CHAPTER XXIII.
289. Evolution of the Locomotive 363 290. Increase of Locomotive Weight and Rate of Combustion of Fuel 365 291. Principal Parts of a Modern Locomotive 366 292. The Wootten Fire-box and Boiler 367 293. Locomotives with Wootten Boilers 370 294. Recent Improvements in Locomotive Design 372 295. Compound Locomotives with Tandem Cylinders 373 296. Evaporative Efficiency of Different Rates of Combustion 375 296_a_. Tractive Force of a Locomotive 376 297. Central Atlantic Type of Locomotive 378 298. Consolidation Engine, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. 379 299. P., B. & L. E. Consolidation Engine 380 300. L. S. & M. S. Fast Passenger Engine 381 301. Northern Pacific Tandem Compound Locomotive 382 302. Union Pacific Vauclain Compound Locomotive 384 303. Southern Pacific Mogul with Vanderbilt Boiler 384 304. The “Soo” Decapod Locomotive 385 305. The A., T. & S. F. Decapod, the Heaviest Locomotive yet Built 386 306. Comparison of Some of the Heaviest Locomotives in Use 389
PART V. _THE NICARAGUA ROUTE FOR A SHIP-CANAL._
307. Feasibility of Nicaragua Route 390 308. Discovery of Lake Nicaragua 390 309. Early Maritime Commerce with Lake Nicaragua 391 310. Early Examination of Nicaragua Route 392 311. English Invasion of Nicaragua 392 312. Atlantic and Pacific Ship-canal Company 392 313. Survey and Project of Col. O. W. Childs 393 314. The Project of the Maritime Canal Company 393 315. The Work of the Ludlow and Nicaragua Canal Commissions 394 316. The Route of the Isthmian Canal Commission 395 317. Standard Dimensions of Canal Prism 396 318. The San Juan Delta 397 319. The San Carlos and Serapiqui Rivers 398 320. The Rapids and Castillo Viejo 399 321. The Upper San Juan 399 322. The Rainfall from Greytown to the Lake 399 323. Lake-surface Elevation and Slope of the River 400 324. Discharges of the San Juan, San Carlos, Serapiqui 401 325. Navigation on the San Juan 401 326. The Canal Line through the Lake and Across the West Side 402 327. Character of the Country West of the Lake 403 328. Granada to Managua, thence to Corinto 404 329. General Features of the Route 404 330. Artificial Harbor at Greytown 405 331. Artificial Harbor at Brito 407 332. From Greytown Harbor to Lock No. 2 408 333. From Lock No. 2 to the Lake 409 334. Fort San Carlos to Brito 410 335. Examinations by Borings 411 336. Classification and Estimate of Quantities 412 337. Classification and Unit Prices 413 338. Curvature of the Route 413 339. The Conchuda Dam and Wasteway 414 340. Regulation of the Lake Level 417 341. Evaporation and Lockage 418 342. The Required Slope of the Canalized River Surface 419 343. All Surplus Water to be Discharged over the Conchuda Dam 419 344. Control of the Surface Elevation of the Lake 420 345. Greatest Velocities in Canalized River 425 346. Wasteways or Overflows 427 347. Temporary Harbors and Service Railroad 427 348. Itemized Statement of Length and Cost 427
PART VI. _THE PANAMA ROUTE FOR A SHIP-CANAL._
349. The First Panama Transit Line 429 350. Harbor of Porto Bello Established in 1597 429 351. First Traffic along the Chagres River, and the Importance of the Isthmian Commerce 431 352. First Survey for Isthmian Canal Ordered in 1520 431 353. Old Panama Sacked by Morgan and the Present City Founded 431 354. The Beginnings of the French Enterprise 432 355. The Wyse Concession and the International Congress of 1870 432 356. The Plan without Locks of the Old Panama Canal Company 433 357. The Control of the Floods in the Chagres 434 358. Estimate of Time and Cost—Appointment of Liquidators 435 359. The “Commission d’Etude” 435 360. Extensions of Time for Completion 436 361. Organization of the New Panama Canal Company, 1894 437 362. Priority of the Panama Railroad Concession 437 363. Resumption of Work by the New Company—The Engineering Commission and the Comité Technique 438 364. Plan of the New Company 439 365. Alternative Plan of the New Panama Canal Company 440 366. The Isthmian Canal Commission and its Work 441 367. The Route of the Isthmian Canal Commission that of the New Panama Canal Company 441 368. Plan for a Sea-level Canal 443 369. Colon Harbor and Canal Entrance 443 370. Panama Harbor and Entrance to Canal 444 371. The Route from Colon to Bohio 445 372. The Bohio Dam 446 373. Variation in Surface Elevation of Lake 448 374. The Extent of Lake Bohio and the Canal Line in It 448 375. The Floods of the Chagres 449 376. The Gigante Spillway or Waste-weir 450 377. Storage in Lake Bohio for Driest Dry Season 451 378. Lake Bohio as a Flood Controller 452 379. Effect of Highest Floods on Current in Channel in Lake Bohio 453 380. Alhajuela Reservoir not Needed at Opening of Canal 453 381. Locks on Panama Route 454 382. The Bohio Locks 454 383. The Pedro Miguel and Miraflores Locks 454 384. Guard-gates near Obispo 455 385. Character and Stability of the Culebra Cut 455 386. Length and Curvature 456 387. Small Diversion-channels 457 388. Principal Items of Work to be Performed 457 389. Lengths of Sections and Elements of Total Cost 458 390. The Twenty Per Cent Allowances for Exigencies 459 391. Value of Plant, Property, and Rights on the Isthmus 460 392. Offer of New Panama Coal Company to Sell for $40,000,000 461 393. Annual Costs of Operation and Maintenance 462 394. Volcanoes and Earthquakes 463 395. Hygienic Conditions on the Two Routes 464 396. Time of Passage Through the Canal 465 397. Time for Completion on the Two Routes 466 398. Industrial and Commercial Value of the Canal 469 399. Comparison of Routes 471
PART I.
_ANCIENT CIVIL-ENGINEERING WORKS._