-180
TROMÉNIE-DE-SAINT-RENAN. A town in Brittany; the Pardon of the Mountain held at, 378, 379
TROYES. A city in France; Abélard's abbey of Nogent near, 249
TUGDUAL SALAÜN. A peasant of Plouber, composer of a ballad on the Marquis of Guérande, 199, 202
TY C'HARRIQUET ('The House of the Gorics') I. A name given to a megalithic structure near Penmarch, 49 II. A name applied to Carnac, 98
TY EN CORYGANNT. A name given to a megalithic structure in Morbihan, 49
U
UNBROKEN VOW, THE. A story of Broceliande, 60-63
UNITED STATES, THE. The Bretons aid, in the War of Independence, 238
URIEN. A Welsh chieftain; Taliesin the bard of, 21, 22
V
VAL-ÈS-DUNES. A place in Brittany; Alain, Count of Brittany, defeated in battle at, 28
VALLEY OF BLOOD. A place in hell; in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, 146
VANNES. I. A former county of Brittany; mentioned, 23, 180 II. The city; the dialect of, 16 _and n._; the ancient city of the Veneti, 17; the Teus or Bugelnoz of, 100; in the story of Comorre the Cursed, 183; the château of Suscino near, 209; the abbey of St Gildas near, 248; St Convoyon educated at, 335; St Patern the patron saint of, 347; St Patern Bishop of, 348; the legend of the founding of the church of St Patern at, 348; St Pol of Léon in, 364
VENETI. A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, 16, 17
'VENUS, THE.' An image at Quinipily, 381
VILAINE. A river in Brittany, 335
VILLARS, ABBÉ DE. A French priest and writer; cited, 64
VILLECHERET. A village in Brittany; the head-dress of the women of, 375
VILLEMARQUÉ. _See_ Hersart de la Villemarqué
VINE, THE. Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Gradlon, 189
VIRGIN MARY, THE. In a Breton legend, 380
VITRÉ. A Breton château, 208
VIVIEN. An enchantress, in Arthurian legend; meets Merlin in Broceliande, and afterward enchants him there, 65-69; as presented in Arthurian legend and in other romances, 69; may be classed as a water-spirit, 69; the probable purpose of the story of Merlin and, in Arthurian legend, 70; of Breton origin, and does not appear in British myth, 256; gives Arthur the sword Excalibur, 256-257; Sir Lancelot stolen and brought up by, 257
W
WACE. A twelfth-century Anglo-Norman poet; quoted, 54; and the fountain of Baranton, 71
WAGNER, RICHARD. The composer; mentioned, 258
WALES. Legend of the submerged city in, 187, 188; the harp anciently the national instrument of, 229; Bretons send an expedition to, to help Glendower, 234; claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, 254; helped the development of Arthurian romance, 255; Tristrem sojourns in, and wins fame there, 270; mentioned, 59, 343
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, AMERICAN. Bretons take part in, against England, 238
WAR OF THE TWO JOANS, THE. A war waged for the succession to the Dukedom of Brittany, 31-32, 35-36
WARD OF DU GUESCLIN, THE. A Du Guesclin legend, 33-35
WASHING WOMAN, THE. An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands, 100
WEDDING CUSTOMS. In Brittany, 385-386 _See also_ Marriage
WELLS, HOLY. In Brittany, 381-382
WELSH. The language; the Breton tongue akin to, 15
WERE-WOLF. A man transformed into a wolf; the prevalence, origin, and forms of the superstition, 289-292; a were-wolf story, 284-289
WESTMINSTER. The city; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, Ysonde carried to, for trial, 270
WEXFORD. A county of Ireland; emigration from, to Brittany, 22
WHEEL OF FORTUNE, THE. A name wrongly given to part of the apparatus of the sacring bell, 380
WHITE CHURCH. A church in Tréguier; in the story of the Foster-brother, 170, 171
WILLIAM II. Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror); Conan II of Brittany and, 27, 28-29; Bretons accompany, on his expedition against England, 232, 233
WILLIAM, COUNT. The name of the nobleman to whom Marie of France dedicated her Fables, identified with Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, 283-284
WINDS, THE. Play a large part in Breton folk-lore, 162; a wind-tale, 163-167
WINE. St Germain exchanges for wax from the monks of Dol, 19; a wine festival in honour of King Gradlon, 189
WOMEN. In early communities, magical power often the possession of, 246; generally the conservators of surviving Druidic tradition, 247; St Goezenou's antipathy to, 369; costume of the women of Brittany--_see_ Costume _and_ Head-dress
WOOD OF CHESTNUTS. Mentioned in a story of Morvan, 217
Y
YEUN, THE. A morass of evil repute, 102-103; a story of, 103-105
YORK. The city, in England; St Samson ordained at, 349
YOUDIC, THE. A part of the Yeun peat-bog, 103; a story of, 103-105
YOUGHAL. A town in Ireland; Azénor and the infant Budoc washed ashore at, 355; Budoc becomes abbot of the monastery at, 356
YOUGHAL, ABBOT OF. In the legend of St Budoc, 355, 356
YOUTH WHO DID NOT KNOW. The story of, 106-115
YS, or IS. A submerged city of legend; the legend of, 184-188; such a legend common to several Celtic races, 187; Giraldus Cambrensis and the legend of, 187-188
YSEULT. _See_ Ysonde
YSONDE, or YSEULT. Daughter of the King of Ireland; some incidents in her story paralleled in the ballad of Bran, 228; the story of Tristrem and, 257-274; the story of Tristrem and, claimed as a sun-myth, 274-275
YSONDE OF THE WHITE HAND. Daughter of Hoel I, Duke of Brittany; in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, 271, 273
YVES. Husband of Azénor the Pale, 361-363
YVON. A youth; in the story of the Castle of the Sun, 131-137
YVONNE. A maiden; in the story of the Castle of the Sun, 131-137
ZIMMER, H. Cited, 278
* * * * *
Transcriber Notes
Typographical inconsistencies have been changed and are listed below.
Hyphenation has been standardized.
Otherwise, archaic spelling and the author's punctuation style have been preserved.
Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.
The macrons over the a's in Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata and R[=a]m[=a]yana are indicated by [=a].
Transcriber Changes
The following changes were made to the original text:
Page 113: Added quote ("What do you desire? You have only to speak and it shall be =brought."=)
Page 121: Was 'litle' (You can restore me permanently to my human shape if you choose to show only a =little= perseverance and courage.)
Page 206: Added apostrophe (in Octave =Feuillet's= _Roman d'un jeune Homme pauvre_)
Page 227: Added quote (for when you die you will at least end your days in =Brittany."=)
Page 267: Was 'attendent' (her passion for Tristrem moved her to induce her =attendant= Brengwain to take her place)
Page 357: Was 'Eufeurien' (Thenaw met Ewen, the son of =Eufuerien=, King of Cumbria, and fell deeply in love with him)
Footnote 38: Was 'Legende' (_La =Légende= de la Mort_)
Index: Was 'bulit' (the chapel of St Barbe =built= on, 335)
End of Project Gutenberg's Legends & Romances of Brittany, by Lewis Spence