Chapter xlvi

., where the relations of the granophyres to other members of the volcanic series will be discussed, further details will be given from that region of Skye to demonstrate that there is a pre-granophyre and a post-granophyre series of basic dykes. As a good illustration of the younger series I may refer to the way in which these rocks make their appearance in the island group of St. Kilda, where both the gabbros and granophyres of the Tertiary volcanic series are characteristically developed. Numerous dykes traverse both these rocks. Those in the gabbro are more abundant than those in the granophyre--a circumstance which is exactly paralleled among the basic and acid bosses of Skye. It is not improbable that in these remote islands a similar difference in age and in petrographical character may be made out between two series of dykes, one older and the other younger than the granophyre. There is ample proof, at all events, of a post-granophyre series.

[Footnote 207: _Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc._ vol. xiv. p. 16.]

[Illustration: Fig. 258.--Basalt-veins traversing granophyre, St. Kilda.]

The pale colour of the precipices in which the St. Kilda granophyre plunges into the sea gives special prominence to the dark ribbon-like streaks which mark the course of basalt-dykes through that rock. Moreover the greater liability of the material of the dykes to decay causes them to weather into long lines of notch or recess. Four or five such dykes follow each other in nearly parallel bands, which slant upward from the sea-level on the eastern face of the hill Conacher to a height of several hundred feet.[208] (Fig. 258, see also Fig. 367.)

[Footnote 208: This relation of the later dykes to the granophyre was observed here by Macculloch (_Western Isles_, vol. ii. p. 55).]

The acid eruptions of the Inner Hebrides are marked by so varied a series of rocks, and so complex a geological structure, that they may, with some confidence, be regarded as having occupied a considerable interval of geological time. Yet we find that this prolonged episode in the volcanic history was both preceded and followed by the extravasation of basic dykes.

Reference has already been made to recent observations by Mr. Harker, who, in mapping the Strath district of Skye for the Geological Survey, has not only confirmed the generalization as to the existence of a series of dykes earlier, and another later, than the great granophyre protrusions of the Inner Hebrides, but has made some progress towards the detection of a means of distinguishing the two series even where no direct test of their relative age may be available. He thinks that the general habit and petrographical characters of the dykes may on further investigation be found to afford a sufficiently reliable basis for discrimination. He finds that where the relative ages of the dykes with reference to the granophyre can be fixed, the earlier or pre-granophyre series is without exception basic. It consists of fine-textured basalts or diabases, without any conspicuous porphyritic crystals. Its dykes are less regular and persistent in their bearing than those of the later series; have frequently a considerable hade, even as much as 45°, and often show chilled edges with tachylitic selvages. In Skye many of these earlier dykes may be connected with the gabbro. They appear to be more basic and to have a higher specific gravity than those of the later series which most resemble them.

The later or post-granophyre dykes include several types, the relative ages of which are not yet definitely fixed. They run in straight parallel lines, and thus seldom intersect each other. They are generally vertical or highly inclined, and are much more frequently characterized by amygdaloiclal structure than the earlier series. Mr. Harker distinguishes the following varieties among them: (_a_) Quartz-felsites and other acid rocks; these are not very common. (_b_) Pitchstones and various spherulitic and variolitic rocks: the actual pitchstones observed are comparatively few in number, but it is certain that some of spherulitic varieties are devitrified pitchstones. (_c_) Basic rocks, not conspicuously porphyritic and less decidedly basic than the dykes of the pre-granophyre series; most of the later groups come into this or the next group, (_d_) Porphyritic basic dykes not infrequently carrying inclusions of gabbro, granophyre or other rocks. The porphyritic felspars seem to be in great part of foreign derivation, and the same is certainly true of the augite which occasionally accompanies them and of the quartz that appears in some examples.[209]

[Footnote 209: Annual Report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey in Report of Science and Art Department for 1895.]

In the Carlingford district of the North-east of Ireland, similar evidence has been obtained that one series of dykes preceded and another followed the protrusion of the granites and granophyre which are in all probability geologically coeval with the acid bosses of the Inner Hebrides. The distinction was observed and mapped by Mr. Traill for the Geological Survey. Professor Sollas in recently confirming these observations has not noticed any striking difference between the pre-granite and post-granite dykes, the whole appearing to consist of the same coarsely porphyritic material.[210]

[Footnote 210: See Sheets 59, 60, and 71 of the Geological Survey Map of Ireland; Professor Sollas, _Trans. Roy. Irish Acad._ vol. xxx. (1894), p. 477; and Annual Report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey for 1895.]

While the eruption of the granophyre bosses furnishes proof that the dykes are not all of the same age, other evidence may be gathered to show how much older some of the dykes are than the youngest lava-streams in the volcanic history of Tertiary time in Britain. The Scuir of Eigg, to which fuller reference will be made in