Chapter X
. a Tirolese tale, a variant of the Melusina type, wherein the wife was a witch. It will have been obvious to every reader that the tale is simply that of Cupid and Psyche with the parts reversed; and I might urge that Cupid and the witch were beings of precisely the same nature. Waiving this for the moment, however, no one will deny that the witch takes the place of the Swan-maiden, or fairy, in other stories of the group. But perhaps it may be suggested that the name _witch_ (_Angana_, _Hexe_) has got into the story by accident; and that not a witch in our sense of the word, but a ghost from the dead, is really meant. There might be something to be said for this if there were any substantial distinction to be made between ghosts and witches and fairies. In the tales and superstitions discussed in the present volume we have found no distinction. Whether it be child-stealing, transformation, midnight meetings, possession and gift of enchanted objects, spell-binding, or whatever function, or habit, or power be predicted of one, it will be found to be common to the three. I conclude, therefore, that they are all three of the same nature. This is what a consideration of the superstitions of savages would lead me to expect. The belief in fairies, ghosts, and witches is a survival of those superstitions. It is, of course, not found in equal coherence, equal strength of all its parts, equal logic (if I may so express it) everywhere. We must not be surprised if, as it is gradually penetrated by the growing forces of civilization, it becomes fragmentary, and the attributes of these various orders of supernatural beings begin to be differentiated. They are never completely so; and the proof of this is that what is at one place, at one time, or by one people, ascribed to one order, is at another place, at another time, or by another people, ascribed to another order. The nature of the classical deities was identical too; and hence Cupid and the witch of the Tirolese tale are the masculine and feminine counterparts of the same conception.
Lastly, a few words must be expended on a totally different theory lately put forward by Mr. MacRitchie. This theory is not altogether a new one; it has been before the world for many years. But Mr. MacRitchie has, first in "The Archæological Review," and since then more elaborately in a separate book, entitled "The Testimony of Tradition," worked it out and fortified it with an array of arguments philological, historical, topographical, and traditional. He claims to have established that the fairies of the Celtic and Teutonic races are neither more nor less than the prehistoric tribes whom they conquered and drove back, and whose lands they now possess. He identifies these mysterious beings with the Picts of Scotland, the Feinne of the Scottish Highlands and of Ireland, and the Finns and Lapps of Scandinavia. And he suggests that the Eskimo, the Ainos, and I know not what other dwarfish races, are relics of the same people; while Santa Klaus, the patron saint of children, is only a tradition of the wealthy and beneficent character borne by this ill-used folk. Primarily his arguments are concerned with Scotland and Ireland. He builds much on the howes or barrows, called in Scotland Picts' houses, which in both countries bear the reputation of being the haunt of fairies or dwarfs, and some of which seem to have been in fact dwelling-places. He quotes Dr. Karl Blind to show that Finns intermarried with the Shetlanders, and that they were believed to come over in the form of seals, casting aside their sealskins when they landed. In this connection he relates how the Finn women were captured by taking possession of their sealskins, without which they could not get away from their captors. He also shows that illimitable riches and magical powers were ascribed to the Picts and to the Finns, and that the Lapps were pre-eminent in witchcraft.
I shall leave it to Celtic scholars to deal with Mr. MacRitchie's remarkable etymologies and with his historical arguments, confining myself to one or two observations on the traditional aspect of the theory. Now I should be the last to undervalue any traces of history to be found in tradition. I have elsewhere drawn attention to the importance of the study of this element in folk-tales;[245] and I am quite ready to admit that nothing is more likely than the transfer to the mythical beings of Celtic superstition of some features derived from alien races. Savages and barbarians are in the habit of imputing to strangers and foes in greatly extended measure the might of witchcraft they claim for themselves. And the wider the differences between themselves and the foreigners, the more mysterious to them are the habits and appearance of the latter, and the more powerful do they believe them. All this might account for many details that we are told concerning the dwarfs, the Picts, the Finns, or by whatever other names the elvish race may have been known to Scots and Irishmen. But further than this I cannot go with Mr. MacRitchie. I hold his error, like that of Liebrecht already discussed, to be founded on too narrow an induction. This volume will have been written in vain, as it appears that for Mr. MacRitchie the vastly more important works of Dr. Tylor and Mr. Andrew Lang have been written in vain, unless I have made it clear that the myths of nations all over the world follow one general law and display common characteristics. I am not astonished to find the Shetland tale of marriage with a seal-woman reproduced on the Gold Coast and among the Dyaks of Borneo. But Mr. MacRitchie ought to be very much astonished; for he can hardly show that the historical Finns were known in these out-of-the-way places. It seems to me natural to find that in Scotland and Ireland fairies dwelt in barrows, and in Annam and Arabia in hills and rocks; and that both in this country and in the far East they inveigled unhappy mortals into their dwellings and kept them for generations--nay, for centuries. That the Shoshone of California should dread their infants being changed by the Ninumbees, or dwarfs, in the same way as the Celts of the British Islands, and the Teutons too, dreaded their infants being changed, does not seem at all incredible to me. That to eat the food of the dead in New Zealand prevents a living man from returning to the land of the living, just as Persephone was retained in Hades by partaking of the pomegranate, and just as to eat the food of fairies hinders the Manx or the Hebrew adventurer from rejoining his friends on the surface of the earth, is in no way perplexing to me. But all these things, and they might be multiplied indefinitely, must be very perplexing to Mr. MacRitchie, if he be not prepared to prove that Annamites and Arabs, Hebrews and Shoshone, New Zealanders and classical Greeks alike, were acquainted with the Picts and the Finns, and alike celebrated them in their traditions.
