Chapter 18 of 18 · 13494 words · ~67 min read

CHAPTER XV

: THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS

With the fall of the Assyrian empire in 606 B.C., Babylonia once more regained her national status. This meant that her national god Merodach was no longer subservient to the Assyrian Asshur in a political sense, and regained his place as sole head of the Babylonian pantheon.

Great must have been the satisfaction of the people of Babylon when, this comparatively mild tyranny removed, they could worship their own gods in their own way, free from the humiliating remembrance that their northern neighbours regarded all Babylonian sacred things as appanages of the Assyrian empire. Nabopolasser and Nebuchadrezzar, his successor, gave effect to these changes, and the latter king placed Nabu on a footing of equality with Merodach. Was this the cause of his punishment? Was it because he had offended in a religious sense that he had to undergo the terrible infliction of which we read in the Scriptures? The priesthood of Merodach must have possessed immense and practically unlimited power in Babylon, and we may feel sure that any such interference with their newfound privilege, as is here suggested, would have met with speedy punishment. Was the wretched monarch led to believe that an enchantment had been cast upon him, and that he had been transformed into animal shape at the command of an outraged deity? We cannot say. The cause of his misfortune must for ever remain one of the mysteries of the ancient world.

The unfortunate Nabonidus, too, attempted to replace the cults of Merodach and Nabu by that of Shamash. And that hastened his doom, for the priests became his bitter enemies, and when the Persian Cyrus entered the gates of Babylon as a conqueror he was hailed as the saviour of Merodach's honour.

The last native kings of Babylonia were great temple-builders, and this policy they continued until the end. Indeed in the time of Nebuchadrezzar there was a revival of ancient and half-forgotten cults, and many local gods were exalted to a pitch of popularity hitherto unknown.

The Conquering Cyrus

Then in 539 B.C. came the conquering Cyrus, and the period of the decay of the Babylonian religion began. The victor merely upheld the cults of Merodach and Nabu for reasons of policy, and when in turn the Greeks ruled over Babylonia they followed the Persian lead in this respect. By the defeat of the Persian Darius at the battle of Arbela (331 B.C.) the way to Babylon was left open to the mighty Alexander the Great. This was the beginning of the end. The old religion dragged out a broken existence until about the beginning of the Christian era, then slowly but surely vanished beneath the attacks of Hellenic scepticism, Christian propaganda, and pagan caprice.

That a faith so virile, so ancient, so entrenched in the love of a people as that of Babylonia should fall into an oblivion so profound as to be totally forgotten for nearly nineteen centuries is a solemn and impressive reminder of the evanescent character of human affairs. They were men of their hands, these ancient Mesopotamians, great theologians, great builders, great soldiers. Yet their mighty works, their living faith left 'not a wrack behind' save mounds of rubbish which, when excavated by the modern antiquary, were found to contain a few poor vestiges of the splendour that was Babylon and the pomps of the city of Asshur. Does there not reside in this a great lesson for modernity? Must our civilization, our faith, all that is ours and that we have raised--must these things, too, fade into the shadows of unremembrance as did the civilization of Mesopotamia?

A Great Lesson

The answer to such a question depends upon ourselves--upon each and every one of us. If we quit ourselves as civilized men, striving and ever striving to refine and purify our lives, our conduct, our intellectual outlook, to spiritualize our faith, then though the things of our hands may be dust, the works of our minds, of our souls shall not vanish, but shall remain in the consciousness of our descendants so long as human memory lasts. The faith of ancient Babylon went under because it was built rather on the worship of frail and bestial gods than the love of truth,--gods many of whom were devils in disguise, but devils no whit worse than our fiends of ambition, of greed, of pugnacity, of unsympathy. Through the worship of such gods Babylon came to oblivion. Let us contemplate the colossal wreck of that mighty work of man, and as we gaze over the gulf of a score of centuries to where its "cloud-capp'd towers and gorgeous palaces" glitter in the mirage of legend, let us brace ourselves for the struggle which humanity has yet to wage with darkness, with disease, with superstition. But while we remember her fall with sadness, let us think generously and kindly of her dead mightiness, of the ancient effort she made, striving after her lights, of her picturesque and many-coloured life, and, not least, of her achievements--the invention of those symbols by which the words of man can be transferred to his brother across the silent ocean of time.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX

THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN

Assyrian differs in many respects from the other Semitic languages. There are few gutturals, these having been mostly smoothed out. Thus 'Ba'l' became 'Bel,' and 'Hadad,' 'Adad.' On the other hand it is thought that the cuneiform inscriptions may have omitted guttural sounds. The cuneiform system of writing is so imperfect and complicated that we must make certain reservations in our acceptance of the transcriptions of contemporary Assyriologists, and it must therefore be understood that Assyrian names and words as we know them and as found in the present work and index may be yet greatly modified by future researches. Assyrian names as known to-day are pronounced according to analogy gleaned from the pronunciation of the other Semitic languages. Thus 'Shin'ar' is spelt with the Hebrew _'ain_, (guttural _a_) in the Scriptures, and we are unaware whether the Scriptural author interpolated the guttural or not. Analogy in this instance is not nearly so valuable a guide as in the case of Egyptian, where we have in Coptic the modern form of the Egyptian language to guide us, nor is it at all likely that we shall ever know much more than we do concerning the pronunciation of a language the written symbols of which are so uncertain as regards their precise alphabetic values.

INDEX

Aa or Â. Consort of Shamash, 110 ABED'NEGO. One of Daniel's companions, 38 AB'RAM. Ur, city of, 15, 145, 249; Nimrod and, 51-56; Jewish legends _re_, 51, 52; Persian traditions _re_, 52, 53; another tradition _re_, preserved in the East, 53-56; star Venus and, 55 AB'U-HABB'AH. The ancient site of Sippar, 177 ABYDENUS. Statement of, _re_ Ea, 112 ABYSS, THE. Paradise and, 82 ACCA'D. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49 ACHÆMENIDÆ. Cyaxares' son dethroned by, 333 A'DAD. Equivalent, Hadad, 187-191 A'DAD-EA. Ut-Napishtim's ferry-man, 172; Gilgamesh consults, 172; Ut-Napishtim, Gilgamesh and, 178 A'DAD-NARARI IV. Son of Assur-Dan III, 308 ADAM. The sons of, 232 AD'APA. The South Wind and, story of, 116-121 AD'AR. Sun-god of Nippur; Hymn to, 68; connected with the pig, 93, 294 AD'NA. Wife of Azar; according to an Eastern tradition the parents of Abram, 54 AD-ÔNIS. Smyrna, mother of, reference to, 127; myth of related to that of Tammuz, 131 AEDORACHUS. Of Pantibiblon, reference to, 112 ÆLIAN. Of Gilgamos (Gilgamesh); grandson of Sokkaros, 157 AF-AN-AS-I'EF. On vampires, 266 AFRICA, 329; Semitic religion in, 331 A'HAB. King of Israel, overthrown by Shalmaneser II, 24 A'HI-MI-TI. Sargon displaces Azuri by, 210 AH'RI-MAN. Mazda and Sraosha overcome, 337 AHURA MAZDA. Good principle of Zarathustra's religion, 334; creator of the universe, 335 A-I'BU. The serpent, 289 AKK'AD. Kingdom founded by Semites, 16; King Sargon of, founds first great Semitic empire in Babylonia, 16 AKK-AD'IANS. Description of, 13-16; language, 13, 14; Babylonian Semites receive germs of culture from the, 14; modern equivalent for the older, is the expression 'Sumerian,' 15; stars studied by, 231 AKK'U-LU (Eater). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202 A-LAL'U. The eagle; Ishtar and, 167 ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 378 'ALL'AH.' Modern Arabic name, 325 ALL-A-TU. Equivalent, Eresh-ki-gal, mistress of Hades, 129; realms of, 237 _Al-ô-nim_. Descriptive term of Phœnicians for their gods, 327 ALTAR-S. Of Dodo, and of Yahveh, 190, 191 A'LU. Bull, sent by Anu against Gilgamesh, 168, 169 AL'U-DEMON. The, 271, 277 A-MAR'UDUK. The name Merodach, originally, 202 AM'EN-HET'EP IV. King of Egypt; letters to, unearthed at Tel-el-Amarna, 22 AMORITE-S. Hadad, a god of the, 188; deity, Dagon an, 352 AN'A-TU. The consort of Anu, 123; mother of Ishtar, 168 ANCESTOR-WORSHIP. The Canaanites and, 326 ANDRAE, Dr. A German explorer, 356 ANIMALS. Babylonian gods having form of, 92, 93; mythological monsters and, of Chaldea, 289-298; the dog, 290-292; the pig, 294 ANIMISTIC. Babylonian religion typically, 317, 319 AN-NE-DA'TUS. Appears from Eruthrean Sea, 112 _Ann'-u-na-ki_, THE. Generic name for the gods of the earth, 82, 130; spirits of earth, 90; decree fate, 173; torches carried by, 175 AN'SAR. God; birth of, 71; Tiawath and, 76 AN'SHAR. Variant of Asshur; created with Kishar, 208; Anu, Ea, and Merodach sent to destroy Tiawath, 208 AN'U. God of the sky; son of Ansar and Kisar, 72; Ansar and, 76; Merodach and, 79; most ancient of Babylonian deities, 90; held sway over Erech and Der, 94; temple of, 102; South Wind and, 117-121; En-lil, Ea and, the universal triad, 121; significance, 121-123; Anatu, the consort of, 123; Bau and, 144; sacred bull sent against Gilgamesh by, 158; father of Ishtar, 168; Hadad worshipped with, at Asshur, 188; the Tablets of Destiny and, 195; in a triad with Ea and Bel, but more frequently in the texts apart from them, 197, 198; Dagan and, 198; in Assyria--in Babylon, 217; invoked with Bel, 227; the Pole Star, 236; eclipses and, 255 ANU'NIT. Lesser goddess, merged in conception of Ishtar, 124 APH-RO-DI'TÉ. Ishtar and cult, of, 124; Ishtar and, connected, 235 APOCRYPHA. Legend of Bel and the Dragon in, 97 APOLLO. Temple to, at Carthage, 330 APOLLODORUS. Statement of, _re_ Ea, 112 _Ap'su_. The deep, or 'house of knowledge,' 72; alternative, Zigarun; mother of Ea, 72, 73, 74; the primeval, 193 AQUARIUS, SIGN OF. The deluge story and, 183 ARABIA. Semites believed to have come from, 15, 16; Naram-Sin penetrates, 17; Semitic religion in, 331 AR-AKH'TU. Nabopolasser and the channel called the, 368 AR-A-LÛ. 1. The underworld, 125; 128-131, 171. 2. Goddess; variant, Eres-ki-gal; Nergal and, 150 AR-BE'LA. Ishtar's shrine in, 212; battle of, 378 ARCHÆOLOGY. Babylonian, 46, 47; Chaldean, 339-366; American interest in Babylonian, 356-366; fashionable about the time of Nabonidus (556-539 B.C.), 363 ARES. Greek god, 315 AR'GO. Ea identified with a star in the constellation, 236 ARK. The Babylonian, 174-178 AR-TA'IOS. Median monarch; Nannar confounded with, 146 ARTEMIS. Reference to, 132 ART-S. Babylonian; gem-cutting, etc., 17; Babylonian literature and, under Khammurabi the Great, 20; all the, under Ea's patronage, 192 A-RU'-RU. Goddess who aided the formation of man, 82, 86, 123; creates a champion against Gilgamesh, 162 AR'Y-AN. Race; the Philistines of, 324 AS-A'RI. Appellation of Merodach, 202; may be compared with Asar (Osiris), 202 ASH'DOD. Temple of Dagon at, 151; Sargon's expedition against, 210, 211, 350 ASH'TART or ISH'TAR. Worshipped in Carthage, 327, 330 ASH'TER-OTH or AS-TAR'TE. Ishtar known to Canaanites, Phœnicians, and Greeks as, 124, 319, 326; the Aphrodite of the Greeks, 131; Phœnician god, 328 ASHURBAN'APAL. _See_ Assur-bani-pal. A-SHU'SHU-NA'MIR. Created by Ea, 130 ASIA. Submitted to Ninus, 25; Tiglath-pileser III invested with sovereignty of, 30; Belit and Asshur in pantheon of, 228 ASIA MINOR. Greek colonies in, 235, 236; peopled by diverse races, 324; worship of Ashtart in, 328 _A'si-pû_. The wizards, 260; 273, 274 AS'KE-LON. Temple of Ashtart (Ishtar) at, 327 ASSH'UR. 1. City; site of, explored by the German expedition of 1899, 47; residence of god Asshur, 207; Bel's temple in, 227. 2. God; identified with Merodach, 94; Ishtar, consort of, 125; religion of Assyria centres in, 206-211; etymology of name, 208; variant, Anshar, 208; mentioned in inscription of Samsi-Ramman, 208; Sargon and the conquering power of, 210, 211; Ishtar and, 214; Bel-Merodach placed after, in the Assyrian Pantheon, 225, 377; prisoner-gods and, 226; Belit and, 227 ASSUR-BAN'I-PAL. King of Assyria; Greek equivalent, Sardanapalus, 32; historic reality, 33; death of, 33; succeeded Esar-haddon, 34; Samus-sum-yukin, brother of, 34; his death, 35; his library at Nineveh, 35, 46, 71, 261, 282, 346; patron of literature, 154; Sin and, 224; Belit and, 227, 228; capture of twenty gods of the Elamites by, 204; tablets dealing with magic in library of, 261; the five hounds of, 290, 291; autobiography of, 301-306; palace of, discovered by Rawlinson, 346; fragment of history of, discovered by George Smith, 352; tablets of, 354; zikkurat of, 365 ASS'UR-DAN III. The fatal eclipse and, 307-309 ASSUR-NAZ'IR-PAL. Son of Tuk-ul-ti-in-Aristi, 23; places Hadad-nadin-akhi on throne of Babylon, 23; Ishtar and, 214; Ninib, and, 214, 216; Calah residence of, 215; Shamash and, 223; Sin and, 223; sculptures glorifying, 343; dedications of, unearthed, 351 ASSUR-NAZ'IR-PAL III. King of Assyria, reference to his reign, 23 ASS'UR-RI-SHI'-SHI'. Ninib and, 214 ASS'UR-YU-BALL'IDH. The Kassite king of Babylonia marries daughter of, 22 ASSYRIA-NS. Race origin, 12; Hittite and Amorite elements intermingled with, 12, 13; land boundaries, the Tigris and Euphrates, 12; the Akkadians and, 13; Tiglath-pileser, King of, 23; Semiramis the Great, Queen of, 24-29; Assur-bani-pal desired to make the centre of religious influence of the empire, 35; Scythians penetrate into, 36; Sin-sar-iskin, last King of, 36; cuneiform writing of, 60-66; religion, Semitic influence on, 91, 92; the Pantheon of, 203-230; religion of, centres in Asshur, 206; greatness; secret of, 208, 209; Ishtar in, 211-214; worship of Ramman in, 220; Shammash's cult in, 222, 223; Bel-Merodach and, 225; cult of Nabu in, 228; temples of, 242-251; culture; progenitors of, 250; magic and demonology, 257-288; belief in taboo, 278; religions of Babylonia and, comparative value of, 313-337; religion of Zoroaster supplanted that of ancient, 332; ethics, 337, 338; modern excavations in, 339-366; empire, fall of, in 606 B.C., 377 ASTROLOGY. Birthplace of, 231 ATARATH. The _arel_ (or altar) of Dodo carried from, 190 ATARGA'TUS. God; Dagon worshipped as, 27 ATARYAT'IS. Alternative, Derketo. Fish-goddess, legendary mother of Semiramis, 25 ATHENAG'ORAS. Refers to worship of Semiramis, 27 ATHENS. Piræus, port of, 328 AT'TIS. A god akin to Adonis, 132 AU'RA MA-I-NYU. Evil principle of Zarathustra's religion, 334 A-VERR'-O-ES. Friend of Maimonides, 232 AVESTA. Earliest form of Zoroaster's name in the, 333 A'YA. The betrothed of Sham-ash, 166 AZ'AR. One of Nimrod's guards; traditional father of Abram, 54 AZ'TECS. Reverence of, for worship of Toltecs, 226, 227 AZ-U-RI, King. Sargon displaces, by Ahimiti, 210

