CHAPTER XVII.

183. Gravity Supplies 234 184. Masonry Conduits 234 185. Metal Conduits 236 186. General Formula for Discharge of Conduits—Chezy’s Formula 237 187. Kutter’s Formula 239 188. Hydraulic Gradient 241 189. Flow of Water in Large Masonry Conduits 244 190. Flow of Water through Large Closed Pipes 245 191. Change of Hydraulic Gradient by Changing Diameter of Pip 250 192. Control of Flow by Gates at Upper End of Pipe-line 251 193. Flow in Old and New Cast-iron Pipes—Tubercles 251 194. Timber-stave Pipes 253