The truth Mr. MacRitchie does not reckon with is, that no theory will explain the nature and origin of the fairy superstitions which does not also explain the nature and origin of every other supernatural being worshipped or dreaded by uncivilized mankind throughout the world. And until he shall address himself to this task, however ingenious his guesses, however amusing his philology, however delightfully wild his literary and historical arguments, he will not succeed in convincing any serious student.
Here then we must pause. Obvious are the differences between the nations of mankind: differences of physical conformation,--that is to say, of race; divergences of mental and moral development,--that is to say, of civilization. Hitherto the task attempted by folklore has been to show that underlying all these differences there is a broad foundation of common agreement; that distinctions of race do not extend to mental and moral constitution; that the highest nation on the ladder of culture has climbed from the same rung on which the lowest are yet standing; and that the absurd and incongruous customs and institutions and the equally absurd and impossible stories and beliefs found imbedded in the civilization of the more advanced nations are explicable, and explicable only, as relics of the phases wherethrough those nations have passed from the depths of savagery.
If it be admitted in general terms that the evidence collected and marshalled up to the present time has established among sure scientific facts so much of the past of humanity, this achievement is but the beginning of toil. A wide field has been opened to the student for the collection and arrangement of details, before the true meaning of many a strange custom and stranger tale will be thoroughly understood. I have tried to do something of the kind in the foregoing pages. But beyond this there is the more delicate investigation of the ethnic element in folklore. Can we assign to the various races their special shares in the development of a common tradition? Can we show what direction each race took, and how and why it modified the general inheritance?
On the other hand, it is not asserted that the status of savagery was the primitive condition of men. Of course it may have been. But if not, there is work to be done in endeavouring to ascertain what lies behind it. The questions started from this point wander across the border of folklore into pure psychology; but it is a psychology based not upon introspection and analysis of the mind of the civilized man, developed under the complex influences that have been acting and reacting during untold years of upward struggling, always arduous and often cruel, but a psychology which must be painfully reconstructed from the simplest and most archaic phenomena disclosed by anthropological research. Who can say what light may not thus be thrown as well on the destiny as on the origin of mankind?
FOOTNOTES:
[240] Liebrecht, p. 54; "F. L. Journal," vol. vii. p. 312.
[241] Map, Dist. iv. c. 10.
[242] The sect of the Cabalists, indeed, believed in the existence of spirits of nature, embodiments or representatives of the four elements, which they called respectively gnomes, sylphs, salamanders, and ondines. To this strange sect some of the savage opinions on the subject of spirits seem to have been transmitted in a philosophical form from classical antiquity. They taught that it was possible for the philosopher by austerity and study to rise to intercourse with these elemental spirits, and even to obtain them in marriage. But the orthodox regarded the Cabalists as magicians and their spirits as foul incubi. See Lecky, "History of Rationalism," vol. i. p. 46.
[243] Hapgood, p. 214.
[244] Müller, p. 33.
[245] "Folklore," vol. i. pp. 113, 116.
APPENDIX.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF SOME OF THE WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE FOREGOING PAGES.
_Aberd. Eistedd._ See _Trans. Aberd. Eistedd_.
ALPENBURG. See Von Alpenburg.
AMÉLINEAU. Contes et Romans del' Égypte Chrétienne par E. Amélineau. 2 vols. Paris, 1888.
_Amer. F. L._ See _Journal Amer. F. L_.
_Am Urds-Brunnen._ Am Urds-Brunnen. Mittheilungen für Freunde volksthümlich-wissenschaftlicher Kunde. 6 vols. [The first two volumes entitled _Am Urds-Brunnen_, _Organ des Vereins für Verbreitung volksthümlich-wissenschaftlicher Kunde_.] Rendsburg, 1881-89.
_Antiquary._ The Antiquary, a Magazine devoted to the study of the Past. 22 vols. London, 1880-90, still proceeding.
_Archivio._ Archivio per lo studio delle Tradizioni Popolari Rivista Trimestrale diretta da G. Pitré e S. Salomone-Marino. 9 vols. Palermo, 1882-90, still proceeding.
_Arch. Rev._ The Archæological Review. 4 vols. London, 1888-90.
ARNAUDIN. Contes Populaires recueillis dans la Grande Lande le Born les Petites Landes et le Marensin par Félix Arnaudin. Paris, 1887.
AUBREY, _Miscellanies._ Miscellanies upon various subjects. By John Aubrey, F.R.S. 4th edition. London, 1857.
---- _Remaines._ Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme. By John Aubrey, R.S.S. 1686-87. Edited and annotated by James Britten, F.L.S. London, 1881. (Folk-Lore Society.)
_Bahar-Danush._ Bahar-Danush; or Garden of Knowledge. An Oriental Romance. Translated from the Persic of Einaiut Oollah. By Jonathan Scott. 3 vols. Shrewsbury, 1799.
BARING-GOULD. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A. New edition. London, 1869.
BARTSCH. Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Karl Bartsch. 2 vols. Wien, 1879-80.