BAAL. Sun-god; Hadad the supreme, 189; magic and, 258; Phœnician god, 327; Tanit alluded to as 'The Countenance of --,' 330 'BA'AL.' Canaanitish god, 325; term applied by Phœnicians, 327 BAAL-AMM'ON or MO'LOCH. _See_ Moloch BA'AL-HAMM'AN. Phœnician god worshipped in Carthage, 327 _Ba'alim_. Presiding spirits, 326; of Tyre, the Phœnicians and, 327 BA'BEL. The Tower of, 48; Hebrew verb _babal_ confused with word _babel_, 48; story of Tower of, suggested by one of the towers of Babylon; the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom was, 49 BÂBIL. Mound and enclosure of 103, 347; as a citadel, 368 BA'BU. Esar-haddon, restorer of, 306 BABYLON-IA-N. Racial origin, 12; mother of astrology and magic, 12; land boundaries, the Tigris and Euphrates, 12; the Akkadians and, 13; Semites--receive germs of culture from Akkadians, 14; language, 14; civilization, 14; offshoot of culture of Eridu, 15; first founders, 15; Semite conquerors enter, 15, 16; first great Semitic empire in, founded by Sargon of Akkad, 16; Syria and Palestine welded with, by Sargon, 17; kings, vicegerents of the gods, 17; art; gem-cutting, etc., 17; communication between island of Cyprus and, 18; fall of 'First Dynasty of --', 21; Burna-buryas, King of, 22; Tukulti-in-Aristi takes, and slays King Bitilyasu, 22; built by Semiramis, 26; finally conquered by Tiglath-pileser III, 30; surrender of, through starvation, 34; literature; Assur-bani-pal and, 35; Nebuchadrezzar leads Jews into captivity in, 37; Kings; Nabonidus, last of, 40; independence of, recovered after death of Darius, 41; Persians conquer, 41; destruction of, 41; Seleucia built out of ruins of, 42; archæology, 46, 47; legend of confusion of tongues and towers of, 47; E-Sagila, tower of, 47; built by Nimrod, 50; cuneiform writing of, 60-66; cosmogony, 70-87; religion, early, 88-153; spirits and gods in ancient, 89-153; religion, Semitic influence on, 91, 92; religion, signs of totemism in, 92; the Pantheon--Early, 94, 95; Later, 184-198; Nippur preferred to, 196; the country of Bel, 225; star-worship in, 231-238; temples of, 242-251; magic and demonology, 257-288; belief in taboo, 278; conquered by Shalmaneser I, 308; religions of Assyria and, comparative value, 313-336, etc.; captivity, 321; religion, penetrated to Britain, 331; the religion of Zoroaster supplanted that of ancient, 332; ethics, 337, 338; myth, compared with Hellenic and Scandinavian, 338; moral code, 338; modern excavations in, 339-366; the, of Nebuchadrezzar II, 367; water supply of, 368; hanging gardens of, 371; the elder, 375, 376; national status of, regained, 377; religion, decay of, 378, 379 _Bab-y-lon'ic-a_. A work by Iamblichus, containing fragments of Babylonian history, 56; reference to an epitome of the, by Photius, 56 BANKS. Temples as, 250, 251 BAPHOMET. Name of pagan idol, 293 BARBARO, JOSAPHAT. Cuneiform writing and, 61 BAR-SA'NES. King of Armenia, 25 _Barû_. The seers, 260 BAS'RA. Layard sends sculptures to, 344; Ernest de Sarzec, French vice-consul at, 355 BAS-RELIEF-S. Found in palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik, 345; found in palace of Assur-bani-pal, 346 BAU. Goddess; mother of mankind, 'chief daughter of Anu,' 144, 145; _Zag-muku_ and, 251 BE-DAD or BEN-DAD. The father of the Edomite Hadad, 190 BE-EL'ZE-BUB. Magic and, 258 BE-HIS-TÛN. Persian text at, 65 BEL. Babylonian sun-god, 41; the Dragon and 71; Merodach and, 79, 194; at Nippur, looked on as creator of man, 86; ruled at Nippur (Niffur), 94; earlier variant, En-lil; description of, 95-97; legend of the Dragon and, in the Apocrypha, 97; worship of, at Babylon, 98; King Cyrus and worship of, 98-101; the temple of, 101-105; discovery of Mr George Smith re temple of, 101; Nebo, son of, 102; father of Nirig, 153; Ut-Napishtim and, 174, 176; Gilgamesh resorts to, 180; Tablets of Destiny and, 193-195; Dagan and, 198, 216; the Assyrians and the country of, 225; Merodach usurped place of, 227; the Pole Star (of equator), 236; eclipses and, 255; Bilé allied with, 317; shrine to, of King Bur-Sin I, 364 _Bel, The Observations of_. In library founded by Sargon, 18; translated into Greek by Berossus, 18 BEL'IT. A generic term given to Ishtar, 214, 227; Anu's consort, 227; figures as wife of Asshur, 227; Tiglath-pileser I and, 227; Assur-bani-pal and, 227 BEL-KU'DUR-U'ZUR. The last of the old Assyrian line, killed by Hadad-nadin-akhi, 23 BEL-MER'O-DACH. Babylonian god; avenged by Cyrus, 41; son of Ea and Dawkina, 73; absorbed into the Assyrian pantheon, 225 BE'LOS. _See_ variant, Bel-Merodach, 73 BEL-TE-SHAZZ'AR. Babylonian appellation for Daniel, 37 BEL'TIS. Variant, Nin-lil; the wife of En-lil, 101; sanctuary of, at Girsu, 101; name signified 'lady,' 101; tablets and figures of, found by Dr Peters, 364 BEL'US. Temple of; mound of Bâbil identified with, 103; delineations of animals preserved in temple of, 114; variant, Dis, 114 BEL-ZAK'IR-ISK'UN. Descendant of Assur-bani-pal, 306, 307 BE-NA'NI. God; husband of Melili, 82 BE-NI'NI. King of the monsters, 295, 296 BER-OSS'US. 1. Babylonian historian; translates _The Observations of Bel_ into Greek, 18; narrative of, _re_ creation of man, 81; his statement _re_ Ea copied by Alexander Polyhistor, etc., 112, 113; quotes version of the deluge myth, 177, 178; the hanging gardens of Babylon and, 371. 2. A priest of Bel at Babylon, 42; 'history' by, 42-45; extracts from history of, preserved by Josephus and Eusebius, 42; Sisuthrus and, 42; his legend of Oannes, 42; his account of the deluge, 42-44; Daonus and, 127 BILÉ. A Celtic deity, 317 BINT-EL-AMIR. Hill of, 358, 361, 362, 365 BIRD MESSENGERS. Ut-Napishtim sends out, 176 BIRS NIMRÛD. Ruins of, 103 _Bit-ili_, THE. Sacred stones, 19 BIT-IL-YA'SU. King of Babylon, slain by Tukulti-in-Aristi, 22 BOMBAY. The Parsis of, 336 BOR-SIP'PA. Site of Nebo's temple at, 103; 'The Stages of the Seven Spheres,' the wonder of, 104; chief seat of Nebo's worship, 184 BOTTA, M. Archæological researches at Nineveh, 46; French Consul at Mosul; his excavations in Mesopotamia, 339, 340 BRITISH MUSEUM. Bricks in, containing Assur-bani-pal's researches, 35, 71, 154, 155, 290; obelisk of Shalmaneser II in, 343 BULL. Sacred, slain by Gilgamesh and Eabani, 158; Ramman's name the great, 220; forms of Ea and Merodach, 290 BULL, WINGED. Symbol of and En-lil, 97; associated with Merodach, 289, 290 BURMESE. Attitude of, to the dead, 269 BUR'NA-BUR'YAS. King of Babylonia, 22 BURNOUF. Cuneiform writing and, 63 BUR-SIN. Repairs Urbau's zikkurat, 248; shrine to Bel dedicated by, 364 BYB'LUS. Journey of Isis to, 328; Philo of, 328

CA'LAH. Sennacherib takes nucleus of Assur-bani-pal's library from, 154; residence of Asshur, 207; Ninib's temple at, 215; residence of Assur-nazir-pal, 215; Sin's temple of, 223; tower of, discovered by Layard, 346 CALMET, ABBÉ. Disbelief of, in vampires, 266 CAL'NEH. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49 CAM-BY'SES. Son of Cyrus, 41 CANAANITES, THE. First historic dwellers in Syria and Palestine, 324-326; gods of, 325, 326; ancestor-worship and, 326 CANNING, SIR STRATFORD. Sir Henry Layard assisted by, in his excavations at Nimrûd, 340 CAPRICORNUS, SIGN OF. Sea-goddess Sabitu and, 183 CAPTIVITY, THE BABYLONIAN, 321-323 CARAVAN. The story of the missing, 285-288 CAR-CHE'MISH. Worship of Hadad extended from, to Edom, 189 CARTHAGE. Dido, the presiding deity of, 190; Ba'al-Hamman worshipped in, 327; Tanith honoured at, 328; Eshmun worshipped at, 328; religion of Semites of, 329; Dido, Queen of, 329; Apollo's temple at, 330; Mohammedanism at, 332 CELTIC. Teutonic religion and, compared, 317; deity; Bilé a, 317 CE'RES. Reference to, 133 CHAL'CHIS. Iamblichus a native of, 56 CHALDEAN MYTHOLOGY. The sign Gemini, associated with the two forms of the solar deity in, 182 CHAL-DE'A-N-S. Birthplace of Abram, 52; Nimrod, King of, 52; star-gazers, 202; difference between the faiths of the two great races of, 204; astrologers, 231, 232; speculations, 233-235; magic, 258, 259; belief in taboo, 278; belief in superstitions, 280; divination, 281; excavations in, 339 CHA'OS. Tiawath, 193 CHARDIN, JOHN. Cuneiform writing and, 61 CHE'MOSH. God of the Moabite king, Mesha, 190 CHRISTIANITY. Initiated by Semitic race, 313; Jewish influence upon, 320 CHRO'NOS. Berossus substitutes for Ea in the version of the deluge myth quoted in his history, 177 CHUS. The Æthiop; equivalents, Cush, or Cash (a coloured race), 49; father of Nimrod, 49 CIRCLE, THE MAGIC. Chaldean sorcerers and, 275, 276 CODE, MORAL. Of the Babylonians, 338 COLOSSI. Gate of, 101; example of art of which Ea was patron, 229 COR-CY'RE-AN MOUNTAINS. Reference to, by Berossus, 44 CORN-SPIRITS. The primitive, 139 CORNWALL. Phœnicians in, 331 COSMOGONY. Babylonian, 70-87; Jastrow's opinion, 84; type of, 84-87 CREATION. Babylonian myth of, 70-87; story of, in Genesis; myths found in Egyptian papyri; and that in the _Popol Vuh_, 70; Seven Tablets of, 71; of man, by Merodach, 80, 81; legend; Apsu and Tiawath in, 193; 'Cuthæan legend of --,' 294-296; common origin of Biblical and Babylonian accounts of, 323 CTES'I-AS. His tale _re_ Parsondes, 146-149; reference to, 367 CUNE-I-FORM TEXTS. Merodach and, 200 CUNEIFORM WRITING. _See_ Writing CUSH, or CASH. _See_ equivalent, Chus CU'THAH. Temple of Nergal at, 82, 94, 105, 296 CU-THÆ'AN LEGEND, THE. Of creation, 294-296 CYAXARES. Scythian king of Ecbatana, 36; son of, dethroned by Achæmenidæ, 333 CYBE'LÉ. The mother-goddess, 132 CYPRUS. Among the conquests of Sargon, 18; communication between Babylonia and island of, 19; worship of Ashtart at, 327 CYRUS, KING. The worship of Bel and, 98-101 CYRUS THE PERSIAN. Invasion of Babylonia by, 41; the pretended avenger of Bel-Merodach, 41; Cambyses, son of, 41; conqueror of Babylon and saviour of Merodach's honour, 378

