chapter xxviii

, "Louis XIV and his Court."

[2] _Hamlet_, iv, Y,123.

[3] _King Richard the Second_, in, ii, 54-57.

[4] _Politics as derived from the Very Words of the Holy Scriptures_. This work was prepared for the use of the young son of Louis XIV, the French king.

[5] See pages 682, 684.

[6] "_L'État, c'est moi._"

[7] See page 514, 515.

[8] See page 681.

[9] See page 597, note 4.

[10] See page 601.

[11] See page 573.

[12] In America the war was known as "King William's War."

[13] In 1689 A.D. he ascended the English throne as William III. See page 720.

[14] In America the war was known as "Queen Anne's War."

[15] See page 315, note 2

[16] His great-grandson, then a child of five years. The reign of Louis XV covered the period 1715-1774 A.D.

[17] See pages 518-519, 658, 675-676.

[18] See page 507.

[19] See page 511, note 1, 676 and note 1.

[20] See page 505.

[21] See page 657, 664, note 1, 676.

[22] So called, because some of them wore closely cropped hair, in contrast to the flowing locks of the "Cavaliers."

[23] Also called Separatists, and later known as Congregationalists.

[24] See pages 511, 676.

[25] Or Noncomformists. This name is still applied to English Protestants not members of the Anglican Church.

[26] A Latin phrase meaning "You may have the body."

[27] Whig had originally been applied to rebellious Presbyterians in Scotland; Tory had designated Roman Catholic outlaws in Ireland.

[28] See page 701. William had married James's eldest daughter, Mary.

[29] See page 696.

[30] See page 609.

[31] See page 597.

[32] Many important corrections were embodied in the Revised Version, published in 1881-1885 A.D. by a committee of English scholars.

APPENDIX

TABLE OF EVENTS AND DATES

Before 1000 B.C., and in some instances even later, nearly all dates must be regarded as merely approximate.

(Specially important dates are in italics)

THE ORIENT

B.C.

3400 _Menes, king of Egypt_ 3000-2500 The pyramid kings 2000 _Hammurabi, king of Babylonia_ 1800-1600 Rule of the Hyksos in Egypt 1292-1225 Rameses II, king of Egypt 1035-925 The undivided Hebrew monarchy Saul, 1035-1015 David, 985-955 Solomon, 955-925 925-722 Kingdom of Israel 925-586 Kingdom of Judea 722-705 Sargon II, king of Assyria 705-681 Sennacherib, king of Assyria 606 _Destruction of Nineveh_ 604-561 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia 553-465 Persian kings Cyrus the Great, 553-529 Cambyses, 529-522 Darius I, 521-485 Xerxes I, 485-465 539 _Capture of Babylon by Cyrus the Great_

GREECE

B.C.

1600-1100 The Aegean Age 1100-750 Homeric Age 776 _First recorded Olympiad_ 750-500 Period of colonial expansion 594-593 Reforms of Solon 560-527 Tyranny of Pisistratus 508-507 Reforms of Clisthenes 499-493 Ionian Revolt 490 _Battle of Marathon_ 480 _Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis_ 479 _Battles of Plataea and Mycale_ 477-454 Delian League 461-429 Age of Pericles 431-404 _The Peloponnesian War_ 404-371 Spartan supremacy 401-400 _Expedition of the "Ten Thousand"_ 371-362 Supremacy of Thebes 371 _Battle of Leuctra_ 362 Battle of Mantinea 359-336 Philip II, king of Macedonia 338 _Battle of Chaeronea_ 336-323 Reign of Alexander the Great 335 Destruction of Thebes 334 Battle of the Granicus 333 Battle of Issus 332 Siege of Tyre; founding of Alexandria 331 _Battle of Arbela_ 323 _Death of Alexander_

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

B.C.