BASSET. Contes Populaires Berbères recueillis, traduits et annotés par René Basset. Paris, 1887.
BENT. The Cyclades, or Life among the Insular Greeks. By J. Theodore Bent, B.A. London, 1885.
BIRLINGER, _Aus Schwaben._ Aus Schwaben Sagen, Legenden, Aberglauben, Sitten, Rechtsbräuche, Ortsneckereien, Lieder, Kinderreime Neue Sammlung von Anton Birlinger. 2 vols. Wiesbaden, 1874.
---- _Volksthümliches._ Volksthümliches aus Schwaben. Herausgegeben von Dr. Anton Birlinger. 2 vols. and Wörterbüchlein. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-62.
BLADÉ. Contes Populaires de la Gascogne par M. Jean-François Bladé. 3 vols. Paris, 1886.
_Border Minstrelsy._ Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: consisting of Historical and Romantic Ballads, collected in the Southern Counties of Scotland. 3rd edition. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1806.
BOWKER. Goblin Tales of Lancashire. By James Bowker, F.R.G.S.I. London, N.D.
BRAGA. Ethnographia Portugueza. O Povo Portuguez nos seus Costumes, Crenças e Tradições por Theophilo Braga. 2 vols. Lisboa, 1886.
BRAND. Observations on Popular Antiquities: chiefly illustrating the origin of our vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions. By John Brand, M.A., F. and Sec. S.A. Arranged and revised, with additions by Henry Ellis, F.R.S., Sec. S.A. 2 vols. London, 1813.
BRAUNS. Japanische Märchen und Sagen gesammelt und herausgegeben von David Brauns. Leipzig, 1885.
BRAY. See Mrs. Bray.
BRETT. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: their condition and habits. By the Rev. W. H. Brett. London, 1868.
---- _Legends and Myths._ Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. Collected and edited by the Rev. William Henry Brett, B. D. London, N.D.
_Brython._ See _Y Brython_.
BURTON, _Nights._ A plain and literal translation of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, now entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, with introduction, explanatory notes, &c. by Richard F. Burton. 10 vols. Privately printed. 1885.
---- _Suppl. Nights._ Supplemental Nights to The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night with notes anthropological and explanatory by Richard F. Burton. 6 vols. Privately printed. 1886-88.
BUSK, _Sagas._ Sagas from the Far East; or Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary Tales. With historical preface and explanatory notes by the author of Patrañas, &c. [Miss R. H. Busk]. London, 1873.
CAMPBELL. Popular Tales of the West Highlands orally collected with a translation by J. F. Campbell. 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1860-62.
CAMPBELL, Lord A. See Lord A. Campbell.
CARNOY. Littérature Orale de la Picardie par E. Henry Carnoy. Paris, 1883.
CASTRÉN, _Altaischen Völker._ M. Alexander Castrén's Ethnologische Vorlesungen über die Altaischen Völker nebst Samojedischen Märchen und Tartarischen Heldensagen. Herausgegeben von Anton Schiefner. St. Petersburg, 1857.
CAVALLIUS. Schwedische Volkssagen und Märchen. Nach mündlicher Ueberlieferung gesammelt und herausgegeben von Gunnar Olof Hyltén Cavallius und George Stephens. Mit Varianten und kritischen Anmerkungen. Deutsch von Carl Oberleitner. Wien, 1848.
CERTEUX ET CARNOY. Contributions au Folk-Lore des Arabes. L'Algérie Traditionnelle Légendes, Contes, &c., par A. Certeux et E. Henry Carnoy. First vol. only published. Paris, 1884.
CHAMBERS. Popular Rhymes of Scotland. Robert Chambers. London, 1870.
CHILD. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads edited by Francis James Child. Boston, U.S.A. Privately printed. [The prospectus is dated 1882. It announced "about 8 parts": only six of these (making three volumes) have been issued to date.]
_Choice Notes._ Choice Notes from "Notes and Queries." Folk Lore. London, 1859.
COMPARETTI. Novelline Popolari Italiane pubblicate ed illustrate da Domenico Comparetti. First vol. only published. Roma, 1875.
_Corpus Poet. Bor._ Corpus Poeticum Boreale. The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue from the earliest times to the thirteenth century. Edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson, M.A., and F. York Powell, M.A. 2 vols. Oxford, 1883.
COSQUIN. Emmanuel Cosquin. Contes Populaires de Lorraine comparés avec les Contes des autres Provinces de France et des Pays Étrangers. 2 vols. Paris, N.D.
_Count Lucanor._ Count Lucanor; or The Fifty Pleasant Stories of Patronio. Written by the Prince Don Juan Manuel and first done into English by James York, M.D., 1868. London, 1888.
CROMEK. Remains of Nithsdale and Galloway Song with Historical and Traditional Notices relative to the Manners and Customs of the Peasantry, now first published by R. H. Cromek, F.A.S. Ed. London, 1810. Reprint: Paisley, 1880.
CURTIN. Myths and Folk-Lore of Ireland by Jeremiah Curtin. London, 1890.
_Cymmrodor._ See _Y Cymmrodor_.
_Cymru Fu._ "Cymru Fu"; yn cynwys Hanesion, Traddodiadau, yn nghyda Chwedlau a Dammegion Cymreig (oddiar lafar gwlad a gweithiau y prif awduron). Wrexham, N.D. [Preface dated October 1862.]