DA'DA. Abbreviated form of Abd-Hadad; resemblances between Hadad, Dido, Davad, and, 189-191; Shalmaneser (II) speaks of, 189 DAG'AN. Palestinian form of Dagon; a fish-god, same as Oannes or Ea, 216, 217; associated with Bel, 217; Anu and, 198 DAG'ON. God Atargatus worshipped under the name of, 27; a fish-god, 151, 152; an Amorite deity, 325 DAM'AS. One of the two eunuchs appointed to watch Rhodanes and Sinonis, 57 DAM-AS'CI-US. The last of the Neoplatonists, 72; author of _Doubts and Solutions of the First Principles_, 73 DAM-AS'CUS. Worship of Hadad at, under name of Rimmon, 189; worship of Ramman in, 220 DAM'KU. One of the lesser Babylonian gods, 229 DAN'I-EL. Babylonian appellation, Belteshazzar, 37; Nebuchadrezzar and, 37-40; Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego companions of, 38; reference to a corrupted story of the deliverance of the three Hebrew princes recorded by, 53; Book of, 97; the worship of Bel and, 98-101 DA'ON. The shepherd king of Pantibiblon, 112 DA-O'NUS or DAOS. King of Babylonia, _vide_ Berossus, 127 DAR-I'US. Babylonia independence recovered after death of, 41; defeated at Arbela, 378 DA'VID. Resemblances between Hadad, Dáda, Dido, and, 189-191; variants, Dod, Dodo, 190 DAW-KI'NA. Belos (Bel-Merodach), the son of Ea, and, 73; saved from the deluge, 115; Ishtar identified with, 127, 137; consort of Ea, 197 DE MORGAN. Unearths monument of Naran-Sin at Susa, 17; copy of Khammurabi's code found by, 21 DE SAR'ZEC, ERNEST. French vice-consul at Basra; diorite statues of Gudea (2700 B.C.) found by, 47; excavations of, at Tellô, 355, 356; _Découvertes en Chaldée par_, reference to, 356 DEAD. The doctrine of ministering to, 181; often left unburied in Babylonia, 269; attitude of Burmese to, 269; Canaanites and cult of the, 326; Persians and their, 336; Parsis and their, 336; 'House of the --,' at Nippur, 362 DELLA VALLE, PIETRO. Cuneiform writing and, 61 DELPHI. Worshippers of Apollo send offerings to, 330 DELUGE, THE. Berossus' account of, 42-45; reference to account of, in _Gilgamesh Epic_, 42; analogies with Flood Myth, 45, 46; Babylonian and Hebrew story of, have a common origin, 45, 323; myth of, 112, 173-178; refugees saved from--Ea, etc., 115 DEMETER. Tanit compared with, 330 DEMONOLOGY. Of Babylonia and Assyria, 257-288 DEMONS. Many Babylonian gods evolved from, 268; Babylonian, described, 276-278 DESTINY. Mammetum, the maker of, 173; Zu and the Tablets of, 193-195; the Lia Fail, the Stone of, reference to, 248 DEVIL-S. Possession by, 262 DI-A'NA. Goddess, 235, 319 DI-BARR'A. A variant of Nergal, 106; a Babylonian deity placed in the Assyrian pantheon, 229 DI'DO. Resemblances between Hadad, Dáda, David, and, 189-191; Queen of Carthage, 329; Tanit identified with, 331 DIS. Variant of Belus, 114 DIVINATION. Practice of, by Babylonians and Assyrians, 281-288; Shamash, Hadad, and Rimmon, 'lords of --,' 283; Phœnicians' belief in, 329 DIVINITIES, TRIBAL. The most outstanding, 94 DIVS. Arch-demons and demons, 334 DOD OR DODO. _See_ David; worship of, by the side of Yahveh, 190 DOG-S. The, in Babylonia; five hounds of Assur-bani-pal, 290, 291; legend of a, 291, 292 DRAGON, THE. Bel and, 71; China and, 80; in Egypt, it is the serpent Apep, 80; in India, the serpent Vritra (Ahi), 80; in Australia and in parts of N. America a great frog, 80; Beowulf and, 80; Faffnir and, 80; legend of Bel and, in the Apocrypha, 97; Merodach's, 186; the, in Zoroaster's religion, 337 DREAM-S. Nebuchadrezzar's, and Daniel, 37-40; of Gyges, King of Lydia, 302, 303 DU-MU-ZI. A contraction of Du-mu-zi-apsu; name of Tammuz derived from, 126 DUN'GI. Gudea vassal of the throne of, 19 DYNASTY. 'The First, of Babylon,' 21; a Kassite, founded by Kandis, 21; the First, of Ur, 101; Khumbaba, and an Elamite, 166; reference to Kassite, 248; the Hammurabi, 325; the Seleucidæ and the Arsacidæ, 333

E'A, OR O'AN-NES. The Babylonian god of light and wisdom, 14; held sway at Eridu, 14; legendary father of Semiramis, 25; source of all things and, 72; Apsu (Zigarun), mother of, 72; variant, Nudimmud, 73; Tiawath and, 76; Merodach and, 79; displaced politically by Merodach, 86, 199; name of Jonah may be compared with that of, 87; fish-form of, 93; the God of the deep, 93; Eridu, city of, 94; temple of, 102; the god of the waters and of the abyss, 111-116; father of Merodach, 111, 191; Greek name, Oannes, 111; instructions tending to humanize mankind, 112, 113; writings of, 113-116; myth _re_ creation of world and, 115; variant, Nin-a-gal, 116; variant, En-ki, 116; Adapa, son of, 116; Dagon (Dagan) same as, 151, 152, 216, 217; Ut-Napishtim instructed by, 174, 176; in later times, 191-193; Dawkina, consort of, 197; identified with a star in the constellation Argo, 236; eclipses and, 255; demons and name of, 263; gazelles and, 292 EA-BA'NI. Goddess Aruru and, 86; temple maiden Ukhut and, 129, 163; typifies primitive man in Gilgamesh epic, 155, 159, 160; the monster Khumbaba and, 158; slain by wrath of Ishtar, 158; shade of, appears to Gilgamesh, 160; a sort of satyr, 163; the beguiling of, 163, 164; Gilgamesh meets, 164-166; death of, 170; Gilgamesh laments, 179; ghost of, designated _utukku_, 181 EAGLE. Symbol of Kis, 294, 296; Babylonian fable _re_ the, 296-298 EA-LUR. Goddess; amalgamated with Zarpanitum, 186 E-ANNA. Temple of, at Erech, 250 E-ANNA-TUM. Shamash first mentioned in reign of, 109; 'stele of vultures' erected by, discovered by de Sarzec, 355 EARTH. The _Annunaki_, the spirits of, 90; -mother, worship of, 318, 319 E-BABB'ARA. 'The shining house'; name of Shamash's sanctuary, 109, 249 EC-BA-TA'NA. Cyaxares, the Scythian king of, 36 ECLIPSE. Terror of, to Babylonians, 255, 256; the fatal, in case of Assur-Dan III, 307-309 E'DOM. Worship of Hadad extended from Carchemish to, 189 E-GIG-UN-NÛ. 'House of the Tomb'; the temple-tower of Nippur, 362 EGYPT. Semitic immigrants in, 15; conquered by Semiramis, 26; Esar-haddon wars with, 31; Nebuchadrezzar invades, 37; cult of Ishtar in, 124; Semitic religion in, 331; excavations in, 339 E-KUR. The temple of, 248, 253; temples of E-Sagila and, 249 E'LAM-ITES. Northern Mesopotamia and, overcome by Sargon, 17; yoke of, thrown off by Khammurabi, 20; name of Khumbaba argues enmity between Babylon and, 166; Assur-bani-pal and gods of the, 204; votive object from, 248 EL-BUGÂT. Feast of, 134 EL-IS'SA. Dido confounded with, 190 _Elôhim_. Term employed in Genesis, 327 EN-KI. Variant of Ea, 116 EN-LIL. The god, 14; temple of, unearthed, 47; Merodach and, 84; earlier name of Bel, 95-97; a god of vegetation, 96; symbol of winged bull represents, 97; word _lil_ signifies a 'demon,' 97; Beltis (Nin-lil), wife of, 101; Hadad resembled, 188; Ramman, son of, 221; temple of E-Kur sacred to, 248 EN-MASH'TI. Name of Ninib translated by Canaanites as, 326 E'NOCH, BOOK OF. Quoted, 294 E'NOS. Son of Seth, 232 EPH'ES-US. Patroness of, and Diana, 235 EP-I-PHA'NI-US. His allegations _re_ Nimrod, 49 ER'ECH. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49; temple of, 82; Dibarra plunders, 106-109; centre of Ishtar's cult, 124; Gilgamesh, prince of, 154; temple of Ishtar at, 248 ER'ESH-KI-GAL (Allatu). The mistress of Hades, 129 ER-I-DU. Babylonian civilization grouped round, 14; the home of Ea, or Oannes, the god of light and wisdom, 14; Ur a near neighbour of, 15; culture of, and Babylon, 15; 'magical' hymns emanated from, 68; worshippers of Ea at, 72; temple of Ea at, 111; the deluge and, 116; supremacy of, passes to Babylon, 199; Merodach originated at, 200 E-SAG-I'LA. Nabonidus and the priests of, 41; Nebo's shrine, E-Zila, in temple of, 185; name of Merodach's temple at Babylon, 200; temples of E-Kur and, 249; temple of, 250, 368, 374, 375 E-SAGILA. Tower in Babylon, 47, 374, 375 E'SAR-HAD'DON. Son of Sennacherib, 31; Assur-bani-pal succeeded, as King of Assyria, 34; Ishtar and, 212; 'the most likeable' of the Assyrian kings, 306, 307; palace built by, unearthed by Layard, 343 ESHMÛN. The god of force and healing, 328, 330 ESHMUN-MEL'KARTH. Phœnician combination, 328 ES'THER. Ishtar and, 124, 140-144; Book of, why written, 141; equivalent, Ishtar, 142; Lang, on story of, 142, 143; Xerxes and, 143; variant, Hadassah, 143; Dr Jastrow on Book of, 143 ET-A'NA. The legend of, 195 ETHICS. Babylonian and Assyrian, 337, 338 ETHNOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES. Between the peoples of the northern and southern culture-groups, 203 EUPHRATES, 1. River, 177, 368, 369; 2. Bridge, 375 EUPH-RA'TES-TIG'RIS. Valley; civilization of, influenced Semitic field, 92 EU-SE'BI-US. Sanchuniathon, Philo, and, 329 EXCAVATION-S. Modern, in Babylonia and Assyria, 339-366; in Egypt, 339; map relating to, in Babylonia and Assyria, 341; at Nineveh by George Smith, 347-354; at Kouyunjik by Rassam, 354, 355; of de Sarzec at Tellô, 355, 356; Babylonian Exploration Fund instituted in America, 356-366; under control of the University of Pennsylvania, 360-366; recent, by German Oriental Society, 367-377 E-ZI'DA. 1. Temple of Nabu at, 250; discovered by Rawlinson 346; 2. Great tower of Nabu, 375 E-ZILA. 'The firm house'; Nebo's shrine in temple of E-Sagila, 185