753(?) _Founding of Rome_ 753(?)-509(?) Legendary Roman kings 509(?) Establishment of the republic 449 Laws of the Twelve Tables 390(?) _Battle of the Allia; capture of Rome by the Gauls_ 340-338 Latin War; dissolution of the Latin League 327-290 Samnite Wars 281-272 War between Rome and Tarentum; invasion of Pyrrhus 264-241 _First Punic War_ 218-201 _Second Punic War_ 216 Battle of Cannae 202 _Battle of Zama_ 201 Peace between Rome and Carthage 197 Macedonia becomes a dependent ally of Rome 190 Syria becomes a dependent ally of Rome 149-146 Third Punic War 146 _Destruction of Carthage and Corinth; Africa and Macedonia become Roman provinces_ 133 Acquisition of the province of Asia; final subjugation of Spain 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 123-122 Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus 112-106 Jugurthine War 102-101 Invasion of the Germans 90-88 The Social War 88-84 War with Mithridates 83-82 Civil War between Marius and Sulla 82-79 Dictatorship of Sulla 70 Impeachment of Verres 67 Pompey and the war with the pirates 63 _Conspiracy of Catiline_ 60-53 First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 58-50 Conquest of Gaul by Caesar 53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians at Carrhae 48 Battle of Pharsalus 44 _Assassination of Caesar_ 43 Second Triumvirate: Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian 42 Battles of Philippi 31 _Battle of Actium_

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

31 B.C.-68 A.D. The Julian and Claudian Caesars Augustus, 31 B.C.-I4 A.D. Tiberius, 14-37 Gaius (Caligula), 37-41 Claudius, 41-54 Nero 54-68 27 Octavian receives the title _Augustus_ 4(?) Birth of Christ

A.D.

43-85 Conquest of Britain 64 The Great Fire in Rome; Nero's persecution of the Christians 68-69 The year of military revolution; Galba, Otho, and Vitellius emperors 69-96 The Flavian Caesars Vespasian, 69-79 Titus, 79-81 Domitian, 81-96 70 Capture of Jerusalem by Titus 79 _Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum_ 96-180 The "Good Emperors" Nerva, 96-98 Trajan, 98-117 Hadrian, 117-138 Antoninus Pius, 138-161 Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 101-106 Conquest of Dacia by Trajan 180-284 The "Soldier Emperors" Commodus, 180-192 Septimius Severus, 193-211 Aurelian, 270-275 212 _Edict of Caracalla_ 227 Rise of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire 284 _Reorganization of the Roman Empire by Diocletian_ 284-395 The "Absolute Emperors" /Diocletian, 284-305 \Maximian, 286-305 Constantine I, 306-337 (sole emperor, 324-337) Julian, 361-363 Theodosius I (East), 379-395 311 Edict of Galerius 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge 313 _Edict of Milan_ 325 _Council of Nicaea_ 326 330 Removal of the capital to Constantinople 376 The Visigoths cross the Danube 378 Battle of Adrianople 395 _Death of Theodosius I_ 410 _Capture of Rome by Alaric_ 415-711 Visigothic kingdom in Spain (in Gaul, 415-507) 429-534 Vandal kingdom in Africa 443-534 Kingdom of the Burgundians 449 Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons 451 _Battle of Châlons_ 455 Sack of Rome by the Vandals 476 _Deposition of Romulus Angustulus_