_Cymru Fu N. and Q._ Cymru Fu: Notes and Queries relating to the past History of Wales and the Border Countries. 2 vols. Cardiff, 1887-90, still proceeding.
DAVIES, _Mythology._ The Mythology and Rites of the British Druids by Edward Davies, author of Celtic Researches. London, 1809.
DAY. Folk-Tales of Bengal by the Rev. Lal Behari Day. London, 1883.
DE GUBERNATIS, _Novelline._ Le Novelline di Santo Stefano raccolte da Angelo De Gubernatis. Torino, 1869.
---- _Usi Natal._ A. De Gubernatis. Storia comparata degli Usi Natalizi in Italia e presso gli altri-popoli Indo-Europei. Milano, 1878.
---- _Zool. Myth._ Zoological Mythology or The Legends of Animals by Angelo De Gubernatis. 2 vols. London, 1872.
DENNYS. The Folk-Lore of China, and its affinities with that of the Aryan and Semitic Races. By N. B. Dennys, Ph.D., F.R.G.S. London, 1876.
DES MICHELS. Contes Plaisants Annamites traduits en Français pour la première fois par Abel Des Michels. Paris, 1888.
DORMAN. The Origin of Primitive Superstitions and their Development, &c., among the Aborigines of America. By Rushton M. Dorman. Philadelphia, 1881.
DORSA. La Tradizione Greco-Latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria citeriore per Vincenzo Dorsa. 2a edizione. Cozenza, 1884.
_Early Trav._ Early Travels in Palestine, edited by Thomas Wright Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. London, 1848.
ELLIS. The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa. Their religion, manners, customs, laws, language, &c. By A. B. Ellis. London, 1887.
FARRER. Primitive Manners and Customs. By James A. Farrer. London, 1879.
_F. L. Españ._ Folk-Lore Español. Biblioteca de las Tradiciones Populares Españolas. 11 vols. Sevilla, 1883-90, still proceeding.
_Folk-Lore._ Folk-Lore, a quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution, and Custom. London, 1890, still proceeding. [Organ of the Folk-Lore Society.]
_F. L. Journal._ The Folk-Lore Journal. 7 vols. London, 1883-89. [Organ of the Folk-Lore Society.]
_F. L. Record._ The Folk-Lore Record. 5 vols. N.D. [1878-82. Organ of the Folk-Lore Society.]
FLEURY. Littérature Orale de la Basse-Normandie (Hague et Val-de-Saire) par Jean Fleury. Paris, 1883.
GARNETT. The Women of Turkey and their Folklore by Lucy M. J. Garnett. The Christian Women. London, 1890.
_Gent. Mag. Lib._ The Gentleman's Magazine Library: being a classified collection of the chief contents of the Gentleman's Magazine from 1731 to 1868. Edited by George Lawrence Gomme, F.S.A. 11 vols. London, 1883-90, still proceeding. [Vols. not numbered, but distinguished by the title of their contents.]
GERV. TILB. Des Gervasius von Tilbury Otia Imperialia. In einer Auswahl neu herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen begleitet von Felix Liebrecht. Hannover, 1856.
_Gesta Romanorum._ Gesta Romanorum translated from the Latin by the Rev. Charles Swan, revised and corrected by Wynnard Hooper, B.A. London, 1877.
GILES. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. Translated and annotated by Herbert A. Giles. 2 vols. London, 1880.
GILL. Myths and Songs from the South Pacific. By the Rev. William Wyatt Gill, B.A. London, 1876.
GIRALD. CAMBR. The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, translated by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., in The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis, edited by Thomas Wright Esq., M.A., F.S.A. London, 1887.
GONZENBACH. Sicilianische Märchen. Aus dem Volksmund gesammelt von Laura Gonzenbach. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.
GREDT. Sagenschatz des Luxemburger Landes. Gesammelt von Dr. N. Gredt. Luxemburg, 1885.
GREGOR. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the North-East of Scotland. By the Reverend Walter Gregor, M.A. London, 1881. (Folk-Lore Society.)
GREY. See Sir G. Grey.
GRIMM, _Märchen._ Kinder- und Haus-Märchen gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm. 17te Auflage. Berlin, 1880.
---- _Tales._ Grimm's Household Tales. With the author's notes translated from the German and edited by Margaret Hunt. 2 vols. London, 1884.
---- _Teut. Myth._ Teutonic Mythology by Jacob Grimm translated from the fourth edition with notes and appendix by James Steven Stallybrass. 4 vols. with continuous pagination. London, 1880-88.
GRINNELL. Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales with notes on the Origin, Customs, and Character of the Pawnee People by George Bird Grinnell. New York, 1889.
GROHMANN. Sagen aus Böhmen gesammelt und herausgegeben von Dr. Josef Virgil Grohmann. Prag, 1883.
GRUNDTVIG. Dänische Volksmärchen von Svend Grundtvig. Übersetzt von Willibald Leo. Neue Ausgabe. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1885.
GUBERNATIS. See De Gubernatis.
HAHN. See Von Hahn.
HALTRICH. Deutsche Volksmärchen aus dem Sachsenlande in Siebenbürgen. Gesammelt von Josef Haltrich. 4te Auflage. Wien, 1885.