FABLE. A Babylonian, _re_ the eagle, 296-298 FATE-S. The great gods Annunaki decree, 173; the Chamber of, 185, 252, 253 FATHER-SKY. Of primitive mythologies, 196 FEAST-S. The Jewish, of Purim, 140; Babylonian, 251, 252 FESTIVAL-S. Of Adonis, 135; of the Sacæa or Zakmuk, 141; New Year; Nebo and, 185; Babylonian; _Zag-muku_, sacred to Bau, 251, 252; Scottish-Celtic, of Beltane, 317. FIELD. An expert Assyriologist, 358 FIRE-GOD. Gibil, the, 225 FIRE-WORSHIP. The central feature of Zoroastrian ritual, 335 FISHER, MR. Architect in American exploration campaign, 360 FLOOD. _See_ Deluge. FRA-VASH'I. Guardian spirit of the Persians, 336 FRAZER, SIR JAMES. On the Greek way of representing Ashurbanapal (_i.e._ Sardanapalus), 32; on the real and the mock Sardanapalus, 34; Tammuz, and his _Golden Bough_, 134; Ishtar and, 137; feast of Purim and, 140; on Vashti, 143 FRESNEL. French exploration expedition and, 347

GARDENS, HANGING. Of Babylon, 371 GAR'MUS. King of Babylon; romance of Sinonis and, 56-60; Rhodanes and, 56-60 GATHAS. The most ancient part of the Avesta, 333 GA-TUM-DUG. Goddess; allied form of Bau, 145 GA'ZA. Temple of Dagon at, 151 GAZELLE. Goat and, gods, 292-294 GEM'I-NI, SIGN. Gilgamesh and Eabani some relation to the, 182 GENESIS, BOOK OF. Reference to, _re_ Nimrod, 49; creation story in, 70, 289; Abbé Loisy and, 322, 323; term _elohim_ in, 327 GERMANY. Goat-demon adored in, 293 GHOSTS. Assyrian, 277, 278 GI'BI. Prayer and the god, 68 GIB'IL. The god of fire; Nusku and, 225 GILGAMESH. Hero; Nimrod identified with, 50, 156; epic; goddess Aruru figures in, 86; prince of Erech, 154-183; provisional name _Gisdhubar_, or _Izdubar_, 156; Shamash and, 156; birth of, related by Ælian, 156; Rimatbelit, mother of, 158; shade of Eabani appears to, 160; Ishtar's love for, 167, 168; mourning the loss of Eabani, 170; his quest for the secret of perpetual life, 170-173; his ancestor, Ut-Napishtim, 170; Sin delivers, 170; seeks from Ut-Napishtim the secret of perpetual life, 173-180; Adad-Ea and, 178, 179 GIL-GA'MESH EPIC, THE. Account of deluge in, reference to, 42; one of the greatest literary productions of ancient Babylonia, 154-183; Ishtar in, 213 GIR'SU. Beltis' sanctuary at, 101 GIS-DHU'BAR or IZDU'BAR. Gilgamesh's provisional name, 156 GISH-ZI'DA. One of the guardians of the gates of heaven, 118 GOATS. Gazelle and, gods, 292-294 GOD-S. Ea, or Oannes, 14, 25, 72, 73, 76, 79, 86, 87, 93, 94, 102, 111-116, 216, 229; En-lil, 14, 47, 84, 95-97, 101; Babylonian kings the direct vice-regents of the, on earth, 17; Babylonian, Merodach, 41, 47, 50, 68, 76-82, 81, 84, 86, 93, 94, 103, 106, 184-198, 199-202; Bel, Babylonian sun-, 41, 196, 197; the birth of the, 71-87; Tiawath, Apsu, and Mummu, a trinity of, 74; Horus, reference to, 75; Kingu; Tiawath and, 75; Merodach, the creator of the, 82; Semites and, 89; spirits and, in ancient Babylonia, 89-91; Anu, most ancient of Babylonian, 90, 121-123, 197, 198, 217; invoked by Assyrian kings, 90; Kis, the sun-, 93, 294; under animal forms, 92, 93; the great, 93-153; Sin, moon-, 94, 109, 128, 170, 325; tribal divinities, 94; pantheon that held sway prior to Khammurabi, 94, 95; description of Bel, 96; a trinity of (Bel, Ea, and Anu), 97; Sibi, 108; Shamash, the sun-, 41, 94, 109, 187, 222, 223, 325; Nergal, 82, 94, 105, 106, 151, 180, 235, 326, 328, 329; Adapa, 116-121; Ishtar, 123-144; Tammuz, sun-god of Eridu, 126-144; Ishtar and Persephone, 131-135; Nin-Girsu, 144; Bau, 144; Pap-sukal, messenger of the, 130; Ga-tum-dug, 145; Nannar, the moon-god of Ur, 145-149; Dagon, a fish-, 151, 152, 216, 217, 325; Nirig, or Enu-Res-tu, 153; Gilgamesh, a sun-, 157; Eabani, a sun-, 159; Later Pantheon of Babylonia, 184-198; Nebo, 184-186, 326; Ramman, 187-189, 195, 217-222, 325; Hadad or Adad, 187-191, 325; Baal, a sun-, 189, 327, 328; Dáda, Dido, Dodo, 189-191; Zu, a storm-, 193-195; Merodach originally a sun-, 199; the great, of Assyria, 205-229; Asshur, 94, 124, 206-211; Nin-ib, war-god and hunter-, 214-216, 326; the moon-, 94, 109, 128, 170, 180, 223, 224; Nusku, 224, 225; Gibil, the fire-, 225; Bel-Merodach, 225; prisoner-, 225, 226; Belit alluded to as 'Mother of the Great --', 228; procession of--_see_ illustration, 230; ideograph the same for 'star' and, 234; planets identified with, 235; Nabu and Merodach, 228; Dibbarra, 229; Damku and Sharru-Ilu, 229; many Babylonian, evolved from demons, 268; gazelle- and goat-, 292-294; Hellenic departmental, 315; departmental characteristics of the, of Babylonia and Assyria, 315, 316; general equivalent, '_el_,' used by Canaanites and Hebrews, 325, 326; of light--Uru, 325; of the Phœnicians, 327-329; Resheph, a Canaanite, 326, 328; Melkarth of Tyre, 327; Ashtart, 326, 327, 330; Eshmun, god of vital force, 328; Moloch, 328; Carthaginian Moloch, 330; Patechus, a monster, 330; Illat, 330; Sakon, 330; Tsaphon, 330; of Babylon more dignified than those of the Greeks or Norsemen, 338; the Twilight of the, 377-380 GODDESS-ES. Ishtar, 28, 94, 101, 106, 107, 111, 123-144, 158, 165-168, 176, 211-214, 326; 'Ishtar' a generic designation for, 124; Nanâ and Anunit, 124; Samkhat -- of joy, 131; Cybele, the mother-, 132; Bau, 'mother of Lagash,' 144, 145; Ga-tum-dug, allied form of Bau, 14; Azalu, 149-151; Sabitu, a sea-, 172; Ealur, amalgamated with Zarpanitum, 186; Innana or Ninni, 187; Dawkina, 197; worship of great mother, 318, 319; Tanith, 328; Ashtart, 326, 327, 328; Isis (Astarte), 328; Tanit, the moon, 330; Rabbat Umma, 330; Tanit, 330 GRAIN-GOD. Nebo as, 186 GREECE. Cult of Ishtar in, 124 GREEKS. Babylonia ruled over by, 378 GROTEFEND, GEORG. Cuneiform writing and, 62-64 GU-BARR'A. Prayer and god, 68 GU-DE'A. A vassal of the throne of Dungi, 19; high-priest of Lagash, 19; his building and architectural ability, 19, 247; diorite statues of, found by de Sarzec, 47; Bau alluded to in ancient inscriptions of, 144; worship of Innana by, 187; Nin-girsu favourite of, 251; hepatoscopy and, 283; de Sarzec and, 355 GU'LA. Consort of Ninib, 216 GY'GES. King of Lydia; Assur-bani-pal and, 302, 303; George Smith's discoveries _re_, 352

HABB'AC-UC. A prophet; sent to feed Daniel, 100 HA'DAD or ADAD. Ramman or Rimmon identified with, 187-191; resemblances between Dáda, Dido, David and, 189-191; the supreme Baal, 189; a Canaanitish god, 325 HA'DAD-NA'DIN-AKHI. Placed on throne of Babylon by Assur-nazir-pal, 23; kills the Assyrian monarch, Bel-kudur-uzur, 23 HAD-ASS'AH. Variant of Esther, 143 HA'DES. Descent of Ishtar into, 125, 126, 128-131; Eresh-ki-gal (Allatu), mistress of, 129 HAL'LA-BI. Innana's temple at, 187 HAM'AN. The Book of Esther and, 141; accepted identity with Humman or Homman, 142 HAMMURABI. Dynasty, 325 HAN'NI-BAL. Carthaginian hero, 330, 332; Baal's name in, 330 HA-O'MA. Deposited on the celestial mountain, 335 HAR-AN'. Abram's youngest brother, 52 HAR' RAN. A centre of lunar adoration, 250, 283 HAS'DRU-BAL. Carthaginian hero; Baal's name in, 330 HAUG, DR. Translator of the Gāthās, 333 HAYNES. Excavations of, at Nippur, 360-366 HAYNES, MR J.H. Sent in 1889 to excavate at Nippur, 47 HEAVEN. The _Igigi_ the spirits of, 90 HEBREW-S. 1. Symbol; the serpent the, for mischief, 285; 2. Religion; Babylonian influence upon, 321, 322 HE-PAT-OS'CO-PY. Ritual and practice of, 282-288 HER'AC-LES. Melkarth equated with, 328 HER'CU-LES. Reference to, 87 HER-O'DOT-US. Statements of, _re_ Semiramis, 28; account of, _re_ temple of Bel, 101, 103; marriage customs in Babylonia described by, 312; reference to, 367, 374 HEZ-EK-I AH. King of Judah, 30, 37; Sennacherib's campaign against, 30; praise of, sung by Byron in his _Hebrew Melodies_, 30 HI-ER-A'POL-IS. Memorials of Semiramis preserved at, 27 HILPRECHT, PROFESSOR. An expert Assyriologist, 345, 357, 360-363 HINKS, REV. EDWARD. Language found at Persepolis deciphered by, 65 HO'RUS. The Egyptian god of light; Tiawath reminds of, 75 'HOUSE OF NO RETURN.' Equivalent, Hades, 126 HUITZILOPOCHTLI (pron. _Hweet-zil-o-potch-tlee_). Reference to, 144 HUR-AK-ÂN. The storm-god alluded to in the _Popol Vuh_, 97 HYMN-S. To Adar, 68; to Nebo, 69; to Nusku, 69; 'magical,' emanated from Eridu, 68; Akkadian, in which Tammuz is addressed, 126; of Khammurabi, 219; to Ramman, 220

I-AM'BLI-CHUS. Author of a _Babylonica_, 56 IDOLATRY. Legend _re_ origin of, 232; Laban's images, 266-268 _IG'I-GI_, THE. Spirits of heaven, 90 IK-SU'DA (Grasper). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202 IL-A-BRAT. Minister of Anu, 117 ILL'AT. Carthaginian deity, 330 IL-TE'HU (Holder). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202 IMAGE-S. Stars and, 233 IM-GÛR-BEL. City of, 354 'INCANTATION OF ERIDU.' The ceremony of the, 270 INDIA-NS. Semiramis makes war on Strabrobates, King of, 26, 27; followers of Zarathustra fled to; descendants, the Parsis of, 334; Araucanian, of Chile, 336 IN'ESH. The pilot of Eridu, 115 IN'MAR-MA'ON. City of, 108 INSCRIPTION-S. Of Shalmaneser I, 351; of Tukulti-ninip, 351 IR'KAL-LA. The abode of; the house of darkness, 128, 169 IR'NI-NA. A form of Ishtar, 165 IS-AI'AH. Jerusalem described by, 191; reference to Sargon's expedition against Ashdod mentioned by, 350 ISH'NU, Ura's counsellor, 269 ISH'TAR. Goddess; fame of Semiramis mingled with that of the, 28; goddess of Nineveh, 94, 212; court of Zamama and, 101; witnesses plunder of Erech by Dibarra, 106, 107; both male and female, 111; significance, 123-144; generic designation for goddess, 124; equivalents, Ashteroth or Astarte, 124, 327; cult of Aphrodite began in that of, 124; Esther and, 124, 140-144; identified with Venus, 124, 235; identified with Nin-lil, 124; the consort of Asshur, 125; descent into Hades of, 125-126; war-goddess, 127, 213, 214; consort of Tammuz, 127; consort of Merodach and Assur, 127; identified with Dawkina, 137; a goddess of vegetation, 137, 138; slays Eabani, 158; Ir-nina a form of, 165; love of, for Gilgamesh, 167, 168; Anu father of, 168; Anatu mother of, 168; Lady of 'the Gods,' 176; Assyrians and, 211-214; Assur-nazir-pal and, 214; confusion between Belit and, 228; Aphrodite and, connected, 235; sixth month sacred to, 236; temple of E-anna dedicated to, 250; magic and, 258; variant, Ashtart, 326, 327, 330; great gate of, discovered by Dr Koldewey, 372 ISH'UM. Attendant of Dibarra, 106-108 I'SIS. Osiris and, 133; journey to, as Astarte, 328 ISRAELITES. Worship of Dodo, or Dod, by the side of Yahveh, by the, 190 I'YAR. The second month, sacred to Ea, 236 IZ-DU'BAR or GISDHUBAR. Provisional name of Gilgamesh, 156