THE MIDDLE AGES

486 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons 493-553 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 496 _Clovis accepts Christianity_ 527-565 Justinian, Roman emperor in the East 529(?) Rule of St. Benedict 568-774 Lombards in Italy 590-604 Pontificate of Gregory the Great 597 Augustine's mission to the Anglo-Saxons 610-641 Heraclius, Roman emperor in the East 622 _The Hegira_ 632-661 The "Orthodox Caliphs" 661-750 The Ommiad Caliphs 711 Arabs and Berbers invade Spain 716-717 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs 732 _Battle of Tours_ 750-1058 The Abbassid Caliphs 768-814 Reign of Charlemagne 800 _Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans_ 829 England united under Egbert 843 Treaty of Verdun 862(?) Northmen under Ruric settle in Russia 870 Treaty of Mersen 871-901(?) Reign of Alfred the Great 911 Northmen settle in northwestern France (Normandy) 962 _Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor_ 982 Greenland discovered 987-996 Reign of Hugh Capet 988 Christianity introduced into Russia 1000(?) Vinland discovered 1016 England conquered by Canute 1054 Final rupture of Greek and Roman churches 1066 _Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England_ 1066-1087 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII 1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa 1090-1153 St. Bernard 1095-1291 The Crusades 1095 _Council of Clermont_ 1099 Capture of Jerusalem 1147-1149 Second Crusade 1189-1192 Third Crusade 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; sack of Constantinople 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople 1291 _Fall of Acre; end of the crusades_ 1122 Concordat of Worms 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa 1154-1189 Henry II, king of England 1180-1223 Philip II, Augustus, king of France 1181(?)-1226 St. Francis of Assisi 1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III 1206-1227 Mongol conquests under Jenghiz Khan 1215 _Magna Carta_ 1226-1270 Louis IX, the Saint, king of France 1230 Union of Léon and Castile 1237-1240 Mongol conquest of Russia 1254-1273 The Interregnum 1261 Fall of Latin Empire of Constantinople 1271-1295 Travels of Marco Polo 1272-1307 Edward I, king of England 1273 _Rudolf of Hapsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor_ 1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair, king of France 1291 First Swiss Confederation 1295 "Model Parliament" of Edward I 1309-1377 "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy 1314 Battle of Bannockburn 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War 1346 Battle of Crécy 1356 Battle of Poitiers 1429 Joan of Arc appears 1348-1349 Black Death in Europe 1378-1417 The "Great Schism" 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England 1396 Greek first taught at Florence 1405 Death of Timur the Lame 1415 John Huss burned

TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES

1453 _Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Turks_ 1455-1485 War of the Roses 1461-1483 Louis XI, king of France 1462-1505 Ivan III, the Great, tsar of Russia 1476 Caxton's printing press set up in England 1479 Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and Isabella 1485-1509 Henry VII, king of England 1488 Cape of Good Hope rounded by Diaz 1492 _America discovered by Columbus_ 1497 North America rediscovered by John Cabot 1498 _Vasco da Gama reaches India_ 1513 Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa 1517-1555 Reformation in Germany 1517 _The Ninety-five Theses_ 1520 Burning of the papal bull 1521 Edict of Worms 1555 Peace of Augsburg 1519-1521 Mexico conquered by Cortés 1519-1522 Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 1519-1556 Reign of Charles V 1531-1537 Peru conquered by Pizarro 1533-1558 Reformation in England 1534 Jesuit order founded by Loyola 1545-1563 Council of Trent 1556-1598 Reign of Philip II 1558-1603 Elizabeth, queen of England 1568-1609 Revolt of the Netherlands 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1579 Union of Utrecht 1588 _Defeat of the Spanish Armada_ 1589-1610 Henry IV, king of France 1598 _Edict of Nantes_ 1600 English East India Company chartered 1603-1625 Reign of James I 1607 Colonization of Virginia; Jamestown founded 1611 Authorized Version of the Bible 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War 1625-1649 Reign of Charles I 1628 The Petition of Right 1630-1640 Puritan exodus to Massachusetts 1640 Meeting of the Long Parliament 1642-1649 The Great Rebellion 1643-1715 Louis XIV, king of France 1648 _Peace of Westphalia_ 1649 Execution of Charles I 1649-1660 The Commonwealth and the Protectorate 1651 First Navigation Act 1660 Restoration of Charles II 1688-1689 _The "Glorious Revolution"_ 1692 Salem witchcraft persecution 1702-1713 War of the Spanish Succession 1713 _Peace of Utrecht_ 1744-1748 "King George's War" 1754-1763 "French and Indian War" 1763 _Peace of Paris_