HAPGOOD. The Epic Songs of Russia by Isabel Florence Hapgood. New York, N.D. [Preface dated August 1885.]
HARLAND and WILKINSON. Lancashire Legends, Traditions, Pageants, Sports, &c. By John Harland, F.S.A., and T. T. Wilkinson, F.R.A.S. London, 1873.
HAZLITT, _Fairy Tales._ Fairy Tales, Legends and Romances illustrating Shakespeare and other Early English writers to which are prefixed two preliminary dissertations by Joseph Ritson. [Edited by W. C. Hazlitt.] London, 1875.
HENDERSON. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. New Edition. By William Henderson. London, 1879. (Folk-Lore Society.)
HOWELLS. Cambrian Superstitions, comprising Ghosts, Omens, Witchcraft, Traditions, &c. By W. Howells. Tipton, 1831.
HUNT. Popular Romances of the West of England or the Drolls, Traditions and Superstitions of Old Cornwall collected and edited by Robert Hunt, F.R.S. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1881.
IMBRIANI. La Novellaja Fiorentina fiabe e novelline stenografate in Firenze dal dettato popolare da Vittorio Imbriani. Ristampa accresciute di molte novelle inedite, &c., nelle quali è accolta La Novellaja Milanese dello stesso raccoglitore. Livorno, 1877.
IM THURN. Among the Indians of Guiana being sketches chiefly anthropologic from the interior of British Guiana. By Everard F. im Thurn, M.A. London, 1883.
_Indian N. and Q._ Indian Notes and Queries (late "Panjab Notes and Queries"), a Monthly Periodical conducted by Captain R. C. Temple and others. 7 vols. Allahabad, 1883-90, still proceeding.
_Irish Folk Lore_, or _Irish F. L._ Irish Folk Lore: Traditions and Superstitions of the Country; with humorous tales. By "Lageniensis." Glasgow, N.D. [Preface dated April 1870.]
JAHN. Volkssagen aus Pommern und Rügen. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Dr. Ulrich Jahn. Stettin, 1886.
JANNSEN. Märchen und Sagen des estnischen Volkes gesammelt und übersetzt von Harry Jannsen. Two series. 1st ser. Dorpat, 1881: 2nd ser. Riga, 1888.
JONES and KROPF. The Folk-Tales of the Magyars. Collected by Kriza, Erdélyi, Pap and others. Translated and edited by the Rev. W. Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf. London, 1889. (Folk-Lore Society.)
_Journal. Amer. F. L._ The Journal of American Folk-Lore. 3 vols. Boston, 1888-90, still proceeding. [Organ of the American Folk-Lore Society.]
_Kalewala._ Kalewala, des National-Epos der Finnen, nach der zweiten Ausgabe ins Deutsche übertragen von Anton Schiefner. Helsingfors, 1852.
_Kathá Sarit Ságara._ The Kathá Sarit Ságara, or Ocean of the Streams of Story translated from the original Sanskrit by C. H. Tawney, M.A. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1880-84.
KEIGHTLEY. The Fairy Mythology, illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of various Countries by Thomas Keightley. New Edition, revised and greatly enlarged. London, 1882.
KENNEDY. Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts. Collected and narrated by Patrick Kennedy. London, 1866.
KIRBY. The New Arabian Nights. Select Tales, not included by Galland or Lane. Translated and edited by W. F. Kirby. London, N.D.
KNOOP. Volkssagen, Erzählungen, Aberglauben, Gebräuche und Märchen aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern. Gesammelt von Otto Knoop. Posen, 1885.
KNOWLES. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. By the Rev. J. Hinton Knowles. London, 1888.
KRAUSS. Sagen und Märchen der Südslaven. Zum grossen Teil aus ungedruckten Quellen von Dr. Friedrich S. Krauss. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1883-84.
---- _Volksgl._ Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven. Vorwiegend nach eigenen Ermittlungen von Dr. Friedrich S. Krauss. Münster i W. 1890.
KREUTZWALD. Ehstnische Märchen. Aufgezeichnet von Friedrich Kreutzwald. Aus dem Ehstnischen übersetzt von F. Löwe. Halle, 1869.
KUHN. Märkische Sagen und Märchen nebst einem Anhange von Gebräuchen und Aberglauben gesammelt und herausgegeben von Adalbert Kuhn. Berlin, 1843.
KUHN UND SCHWARTZ. Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg, &c. Aus dem munde des Volkes gesammelt und herausgegeben von A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz. Leipzig, 1848.
LADY WILDE. Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms and Superstitions of Ireland. By Lady Wilde. 2 vols. London, 1887.
LA CROIX. Manners Customs and Dress during the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance Period by Paul La Croix (Bibliophile Jacob). 4th thousand. London, 1876.
LANDES. Contes et Légendes Annamites par A. Landes. Saigon, 1886.
_La Tradition._ La Tradition Revue Générale des Contes, Légendes, Chants, Usages, Traditions et Arts populaires. 4 vols. Paris, 1887-90, still proceeding. [Organ of the Société des Traditionnistes.]
LELAND. The Algonquin Legends of New England, or Myths and Folk-Lore of the Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot Tribes by Charles G. Leland. London, 1884.
LEMKE. Volksthümliches in Ostpreussen von E. Lemke. 2 vols. Mohrungen, 1884-87.