JA'COB. Laban and, 267 JE-HO'IA-KIM. King of Jerusalem; Nebuchadrezzar puts to death, 37 JE'HU. Son of Omri (_sic_); obelisk of Shalmaneser and, 343 JEN'SEN. View of, _re_ Hamon, 142, 143; explanation of, _re_ Ninib, 216 JERUSALEM. Reference to deliverance of, from Sennacherib, 30; King Nebuchadrezzar wars against, 37; Isaiah describes, 191 JEW-S. Nebuchadrezzar leads into captivity, 37; feast of Purim and, 140; Mordecai name of a real, 143 JEWISH. Religion; Babylonian influence on, 319-329 JO'NAH. Story of, and supposed allusion to Babylonian cosmology, 86; Tiawath and the 'fish' of, 87 JOP'PA. Place, 86 JUDAISM. Initiated by the Semitic race, 313 JU'PIT-ER. The planet; represented Merodach, 202, 235; controlled stars under name Nibir, 235; the 'Planet of the Bull of Light,' 290

KAA'BA (Temple). The celebrated, at Mecca, 52 KAN'DIS. A Kassite dynasty founded by, 21 _Kas'sa-pu_ or _Kas'sap-tu_. Names by which the wizard and the witch were known, 261 KASS'ITE. Dynasty; founded by Kandis, 21; King of Babylonia marries daughter of Assur-yuballidh of Assyria, 22; dynasty, reference to, 248; rulers and temple at Nippur, 248; votive objects found by Dr Peters, 358, 359, 364, 365 KHAM-MUR-A'BI THE GREAT. Most famous name in Babylonian history, 20; art and literature blossomed under care of, 20; is to be regarded as the Babylonian Alfred, 21; pantheon that held sway prior to, 94; worship of Merodach and, 184; Nebo, Tashmit, and, 186; Shamash and, 187; goddess Innana or Ninni and, 187; age of, fertile in writers, 192; Hymn of--Ramman and Shamash appealed to in, 219; builder of sanctuaries, 247; city of, discovered, 376 KHARSAG-KURKURA. 'Mountain of the World,' 362 KHI-KHI. Mountain of, 108 KHOR'SA-BAD. City; residence of Asshur, 207; M. Botta and mounds of, 339; Victor Place's work at, 340 KHUM'BA-BA. Monster, overcome by Gilgamesh and Eabani, 158, 160, 166, 167 KHUR'SAG KUR'KUR-A. The birthplace of the gods, 242 KID'MU-RU. Ishtar's shrine in, 212 KING, PROFESSOR, 371, 376 KING-S. Of Babylonia and Assyria--Sargon of Akkad, 16-21, 47, 210, 211, 340, 350, 352; 'of the Four Zones'--Naram-Sin, 17; of Ur--Dungi, 19; of Lagash--Gudea, 19; of Babylonia--Khammurabi the Great, 20, 21, 109; of Babylonia (Kassite dynasty)--Kandis, 21; of Egypt--Amen-hetep IV, 22; of Babylonia--Burna-buryas, 22; of Assyria--Shalmaneser I, 22, 351; of Assyria--Tukulti-in-Aristi, 22; of Babylon--Bitilyasu, 22; of Babylon--Hadad-nadin-akhi, 23; of Assyria--Bel-kudur-uzur, 23; of Assyria--Tiglath-pileser I, 23, 346; of Assyria--Assur-nazir-pal III, 23, 214-216, 223, 343, 351; of Assyria--Shalmaneser II, 24, 343, 351; of Israel--Ahab, 24; of Assyria--Samsi-Rammon, 24; of Assyria--Ninus, 25; of Armenia--Barsanes, 25; of India--Strabrobates, 26; 'of the World, etc., etc.'--Semiramis, 29; of Assyria--Tiglath-pileser III, 29; of Assyria--Shalmaneser IV, 30; of Judah--Hezekiah, 30, 37; of Assyria--Sennacherib, 30; of Assyria--Esar-haddon, 31, 306, 307, 343, 350; of Assyria--Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus), 31, 32, 301-306, 346; of Assyria--Ashurbanapal, 33; of Assyria--Sin-sar-iskin, 36; of Ecbatana--Cyaxares, 36; of Babylonia--Nebuchadrezzar II, 36-40, 47, 104; of Babylonia--Nabonidus, 40, 249; Cyrus the Persian, 41; of Babylon--Cambyses, 41; Alexander the Great, 42; of Chaldea--Nimrod, 52; Rammannirari I, 90; of Persia--Cyrus, 98; Daon, the shepherd, of Pantibiblon, 112; of Persia--Xerxes, 141; of Babylonia--Sokkaros, 157; of Babylonia--Mili-Shikhu, 187; the Moabite--Mesha, 190; of Ashdod--Azuri, 210, 211; of Babylonia, and soothsayers, 260; tales of Babylonian and Assyrian, 299-312; Nabu-Usabi, King of Sarrapanu, 300; Gyges, King of Lydia, 302; Tiglath-pileser II, 299-301; of Assyria--Assur-Dan III, 308; of Assyria--Adad-Narari IV, 308; a royal 'day,' 309-312; of Assyria--Ur-Gur, 359, 366; of Assyria--Ur-Ninib, 366 KIN'GU. God; 'only husband' of Tiawath, 75; bound by Merodach, 78; son of Tiawath, 194 KIS. The Babylonian sun-god, 93, 294 KI'SAR. God; birth of, 71 KOLDEWEY, DR. German explorer, 356, 367; great gate of Ishtar discovered by, 372; temple of E-Sagila and, 374, 375 _Kosmologie_. Jensen's, 216 KOU-YUN-JIK. M. Botta and mound of, 339; Layard's searches in mound of, 344, 345; George Smith's excavations at, 351; Rassam's excavations at, 354, 355 KUK-UL-CAN. Reference to the god, 224

LAB'AN. Jacob and, 267 LAB'AR-TU. The hag-demon, 271, 277 LADY OF THE GODS. Ishtar the, 176 LAG'ASH. The modern Tel-lo, earliest Semite monuments come from, 16; the priests of became kings, 16; Gudea high-priest of, 19, 355; Bau 'mother of,' 145 LA'HA-MÉ. God; birth of, 71 LAH'MU. God; birth of, 71 LAM-AS'SU. A spirit of similar type to the Sedu, 277 LAMENTATION-S. For Tammuz, 135, 136, 140; Rituals, 253-255 LANGUAGE. The Akkadian, 13, 14; Babylonian priesthood preserved old Akkadian tongue as a sacred, 14; Sumerians borrowed from rich Semitic tongue, 15; cuneiform writing, 60-66, _see_ Writing; Median, 65; Susian, 65; Assyrian, 65; Longpérier's translation of Assyrian, 66; of Babylonia and Assyria, compared, 205 LAR'SA. Shamash worshipped at, 109; Khammurabi's improvements at, 187 LA'YARD, Sir HENRY. Assur-bani-pal's library at Nineveh and, 35, 46; archæological researches at Nineveh, 46, 155, 344, 346; researches of, at Nimrûd, 340, 342-344, 346 LEGEND-S. Jewish, _re_ Abram and Nimrod, 51; Persian, _re_ Abram and Nimrod, 52, 53; the creation, 193-195; of Etana, 195; of the origin of star-worship, 232-3; the, of Ura, 268-270; of a dog, 291, 292; 'Cuthæan, of creation,' 294-6 LENORMANT. Hebrew and Assyrian poetry and, 322 LEO, SIGN OF. Recalls the slaying of Khumbaba, 182 LETTER-S. Franked by clay seals bearing name of Sargon, 18 LEVI, ELIPHAS. The Baphomet goat and, 293 LIA FAIL, THE. The Stone of Destiny; reference to, 248 LIBRARY. Assur-bani-pal's, 35, 46, 71, 261, 282, 346; the temple in 'Tablet Hill,' 363 LIGHT. Merodach and Tiawath, and the primal strife between darkness and, 79 LITERATURE. Babylonian art and, under Khammurabi the Great, 20; Assur-bani-pal and Babylonian, 35; sacred, of Babylonia, 67-69 LIVER-READING. By priests, 281-283 LOFTUS, WILLIAM KENNET. Successor of Mr Hormuzd Rassam, 346, 347 LO'KI. God of fire; Nergal not unlike, 106 LU'GAL-BAN'DA. Storm-bird god; like Prometheus, 93 LU'GAL-ZUG-GI'SI. King of Erech; famous text of, found by Hilprecht, 366

MAAT. Reference to, 222 MAGI. Confounded by Zoroaster, 333 MAGICAL TEXTS. Dawkina alluded to in the, 197; Anu mentioned in, 198; of Babylonia and Assyria, 257, 288; alluded to in Bible, 266, 267; circle, the, 275, 276 MAGICIAN-S. The word of power and, 263; Ea, the great, of the gods, 268 MAHOMET-AN. 'Baphomet' a corruption of, 293; conquest, 333 MAI-MON'I-DES. Jewish rabbi, friend of Averroes; his commentary on the _Mischnah_, 232 'MAK'LU.' A series of texts known as, 261 _Mam'it_. Equivalent for taboo, 278 MAM-MET'UM. The maker of destiny, 173 MAN-KIND. Creation of, by Merodach, 80, 81; goddess Aruru assists in the creation of, 82, 86; humanizing of, 112, 113 MARAZION. Signifies in Semitic, 'Hill by the Sea,' 331 MAR-CHESH-UAN. Merodach's month, 251 MAR'DUK. _See_ Merodach, 175, 200 MARRIAGE. Customs in Babylonia, 312 MARS. Identified with Nergal, 235 MAS'HU. The Mountain of Sunset, 171 MAZ'DA. One of the spiritual powers in Zoroaster's religion, 337 MEC'CA. Reference to the celebrated Kaaba (temple) at, 52 MEDE. Zoroaster a, 333 ME'DI-A. Subdued by Ninus, 25 MEDICINE. Ea, a god of, 192 MEG-ID'DO. The Canaanitish fortress of, 189 ME-LI'LI 1. Queen; wife of Benani, 82; 2. Mother of the monsters, 295, 296 MEL'I-SHIP'OK II. Houses found dating from period of, 376 MELK ('KING'). Variant of Moloch, 328 MEL'KARTH. Phœnician god of Tyre, 327, 328; worship of, in Carthage, 330 MEL'KARTH-RESH'EF. Phœnician combination, 328 MEM-AN-GAB. Leader of the monsters, 295, 296 MEM'PHIS. Assyrians enter, 31 MEN'KES MOUND, 376 MER-AG-A'GA. Variant of Merodach, 202 MER'CURY. Identified with Nabu, 235 MER'OC. Yaran flees to, 210, 211 MER'O-DACH. Babylonian god, 41; temple of, 47, 374; Nimrod identified with, 50; prayer and god, 68; Tiawath and, 76-82; creates man, 81; the central figure of a popular myth, 84; god Ea displaced by, 86, 199; may have been a bull-god, 93; worshipped at Babylon, 94; Asshur identified with, 94; Nebuchadrezzar and, 104; Diabarra and, 106; the name Mordecai a form of, 142; great festival of, the Zakmuk, 141; worship of, first prominent in days of Khammurabi, 184-198; association with Nebo, 184-186; the Chamber of Fates in temple of, 185; Zarpanitum, wife of, 186, 202; supremacy of, 192; variant Marduk, 194, 200; Shamash and, 200; variants, Amaruduk, Asari, Saragagam, and Mer-agaga, 202; attendant hounds of, 202; usurped place of Bel, 227; Bel paired with, 228; Jupiter, identified with, 235; eighth month ruled over by, 237; month Marcheshuan belonged to, 251; eclipses and, 256; demons and the name of, 263; four dogs of, 291; head of the Babylonian Pantheon, 377; Nabonidus, 377 MER'O-DACH-BAL-A-DAN I. Houses found dating from period of, 376 MESH'A. The Moabite king; Chemosh, god of, 190 MESH'ACH. One of Daniel's companions, 38 MES-O-POT-A'MI-A. Elam and Northern --, overcome by Sargon, 17; Semitic religion in, 331; excavations in, 339, ff.; George Smith dispatched to, 351; recent research in, 366-376 MEXICO. Reference to religious system of ancient, 204; reference to temples, on, 243 MIC'AH. Reference to his teraphim, 268 MIDDLE AGES. The Sabbatic goat of the witchcraft of the, 293 MI-LI-SHIK'HU. Babylonian monarch; Shamash and, 187 _Misch'nah_. Commentary on the, 232 MITANI. Provinces of, conquered by Shalmaneser I, 308 MITH'RA. Rashnu and, 337 MIT-RA-PHER'NES. Artaios' eunuch, 149 MOFFLAINES. Wood of, 293 MOHAMMEDANISM. Initiated by the Semitic race, 313, 332 MOLOCH. Magic and, 258; worship of, in Phœnicia, 328; worship of, in Carthage, as Baal-ammon, 330; children sacrificed to, 331 MOMMU TI-A-WATH. The primeval ocean, 71. _See_ Moumis MONSTER-S. Mythological animals and, of Chaldea, 289-298; the dog, 290, 291; invasion of the, 294-296; Patechus, 330 MONTH-S. Titles of, by Babylonians, 236-238 MOON. Babylonian religion and, 236; city; Ur, the, 249, 250; Abram, probably a moon-worshipper, 249; eclipses and the, 256 MOON-DEITIES. Osiris, 138; Aphrodite, 138; Proserpine, 138; Phœnician Ashtoreth, 138; Nannar, moon-god of Ur, 145-149; Sin, 94, 109, 128, 170, 223, 224, 250; Tanit, 330 MOR'DE-CA-I. The Book of Esther and, 141; a form of Marduk or Merodach, 142 MOSÛL. M. Botta French Consul at, 339; Layard's researches at, 340-344 MOTHER-EARTH. Of primitive mythologies, 197 MOTHER-GODDESS. Theory, 318, 319; compounded of various types, 326 'MOTHER OF THE GREAT GODS,' Belit alluded to as, 228 MOU'MIS or MUM'MU. Son of Tiawath and Apsu, 73; name at one time given to Tiawath, 73 MOUNTAIN. Of the Sunset, Gilgamesh journeys to, 158, 159, 171; of the Sunrise, 253; of the Earth, 305; of the Wind, 362; of the World, 362 MUL-LIL. The 'gazelle god' of Nippur, 292 MU-RASH'U AND SONS. Bankers and brokers at Nippur, 366 MU'RO. Worship of Ramman originated at, 220 MEYER, JOSEPH A. An American architect who assisted Haynes at Nippur, 365 MYRRH. Used at the Adonia festival, 136; -tree and Adonis, 137 MYTH-S. Of Sardanapalus, reference to, 32; analogies with Flood-, 45; North American Indian, reference to, 46, 122; Algonquin, reference to, 46; Babylonian, of creation, 70-87; confusing, connected with Ea, 112; of deluge, 111, 173-178; of Merodach and Tiawath, reference to, 78, 114, 199; Mexican, reference to, 115; Greek, reference to, 122, 315; of Tammuz, 126-129; Tammuz and Ishtar, groundwork of those of Greece and Rome, 131; of Adonis, 131-133; Egyptian, _re_ quest of Isis, 133; Tammuz-Ishtar, 135; various strata underlying the Gilgamesh, 159, 160; of the slaughter of Tiawath, 201; of Persephone and of Osiris, 201; a toothache-, 262, 263; Phœnician, little known _re_, 328; Indo-Germanic, reminiscences in Zarathustra's religion, 334; character of Babylonian, compared with that of Hellenic and Scandinavian, 338

NA-BO-NI'DES. Archæology fashionable in time of, 363 NABONIDOS. _See_ Nabonidus, 364 NA-BO-NI'DUS. The last of the Babylonian kings, 40, 110, 283; displaced by Cyrus, 41; cults of Merodach, Nabu, and Shamash, and, 377 NAB'O-POL-AS'SER. Reference to inscriptions of, 368; father of Nebuchadrezzar, 369, 370; Euphrates bridge, work of, 375; god Merodach and, 377 NAB'U, 175; Nusku and, connected, 225; Merodach and, paired, 228; Bel paired with, 228; Ramman-Nirari and, 228; called by Sargon 'the Seer who guides the gods,' 228; Mercury and, 235; tenth month sacred to, 237; tower of, 375; Nebuchadrezzar and, 377; Nabonidus and, 377 NAB'U-BALIDDIN. Shamash's temple restored by, 249 NABU-QUA'TI-ZA'BAT. Assur-bani-pal and, 304 NAB'U-USA'BI, King. Crucified by Tiglath-pileser II, 300 NA-BÛ-ZÈR-LÎ-SHIR. Scribe, 363 NAM'TAR. The plague-demon, 129 NANÂ. Merged in conception of Ishtar, 124; Assur-bani-pal and, 304 NAN'NAR. The moon-god of Ur, 145-149 NANN'AR-OS. Satrap of Babylon, 146-149 NANN'A-RU. The new moon, established by Merodach, 79 NA'RAM-SIN. Son of Sargon; title, 'King of the Four Zones,' 17, 19; Nabonidus and, 41; bricks discovered with name of, on, 47; 'Builder of the Temple of En-lil,' 247; omens and, 283; 'mould' of an inscribed stone belonging to Sargon I in palace of, 363 NE'BO. Hymn to, 69; son of Bel, 102; shrine sacred to, 102; Tashnit, wife of, 102, 185, 186; association with Merodach, 184-186; chief seat, Borsippa, 184, 326; as grain-god, 186; the altars of Yahveh dragged from, 190; temple of, 306, 346, 348 NEB'ROD. _See_ Nimrod NE-BICH-AD-REZ'ZAR I. Ramman and, 219 NEBUCHADREZZAR II (or NEBUCHADNEZZAR). King of Babylonia, reign of, 36-40; invades Egypt, 37; wars against Jerusalem, 37; puts Jehoiakim to death, 37; sets up Zedekiah as King of Jerusalem, 37; Daniel and, 37-40; his dreams, 37-40; Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and, 38; ruins of palace of, explored in 1899, 47; Sir H. C. Rawlinson's discovery _re_, 104; Shamash's temple restored by, 249; Dr Andrae's discovery _re_, 356; Merodach and, 377 NEBUCHADREZZAR III. King of Babylonia, 41 NEM'ART. _See_ Nimrod NER'GAL. Temple of, at Cuthah, 82, 296; of Cuthah, 94; patron god of Cuthah, 105; not unlike Loki, 106; Dibarra, variant of, 106; Aralu and, 150, 151; shade of Eabani, and, 180; Mars and, 235; Canaanitish war-god, 326; worshipped by Phœnicians, 328 NEW YEAR. Assembly of gods at Babylon on first day of, 201; Merodach and, 201; Bau and, 251; Gudea and, 251 NI-BI'RU, Merodach's star, 79 NIM'ROD. The mighty hunter, 49-56; son of Chus, the Æthiop, 49; a reputed descendant of Ham, 49; figures in Biblical and Babylonian tradition, 49; built Babylon, 50; Greek named Nebrod or Nebros, 50; identified with Merodach, Gilgamesh, and Orion, 50; name found in Egyptian documents of XXII Dynasty as 'Nemart,' 50; derivation of name may mean 'rebel,' 50; legends of, related by Philo in his _De Gigantibus_, 50; Abram and, 51-56; King of Chaldea, 52; suggested identity with Gilgamesh, 156 NIM'RÛD. Sir Henry Layard's excavations at, 340, 342-344; Rassam's searches at, 344; George Smith's searches at, 348-354 NIN-A-GAL. Variant of Ea, 116 NIN'EV-EH. Built by Sennacherib, 31; Assur-bani-pal's library at, 35, 71, 154, 346; archæological researches of Layard and Botta at, 46; George Smith's labours at, 46; Mr Hormuzd Rassam's work at, 47; built by Asshur, 49; tablet written for temple of Nergal discovered at, 82; residence of Asshur, 207; Ishtar's shrine in, 212; M. Botta and site of, 339, 340; Layard and, 344; plan of, 357 NIN-GIR'SU. Name means 'Lord of Girsu,' 144; known as Shulgur ('Lord of the corn heaps'), 144; identified with Tammuz, 144; variant, Ninib, 214, 216; favourite of Gudea, 251; temple of, 283 NIN'IB, 84, 175; a war-god, 214; variant of, Nin-girsu, 214, 216; Tiglath-pileser I, Assur-rishishi, Assur-nazir-pal, and, 214; as hunter-god, 216; extolled by Tiglath-pileser I, 216; invoked by Assur-nazir-pal, 216; Gula, consort of, 216; Saturn and, 235; translated as En-Mashti by Canaanites, 326 NIN-IGI-NAG'IR-SIR. Saved with Ea, etc., from deluge, 115 NIN-LIL. Variant of Beltis, 101; consort of En-lil; Ishtar and, 124 NIN'NI. Variant of Innana, 187 NIN'SUM. Gilgamesh resorts to, 180 NI'NUS. King of Assyria, 25; Semiramis, wife of, 25; Ninyas, son of, 26 NIN'YAS. Son of Ninus; during minority of, Semiramis assumed the regency, 26 NIPPUR. Babylonian civilization grouped round, 14; god En-lil and, 14; city of Ur colonized by, 15; Mr Haynes' excavations at, 47, 359, 360, 365, 366; temple of, 82; cosmological tales at, 84; of Sumerian origin, 96; preferred to Babylon, 196; lamentation ritual at, 199, 200; temple of E-Kur at, 248; business quarter of, unearthed, 359, 360; stage-tower of, 361; temple-tower of, 362 NIR'IG. God; variant, Enu-Restu; Bel, father of, 153 NIZ'AN. First month; sacred to Anu and Bel, 236 NO'AH. Patriarch, reference to, 45; legend of deluge and Ea, 115; variant, Ut-Napishtim, 116 NO-RETURN. Land of, 128 NU-DIM-MUD. Variant of name of Ea, 73; Tiawath and, 76 NUMBERS. Assigned to each of the gods, 237, 238 NUS'KU. The messenger of Mul-lil, 68; hymn to, 69; temple of, 102; of the 'Brilliant Sceptre,' 224, 225; Nabu and, connected, 225; eclipses and, 255

O-AN'NES. _See_ Ea, 14 OBELISK. Of Shalmaneser II, 343 O-DA'CON. Appears from sea of Eruthra, 112 OMEN-S. Library of Sargon contained book dealing with, 18; divination by, 281, 282 O-MOR'CA. Chaldaic equivalent, Thalath; Greek, _thalassa_, 114 ON'NES. One of Ninus' generals, husband of Semiramis, 25 OPPERT. French exploration expedition and, 347 O-RI'ON. Nimrod identified with, 50 O-SI'RIS. Isis and, reference to, 133; reference to, 201, 228 'O-ZY-MAN'DI-AS.' Shelley's sonnet on, 307

PAINTINGS. Discovered in Sennacherib's palace at Kouyunjik, 345 PALACE-S. Built at Nineveh by Sargon; M. Botta unearths, 340; Assyrian, two discovered at Nimrûd, 340; built by Esar-haddon, unearthed by Layard, 343; of Sennacherib, found by Layard, 345; Assur-bani-pal's, discovered by Rawlinson, 346; of Nimrûd, George Smith's excavations in, 348, 349; Nebuchadrezzar's, excavated, 369-371 PALESTINE. Syria and, invaded by Sargon, 17; worship of Hadad in, 188; the Canaanites first dwellers in, 324 PALL'AS A-THÊ-NÉ. Reference to, 222, 315 PAN'THE-ON, ASSUR-BANI-PAL'S. Belit and Asshur in, 228 PANTHEON OF ASSYRIA, 203-230; differences between the Babylonian and, 203, 204; Dagon in, associated with Anu, 216, 217; Bel-Merodach absorbed in the, 225; Ea in the, 229; Dibbarra, in the, 229 PANTHEON OF BABYLONIA. 1. Early. Prior to Khammurabi, 94, 95. 2. Later. General changes in and additions to, 184-198; Bel's place usurped in the, by Merodach, 227; spiritistic nature of, 318 PAP-SUK'AL. The messenger of the gods, 130 PARADISE. The Abyss and, 82 PAR'SÎS. Of Bombay, 334 PAR-SON'DES. Ctesias' tale _re_, 146-149 PAT-E'CHUS. God; a repulsive monster, 330 PATRIARCH, THE. _See_ Abram PER-SEPH'O-NÉ or PROS'ER-PINE. Reference to, 132, 201; corresponds to Allatu, 132 PER-SE'POLIS. Reference to, 61; language found at, deciphered by Löwenstern and Hinks, 65; Longpérier translated language found at, 66 PER'SE-US. Reference to, 87 PERSIAN-S. Signs in connexion with cuneiform writing, 60-66; religion of (Zoroaster's), 332-336, etc.; fear of defilement, 335 PETERS, DR. Director of American expeditions, 358, 359, 364, 365 PHIL-IS'T'I-A. Sargon's expedition against, 210, 211 PHŒ-NIC'I-A. Worship of Moloch in, 328 PHŒNICIAN-S. The Gods of the, 326-329; religion; Egyptian influence, 328 PICTURE-WRITING. Cuneiform and, 66. _See_ Writing PIR-Æ'US. Port of Athens, 328 PIS'CES, SIGN OF. Eabani and, 183 PLACE, VICTOR. Botta's work at Khorsabad, continued by, 340 PLANET-S. Identified with gods, 235 PLUTARCH. Isis (Astarte) and, 328 PLU'TO. Reference to, 133 POETRY. Assyrian, 321, 322 POLGARTH. Phœnician word 'city' and, 331 POL-Y-HIS'TOR, ALEXANDER. God Ea and, 112, 113 POLYTHEISM. Semitic, 313 _Pop'ol Vuh_. Reference to, 97, 151 POS-EI'DON. Greek god, 315 PRAYER-S. To the sun-god, etc., 67, 68 PRIEST-S. Akkadian tongue preserved by Babylonian, 14; those of Lagash became kings, 16; high, of Asshur, took title of king, 21, 208; sole mythographers, 191; -hood, cult and temples, 239-241; wizards and, 260; -magician; the chamber of the, 270-275; liver-reading by, 282; of Thebes, Memphis, and On, 314; of Nippur and Erech, 314 PRIESTESSES. In Babylonia, 240, 241 PRIEST-HOOD. _See_ Priests PRISONER-GODS. Assyrian rulers and, 225, 226 PRO-ME'THE-US. Lugalbanda and, 93; Zu and, 195 PSALMS, BOOK OF THE. National, not individual, 320; Poetical form of, 322 PU'NIC. Religion, 330 PURIFICATION, 270; by water, in connexion with Babylonian magic, 270 PÛRIM. Feast of, 140, 141

