chapter ii

, "Charlemagne."

[2] See page 236.

[3] See page 236.

[4] See page 309.

[5] The modern kingdom of Italy dates from 1861-1870 A.D.

[6] See page 245.

[7] His name is properly spelled Chlodweg, which later became Ludwig, and in French, Louis.

[8] _Allemagne_. On the other hand, the inhabitants of Gaul came to call their country _France_ and themselves _Français_ after their conquerors, the Germanic Franks.

[9] Gregory of Tours, _Historia Francorum_, ii, 31.

[10] From Merovech, grandfather of Clovis.

[11] See page 379.

[12] So called from Pepin's son, Charles the Great (in Latin, _Carolus Magnus_). The French form of his name is Charlemagne.

[13] In 1870 A.D. the States of the Church were added to the newly formed kingdom of Italy.

[14] Einhard, _Vita Caroli Magni_, 25.

[15] The rearguard of Charlemagne's army, when returning from Spain, was attacked and overwhelmed by the mountaineers of the Pyrenees. The incident gave rise to the famous French epic known as the _Song of Roland_.

[16] The title of "Holy Roman Emperor," assumed by the later successors of Charlemagne, was kept by them till 1806 A.D.

[17] The French name Lorraine and the German name Lothringen are both derived from the Latin title of Lothair's kingdom--_Lotharii regnum_.

[18] See page 306.

[19] The others were Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, and Lorraine.

[20] The Hohenzollerns became electors of Brandenburg in 1415 A.D., kings of Prussia in 1701, and emperors of Germany in 1871.

[21] The Magyar settlement in central Europe had the important result of dividing the Slavic peoples into three groups. Those who remained south of the Danube (Serbians, Croatians, etc.) were henceforth separated from the northwestern Slavs (Bohemians, Moravians, and Poles) and from the eastern Slavs (Russians). See the map facing page 326.

[22] See the Illustration, page 308.

[23] See pages 455-463.

[24] See page 246.

[25] See page 208.

[26] See page 350.

[27] The enthusiasm of the Celtic Christians reached such proportions that it swept back upon the Continent. In the seventh and eighth centuries Irish missionaries worked among the heathen Germans and founded monasteries in Burgundy, Lombardy, and southern Germany (now Switzerland).

[28] Bede, _Historia ecclesiastica_, iii, 25.

[29] The separation from Rome occurred in 1534 A.D., during the reign of Henry VIII.

[30] See page 378.

[31] See page 330.

[32] See page 236.

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