LIEBRECHT. Zur Volkskunde. Alte und neue Aufsätze von Felix Liebrecht. Heilbronn, 1879.
_Llyvyr Coch._ See _Y Llyvyr Coch_.
Lord A. CAMPBELL, _Waifs and Strays._ Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition. I. Argyllshire Series. Edited by Lord Archibald Campbell. London, 1879.
LUZEL, _Contes._ Contes Populaires de Basse-Bretagne par F. M. Luzel. 3 vols. Paris, 1887.
---- _Légendes Chrét._ Légendes Chrétiennes de la Basse-Bretagne par F. M. Luzel. 2 vols. Paris, 1881.
---- _Veillées._ Veillées Bretonnes par F. M. Luzel. Morlaix, 1879.
MACINNES. Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition. Folk and Hero Tales. Collected, Edited and Translated by the Rev. D. Mac Innes. With Notes by the Editor and Alfred Nutt. London, 1890.
MACRITCHIE. The Testimony of Tradition by David MacRitchie. London, 1890.
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MAP. Gualteri Mapes De Nugis Curialium Distinctiones Quinque. Edited from the unique manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford by Thomas Wright Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. London, 1850.
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INDEX.
Actæon, 71
Afghan legend, 183
Alsatian tales, 213, 216
American Indians, Tales of North, 268, 271, 314, 315
Ananci tale, 294
Animism, 25
Annamite tales, 200, 323
Arabian Nights Entertainments, 50, 69, 79, 84, 255, 260, 267
Arab tales (_see_ Arabian Nights Entertainments), 202, 300, 316, 319
Ardshi-Bordshi, 81
Arthur, King, 205, 207, 211, 212, 234
Art of Story-telling, 1, 5, 20. In Western Highlands, 5; Brittany, 7; Portugal, Brazil, Gascony, Wales, England, 8; France, Sicily, 9; Panjab, 11; Cashmere, New Zealand, Polynesia, Greenland, 12; among the Malagasy, Ahts, Indian tribes of Guiana, 13; in India, 14; among the Algonkins, ancient Germans, Anglo-Saxons, ancient Welsh, 15; Arabs, Guslars, 16; Swahilis, 17; Eskimo, 12, 19
Ascension Day, 90
Aubrey, John, 148, 244
Bahar Danush, 260
Ballafletcher, Cup of, 156
Bantik. _See_ Celebes
Bards, Welsh, 15
Baptism, superstitions concerning, 94, 101
Barrows, haunted, 141, 142, 146, 231
Basque tale, 293
Berchta, Dame, 70, 90
Blanik mountain, 184, 219, 220
Blood relationship among savages, 47
Bohemian tales, 56, 119, 175, 184, 219, 245, 251, 260, 294
Bona Dea, 84, 87
Bornoese tales, 300, 311, 324
Breton tales, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 116, 138, 174, 190, 192, 293
Briar Rose, 247
Buddhist influence on tales, 295, _et seqq._
Bulgarian tales. _See_ Slavonic
Burmese tale, 267, 297
Burton, Sir Richard F. (_see_ Arabian Nights Entertainments), 16
Cabalists, the, a mediæval sect, 341
Carinthian tales, 173, 240
Cashmere, tales from. _See_ Indian
Celebes Islands, tale from, 267, 297
Changelings, 93, _et seqq._
Chinese superstitions, 97, 98
Chinese tales, 177, 178, 299, 300
Christening. _See_ Baptism
Christmas, 141, 142, 157, 159
Coals turned to gold, 49
Cologne, Three Kings of, 149, 150
Coptic tale, 181
Corpus Christi Day, 89
Corsican tale, 274
Cosquin, Emmanuel, 267, 297
Coventry, _See_ Godiva
Cretan tales, _See_ Greek
Cyclades, tale from, _See_ Greek
Danish superstitions, 96, 99, 231
Danish tales, 40, 44, 50, 56, 67, 103, 114, 130, 131, 140, 141, 144, 151, 185, 213, 294
Dardistan, tale from, 49
Davies, Rev. Edward, 136
Dean, Forest of, _See_ Forest
Death, savage belief on, 27
Derceto, a Phoenician goddess, 324
Devil, the, 42, 47, 69, 263, 280
Diana, 71
Diedrich, 213, 233
Dobocz, the robber chief, 218, 233
Dracs of the Rhone, 65, 100
Duffus, story of Lord, 148
Dyak, _See_ Bornoese
Edenhall, _See_ Luck
Edgehill, Battle of, 235
Edric the Wild, 302, 338, 340
Eggshells, changelings detected by, 153, _et seqq._, 125
Elidorus, tale of, 135
English superstitions, 96, 100, 205
English tales, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 106, 116, 124, 126, 139, 145, 146, 147, 178, 189, 211, 234, 244
Epimenides, tale of, 183
Eskimo tales, 137, 262
Esthonian tales, 201, 273, 280
Etiquette of various nations, 309, 321
Ezra, 182
Fairy Births and Human Midwives, 37, _et seqq._, 59, _et seqq._
Fairyland, 43, 47, 161, 196, 222
Fairy Tales, definition of, 3; divisions of, 22; principles of explanation of, 32
Feather-robe, 258, 267, 268, 298, 300, 301
Females, kinship through, _See_ Kinship
Finnish tales, 259, 329
Fire, superstitions respecting, 96, 97
Forest of Dean, 78
Folktale (_See_ Art of Story-telling), connection with folk-song, 14; how to be reported, 21
Frazer J. G., 31, 249, 252
Frederick Barbarossa, 172, 213
French superstitions, 96
French tales (_See_ Breton), 42, 47, 65, 114, 119, 272, 293, 324, 342
Frog, Fairy as, _See_ Toad.