QAL'AT SHER'QAT. Annals of Tiglath-pileser I discovered by Rawlinson, 346; Dr Andrae's excavations at, 356

RA. Worship of, in Egypt, 223 RAB'BAT UM'MA. 'The Great Mother,' 330 RAB-I'SU. A lurking demon, 276, 277 RACES. Asia Minor peopled with diverse, 324 RACHEL. The stolen images and, 266-268 RACH'MET. Reference to, 61 RAM'MAN, 175; equivalent, Rimmon; identified with Hadad or Adad, 187-189; the Tablets of Destiny and, 195; popularity and functions, 217-222; weapons of, 218; worship of, in days of Khammurabi and Nebuchadrezzar I, 219; Assur-nazir-pal and, 219; Attributes and signification, 218-222; eleventh month sacred to, 237 RAM'MAN-NIR-A'RI I. The _Annunaki_ and _Igigi_ and, 90 RAM'MAN-NI-RA'RI III. Nabu exalted at expense of Asshur by, 228 RASH'NU. Mithra and, 337 RASS'AM, MR HOR'MUZD. Assur-bani-pal's library at Nineveh and, 35; his archæological researches at Nineveh and at Abu-habba, 47; stone tablet found at Sippard by, 292; researches at Nimrûd, 342, 344. 346, 354. 355 RAWLINSON, MAJOR (SIR) HENRY. Cuneiform writing and, 64-66; his discovery _re_ Nebuchadrezzar, 104; Layard and, 342, 344, 345, 346 RED INDIANS. Titles of months and, 236 REINACH. Reference to, 334 RELIGION-S. Akkadian tongue used as a sacred language by Babylonian priesthood, 14; early Babylonian, 88-153; Jewish, 88; of ancient Mexico, 88; Vedic, of India, 88; Semitic influence on Babylonian, 91, 92; official system of Babylonian and Assyrian, 92; Semitic, Euphrates-Tigris influence on, 92; totemism in Babylonian, 92; system of, in Babylonia, overshadowed by Merodach, 199; Jastrow's _Religion in Babylonia and Assyria_ quoted, 199, 212; star-worship, the origin of, 237; _of the Semites_ quoted, 91, 241, 332; cult of the gods, 292; comparative value of the, of Babylonia and Assyria, 313-336 and on; Teutonic and Celtic, comparisons, 316; Babylonian, typically animistic, 317, 318; worship of great earth-mother, 318, 319; Jewish, 319-329; Canaanite, 324-326; Carthaginian, 329; Semitic, 329, 331; Punic, 330; Mohammedanism, 313, 332; of the Persians (Zoroaster), 332-337; of Babylonians, 338; decay of Babylonian, 378, 379 RESH'EPH. Known to the Canaanites, 326; the lightning god; origin; identified with Apollo, 328 RHO-DA'NES. Romance of Sinonis and, 56-60 RIM'AT-BEL'IT. Mother of Gilgamesh, 158; interprets Gilgamesh's dream, 164 RIM'MON. _See_ Rammon RITUAL. Lamentation at Nippur, 199, 200; of hepatoscopy, 283-288; Zoroastrian fire worship central feature of, 335

SABBATIC GOAT. Witchcraft of Middle Ages and the, 293 SAB-I'TU. The sea-goddess; Gilgamesh and, 172; sign Capricornus and, 183 SAC'A. One of the two eunuchs appointed to watch Rhodanes and Sinonis, 57 SAC-Æ'A. The Asiatic equivalent of the Saturnalia, 33; Festival of Zakmuk, or, 141 SACRIFICE-S. Babylonian, 241, 242 SADI-RAB'U-MA-TA'TI. The great mountain of the earth, 305 SAG'GAL. Temple of Merodach, 305 SAK'ON. Carthaginian deity, 330 SAM-AS-SUM-YU'KIN. Viceroy of Babylonia, 34; raises revolt in Assyrian empire, 34; his death, 34 SAM'KHAT. Goddess of joy, 131 SAM-MUR'A-MUT. Assyrian title of Semiramis. _See_ Semiramis SAM'SI-A'DAD IV. Rawlinson discovers stele of, 346 SAM'SI-RAM'MON. Son of Shalmaneser II; succeeds his father as King of Assyria, 24; Sammuramat favourite of, 24; Asshur mentioned in inscription of, 208 SANCH-UN-I-A'THON. Philo and, preserved in works of Eusebius, 329 SAOSHYANT. The saviour, in Zoroaster's religion, 337 SAR-AG-AG'AM. Variants of Merodach, 202 SAR-A'KOS. Greek equivalent for Sin-sarkin, 36 SAR-DA-NA-PAL'US THE SPLENDID. Assur-bani-pal known to Greek legend as, 31; King of Assyria, 31; reference to, in _The Golden Bough_, 32; Sir James Frazer on, 32, 34; prominent features in legends of, 33; weaving of legend of, 34 SAR'GON. I. Of Akkad, founds first great Semitic empire in Babylonia, 16; a Babylonian Arthur, 16, 21; the legend of his birth, 16, 17; invasions of Syria and Palestine, 17; Elam and N. Mesopotamia overcome by, 17; Naram-Sin son of, 17, 19; letters franked by clay seals bearing name of Sargon, 18; first founder of Babylonian library, 18; bricks discovered with name of, on, 47; Asshur's conquering power and, 210, 211; King Azuri and, 210; Ahimiti and, 210; Yaran and, 210; Sin and, 223; Bel and, 227; Nabu termed 'that Seer who guides the gods,' 228; 'Builder of the Temple of En-lil,' 247; hepatoscopy and, 283; palace built by, unearthed at Nineveh, 340; George Smith finds fragments of history of, 352. II. Usurping general, claimed descent from Sargon the Great, 30; father of Sennacherib, 30 SAR'RA-PAN-U. Tiglath-pileser II captures, 299 SASS-AN'I-AN. Rulers, 333 SAT'URN. Identified with Ninib, 235 SAUL-MU-GI'NA. Rebellious brother of Assur-bani-pal, 304 SCHRADER. Assyrian poetry and, 321, 322 SCIENCE. Star-worship the origin of, 237; the roots of, 259 SCILLY ISLANDS. Phœnicians in, 331 SCOR'PIO, SIGN OF. Gilgamesh and, 182 SCOTLAND. Goat-demon adored in, 293 SCULPTURE-S. Discovery of, glorifying Assur-nazir-pal, 343; Babylonian, discovered by de Sarzec, 355 SCYTHIAN-S. Penetrate into Assyria, 36 SED'U. A guardian (sometimes an evil) spirit invoked with the Lamassu, 277 SEL-EU'CI-A. City, built out of ruins of Babylon, 42 SEM-IR'A-MIS THE GREAT. Assyrian Queen, 24-29; legendary origin, 25; wife of Onnes, and later of Ninus, 26; Ninyas son of, 26; engages in battle Strabrobates, King of India, 27; fame of, 28, 29; Sammuramat, her Assyrian title, 29; wife of Samsi-Rammon, 29; mythical connexion with Ishtar, 29; worshipped by the Syrians, 27; esteemed as the daughter of Dercatus, 27; district round Lake Van called after, Shamiramagerd, 28 SEMITES. Germs of culture received from Akkadians by Babylonian, 13; their love of wisdom, 14, 15; Babylon entered by, 15, 16; believed to have come from Arabia, 15, 16; made by the code of Khammurabi, 21; ancient, and gods, 89; serpent loathed by, 289; animistic influences; appeal of, to, 318 SEMITIC. Empire, first great, founded in Babylonia by Sargon of Akkad, 16; religious thought, 235; worship and, lamentations, 253; polytheism, 313; conservatism, 316; cults; Babylonian influence upon, 324; religion, 329, 331; peoples; a 'peculiar people,' 332; faith, includes various manifestations, 332 SEN-NACH'E-RIB. Son of usurping general Sargon, 30; campaign of, against Hezekiah, 30; Nineveh built by, 30; Esar-haddon son of, 31; takes nucleus of Assur-bani-pal's library from Calah, 154; soothsayers and his death, 260; Layard's discoveries in palace of, 345 SERPENT. The ancients and the, 289; equivalent, Aibu ('the enemy'), 289 SET. Osiris and, reference to, 133 SET-A'PO. A wealthy Babylonian who harbours Sinonis, 59 'SEVEN SPHERES, THE STAGES OF.' A building, the wonder of Borsippa, 104 SEVEN TABLETS. Of creation; primary object of, 71 SHAD'RACH. One of Daniel's companions, 38 SHAL-MA-NE'SER I. King of Assyria, 22, 308; Tukulti-in-Aristi, son of, 22; Nusku and, 224; inscription of, unearthed by George Smith, 351 SHAL-MA-NE'SER II. King of Assyria in succession to Assur-nazir-pal III, 24; Overthrows Ahab, King of Israel, 24; Samsi-Rammon son of, 24; the god Dáda and, 189; Merodach (Bel) and, 225, 227; discovery of obelisk of, 343; dedications of, unearthed, 351 SHAL-MA-NE'SER IV. Successor of Tiglath-pileser III, 30 SHAM'ASH. 1. Temple of, at Sippar, restored by Nabonidus, 41; adored at Sippar, 94; the sun-god, 109-111; son of Sin, 109; Aa, consort of, 110; Ishtar and, 130; Gilgamesh and, 156, 165; Khammurabi and, 187; Zu captured by, 195; Merodach and, 200; cult of, in Assyria, 222, 223; seventh month sacred to, 236; a Canaanitish god, 325; Nabonidus and, 377. 2. The great idol of, 249 SHAR'RU-ILU. One of the lesser Babylonian gods, 229 SHATT-EN-NÎL. Excavations along bank of, by Haynes, 365 SHE'BA, QUEEN OF. Tiglath-pileser II quarrels with, 301 SHEPHERD. The sun the, of the stars, 236; En-lil, of the dark-headed people, 254 SHEPHERD KING, THE. Daon, of Pantibiblon, 112 SHI'NAR, PLAIN OF. Babylon built on, 52 SHUL-GUR. Variant of Nin-Girsu, 144 SHU-RIPP'AK. 1. Son of Ubara-Tutu, 173. 2. City of, 177, 178 SHU'TU. Variant of South Wind, 117 SI'BI. The god, 108 SICILY. Worship of Ashtart (Ishtar) at, 327 SID'DA. The temple, 306 SI'DON. Tyre and, in touch with Assyria, 327; Ashtart or Ishtar, temple of, in, 327; Eshmun worshipped at, 328 SIGN-S. Gemini, Leo, Virgo, Taurus, Scorpio, 182; Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces, 183 SILENCE, TOWERS OF. Parsis' dead and the, 336 SIN (perhaps pron. _Siñ_). The moon-god, 94, 223, 224; Ruled at Ur, 94; Shamash son of, 109; Ishtar daughter of, 128; Gilgamesh delivered by, 170; Gilgamesh resorts to, 180; eclipses and god, 256; a Canaanitish god, 325 SIN-A-IT'IC PENINSULA. Semitic religion in, 331 SI-NO'NIS. Romance of Garmus and, 56-60 SIN-SAR-IS'KIN. Last King of Assyria, 36; the Sarakos of the Greeks, 36 SIN-SHAR-ISH'KUN. The last representative of the Assyrian dynasty, 364 SIP'PAR. Shamash worshipped at, 109; Aa worshipped at, 110; Abu-Habbah, the ancient site of, 177; Berossus substitutes, for Shurippak, 178; Khammurabi's improvements at, 187; Shamash's temple at, 249 SIP'PA-RA. Temple of sun-god, Mr Rassam discovers, 47, 292 SIS-U'THRUS. The Flood Myth and, 45 SI'WAN. Month sacred to Sin, 236 SMITH, GEORGE. Reference to archæological labours, 46, 155, 347-354; discovery of, _re_ Bel, 101; discovery of, _re_ Tiglath-pileser II, 299; Babylonian and Assyrian poetry and, 322 SMYR'NA. Mother of Adonis, reference to, 127 SOUL. Supposed to reside in the liver, 281 SPAIN. Mohammedanism in, 332 SPEAKING HEAD, THE. Laban and, 267 SPIRIT-S. Assyrian, 277, 278 SOKK-A'ROS. First king to reign in Babylonia after the deluge, 157; Ælian the grandson of, 157 SOOTHSAYERS. Sennacherib and, 260 SOR-ACCH'US. Magistrate, who sends Sinonis to Babylon, 58 SORCERERS. Chaldean, and the magic circle, 275, 276 SRA-O'SHA. Soul carried by, to the beyond, 336, 337 STAR-S. Formed by Belus, 115; Babylonian worship of, 231-238; ideograph the same for 'god' and, 234; the sun the shepherd of the, 236; Anu the Pole, 236; Bel the Pole (equator), 236; Ea and star in constellation Argo, 236; -gazers of Chaldea, 258 ST IL'YA. Tammuz compared with, 127 STONE. The Moabite, 190; examined by Professors Socin and Smend, 190 STRA-BRO-BA'TES. King of India; Semiramis makes war on, 26, 27 'SU-ME'RI-AN.' Modern equivalent for the old expression 'Akkadian,' 15 SUN. Merodach's ideograph is the, 202; known as the 'Way of Anu,' 234; the 'Bull of Light,' 290 SUN-GOD. _See_ Gods. SUPERSTITION-S. In Chaldea, 280, 281 SU'SA. Monument of Naram-Sin unearthed by de Morgan at, 17; copy of Khammurabi's code found at, by J. de Morgan, 21 SUS'I-AN. Language; alternative, Median, 65 SUS'IN-AY. Idol of, 304 SYRIA. Palestine and, invaded by Sargon, 17; worship of Hadad in, 188; the Canaanites first dwellers in, 324 SYSTEM-S. Official, of religion in Babylonia and Assyria, 92; of religion in Babylonia, 199; religious, of ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Yucatan; reference to, 204; Hellenic and Roman, 235; religions--Judaism, Christianity, Mohammedanism, 313; of religious races in Asia Minor, 324; Zarathustra's moral, 334

'TABLET HILL.' Haynes' discoveries at, 360; the temple library in, 363; King Nabonidos' (Nabonidus) vase found at, 364 TABLETS. Twelve, of the Gilgamesh epic, 155, 158, 159; detailed examination of, 161-180; of Destiny, 193-195; cuneiform, dealing with magic, 261, 262; Surpu and Maklu, series of, 262; the deluge, discovered by Smith, 347, 351, 352; discovered by Rassam, 354; of Nabopolasser, Nebuchadrezzar, Nabonidus, Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius, 358 TAB'OO. Prayers, etc., against, 262; belief in, in Chaldea, 278; known in Babylonia as _mamit_, 278 TAM'MUZ. One of the guardians of the gates of heaven, 118; Ishtar's search for, 126; myth of, 126-129; name derived from Dumu-zi, 126; Professor Sayce and, 126; addressed as 'shepherd and lord' in Akkadian hymn, 126; Ishtar, consort of, 127; Adonis myth related to that of, 131; Sir James Frazer's _Golden Bough_ and, 134; lamentations for, 135, 136, 140; a god of vegetation, 137, 138; Nin-Girsu (Shulgur) identified with, 144; the bridegroom of Ishtar's youth, 167; Dido and, 190; Ninib and, 216 TAM'MUZ-A-DO'NIS. Worshipped in Carthage, 330 TAM'TU. Assyrian term signifying 'the deep sea,' 72 TA'NIT. Goddess of the heavens and the moon; compared with Demeter, 330; inscriptions to, 330; identified with Dido, 331 TA'NITH. Goddess, honoured at Carthage, 328 TASH'MIT. Nebo's consort, 102, 185, 186; patron of writing, 185 TAU'RUS, SIGN OF. Represented by the slaying of the celestial bull, Alu, 182 TELL AM'RAN. Mound of, 374 TEL-LÔ. Ernest de Sarzec's researches at, 355, 356 TEMPLE-S. Of Bel, 101-105, 227; of Nebo and Tashmit, 102; of Ea and Nusku, 102; of Bel and Anu, 102; of Belus, reference to, 103; of Ea, 111; of Belus, reference to, 114; of Dagon, at Ashdod and Gaza, 151; of Merodach, at Babylon, 185, 374; of Asshur, 207; of Sin, at Calah, 223; priesthood, cult and, 239-241; of Babylonia and Assyria, 242-251; oldest, in Babylonia, was E-Kur, 248; as banks, 250; begun by Esar-haddon, 305; Saggal, of Merodach, 305; Sidda, 306; of Ashtart or Ishtar, at Sidon and Askelon, 327; to Apollo, 330; Zoroastrian, 335; of Nebo, 348; of Babylon, 373-375 TE'RAH. Father of Abraham, 51, 52 TESTAMENT, OLD. Nergal mentioned in, 105; Dagon in, 151, 152; David of the, 190; poetical form of, 322 TEUTONIC. Celtic religion and, compared, 316, 317 TEXTS, CUNEIFORM. _See_ Cuneiform TEXTS, MAGICAL. Dawkina alluded to in, 197; Anu mentioned in, 197, 198; a series known as 'Maklu,' 261, 262 TEZ-CAT-LI-PO'CA. Reference to, 222 THAL-ATH. Chaldaic equivalent for Omorca, 114 THEIAS, KING. Reference to, 132 _T'hom_ or 'DEEP.' Tiawath a parallel to the Old Testament expression, 72 THOMES. French exploration expedition and, 347 THOTH. Reference to, 185, 222, 224, 228 THUNDER-BIRD. North-American Indian conception, 193 THUNDER-GOD. Hadada, 188, 189 TI'A-MAT. Variant of Tiawath, 71 TI'AWATH. Variant, Tiamat, 71; a parallel to Old Testament expression _T'hom_ (or 'deep'), 72, 73; her ill-will toward the gods of heaven, 76-78; her death by Merodach, 78, 199; the 'fish' of Jonah and, 87; chaos, 193; slaughter of, enacted, 201; the host of, 232; not the only Babylonian monster, 289 TIG'LATH-PIL-E'SER I. Alternative, Tukulit-pal-E-saria, King of Assyria, 23; god Bel (En-lil) and, 95; Ishtar and, 212; Ninib and, 214, 216; Shamash and, 222; Merodach and, 227; Rawlinson discovers annals of, 346 TIG'LATH-PIL-E'SER II. Tales of, 299-301 TIG'LATH-PIL-E'SER III. Second Assyrian Empire commenced with, 29; conquers Babylon and is invested with the sovereignty of 'Asia,' 36 TIGRIS. The river, 206, 342 TOL'TECS. Reference to Aztecs, and, 226, 227 TONGUES. Babylonian towers and legend of confusion of, 47; legend of confusion of, found in Central America, 48; among African tribes some such myth found, 49; certain Australian and Mongolian peoples possess a similar tradition, 49 TOOTHACHE MYTH, A, 262 TOTEMISM. Signs of, in Babylonian religion, 92 TOWER OF BABEL. Legend of confusion of tongues and, 47. _See_ Babel TREE-S. Adonis and myrrh-, 137; Osiris and tamarisk-, 137; Attis and pine-, 137, 138; Tammuz and cedar, 138 TRIAD. _See_ Trinity TRIBAL DIVINITIES. The most outstanding, 94 TRINITY, A. Tiawath, Apsu, and Mummu, 74; Bel, Ea, and Anu, 97, 111, 191, 196-198; En-lil, Ea, and Anu, 121; of earth, air, and sea, 197; Ramman, Sin, and Shamash, 219; Ea, Anu, and Enlil evolved from demons, 268 TSAI'DU. The hunter; Gilgamesh, Eabani, and, 163-166 TSA'PHON. Carthaginian deity, 330 TUK-UL'TI-IN-AR-IS'TI. Son of Shalmaneser I; takes Babylon and slays its king, Bitilyasu, 22 TUK-UL'TI-NIN'IP. Son of Shalmaneser I; inscriptions of, 351 TYRE. Sidon and, in touch with Assyria, 327

U-BA'RA-TU-TU. Shurippak son of, 173 UB'SHU-KEN'NA (or Upshukkina-ku). The 'brilliant chamber' where the sun takes his rise, 252, 253 UK'HUT. Eabani and, 129, 163; one of the sacred women of the temple of Ishtar, 163 UKK'U-MU (Seizer). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202 UNDERWORLD, THE, 125, 128-132, 136; Eabani descends into, 160; description of, in VIIth of Gilgamesh tablets, 169 UR. City from whence Abram came, a near neighbour of Eridu, colonized by Nippur, 15; fall of the dynasty, 20; Nannar, the moon-god, of, 145-149; the moon-city, 249, 251 U'ra. The legend of, 268-270 UR-A-GAL, 175 UR'BAU. Bau alluded to in inscriptions of, 144; Zikkurat built by, at Nippur, 248 UR'GA. A town in Mesopotamia; equivalents, Caramit and Diarbekr, 52 UR-GUR. King of Assyria, 359, 366 UR-NIN'IB. Reference to pavement of, 366 U'ru. Canaanitish god of light; name found in Uru-Salim, 325 URU-AZ-AG'GA. Bau's temple at, 145 UR'UK. Place, 84 URU-KAG-I'NA. Bau alluded to in inscriptions of, 144 UT-NAP-ISH'TIM. Variant of Noah, 116, 160; hero of Babylonian deluge myth, figures in Gilgamesh epic, 155, 158, 160; Gilgamesh's ancestor, 170-173; Gilgamesh seeks secret of perpetual life from, 173-178; the deluge myth and, 173-178 UT-UKKU. Ghost of Eabani designated, 181; an evil spirit, 276 UZ. God; worshipped under form of a goat, 93, 292 UZZ'I-EL, JONATHAN, BEN. The targum of, 267

VAMPIRES. Babylonian, 264-266 VAN. Lake, 331 VASH'TI. Reference to, 142; Frazer on, 143 VED'IC GODS. Reference to, 77 VEGETATION. En-lil (Bel), a god of, 96; Ishtar, 'great mother' of, 123, 137, 138, 168; seven gates of Aralu and the decay of, 137; Tammuz, a god of, 137, 138, 140; Adonis and Aphrodite connected with, 139; Ceres, a corn-mother, 139; Proserpine, same nature, 139; Osiris introduced corn into Egypt, 139; Mordecai as god of, 144; Humman an Elamite god of, 144 VE'NUS. Star; Abram and, 55; temple of, 58; Ishtar and, 124, 235 VIR'GO, SIGN OF. Ishtar and the, 182

WAR. Ishtar, goddess of, 127, 213, 214; -god, Ninib a, 214; -god, Ramman a, 221 WAR-KÂ. Work of Loftus at, 346, 347 WATER. Purification by, 270 WATERS OF DEATH. Gilgamesh crosses, 158, 159 WESTERGAARD. Median language and, 65 WIND, SOUTH. Adapa and the, story of, 116-121; variant, Shutu, 117 WINDOWS. None in Nebuchadrezzar's palace at Babylon, 369 WITCH. Known as _Kassaptu_, 261; -finding, 272-275; -orgies in France, 293 WIZARDS. Priestly, 260-262; known as _Kassapu_, 261 WORD OF POWER, THE. The magicians of Chaldea and, 263 WORSHIP. Of gods by gods, 77; of gods under animal forms, 92, 93; of Bel, 98-101; of Shamash, 109; of Aa, 110; of Ishtar, 124; of Dagon, 151; of Merodach, 184, 185; of Nebo, 184, 185; of Hadad, in Syria, 188; of the Sun-god in Canaan and Phœnicia, 190; of Dodo or Dod, by the side of Yahveh, 190; of Ramman, 219, 220; of Aztecs and Toltecs, 226, 227; of stars, Babylonian, 231-238; lunar, 236; moon-, 249; Semitic, and lamentations, 253; of the gazelle and goat, 292-294; of great earth-mother, 318, 319; of ancestors; Canaanites, 326; of Moloch, 328; Carthaginian, 329-332; Zoroastrian, 332-336; of fire, 335, etc. WRITING, CUNEIFORM. Restoration of, 60-67; Josaphat Barbara and, 61; Pietro della Valle and, 61; Sir John Chardin and, 61; Niebuhr and, 61; Tychsen and, 61; Münter and, 61; Georg Grotefend, and, 62; Professor Lassen and, 63; Burnouf and, 63; Major Henry Rawlinson and, 64-66; Westergaard and, 65; Morris and, 65; Löwenstern and, 65; Hinks and, 65; Longpérier and, 66; origin of, 66, 67; on obelisk of Shalmaneser II, 343 WRITING-S. Religions, of Babylonia, 67; of Oannes, 113-116; Nebo credited, like Ea, with the invention of, 185; Tashmit patron of, 185; stars, the, of heaven, 231; Zarathustrian sacred, 334

XER'XES, KING. Reference to, 141; Esther, the crown-name of Jewish wife of, 143

YAH'WEH. The Hebrew name of God, 49; worship of, by the side of Dodo, by the Israelites, 190 YAR'AN. Sargon and, 210, 211 YEAR, NEW. _See_ New

ZAB. The river, 207 ZAG-MU'KU (_Zak-muk_). Festival of Sacæa or, 141; goddess Bau and, 251 ZAK-MUK. _See_ Zag-muku. ZA'MAMA. Court of Ishtar and, 101 ZA-RA-THUS'TRA. _See_ Zoroaster ZAR-PA-NI'TUM. Goddess, wife of Merodach, 186, 202; Ealur amalgamated with, 186 ZECH-A-RI'AH. Allusion of, to Hadad-Rimmon, 189 ZED-EK-I'AH. King of Jerusalem; Nebuchadrezzar and, 37 ZEUS. Reference to, 132, 315 ZIG-A-RUN. Variant of Apsu, 72 ZIK-KU-RAT-S. Staged towers; described, 242, 246; of Assur-bani-pal, 365 ZI'RAT-BA'NIT. The seat of, 306 ZIS-U'THROS, KING. Berossus substitutes, for Ut-Napishtim, 177, 178 ZO'DIAC. Signs of the, in the Babylonian astrological system, 183, 231, 232; the goat, one of the signs of the, 292 ZOG-A'NES. The, of the Sacæa, 142 ZOR-O-AS'TER. The religion of, 332-; earliest form of name Zarathustra, 333; a Mede, 333; good and evil principles of religion of, 334 ZU. The storm-god; retained a bird-like form, 93, 193-195; legend of, 193-195 ZU-BIRD. The bird roc, in _Arabian Nights_, a possible descendant of, 193