Gaelic tales, _See_ Scottish
Gerald, Earl, 210, 233
German superstitions, 95, 96, 99, 108, 140, 143, 279, 281
German tales (_See_ Alsatian, Pomeranian, Rügen, Swabian, Transylvanian), 48, 103, 113, 114, 118, 124, 126, 130, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 149, 152, 172, 177, 185, 188, 192, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 259, 281, 327
Gervase of Tilbury, 65, 100, 145, 212, 234, 272, 284
Giraldus Cambrensis, 135
Gloucestershire (_See_ Forest of Dean, St. Briavels), 145
Godiva, legend of Lady, 71, _et seqq._
Gold Coast, custom at, 86
Gold Coast, tales of, 313, 324
Gold, fairy, turns to dross, 50
Grateful animals, _See_ Buddhist
Gratitude, fairy, 48, 218, 312, 316
Greek superstitions, 99, 100
Greek tales, 55, 82, 242, 267, 269, 290, 317
Grey, Sir George, 12, 285
Grimm, 120, 140, 212, 213, 216, 233
Guiana, tales from, 261, 289, 297, 299, 324
Guernsey, tales from, 62, 66, 114
Hades, food of, must not be eaten, 43, 44, 45, 47
Harold II., King, 72, 205
Hasan of Bassorah, tale of, 255, 291
Hebrew tale, 41, 55
Helpful beasts, _See_ Buddhist
Herla, King, tale of, 178, 234
Hero, the Hidden, the Sleeping, 205 _et seqq._, 228, 235
Hertha, a German goddess, 71, 89, 90
Hindoo customs, tales, _See_ Indian
Highland tales, _See_ Scottish
Holle, Dame, 215, 236
Icelandic tales, 113, 193
Imagination among savages, 2, 33
Im Thurn, Everard, 13, 230
Indian customs, 84
Indian tales, 82, 227, 268, 296, 317, 318, 338
Iolo Morganwg, 207
Irish superstitions, 96, 121, 123, 210, 211
Irish tales, 50, 52, 63, 107, 116, 118, 122, 128, 196, 198, 202, 210, 211, 259, 314, 324, 338
Iron, dislike of supernatural beings to, 50, 97, 126, 164, 306
Irving, Washington, 177, 181
Italian superstitions, 99
Italian tales (_see_ Corsican, Sicilian, Tirolese), 199, 293
Japanese tales, 174, 178, 194, 273, 301
Jewish tales, _See_ Hebrew
Jeremiah the prophet, 181 [TN: out of alphabetical order]
Kaffir tale, 328
Kan Püdäi, 42
Kathá-sarit-ságara, 318
Keats, 313
Kinship through females, 228, _et seqq._
Kirk Malew, Cup of, 155
Koran, _See_ Mohammed
Kurdish tale, 262, 292
Kurroglú, the robber-poet, 80
Kyffhäuser, 172, 214, 215, 229
Lady Wilde, _See_ Wilde
Lapp superstitions, 108
Lapp tales, 38, 57, 173, 329
Liebrecht, Felix, 79; his Ghost Theory, 337
Lithuanian superstitions, 96
Lithuanian tales, 104, 120, 220, 221
Li Kì, a Chinese classic, 321
Loo Choo Islands, tale from, 318
Longfellow, 187
Luck of Edenhall, 153
Luther on Changelings, 109, 124
Luxemburg, 240, 253, 324
Luzel, F. M., 7, 190
Mabinogion, 188
MacRitchie, David, his Finn Theory, 349, _et seqq._
Mahábhárata, 317
Magyar tale, 260
Malagasy tale, 287
Malory, Sir Thomas, 205
Manx superstitions, 108, 210
Manx tales, 41, 106, 117, 155
Maori customs, 290
Maori tales, 45, 274, 285, 288, 289, 317, 319
Map, Walter, 178, 234, 302, 338, 340, 341
Marko, Prince, _or_ King, tale of, 218
Marquis of the Sun, tale of, 264, 291, 293
Marriage settlements, Indian, 321, 322
Maundeville, Sir John, 111, 239
Meddygon Myddfai, 325
Melusina, 240, 253, 272, 273, 321, 324, 327
Merlin, 209
Messia, the Sicilian story-teller, 9
Metamorphosis, 26, 31
Midsummer Day, _See_ St. John's Day
Midwives, adventures of, _See_ Fairy Births
Minstrel in Middle Ages, 15
Mohammed, 182, 224
Mohel, adventure of a, 41, 55
Moravian tale, 274
Morgan the Fay, 43, 204
Morris, William, 239, 260, 261
Mother-right, _See_ Kinship
Myddfai, Physicians of, _See_ Meddygon
Names, Savage feeling about, 309
Napoleon I., 206
Nereids, 55, 99, 242, 267, 317, 325
Netherlands, tale from, 188
New Guinea, tale from, 322
New Year's Eve and Night, 69, 248
New Zealand, _See_ Maori
Nightmare, the, 278, _et seqq._
Norwegian tales. _See_ Scandinavian
Odin, _See_ Woden
Ogier the Dane, _See_ Olger
Ointment, Magical, 59, _et seqq._
Oisin, 196, 198
Oldenburg Horn, 149
Olger the Dane, 43, 204, 213
Omens, 30
Osburg, foundress of nunnery at Coventry, 90
Ossian, _See_ Oisin
Ovid, 71
Owen Glendower, 209
Owen Lawgoch, 209
Parsees, _See_ Sad Dar
Peeping Tom, _See_ Godiva
Peleus, _See_ Thetis
Perrault, 247
Pitré, Dr., 9, 53, 192
Pliny, 86, 183
Pomeranian tales, 48, 51, 141, 217, 237, 242, 243, 251, 262, 281
Polynesian tales, 44, 45, 267, 319, 324
Portuguese superstition, 206
Portuguese tale, 181
Princess, the Enchanted, 237, _et seqq._, 262
Proserpine, 43, 48
Revenge, Fairy, 52, 59, _et seqq._, 65, _et seqq._
Rhys, Professor, 37, 64, 66, 110, 163, 164, 188, 231, 325, 330
Rip van Winkle, 177
Robberies from Fairyland, 135, _et seqq._
Roger of Wendover, _See_ Godiva
Roman superstition, 96
Russian tales, 119, 259, 265, 294, 298, 344
Rügen, Island of, tales from, 71, 89, 127, 152, 236
Sad Dar, a sacred book of Parsees, 96
Samoyede tale, 268
Savage ideas, 22; evidence of, 32
Savages, imagination among, 2
Saxo Grammaticus, 44
Scandinavian tales (_see_ Icelandic, Danish), 38, 115, 142, 150, 155, 217, 258, 281, 294, 318
Scottish superstitions, 94, 95, 96, 127, 133
Scottish tales, 55, 61, 98, 105, 111, 112, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131, 132, 144, 148, 165, 166, 167, 180, 186, 241, 266, 293, 312
Sebastian, Don, 206
Sébillot, Paul, 67
Seven Sleepers, the, 182
Siberian tales, 42, 169
Sicilian superstitions, 100, 111
Sicilian tales, 53, 192, 212, 299
Siegfried, _or_ Sigurd, 212, 247
Sikes, Wirt, 64, 123, 137, 165, 278
Simrock, Karl, 101, 116
Slavonic superstitions, 206, 279
Slavonic tales (_see_ Bohemian, Russian, Lithuanian), 218, 266, 267, 298, 312
Southam, procession at, 85
Southey, 187
Spanish superstitions, 100, 205
Spanish tales, 187, 226, 264, 294, 315, 325, 339
Spirits, doctrine of, 25, 42
St. Augustine, 100, 235
St. Briavels, custom at, 78, 87
Stephens, Professor Dr. Geo., 150
St. John's Day, 214, 236, 238, 248
Story-telling, Art of, _See_ Art
Stoymir, the Knight, 220, 233
Swabian tales, 39, 52, 147, 244, 245, 253
Swan-maidens, 202, 255, _et seqq._, 283, _et seqq._, 337
Swedish tales, _See_ Scandinavian
Swiss tale, 49
Taboo, 270, 302, 304, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312, 318, 320, 337
Tacitus, 15, 71, 89
Tam Lin, ballad of, 242
Tawhaki and Tango-tango, tale of, 285, _et seqq._
Thetis, 242, 317, 329
Thomas of Erceldoune, 43, 102, 103
Time, supernatural lapse of, 161, _et seqq._, 196, _et seqq._, 222, _et seqq._
Tini-rau, tale of, 286, _et seqq._
Tir na n 'Og, _See_ Oisin
Tirolese tales, 70, 184, 274, 293, 315, 325, 329, 348
Toad or frog, fairy as (_see_ Princess), 51, 52, 53, 338
Totemism, 27, 324, 331, 346
Tradition, definition of, 34
Traditions, variable value of, 4, 24
Transformations, doctrine of, 26, 31
Transylvanian tales, 52, 176, 189, 246, 258, 347
Ulrich von Rosenberg, 220, 233
Van Pool, Lady of the, 274, 325, 330
Vikramâditya, 81
Vitra, 38
Wäinämöinen, 45
Waldron, Geo., 41, 108, 156
Wastin of Wastiniog, tale of, 302
Welsh superstitions, 110, 126, 207, 209
Welsh tales, 37, 62, 63, 103, 113, 115, 122, 123, 126, 128, 135, 136, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 187, 188, 207, 209, 225, 269, 274, 294, 301, 302, 304, 305, 317, 325, 327, 330
Wenzel, King, 184, 219
Western Highlands, story-telling in, 5
Weyland Smith, 318
Wilde, Lady, 102, 128
Wild Edric, _See_ Edric
Wild Hunt, the, 233, 234, 236
William of Newbury, 146
Witchcraft, 29
Witches, 99, 143, 173, 336, 348
Woden, 212, 233, 247, 339
Yatsh, _or_ demon, wedding, 49
York, custom at, 90
Yorkshire, 189, 211
Zoroaster, 96
UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON.