Chapter iii
. To these I may add another instance which presents a close analogy to some of the phenomena characteristic of the British examples of Palæozoic as well as of Tertiary age. Monte Venda in the Euganean Hills, already alluded to (p. 474), may be cited as an interesting specimen of an older Tertiary volcano, which has been so dissected by denudation as to show not only the succession of its superficial discharges, but the position and order of its subterranean intrusions. The volcanic eruptions of this neighbourhood, judging from the area which they still cover and the height they reach, may have piled up a mountain rivalling or surpassing Etna in dimensions. In Monte Venda the lowest visible igneous rocks are sills of oligoclase-trachyte that have been thrust between and have highly altered Cretaceous (Tithonian) limestones. Other intrusive sheets of trachyte follow in the overlying Cretaceous strata (Neocomian and _Scaglia_). It is not until the older Tertiary formations are reached that undoubted tuffs and lavas occur, indicative of truly interstratified volcanic materials. These formations, consisting of nummulitic limestones and other strata together with fossiliferous tuffs, show that the volcano began as a submarine vent. It discharged dark basic dolerites and tuffs. The highest lava, however, crowning the summit of the mountain is a trachyte. There appears to have been a rapid decrease of the bases in the magma, for the later lavas were rhyolites, accompanied with rhyolitic tuffs of Oligocene age, and followed in the end by the black vitreous trachyte of Monte Sieva.
12. From the evidence detailed in these volumes, it appears that the sequence from basic to acid discharges was on the whole characteristic of each eruptive period. It is obvious, however, that as the protrusions of successive periods took place within the same limited geographical area, the internal magma during the interval between two such periods must in some way have been renewed as regards its constitution, for when, after long quiescence, eruptions began once more, basic lavas appeared first and were eventually followed by acid kinds. This cycle of transformation is admirably exhibited in Central Scotland, where the andesites of the Old Red Sandstone with their felsite sills are followed by the limburgites, picrites and other highly basic lavas at the bottom of the Carboniferous plateaux, succeeded in turn by the andesites, trachytes and acid sills of that series. When the puy eruptions ensued, the magma had once more become decidedly basic.
That the true explanation of these alterations is of a complex order may be inferred from the exceptions which occur to the general rule. I have alluded to the Snowdon region, where the acid rhyolites are followed by more basic andesites, and where the sills are also more basic than the superficial lavas. In the Arenig and Cader Idris country the sills are likewise more basic than the bedded lavas. Among the Carboniferous puys of the basin of the Firth of Forth, the sills are not sensibly more acid than many of the superficial basalts, and they even include such rocks as picrite. Possibly in this last-named region we see an arrested sequence, the volcanic protrusions having from some cause ceased before the general uprise of the more acid magma.
INDEX
Aa form of lava in the Sandwich Islands, ii. 187 Abereiddy Bay, i. 206 Abich, H., i. 32 Acid igneous rocks, silica percentage of, i. 14; devitrification of, 19; flow-structure of, 21; occur in thicker sheets than basic, 24; alternations of, with basic, 28, 61, 152, 157, 165, 207, 213, 233, 284, 318; ii. 236, 266, 278; metamorphic action of, i. 95, 96; connection with mountains, ii. 98; scenery of, 102. Acids, mineral, at volcanoes, i. 72 Acland, Mr. H. D., i. 133 Aegean Sea, volcanoes of, i. 1 Agglomerates, i. 31, 57, 58; in dykes, 70; Archæan, 120, 130, 135; Cambrian, 148, 149, 167; Silurian, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185, 194, 199, 206, 214, 237, 241, 244, 247, 253, 255; Old Red Sandstone, 279, 285, 289, 300, 313, 325, 338, 349, 352; Carboniferous, 381, 399, 402, 404, 427, 429, 439, 440; ii. 13, 24, 28, 29; Permian, 62, 64, 99; Tertiary, 194, 277, 278, 281, 289, 292, 293, 384, 400, 423 Allan, T., i. 363 Allotriomorphic minerals, i. 21 Allport, Mr., i. 95, 130, 131, 260, 451; ii. 11, 42, 102, 103, 104, 106, 370 Amber in Tertiary volcanic series, ii. 198 America, Western North, volcanic rocks of, i. 10, 100; ii, 267 Amygdales, origin of, i. 15; ii. 189, 221, 285, 290 Amygdaloidal structure, i. 15, 16, 17, 59, 274, 385; ii. 3, 31, 57, 129, 188 Analyses of Cambrian tuffs, i. 148, 149; of Cambrian diabases, 153; of Old Red Sandstone diabases, 274; of Old Red Sandstone andesites, 275; of Old Red Sandstone trachytes, 276; of Old Red Sandstone felsites, 278; of Carboniferous limburgite, 377; of Carboniferous basalts, 379; of Carboniferous trachytes, 380; of Carboniferous phonolite, 381; of Tertiary trachyte, ii. 139; of Tertiary dacite, 244 Anderson, Dr. Tempest, ii 261, 262, 263 Andesite, i. 24, 131, 136, 164, 165, 167, 178, 180, 184, 189, 190, 204, 212, 213, 214, 215, 229, 230, 245, 246, 247, 252, 274, 275, (analyses), 277, 292, 300, 306, 309, 315, 318, 325, 330, 333, 345, 377, 379, 386, 403, 421; ii. 45, 57, 96, 125, 137, 184, 236, 424 Anglesey, gneisses and schists of, i. 126; volcanic rocks of, 189, 219 Anhydrite deposits, ii. 54 Annandale, Permian volcanic rocks of, ii. 56, 58, 60, 61, 66 Antrim, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 314; Tertiary volcanic rocks of, 47, 52; ii. 109, 110, 113, 139, 140, 199; basalts of, 192, 193, 199, 202, 206; clays and iron-ore of, 204; rhyolites of, 185, 364, 370, 371, 426, 445; deceptive agglomerate of, 188; rhyolitic conglomerate of, 195, 206; plateau of, 199; tuffs of, 202, 204; vents of, 271, 277; sills of, 298; central subsidence of basalt-plateau of, 448 Apatite, ii. 135 Apjohn, J., ii. 42 Applecross, volcanic vents in, ii. 292 Arans, the, i. 175, 176, 179, 184, 186, 207 Archæan period, i. 110, 111; volcanic rocks of, 120 Ardnamurchan, dykes and veins of, ii. 154, 320; basalt-plateau of, 208; vents of, 287; sills of, 318; gabbro of, 355 Arenig group, i. 175; lower limit of, 177, 185; top of, 178, 228, 246 ---- volcano of, i. 42, 175, 176, 179, 186, 207 ---- rocks in Scottish Highlands, i. 123, 126; in Merionethshire, 176, 179; of Shropshire, 189; of Ayrshire, 196; of Scottish Highlands, 201; of Anglesey, 221; of Lake district, 229; of Ireland, 239 Argyll, Duke of, ii. 113, 114, 198 Argyllshire, dykes of, ii. 127, 128, 138, 142, 146, 171, 172; vents of, 278 Arizona, explosion crater in, i. 58; laccolites in, 86 Arran, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 298, 311; Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, 386, 392; possible Permian volcanic rocks of, ii. 58; granite of, i. 93; ii. 366, 367, 418; pitchstone of, i. 19; ii. 445; dykes of, 123, 139, 140, 142, 146, 154, 161 Arthur Seat, i. 364, 373, 378, 385, 386; ii. 67 "Arvonian," i. 145, 156 Asbestos in volcanic breccia, ii. 51 Ascension Island, cellular lava of, i. 15 Ashes, volcanic (_see_ Tuffs) Ashprington volcanic series, i. 262 Asphalt, ii. 79 Atherstone, i. 170 Augite, loose crystals of, in volcanic vents, i. 62, 178, 181; ii. 58, 79; lumps of, in volcanic vents, i. 352 Augite-aphanites, i. 178 Auvergne, old volcanoes of, i. 29, 32, 66, 70, 100; ii. 373 Aveline, Mr. W. T., i. 227, 230; ii. 32 Ayrshire, example of volcanic neck in, i. 56; Silurian volcanic rocks of, 192; Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, 275, 282, 283, 285, 291, 331; Carboniferous volcanic plateau of, 102, 368, 388, 393, 398, 410; Carboniferous Puys of, 415, 416, 434, 440, 474; Permian volcanic rocks of, ii. 55, 58, 62 Azoic period, i. 109
Bäckström, Mr., ii. 266 Baily, W. H., i. 251, 252; ii. 198, 449 Bala group, i. 175, 190, 196, 201, 206, 207, 223, 242; limestone of, 47, 175, 229, 245, 251; volcanic rocks of, 186, 190, 207, 213, 221, 241, 248 Balbriggan, igneous rocks of, i. 244 Ballagan beds (Lower Carboniferous), i. 384, 387, 392, 393, 412, 447 Ballantrae, volcanic rocks at, i. 192, 199 Ballypallidy, tuffs and leaf-beds of, ii. 204, 429 Bamborough, Whin Sill at, ii. 2, 3, 5 Banding of igneous rocks, i. 84, 207; ii. 189, 294, 329, 354, 357, 476 ---- of gneiss, i. 116 Bangor group, i. 166 Banks, Sir Joseph, ii. 109 Barnavave, eruptive rocks of, ii. 421 Barrow, Mr. G., i. 201, 226, 272, 279, 380; ii. 147, 148 Basalt, columnar structure of, i. 24, 25; relation to gabbro, 78; altered by carbonaceous strata, 95; shells supposed to occur in, ii. 110; banded, 189; thickness of sheets of, 192; meaning of red layer between sheets of, 197, 203, 206, 254; metamorphism of, 272, 276, 337, 339, 340, 347, 355, 356, 357, 358, 362, 378, 383, 386, 397, 399, 400, 404, 413
---- pre-Cambrian, i. 119, 131; Silurian, 206, 207, 230, 245; Carboniferous, 378, 403, 407, 417; ii. 11, 45, 46; Permian, 57, 96; Tertiary, 125, 136, 183, 199, 208, 291
Basalt-conglomerate, ii. 195 Basic volcanic rocks, silica-percentage of, i. 14; devitrification of, 20; flow-structure of, 21; occur in thinner sheets than the acid, 24; metamorphic action of, 94; erupted at low levels, 98; scenery of, 102; converted into schists by deformation, 75, 114, 118, 119, 124, 129; alternation with acid, 28, 61, 131, 157, 165, 207, 213, 233, 284, 318; ii. 236, 266, 278 Bass Rock, i. 372, 373, 403 Bassenthwaite Lake, i. 335 Bathgate, puy eruptions of, i. 440, 442, 445, 456, 461 Bauer, Dr. M., i. 62 Bauxite, ii. 197, 204 Bayley, Mr. W. S., ii. 330 Bedding in lavas, i. 24 Bell, Sir I. Lowthian, ii. 1, 113, 137, 165 Bemrose, Mr. H. A., ii. 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 Ben Cruachan, alteration of granite at, i. 343 ---- Hiant, basic sills of, ii. 318 Benaun More, felsite of, i. 347 Berger, J. F., ii. 22, 95, 110, 113, 139, 140, 141, 145, 199, 364, 426 Bertrand, Prof. M., i. 28 Berwickshire, i. 272, 290, 338, 375, 385, 401, 413 Berwyn Hills, i. 176, 186, 208, 218 Biggar, volcanic area, i. 287, 325 Binney, E., ii. 56 Binny Craig type of basalt, i. 419, 421 (444) Biotite (_see_ Mica) Bitumen in intrusive rocks, i. 421 Blackstone (Derbyshire), ii. 18, 21 Blair-Atholl Limestone, i. 122 Blake, Rev. J. F., i. 126, 130, 144, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 220, 221, 222 Blocks, ejected, i. 36, 423, 438; ii. 197, 221 Bole between lavas, i. 442; ii. 197, 203, 206, 254 Bombay, volcanic plateau of, ii. 180 Bombs, volcanic, i. 60; ii. 39 Bonney, Prof., i. 95, 126, 130, 136, 144, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 192, 210, 227 Borrowdale Volcanic Series, i. 227 Bosses, volcanic, i. 56, 78, 88; petrography of, 89; differentiation in, 90; ii. 476; granitic, i. 93; metamorphism around, 94, 95; conditions of their intrusion, 97, 98; weathering of, 102 ---- Silurian, i. 215, 235; Old Red Sandstone, 277, 288; Carboniferous, 403, 458 ---- Tertiary, ii. 271, 284, 327, 366, 378, 395, 403; boundaries of, 382; relation to older eruptive vents, 280, 384, 399; relation to plateau basalts, 386, 396, 402, 404; relation to gabbro intrusions, 391, 402, 404; relation to the basic dykes, 395 Bostonite, ii. 47 Boué, Ami, i. 268, 363; ii. 112, 372 Boule, M., i. 27, 29, 44, 45, 46, 61; ii. 375 Boutan, M., i. 62 Bowden Hill, type of doleritic basalt, i. 418, 421 Braid Hills, great vent of, i. 289, 293, 311, 318, 323 Branco, Prof. W., i. 46, 417 Breccias, volcanic, i. 31, 32, 120, 131, 135, 147, 165, 189, 190, 197, 213, 224, 225, 233, 234, 246, 252, 255, 289, 347; ii. 39, 41, 49, 195 ---- of non-volcanic materials, ii. 196, 423 Brecciated structure, i. 162, 211 Breidden Hills, i. 176, 190, 208 Brent Tor, ii. 33, 35, 36 Bréon, M. R., ii. 191 Britain, advantageous position of, for the study of ancient volcanic
## action, i. 6;
completeness of the Geological Record in, 6; direction of folds and fractures in, 11; chief lavas found in, 31; Vesuvian cones of, 42; volcanic plateaux of, 43; puys of, 46; lacustrine volcanoes of, 49; fissure eruptions of, 52; scenery of volcanic rocks of, 100, 101; pre-Cambrian rocks of, 111; in Cambrian time, 141; in Silurian time, 173; in Devonian time, 258; in Old Red Sandstone time, 263; in Carboniferous time, 355; in Permian time, ii. 53; in older Tertiary time, 108 Brögger, Prof., i. 28, 88, 90, 91, 92 Bryce, J., i. 314, 369 Buch, L. von, i. 27; ii. 381 Buckland, W., ii. 95, 110, 113 Buddle, J., ii. 113 Builth, i. 176, 203 Burdiehouse Limestone, i. 361, 374, 388, 415, 463 Burnt Country of Asia Minor, i. 2 Burntisland, Binn of, i. 428, 429, 433, 435, 457, 459 Burntisland Sill type of dolerite, i. 418, 421 Busz, Mr. K., i. 261 Bute, Isle of, i. 369, 378, 407
Cadell, Mr. H. M., i. 114, 423; ii. 334 Cader Idris, volcanic rocks of, i. 42, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188, 207 Caer Caradoc, i. 131, 132, 170 Caerfai group (Cambrian), i. 155 Caernarvonshire, volcanic rocks of, i. 159, 207 Caithness Flags, i. 343, 352 ---- volcanic vents in, i. 352 Calciferous Sandstones, i. 361, 366, 415 Calcite as a matrix of tuffs, ii. 27, 39, 41 Caldecote volcanic rocks, i. 170 Callaway, Dr. C., i. 126, 130, 132, 134, 220, 221 Calton Hill, lavas and tuffs of, i. 373, 378, 385, 386, 389 Cambrian system, i. 112, 123, 133, 139, 143, 144; volcanoes of, 145, 159 Campbeltown, volcanic rocks of, i. 312, 386 Campsie Fells, i. 102, 368, 369, 384, 386, 389, 393, 397, 398, 400, 403, 410, 412, 447 Canary Islands, i. 27 Canna, basalts of, ii. 184, 187, 190, 215, 216; vent in, 288 Cantyre, volcanic rocks of, i. 311, 369, 370, 386 Caradoc group, i. 175, 196 Carbonaceous rocks, influence of, on igneous masses, i. 95, 426, 449, 456; ii. 65, 87, 104, 165 Carboniferous Limestone, origin of, i. 357 ---- system, subdivisions of, in Britain, i. 358, 360, 366; ancient geography of, 355, 361, 362, 432, 462; flora and fauna of, 356 ---- volcanic plateaux, distribution of, i. 364, 367; nature of materials constituting, 377; structure of, 383; bedded lavas and tuffs of, 383; vents of, 54, 394, 399 ---- Puys, i. 46, 47, 308, 364; of Scotland, 414; nature of the materials erupted by, 416; necks of, 424; bedded lavas and tuffs of, 417, 436, 440; sills of, 446, 472; bosses of, 458, 465; dykes of, 460; of Derbyshire, ii. 8; Isle of Man, 22; of Somerset, 32; of Devonshire, 32; of King's County, 37; of Limerick, 41 Carlingford, igneous rocks of, i. 96; ii. 175, 371, 420 Carnedd Dafydd, i. 209 Carnmony Hill, ii. 272 Carrock Fell, differentiation in rocks of, i. 91; metamorphism at, 94, 96; as a volcanic boss, 235, 236 Cement-stone group, i. 362, 366, 387, 418, 462 Cellular structure of volcanic rocks, i. 15, 33 Chalk, metamorphism of, by a dyke, ii. 164 Champernowne, A., i. 260, 262 Charnwood Forest, i. 134; ii. 53 Cherts associated with volcanic rocks, i. 123, 167, 169, 173, 174, 184, 196, 197, 240, 254; ii. 25, 36 Cheviot Hills, i. 102, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 290, 293, 336 Chilled margin in intrusive rocks, i. 81, 83; ii. 126, 158, 160, 172, 299, 303, 310, 317, 321, 392, 402 Christiania, eruptive rocks of, i. 28 Chronology, volcanic, how determined, i. 46 Clark, Mr. G. T., ii. 180 Claystone, i. 277, 279, 318, 324, 327; ii. 403 Cleavage, effects of, on igneous rocks, i. 162, 165, 224, 231, 232, 234, 237, 260, 261; ii. 36 Clee Hills, ii. 101, 102 Cleveland Dyke, ii. 1, 122, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153, 167, 168, 169 Clough, Mr. C. T., i. 114, 201, 236, 274, 290, 337; ii. 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 137, 138, 142, 145, 146, 152, 162, 171, 172, 316, 384, 437 Clyde, Carboniferous volcanic plateau of, i. 368, 384, 385, 393, 400, 407, 411 Coal interbedded among volcanic rocks, i. 392, 423; ii. 198, 213, 251, 287 ---- alteration of, at volcanic vents, i. 72; ii. 64 ---- alteration of intrusive rocks by, i. 95, 451 ---- alteration of by sills, dykes, etc., ii. 67, 164, 166 Coal-measures, i. 358, 360, 366 Coalbrookdale Coal-field, ii. 103 Cole, Prof. G. A., i. 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 187, 188, 210, 211; ii. 134, 205, 212, 245, 370, 371, 378, 426 Colorado, Grand Cañon of, i. 30; laccolites of, 86 Columnar structure, i. 25, 27, 343, 378, 385, 459; ii. 164, 186, 206, 301 Comley Sandstone, i. 144 Cones, volcanic, connection of, with necks, i. 70; contemporaneous denudation of, 73; ii. 202, 218, 230; entombment of, i. 433, 463; ii. 66 Conglomerates, volcanic, i. 31, 37, 183, 190, 286, 300, 307, 309, 310, 314, 315, 330, 341; ii. 195, 198, 218, 284 Coniston Limestone, i. 229, 231 Contemporaneity in Geology, 201 Continents, origin of, i. 11 Contraction, effects of terrestrial, i. 12, 97, 98 Conybeare, J. J., ii. 95 ---- W., i. 171; ii. 9, 95, 110, 113, 199 Cooling, effects of, in inducing varieties of texture in igneous rocks, i. 78, 79, 81; ii. 274, 275, 299, 303, 310, 317, 392, 402 Coon Butte, Arizona, i. 58 Cork, County, volcanic breccias of, ii. 49 Corndon, sill of, i. 176, 189, 190 Corston Hill, i. 373, 386, 387 Craiglockhart type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418 Crater, consolidation of tuff within a, i. 429 Crater-lakes, i. 58; ii. 266, 275 Cretaceous period, geography of the, ii. 108, 182 Cross Fell, i. 228, 229, 238 Cross, Mr. Whitman, i. 86 Crush-conglomerates or breccias, i. 32, 220, 223, 225, 244; ii. 281, 347, 352 Crushing, mechanical effects of, i. 315 (_see_ Schist) Crust, contraction of the terrestrial, i. 12, 97, 98; oldest rocks of, 110; deformation of, 117, 121, 264, 295, 297 Cryptocrystalline type of basalt, i. 419 Crystallites of volcanic rocks, i. 18 Crystals, different periods of formation of, in volcanic rocks, i. 19, 20, 21, 421; ii. 128, 131, 134, 135; ejected by volcanic vents, i. 62, 178, 180, 181, 195, 213, 234, 245; ii. 27, 49, 58, 79 Cuillin Hills, scenery of, i. 106; gabbro of, ii. 329, 361; acid rocks of, 391 Culots, i. 78, 88 Culm-measures, ii. 33 Cumbrae Islands, i. 368, 369, 378, 407 Cumming, J. G., ii. 22 Cycles, volcanic, i. 27, 92; ii. 116
Dacite, i. 230; ii. 185 Dakyns, Mr. J. R., i. 90, 229, 272; ii. 10 Dalmellington, volcanic rocks at, i. 333; ii. 62 Dalmeny type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418, 420 Dalradian rocks, probable crushed necks of, i. 75, 125; lavas and sills of, 121; green schists of, 124 Dalry, Ayrshire, buried volcanoes of, i. 434 Dana, J. D., ii. 189 Darwin, C., i. 27 Daubrée, A., i. 72, 404 Davies, J., i. 156, 157 Dechen, H. von, i. 46; ii. 112, 280, 333, 340, 367, 372, 381 Deformation, effects of, on volcanic rocks, i. 75, 115, 117, 119, 121, 127, 129, 162 De la Beche, H., i. 142, 143, 170, 175, 204, 205, 207, 259; ii. 9, 10, 19, 33, 95, 96, 97 Delessite, ii. 79 Denudation, influence of, on volcanoes, i. 3, 4, 8, 40, 43, 45, 46, 54, 58, 71, 73, 75, 79, 87, 100-107, 370, 433, 434, 436, 476; ii. 55, 61, 62, 179, 181, 182, 241, 245, 248, 249, 255, 257, 282, 283, 292, 316, 317, 363, 373, 407, 455 Derbyshire, toadstones of, i. 359; ii. 8 Desmarest, ii. 373 Devitrification of volcanic rocks, i. 18, 19, 78; ii. 437, 446 Devonian system, i. 257; volcanoes of, 259 Devonshire, volcanic scenery of, i. 103; Devonian volcanic rocks of, 259; Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, ii. 32; Permian volcanic rocks of, 94 Diabase, i. 151, 153 (analyses), 156, 192, 194, 204, 206, 214, 217, 235, 240, 247, 249, 273 (analyses), 278, 292, 318, 320, 330, 335, 344, 345, 351, 403; ii. 5, 136, 415 Diabase-porphyrite, i. 192, 204 Diamond found in volcanic vents, i. 62 Dick, Mr. A., jun., i. 380 Dickson, Mr. E., ii. 23 Differentiation in igneous rocks, i. 22, 27, 84, 85, 90, 91, 449; ii. 300, 475 "Dimetian," i. 145 Dingle-beds, i. 346 Dingle, Upper Silurian nodular lavas of, i. 20, 254 Diorite, i. 78, 247, 249, 277, 278, 288; ii. 36 Dirrington Law, i. 290 Dittmar, Prof., ii. 137 Dolerite, i. 119, 134, 178, 190, 206, 230, 247, 261, 378, 403, 407, 417, 448; ii. 5, 11, 35, 49, 102, 103, 104, 125, 136, 157, 183, 271, 299, 303, 307, 319, 328 Dolgelli, i. 169, 178, 188 Donegal, Dalradian rocks of, i. 122; dykes in, ii. 124 Drogheda, volcanic rocks near, i. 244 Duffin, W. le S., ii. 426 Dumbarton, rocks near, i. 402, 404 Dumfoyn, a volcanic neck, i. 395, 398, 400 Dumgoyn, a volcanic neck, i. 395, 397, 398, 400 Dundee, sills and bosses near, i. 292, 306 Duneaton Water, volcanic rocks of, i. 329 Dunite, ii. 309 Du Noyer, G. V., i. 245, 250, 254; ii. 272, 426 Durham, Mr., i. 275 Durness Limestone, i. 112, 121, 123, 141 Dust, volcanic, i. 13 Dutton, Capt. C. E., i. 68; ii. 267 Dykes, vitreous margins of, i. 18; formation of, 54, 98; in necks, 66; filled with agglomerate, 70; grouping of, among intrusive rocks, 77; character of, 79; extent of, in Britain, 80; age of, 81; compound, 81; ii. 59; expulsion of lava from, i. 82; ii. 128; connected with the surface, i. 82; pre-Cambrian, 118; flow-structure in, 161; Cambrian, 156; Silurian, 187, 216, 235, 237, 248, 249; Old Red Sandstone, 277, 291, 338, 345; Carboniferous, 406, 429, 460; ii. 1, 30; Permian, 83; amygdaloidal structure of, 85 ---- Tertiary, ii. 114; arguments for their geological age, 118, 125, 171; geographical distribution, 121; two types of protrusion of, 122; nature of component rocks of, 125; external character of, 126; classification of basic, 129; enclosed fragments in, 129, 131, 144; porphyritic and amygdaloidal structures of, 128, 129, 130; veins in, 130; joints in, 132, 166; microscopic characters of, 134; chemical characters of, 137, 139; hade of, 139; breadth of, 139; interruptions of, 142; length of, 142; persistence of mineral characters of, 144; direction of, 145, 159; upward termination of, 147; known vertical extension of, 150; evidence of movement of molten rock of, 151; branches and veins from, 152; connection with sills, 155; intersecting, 158; compound or of more than one infilling, 159; double, treble, and multiple, 160, 318, 417, 439; compound, with basic and acid bands, 161, 435; contact metamorphism of, 163; relation of, to geological structure, 166; origin and history of, 175; Icelandic example of, 261; example communicating with cinder cone in Utah, 268; connection of, with surface, 179, 269, 280; latest protrusions of, 381, 408, 416; of granophyre, 435, 436, 437, 439
Earth, condition of the interior of the, i. 10; fractures in crust of the, 11 Earthquakes, influence of, on early man, i. 1; transient effects of, 3, 8 East Lothian, trachyte lavas of, i. 24; Carboniferous volcanic plateau of, 370, 389, 403, 409 Edinburgh, volcanic rocks near, i. 24, 102, 104, 269, 273, 276, 279, 281, 285, 287, 289, 291, 293, 311, 317, 318, 323, 364, 370, 373, 385, 386, 387, 389, 410, 420, 436, 449 Egan, Mr. F. W., i. 242; ii. 201, 423 Eifel, i. 4, 46, 58, 100 Eigg, Isle of, ii. 115; pitchstone of, 185, 217, 242, 445; brecciated basalt in, 189, 192; basalt plateau of, 215, 234; Scuir of, 217, 234, 447; sills of, 318; acid bosses of, 403; acid sills of, 431; proofs of subsidence at, 447; enormous denudation of, 239, 447, 458 Eildon Hills, i. 375 Electric Peak, i. 79, 82, 84 Elvans, i. 249, 281 Engulphment craters, i. 58 Ennerdale, granite of, i. 236 Enniscorthy, volcanic rocks near, i. 245 Environment, influence of, on early man, i. 1 Eozoic period, i. 110 Epidiorite, i. 118, 124, 129, 184, 247, 249 Erosion, laws of, i. 101 Eruptions, transient effects of, i. 3; old submarine, how ascertained, 48; lacustrine, 49; fluviatile, 49; terrestrial, 50; evidence of intervals between, 283, 287, 300, 442; ii. 42, 59, 203, 205, 221, 251, 254, 287 Erzeroum, old volcanoes near, i. 32 Eskdale Dyke, ii. 127, 133, 136, 137, 140, 143, 145, 146, 153 ---- (Lake District), granite of, i. 236 Etheridge, Mr. R, jun., ii. 24 Etna, i. 2, 4, 10, 55; ii. 261 Eurite, i. 188 Europe, basalt plateaux of north-western, i. 51, 52; ii. 181; pre-Cambrian disturbances of north-western, i. 117 Explosion-craters, i. 58; ii. 266 Explosions, volcanic, i. 246; ii. 196, 266, 425, 472 Extrusive rocks, defined, i. 14; textures of, 78
Fair Head, sills of, ii. 301 Farey, J., ii. 9 Farne Islands, ii. 2 Faroe Isles, basalt plateaux of, i. 52, 102; ii. 191, 192, 194, 256; vents in, i. 63; ii. 293; dykes of, 122, 133; tuffs and lignites of, 258; sills of, 322; absence of gabbro bosses in, 355; subsidence of, 447; dip of basalts in, 448; proofs of denudation in, 458 Faujas St. Fond, ii. 109, 112 Faults, connexion of volcanic vents with, i. 69; ii. 65; boundary, i. 294, 303, 305, 369; ii. 169; effects of, i. 446; ii. 200; connection with, dykes, 168 ---- of Tertiary basalt-plateau, ii. 452 Felsite (Felstone), Torridonian, i. 120; Uriconian, 130, 133; of Malverns, 134; Cambrian, 151, 160, 161, 164, 165, 167, 168; Silurian, 184, 199, 205, 206, 207, 210, 212, 218, 231, 232, 246, 247, 252, 255; Old Red Sandstone, 276, 277, 291, 293, 321, 327, 335, 346; Carboniferous, ii. 36, 49; Permian, 85; Tertiary, 174, 369, 424, 446 Felsitic breccia, ii. 195 ---- type of devitrification, i. 19 Felspar, ejected crystals of, i. 181; ii. 58, 79; large porphyritic crystals of, in dykes, 129, 135 Fife, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 307; Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, 428, 429, 430, 433, 437, 448; Permian volcanic rocks of, ii. 56, 69 Fingal's Cave, i. 25; ii. 210 Fisher, Rev. O., i. 98 Fishguard, volcanic rocks at, i. 205 Fissure type of volcanoes, i. 42, 52; ii. 108, 115, 267 Fissures, volcanic, i. 42, 52, 53, 54, 425; ii. 141, 145, 159, 176; filled with agglomerate, i. 70; filled with dykes, 81, 118; compound, 82, ii. 159; pre-Cambrian, i. 118, 119; Carboniferous, 425; Tertiary, ii. 141, 159, 176, 425; modern of Iceland, 262; cause of, 177 Fleming, John, i. 268 Flow-structure, i. 21, 157, 160, 161, 162, 184, 210, 232, 246, 248, 255, 315, 321, 327, 346; ii. 129, 152, 190, 191, 332, 369, 392, 402, 424, 437, 441 Foot, F. J., i. 316 Forbes, D., ii. 370 ---- Edward, ii. 66, 113, 114, 198 ---- J. D., ii. 112, 333, 372, 381 Forellenstein, ii. 332 Forest of Wyre coal-field, ii. 102 Forfarshire, volcanic rocks of, i. 285, 299; flagstones of, 299 Forster, M., ii. 113 Forth-basin, Carboniferous system of, i. 361; Carboniferous plateaux of, 370; Carboniferous puys of, 416, 427, 429, 430, 432, 434, 437, 440, 446, 462; Permian volcanoes of, ii. 55, 67 Foster, Mr. C. le Neve, ii. 10 Fouqué, Prof., i. 18, 21; ii. 134 Fox, Mr. Howard, ii. 36 Fox Strangways, Mr. C., i, 135 Fragmental volcanic rocks, i. 14; only arise from explosions which reach the surface, 57 (_see_ Agglomerates, Conglomerates, Tuffs) France, Tertiary volcanoes of Central, i. 4, 10, 29, 41, 45, 49, 58, 60, 70; ii. 31, 271, 281, 373; Carboniferous volcanic action in, i. 357 Frankland, Prof. E., i. 273, 278 Fundamental complex of oldest gneiss, i. 114, 115 ---- gneiss, i. 115
Gabbro, granulitic, ii. 329; banded structure of, i. 116; ii. 329, 354, 357, 476; coarse-grained massive, 330; pale varieties in veins, 330; gneiss-like aspect of, 342, 254, 358 ---- of Carrock Fell, i. 91; Silurian, 195, 206, 247; Devonian, 262; Tertiary, 84, 90, 116; ii. 307, 308, 309, 319, 327, 334, 349, 355, 358, 391, 406, 407 Gairloch, peculiar pre-Cambrian rocks of, i. 115, 117 Galapagos Islands, i. 27 Gallaston type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418 Galloway, granites of, i. 93, 95, 272, 277, 290, 331 Garabol Hill, differentiation at, i. 90 Gardiner, Miss, i. 95 Gardiner, Mr. C. J., i. 256 Gardner, Mr. Starkie, ii. 196, 198, 212 Garlton Hills, i. 102, 370, 377, 378, 379, 380, 386, 390, 405, 412 Garnet found in volcanic vents, i. 62 Garth Grit, i. 177, 185, 208 Gases dissolved in the volcanic magma, i. 13, 15, 72, 97, 99 Geikie, Prof. J., i. 277, 306, 308, 331, 336, 339, 340, 369, 375, 426; ii. 57, 191, 259, 322 Genèvre, Mont, i. 194 Geological action, supposed former greater intensity of, i, 139 ---- contrasts, i. 103 ---- history, i. 109, 113 ---- Survey of Great Britain, i. 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133, 135, 142, 143, 144, 145, 159, 160, 166, 170, 171, 175, 176, 179, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 190, 196, 198, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 227, 228, 232, 233, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 250, 251, 254, 259, 270, 275, 278, 294, 299, 306, 307, 308, 314, 315, 317, 318, 325, 329, 331, 336, 339, 340, 344, 346, 349, 350, 352, 364, 369, 372, 373, 375, 397, 403, 404, 406, 407, 411, 423, 425, 434, 449, 462, 475, 476; ii. 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 23, 33, 36, 37, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 56, 58, 65, 66, 68, 94, 95, 102, 103, 118, 121, 125, 127, 144, 145, 148, 162, 164, 170, 174, 175, 190, 192, 199, 201, 203, 253, 272, 277, 292, 347, 384, 391, 420, 422, 423, 426, 428, 433, 435, 446, 449 Giant's Causeway, ii. 80, 109, 186, 188, 192, 206 Gilbert, Mr. G. K., i. 87; ii. 362, 363 Girvan, i. 192, 200 Glaciation, absence of, in Devonshire, i. 261 Glass in volcanic rocks, i. 18, 33, 60, 78, 180, 211, 216, 230, 232, 235, 316; ii. 85, 120, 126, 133, 135, 137, 184, 204, 247, 272, 285, 316, 317 Globulites, ii. 135 Gloucestershire, Silurian volcanoes of, i. 238 Gneiss, analogies of, with igneous rocks, i. 93; ii. 476; oldest, i. 110, 115 Godwin-Austen, A. C., i. 259, 262 Goodchild, Mr. J. G., i. 229, 449; ii. 150 Grainger, Rev. Dr., ii. 198 Grand Sarcoui, ii. 373, 374, 381 Granite, bosses of, i. 88, 90, 93; plutonic and volcanic, 89; metamorphism by, 95; altered by dykes, ii. 164; pre-Cambrian, i. 119; post-Arenig in Highlands, 126, 310; in Cambrian rocks, 155; in Silurian rocks, 200, 229, 236, 238, 249; of probably Old Red Sandstone age, 272, 277, 290, 331, 337; Tertiary, ii. 366, 418, 420 Granitite, i. 188, 277, 290, 337; ii. 367 Granophyre, alteration of rocks by, i. 95, 96; scenery of, 105; solvent action of, 82, 84, 85, 96, 99; ii. 163, 392, 415, 422, 433; brecciated, 382; spherulitic, 381; bedded structure of, 381, 403, 404; apt to be intruded at the base of a volcanic series, 403; shattering of rocks invaded by, 405, 411, 413, 416, 439; veins of, 409, 410, 432, 437; Silurian, i. 214, 215 ---- Tertiary, i. 339; ii. 368, 395, 408, 430; boundaries of, 382, 409; relation to older vents, 280, 384, 399; relation to plateau-basalts, 386, 396, 402, 404; relation to gabbro, 391, 402, 404, 410; relation to basic dykes, 395; proof of liquidity of, 413; sills of, 430, 436, 437; dykes of, 435 Granophyric structure, i. 20; ii. 366 Graphite in Tertiary volcanic series, ii. 198 Graptolites, i. 174, 196, 197 Grauwacke or Devonian rocks, De la Beche on, i. 259, ii. 33 Graves, Lieut. T., ii. 451 Great Glen of Scotland, i. 121 Greeks, influence of volcanoes on, i. 1 Green, A. H., i. 133, 134, 163; ii. 10, 12 Greenland, Tertiary basalts of, ii. 182 Greenly, Mr. E., i. 129, 214 Greenock, Lord, i. 363 Green schists of the Scottish Highlands, i. 122; of Anglesey, 129 Greenstone, i. 183, 187, 206, 217, 219, 249, 259, 261; ii. 34, 35, 37, 103, 104, 355 Greenstone-ash, i. 219 Griffith, Sir R., ii. 299, 422 Gunn, Mr. W., i. 114, 298, 311, 336, 369, 407, 410; ii. 58, 172, 420 Gypsum deposits, ii. 54
Hade of dykes, ii. 139 Hæmatitic iron-ore, ii. 197 Hall, Sir James, i. 72, 363 Hälleflinta, i. 131, 167 Hardman, E. T., ii. 365, 449 Harker, Mr. A., i. 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 188, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 222, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 290; ii. 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 139, 144, 146, 160, 162, 163, 164, 174, 185, 189, 190, 223, 224, 247, 269, 281, 284, 285, 309, 310, 318, 320, 334, 339, 347, 348, 368, 382, 384, 385, 387, 389, 392, 407, 408, 409, 413, 415, 433, 434, 437, 441, 446 Harkness, R., i. 228; ii. 56 Harlech anticline, i. 159, 179, 187; group, 176 Hatch, Dr. F. H., i. 183, 184, 187, 188, 229, 230, 246, 247, 248, 249, 261, 277, 278, 306, 377, 380, 381, 417, 419, 420; ii. 57, 96, 184, 274, 276, 299, 319, 332, 367, 368, 369, 370, 388, 398 Haughton, Prof. S., i. 346; ii. 422 Hawaii, lava-fountains of, i. 12; differentiation in lavas of, 27; lava-cauldron of, 58 Haworth, Mr. E., ii. 96 Hay Cunningham, R. I., i. 269, 317, 363, 372, 373, 449, 451; ii. 237, 238, 244 Heaphy, Mr. C., i. 432 Hebrides, basalt-sheets of, i. 24, 47, 52, 102; acid rocks of, 95, 102; gabbros of, 84, 90, 102; scenery of, 105; pre-Cambrian rocks of, 112, 114, 117, 121; Cambrian land of, 141; early observations on the Tertiary volcanic rocks of, ii. 109, 110, 111; dykes of, 118, 146, 158, 174; basalts of, 181, 186, 215; pitchstone lava of, 238, 246; plateau-scenery of, 249; Tertiary rivers and lakes of, 217, 228, 231, 234, 252; vents of, 274; basic sills of, 304; gabbro intrusions of, 327; acid intrusions of, 364, 379, 430, 437; dislocations of, 452; denudation of, 455 Heddle, Dr., i. 274, 302; ii. 78, 79, 246, 307, 406 Helland, Prof. A., ii. 191, 261, 263, 264 Henderson, Mr. J., i. 449 Henry Mountains, laccolites of, i. 86; ii. 362 Henslow, J. S., ii. 22, 224 Heterogeneity in volcanic magmas, i. 85, 90; ii, 190, 334 Hett Dyke, ii. 1, 7, 147 Hibbert, S., i. 46 Hicks, Dr. H., i. 126, 145, 154, 158, 159, 166, 206 Hill, Mr. J. B., ii. 140 Hill, Rev. E., i. 135 Hinde, Dr. G. J., i. 198; ii. 35 Hinxman, Mr. L., i. 114, 344; ii. 121 Hobson, Mr. B., i. 260; ii. 23, 27, 96, 99 Holden, Mr. J. S., ii. 204 Holl, H. B., i. 133, 134, 170 Holland, Mr. P., i. 177, 178, 179; ii. 23 Hollybush Sandstone, i. 133, 170 Holocrystalline structure, i. 78; ii. 136, 184 Hopkins, W., ii. 177, 179, 268 Hornblende, ejected crystals of, i. 178, 181; ii. 49, 51, 58, 79 Hornblende-schists formed from basic igneous rocks, i. 75, 114, 118, 119, 124, 129 Horne, Mr. John, i. 114, 196, 199, 200, 344, 345, 375; ii. 23, 144, 292 Hornito of a lava-stream, i. 55; ii. 264 Hornstone, i. 131, 136, 277, 278 (analyses), 324 Houston Marls, i. 423, 436, 440, 444, 466 Howard, Mr. H. T., i. 207 Howell, Mr. H. H., i. 294, 307, 364 Hoy, Island of, i. 350 Hughes, Prof. T. M'K., i. 126, 144, 160, 161, 166, 168, 220, 222, 223, 227 Hull, Mr. E., ii. 42, 95, 103, 272, 421, 426, 449 Hurlet Limestone, i. 360, 366, 394, 410, 415, 444, 452, 456, 467, 470, 474 Huronian rocks, i. 111 Hutchings, Mr. W. M., i. 227, 230, 233 Hutton, James, i. 363; ii. 9, 110 Hutton, W., ii. 3 Hyperite, i. 279 Hysgeir, pitchstone of, ii. 246
Iceland, Tertiary basalts of, ii. 182, 260; Tertiary gabbros and liparites or granophyres of, 261; continuity of volcanic phenomenon of, 261; lava-fields of, i. 24, 42, 53, 100; ii. 260; lava-domes of, i. 10; ii. 265; fissures of, i. 70; ii. 262, 271, 454; dykes of, 122, 261; cinder cones of, 264, 271; subsidence of, 447 Idaho, lava-fields of, ii. 267 Iddings, Prof., i. 28, 29, 30, 78, 79, 82, 84, 90; ii. 128, 178 Idiomorphic crystals, i. 21, 417, 420; ii. 40 Index Limestone of the Scottish coal-fields, i. 360, 444, 452 India, fissure-eruptions of, i. 10; volcanic plateau of, ii. 180 Intermediate volcanic rocks, silica-percentage of, i. 14 Intersertal structure, i. 417; ii. 136 Intrusive rooks, defined, i. 14; occasional cellular character of, 16; flow-structure in, 22, 161; varieties of, 77; textures of, 78, 449; ii. 274, 360, 392; in sheets, sills, and laccolites, i. 83; melting of rocks by, 82, 84; ii. 129, 163, 392; consolidation of, i. 84; banding of, 84, 450; ii. 329, 342; heterogeneity of, i. 85; ii. 344; metamorphism by, i. 94, 451; influence of surrounding rocks on, 95; conditions of their intrusion, 97; columnar structure in, ii. 187, 291, 301 ---- Pre-Cambrian, i. 116; Cambrian, 156; Silurian, 187, 195, 206, 216, 235, 237, 248, 249; Devonian, 261; Old Red Sandstone, 277, 291, 321, 335, 338, 343, 345; Carboniferous, 406, 408, 420, 446; ii. 1, 21, 30, 33, 40, 48; Permian, 58, 64; Tertiary, 270, 298 Ireland, submarine eruptions of, i. 48; Dalradian rocks of, 122, 123, 126; Arenig rocks in, 123; Silurian volcanic rocks of, 239, 251; granites of, 290; Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, 346, 348; Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, 359; ii. 37; early observers among the Tertiary volcanic rooks of, 109; Tertiary basalt plateau of, 364, 370, 371; gabbros of, 359; acid rocks of, 420 Iron-ore, pisolitic (Arenig), i. 181, 208; Tertiary, of Antrim, ii. 204 Irvine, Mr. D. R., i. 294, 299 Irving, Rev. A., ii. 95 Isogeotherms, shifting of, i. 98 Italy, old volcanoes of, i. 4; ii. 474, 477
Jack, Mr. R. L., i. 294, 308, 369, 375, 396, 404; ii. 57, 145 Jameson, Robert, i. 268, 269, 317, 363; ii. 109, 161, 244, 333, 355, 364 Jan Mayen, ii. 182 Jedburgh type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418 Jennings, Mr. C. V., i. 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188 Johnston-Lavis, Dr., ii. 261 Joints in dykes, ii. 132 Judd, Prof. J. W., i. 157, 275; ii. 115, 116, 134, 137, 162, 185, 209, 211, 245, 247, 267, 274, 278, 280, 303, 307, 309, 315, 316, 319, 322, 328, 329, 332, 333, 349, 356, 360, 372, 388, 410, 439 Jukes, J. B., i. 143, 171, 175, 208, 218, 219, 245, 246, 250, 254, 316; ii. 10, 20, 42, 47, 49, 101, 103, 105 Jurassic period, physical conditions of the, ii. 108, 182
Kelly, J., i. 314 Kenmare, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 350 Keratophyre, i. 247 Kerrera, Isle of, i. 342 Kersantite, i. 261 Keswick, i. 229 Kildare, Chair of, Bala volcanic rocks at, i. 245, 256 Killarney, nodular lavas of, i. 20, 272, 346 Kilpatrick Hills, i. 385, 388, 403, 410 Kilroe, Mr. J. R., i. 251, 253, 315 Kilsyth type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418 Kinahan, Mr. G. H., i. 349; ii. 45, 49, 426 Kincardineshire, volcanic necks of, i. 281, 286, 293, 299; Old Red Sandstone of, 301 King, Mr. Clarence, i. 27 King's County, volcanic necks of, ii. 37 Kippie Law type of basalt, i. 418 Kirkby, Mr. J., ii. 106 Kirwan, R., ii. 110 Knockfeerina, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 349 Knocklayd, ii. 200 Kynaston, Mr. H., i. 343
Labyrinthodonts, i. 356 Laccolites, i. 77, 83, 86, 88, 98, 99, 190; ii. 363 Lacroix, Prof., i. 96 Lacustrine volcanic eruptions, i. 49 Lagorio, Dr. A., ii. 137 Lake, Mr. P., i. 177, 179 Lake-District, i. 227, 290; Vesuvian cone of, i. 42, 45 "Lake Caledonia," i. 272, 294, 296 "Lake of Lorne," i. 341 "Lake Orcadie," i. 266, 271, 343, 350 Lakes, eruptions in, i. 49; crater, 58; of Old Red Sandstone, 264 Lambay Island, conglomerates of, i. 244 Lammermuir, granites of, i. 290, 340 Lamplugh, Mr. G. W., i. 32, 220; ii. 23, 28 Lamprophyre, i. 291, 293 Lanarkshire, i. 291, 368, 416 Land, sculpture of the, i. 101, 102 Landslips, ii. 200, 287 Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, i. 310 Lapilli, volcanic, i. 33, 34, 61, 151 Lapworth, Prof. C., i. 130, 132, 137, 171, 172, 189, 190, 196 Largs, volcanic vent near, i. 56, 396, 397, 401 Lasaulx, Prof. von, ii. 365, 371, 426 Laurentian gneiss, i. 110 Lavas, classification of, i. 14; flow-structure of, 16, 21; vesicular structure of, 17; glass in, 18; devitrification of, 19; bedding of, 24; effect of water on molten, 25, 334; sack-like or pillow-structure of, 26, 184, 193, 201, 240, 244, 252; seldom occur in solitary sheets, 26; variations in structure in, 27; sequence of, in eruptions, 28, 92, 377, 386; crusts of, disrupted in volcanic explosions, 58, 59, 60; ii. 189; alternations of acid and basic, i. 28, 61, 152, 157, 165, 207, 213, 284, 318; ii. 236, 266; contrasted with intrusive rocks, i. 78; sandstone veins in, 283, 300, 303, 320, 327, 333, 337; ii. 59, 98; shattered or agglomerate structure of, 99; metamorphism of, i. 231, 240, 338; ii. 272, 276, 337, 339, 340, 347, 355, 379, 386, 397, 399, 400, 404, 413 ---- Cambrian, i. 152, 168 ---- Silurian of Merionethshire, i. 183; Scotland, 191; Builth, 203; Pembrokeshire, 205; Caernarvonshire, 207; Berwyn Hills, 218; Anglesey, 219; Lake District, 227; Gloucestershire, 238; Ireland, 239, 254 ---- Lower Old Red Sandstone, i. 273, 281, 294, 317 ---- Carboniferous, i. 377, 384, 417, 436, 440, 443; ii. 8, 18, 34, 45 ---- Permian, ii. 68, 96 ---- Tertiary, ii. 183; types of, 186; banding of, 189; thickness of, 192; lenticular character of, 193; of Antrim, 199; irregular bedding of the vitreous, 243 ---- modern Icelandic eruptions of, ii. 261 Lava-domes, ii. 265 Lava-plug of volcanic funnels, permanence of, i. 40, 41, 55, 73, 76, 430 Lawson, Prof. A. C., i. 82 Leaf-beds, ii. 198 Lebour, Prof., i. 336; ii. 2, 3, 5, 7 Leckstone, i. 419, 442, 443 Lecoq, H., i. 45; ii. 373 Leinster granite, ii. 245, 249, 290 Lewisian Gneiss, i. 81, 110, 111, 113, 118 Liddesdale, Carboniferous volcanic vents of, i. 55, 416, 425, 440, 475 Life, earliest traces of, i. 140 Lignite in Tertiary volcanic series, ii. 198 Limburgite, i. 377, 408, 417, 420, 448; ii. 40, 46 ---- type, i. 418 Limerick, Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, i. 421, 430; ii. 41; Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 348 Limestone, metamorphism of, i. 72, 451; ii. 14, 22, 164, 280, 383 Lindley and Hutton on Eigg conifer, ii. 238 Lingula Flags, i. 144, 177 Linlithgowshire (_see_ West Lothian) Lintrathen, porphyry of, i. 277, 292, 311 Lion's haunch type of dolerite and basalt, i. 418 Lithomarge, ii. 197, 204 Lizard, rocks at the, i. 194 Llanberis, Pass of, i. 159, 163 ---- group, i. 144 Llandeilo group, i. 175, 196, 242; volcanic rocks of, 186, 202, 221, 227, 241 Llandeiniolen, i. 160 Llandovery group, i. 175, 196; possible volcanic rocks of, 238 Llangadock, i. 205 Llangefni, i. 220 Llanllyfni, i. 161 Llanwrtyd, i. 204 Lleyn Peninsula, i. 208, 209, 213, 215 Lloyd Morgan, Prof., i. 145, 147, 154 Llyn Padarn, i. 157, 159, 160 Loch Carron, pre-Cambrian rocks of, i. 115, 117 Loch Lomond, dykes at, ii. 180 Loch Tay Limestone, i. 122, 124, 125 Lomas, Mr. J., ii. 191, 322 Longulites, ii. 135 Lonsdale, W., i. 257 Longmyndian rocks, i. 111, 129, 132 Lorne, volcanic rocks of, i. 102, 271, 281, 341 Lough Mask, Silurian volcanic rocks of, i. 251 ---- Nafooey, Silurian volcanic rocks of, i. 251 ---- Neagh, subsidence of site of, ii. 201, 205; history of, 448 Ludlow group, i. 175 Lycopods, fossil, i. 174
Maare, volcanic, i. 58; ii. 287, 288, 296 Macconochie, Mr. A., ii. 58 Macculloch, John, i. 95, 269, 270; ii. 22, 111, 113, 123, 140, 154, 156, 159, 172, 174, 175, 213, 217, 231, 237, 244, 251, 280, 293, 304-307, 310, 314, 315, 327, 349, 364, 371, 403, 406, 408, 409, 418 Macknight, Dr., i. 268, 317 Maclaren, Charles, i. 269, 317, 325, 363, 372, 373, 451, 462; ii. 67 M'Henry, Mr. A., i. 32, 240, 242, 244, 314, 347; ii. 201, 204, 272, 293, 426, 427, 428, 429 M'Mahon, General, i. 260; ii. 35, 36 Magma, volcanic, explosive energy of, i. 13; gases and vapours dissolved in, 13, 72, 97, 99; differentiation of, 22, 84, 91; solvent action of, 82, 84, 85, 99; ii. 392, 415, 422, 433; heterogeneity of, i. 85, 90, 91; ii. 344, 360, 476; metamorphic action of, i. 94; alteration of, by incorporation of foreign material, 96; ii. 386, 390, 392; conditions for the injection of, i. 97, 99 Magnesian Limestone, ii. 54 Malvern, pre-Cambrian volcanic rocks of, i. 133; Cambrian volcanic rocks of, 169 Man, Isle of, Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, ii. 22 Manod, i. 184 Marl Slate, ii. 54 Marl, volcanic, i. 423, 436, 440, 444, 466 Marr, Mr. J. E., i. 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, 238, 290; ii. 189 Matlock Bath, ii. 13, 22 Mediterranean, earthquakes and volcanoes of, i. 1 Melaphyre, i. 131 Mello, Mr. J. M., ii. 22 Melrose, rocks near, i. 397, 398, 400, 425 Melting of rocks by igneous intrusions, i. 82, 84, 85, 96, 99; ii. 163, 392, 415, 422, 433 Menai Strait, i. 159 Menevian group, i. 114 Merse, volcanic plateau of the, i. 375 Metamorphism of tuffs, i. 157; of lavas (_see_ under Lavas) ---- by lavas, i. 27; by sills and bosses, 87, 94, 95, 216, 236, 331, 338, 431; ii. 7, 22, 36, 131, 148, 163, 299, 300, 310, 337, 339, 340, 347, 355, 356, 357, 358, 362, 378, 383, 386, 397, 399, 400, 404, 413 ---- in vents, i. 67, 71, 82, 93, 399, 404; ii. 39, 78, 292 ---- around vents, i. 72, 349, 350, 352, 399, 404, 432; ii. 76, 272, 273, 276, 280, 292 ---- regional, i. 121, 123; ii. 35 Mica, ejected crystals of, in volcanic breccias, ii. 49, 58, 79, 80 Mica-porphyrite, i. 277, 338 Michel Lévy, M., i. 18, 21, 46, 88; ii. 373, 374 Microgranite, i. 131, 215, 235, 249; ii. 367, 437 Microlites of igneous rocks, i. 18, 21, 33; ii. 135, 275 Micropegmatitic structure, i. 20, 418, 449; ii. 5, 368, 437 Microscopic examination of rocks, i. 18, 21 Midlands, eruptive rocks of English, ii. 100 Midlothian, Carboniferous volcanic plateau of, i. 373, 385, 387; sills of, 446 Miller, Hugh, ii. 237 ---- Mr. H., i. 336 Mills, Abraham, ii. 109 Millstone grit, i. 358, 360, 366 Minette, i. 277, 278, 291, 293 Minto Crags, i. 375, 397 Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, i. 301 Moel Siabod, i. 175 ---- Wyn, i. 175, 176, 184, 185 Monckton, Mr. H. W., i. 449; ii. 224 Montana, lava-fields of, ii. 115, 267 Montrose, volcanoes of, i. 299 Moray Firth, basin of, i. 271, 343 Morton, Mr. G. H., i. 189 Morven, basalt-plateau of, ii. 208 Mountain-chains, origin of, i. 11, 12, 98 Mourne mountains, granite of, i. 93; ii. 124, 366, 367, 420 Muck, Isle of, ii. 215 Mud-lava, ii. 85 Mudstone, volcanic, i. 423, 436, 440, 444, 466; ii. 86, 222, 258 Mull, branching amygdales of, i. 17; perlitic glass from, 19; pale lavas of, ii. 184, 213; basalt of, 188, 192, 193; breccias of, 196; plateau of, i. 24, ii. 208; non-volcanic breccias in, 196, 211; flint gravel in, 211; leaf-beds of, 212; vents in, 274, 278; gabbro of, 355; acid bosses of, i. 20; ii. 395; acid sills of, 430; acid dykes and veins of, 443; enormous denudation of, 457, 461 Murchison, R. I., i. 113, 121, 129, 142, 173, 175, 189, 204, 205, 207, 238, 257; ii. 56, 95 Mynydd-mawr, i. 209, 211, 216 Mythology, influence of earthquakes and volcanoes on, i. 2
Nant Francon, i. 161 Naples, puys of, i. 100, 429 Napoleonite, i. 22 Necker, L. A., ii. 112, 123, 139, 140, 146 Necks, volcanic, i. 56; of fragmentary materials, 56; of non-volcanic detritus, 57, 289, 343, 426; of agglomerate, 58; ii. 276; internal stratification in, i. 63; ii. 80, 294; with central lava-plug, i. 64, 430; with dykes and veins, 66, 430; ii, 291; of lava-form material, i. 67, 430; ii. 271; parasitic, i. 69; connection of, with cones, 70, 435; ii, 70, 89, 277, 281, 290; metamorphism of, i. 67, 71, 82, 93, 399; ii. 39, 78; metamorphism of rocks around, i. 72, 349, 350, 352, 399, 404, 432; ii. 76, 272, 273, 274, 276, 280, 292; inward dip of rocks towards, i. 73, 352; ii. 80; connection of, with bosses, i. 93; ii. 276, 284; entombment and exposure of, i. 434; connection of with valleys, 272, 366, 375; ii. 61, 65; relation between their size and the character of the agglomerate, 76; connection of, with sheets of tuff or lava, 70, 89, 277, 284 ---- Silurian, i. 215, 235; Old Red Sandstone, 277, 288, 293, 311, 318, 323, 328; Carboniferous, 394, 399, 400, 404, 406, 424, 465; ii. 13, 28, 47; Permian, ii. 62, 67; Tertiary, ii. 202, 270, 276 Neptunist and Plutonist controversy, i. 363; ii. 67, 95, 110, 112 New Mexico, necks in, i. 68 Newry granite, i. 290 Nicholson, Prof. Alleyne, i. 228, 229 Nicol, James, i. 311, 369 ---- W., ii. 238 Nigrine, ii. 79 Nithsdale, Permian volcanic rocks of, ii. 58, 60, 62, 65 Nodular structure of lavas, i. 20, 162, 204, 206, 207, 211, 232, 247, 255, 274, 346 Nolan, Mr. J., i. 240, 251, 315; ii. 423, 424, 425 Non-volcanic debris, among volcanic rocks, i. 31, 57, 289, 313, 345, 381, 399, 402, 422, 426, 437; ii. 18, 27, 28, 58, 64, 76, 78, 99, 195, 196, 281, 423; indicates comparatively feeble eruptions, i. 57, 289, 345, 426, 438; ii. 293; points to earliest eruptions of a vent, ii. 76 Nordenskjöld, Mr. O., i. 120 North Berwick Law, i. 371, 373, 403 North, Mr. Barker, ii. 244 Norway, eruptive rocks of, i. 28 Nuneaton, i. 171
Obsidian, i. 18, 19; ii. 370 Ochil Hills, i. 274, 276, 277, 279, 281, 286, 287, 288, 293, 303, 308, 311 Oil-shales of the Lothians, i. 361, 362, 462 O'Kelly, J., i. 349; ii. 49 Oldham, T., ii. 299 Old Red Sandstone, lines of vents in, i. 69; granite protrusions of, 236, 272, 277, 290, 337; of County Waterford, 251; distribution in Britain, 257; an exceptional stratigraphical type, 258; conditions of its deposit, 259, 263, 297; original scenery of, 265; vegetation of, 265; isolation of the water-basins of, shown by fossil evidence, 265; classification of, 260; history of the investigation of, 268; volcanic centres in, 271; nature of volcanic products in, 273; structure of lavas and tuffs of, 281; volcanoes of, 259, 263, 294, 303, 323, 325, 337, 341, 343, 346, 348, 352; subdivisions of, 297; thickest conglomerates of, 301; composition of conglomerates of, 302, 315, 341; unconformabilities in, 267, 328, 333; Upper division of, 348, 375, 383; ii. 42 Olenellus-zone, i. 112, 130, 132, 140, 144 Olenus-zone, i. 144 Olivine, i. 154, 418, 420; ii. 58, 135 Omagh, i. 315 Ophitic structure, i. 21, 417; ii. 136, 184, 274 ---- type of dolerite, i. 418, 421 Oregon, crater lake in, i. 58 Orkney Isles, i. 271, 344, 350; ii. 121 Orthoclase, ejected crystals of, ii. 79 Orthophyre, i. 273, 276, 277, 308 Osann, A., ii. 191 Oyenhausen, C. von, ii. 112, 280, 333, 340, 367, 372, 381
Palæopicrite, i. 261 Palæozoic systems, i. 139; volcanic rocks resemble modern, i. 30 Palagonite, i. 33, 61, 151, 180, 246, 422, 423; ii. 44, 46, 57, 223 Paradoxides-zone, i. 144 Paramorphism, i. 249 Peach, Mr. B. N., i. 114, 128, 147, 168, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 216, 240, 277-294, 307, 308, 329, 331, 344, 345, 369, 375, 425, 426, 476; ii. 133, 145 Pebidian, i. 145 Pegmatite, i. 20, 119, 127, 418, 449; ii. 5, 368, 437 Pembrokeshire, volcanic rocks of, i. 145, 159, 205 Penmaen-mawr, i. 209, 215 Pennant, T., ii. 109 Pennine chain, ii. 8 Pentland Hills, volcanic series of the, i. 102, 269, 273, 276, 279, 281, 285, 287, 289, 291, 311, 317 Perlite, i. 130 Perlitic structure, i. 19, 196, 199, 206, 211, 216, 232, 274 Permian system, geographical conditions accompanying the deposition of, ii. 53, 97; subdivisions of, in S. W. England, 94; volcanic phenomena of, i. 46; ii. 55; lavas and tuffs of, 57, 58; vents of, 62, 67, 70, 96; sills of, 91, 100 Permo-carboniferous strata, ii. 54 Petersen, Dr., i. 275, 336 Phillips, J., i. 133, 170, 205, 238; ii. 3 ---- J. A., i. 260, 261 ---- W., i. 171; ii. 95 Phonolite, i. 380 (analysis); ii. 375 Phyllite, i. 162, 222 Picrite, i. 377, 417, 420, 448, 450; ii. 57 ---- type, i. 418 Pillow-structure in lavas, i. 26, 184, 193, 201, 240, 244, 252; ii. 189, 259 Pitchstone, i. 18, 19, 130; ii. 134, 174, 204, 238, 242, 246, 370, 437, 444 Plagioclase, ejected crystals of, ii. 79 Plants fossil, in tuffs, i. 392; ii. 113, 198, 212, 222 Platania, G., i. 26 Plateau-type of volcanoes, i. 42, 100, 308, 341, 364 Plateaux, Carboniferous, of Scotland, i. 364; distribution of, 367; composition of, 377; structure of, 383; lavas and tuffs of, 383; vents of, 394; dykes and sills of, 406; close of eruption of, 410; Tertiary, ii. 181; formation of modern Icelandic, 265 Player, Mr. J. H., analyses by, i. 377, 381; ii. 138, 330 Playfair, John, i. 363; ii. 110 Plinthite, ii. 197 Pliocene (supposed) of Lough Neagh, ii. 449 Plutonic operations of volcanoes, i. 77; granite, 88 Plutonists and Neptunists, i. 363; ii. 67, 95, 110, 112 Pomeroy, volcanic series near, i. 315 Porphyrite, i. 190, 193, 207, 229, 240, 252, 273, 274, 377, 379 Porphyritic structure, i. 19, 274; ii. 128 Portlock, J. E., ii. 110, 111, 113, 199, 201, 299, 364 Portraine, conglomerates at, i. 244 Portrush, shells in supposed basalt at, ii. 110, 299 Potstone, i. 125 Pre-Cambrian rocks, i. 111, 121, 126 Pressure, experimental proof of effects of, i. 24 Prestwich, Sir J., ii. 103 Propylites, ii. 185, 388 Proterobase, i. 247 _Pterygotus_, i. 265 Pumice in tuffs, i. 244, 422; ii. 17, 27, 28, 32, 44, 46, 286, 288; in volcanic necks, i. 60, 180; ii. 17, 39, 195 Pumiceous structure, i. 15, 33, 34, 60 Puys, as a type of volcano, i. 10, 44, 100, 414; probable subærial nature of some, 432; Carboniferous, 308, 364, 414, 424, 463; ii. 13, 28, 34, 47; Permian, ii. 62; Tertiary, 271, 276 Puy de Chopine, i. 32; ii. 374 ---- Dôme, ii. 373 ---- Montchar, i. 32 ---- Pariou, i. 66, 70; ii. 31, 281 Pyroclastic detritus, i. 31, 58, 61 Pyromeride, i. 211 Pyrope, ii. 58, 79 Pyroxene, ii. 135
Quartz-porphyry, i. 19, 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 277, 291, 314; ii. 96, 369, 420, 423, 430, 431 Quartz-trachyte, ii. 371 Quartzite, i. 112, 170
Raasay, basalt of, ii. 192; neck-like breccias in, 293; acid sill of, 430 Raddling or red-staining of rocks, i. 250, 261 Radiolarian cherts, i. 123, 167, 169, 173, 174, 184, 196, 201, 244 Rain-pittings in strata, i. 342 Raisin, Miss, i. 161, 163, 164, 165, 210 Ramsay, A. C., i. 126, 142, 143, 144, 145, 158, 159, 168, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 204, 205, 208, 210, 212, 214, 223, 237, 364 Ratho type of dolerite, i. 418, 421 Red Head, section at, i. 300 Red Hills, Skye, scenery of, i. 105; ii. 379 Reed, Mr. Cowper, i. 205 Reid, Mr. Clement, ii. 449, 450 Renard, Prof. A., i. 148, 149 Renfrewshire, Carboniferous volcanic rocks of, i. 368, 385, 397, 400, 404, 408, 416, 430, 447 Reyer, Prof. E., ii. 474 Reynolds, Mr. S. H., i. 177, 179, 256 Rhobel Fawr, i. 177, 178, 186 Rhyolite, i. 19, 22, 24, 131, 161, 165, 167, 168, 178, 204, 210, 231, 232, 255, 276, 278; ii. 185, 205, 371, 424, 437 Rhyolitic conglomerate, ii. 195, 206, 429 Richardson, Rev. W., ii. 110 Richthofen, F. von, i. 28; ii. 115, 116 Rivers made to shift their channels by volcanic eruptions, i. 42, 49; of the Tertiary volcanic period, ii. 217, 228, 231, 234, 456 Rocks, oldest known, i. 110 Roscommon, volcanic rocks of, i. 316 Rosenbusch, Prof. H., ii. 136, 137 Ross, Mr. Alexander, ii. 406, 409 Rothliegende, ii. 95 Roxburghshire, Carboniferous vents of, i. 55, 403, 404 Rubers Law, i. 375, 380, 404 Rum, i. 112; basalt-plateau of, ii. 215; gabbros of, 332, 349; acid bosses of, 403; acid sills of, 431; pitchstone of, 445 Rutley, Mr. F., i. 131, 133, 170, 207, 210, 227, 231, 232, 238, 260; ii. 23, 35
Sahlite found in volcanic vents, i. 62 Saline Hill, volcanic vents of, i. 433, 435, 440 Sanday, basalts of, ii. 215; conglomerates of, 226 Sandstone altered into quartzite, i. 72, 349, 350, 404, 432, 451; ii. 76, 164; veinings of, in lava, i. 283, 300, 303, 320, 327, 333, 337; ii. 59, 98 Sandwich Islands, lava-cones of, i. 10 Sanidine ejected from volcanic vents, ii. 58, 79 Sanquhar, Silurian volcanic rocks at, i. 192, 195, 199; Permian volcanic rocks at, ii. 62 Santorin, ii. 134 Saponite, ii. 79 Scenery, origin of, i. 8, 100 Schalstein, i. 262; ii. 36 Schists, primeval, i. 110, 114, 118, 119; produced by deformation of igneous rocks, 75, 114, 118, 119, 121, 162, 240, 249, 252, 261 Schmidt, Dr. C. W., ii. 266 Scoriaceous structure, i. 15, 16, 282, 327, 339 Scorpions, fossil, i. 174, 356, 466 Scotland, lines of fault in, i. 11; Vesuvian cones of, 42; plateaux of, 43; puys of, 46; submarine lavas of, 48; Carboniferous vents of, 55; volcanic scenery of, 104; pre-Cambrian rocks of, 111; Cambrian rocks of, 112; Lewisian gneiss of, 114; Dalradian rocks of, 121; Arenig rocks of, 123, 191; Old Red Sandstone of, 266, 273, 281, 291; Carboniferous geography of, 356; Carboniferous volcanoes of, 359; Carboniferous plateaux of, 367; Carboniferous puys of, 414; Permian volcanoes of, ii. 55; Tertiary dykes of, 122; Tertiary basalt-plateaux of, 208, 274, 304; Tertiary gabbros of, 327; Tertiary acid rocks of, 379 Scrope, G. P., i. 27, 82, 45, 116; ii. 373, 374, 381 Sedgwick, A., i. 142, 166, 175, 218, 227, 257; ii. 1, 2, 3, 5, 113, 139, 153, 157 Segregation (_see_ Differentiation) Segregation-veins, i. 84, 92; ii. 66, 130, 300, 303 Selwyn, Mr. A. C. R., i. 143, 175, 208, 221 Semi-opal, ii. 79 Sepulchre Mountain, i. 79 Serpentine, i. 195, 293 Shale, alteration of, i. 72, 451; ii. 164 Shap, granite of, i. 236, 238, 271, 290 Sheets, intrusive (_see_ Sills) Shelve, i. 176, 190 Shetland, i. 271, 289, 292, 293, 345 Shiant Isles, ii. 307 Shineton Shales, i. 144 Shore-lines, traces of ancient, i. 295, 305 Shropshire, ancient volcanic rocks of, i. 129, 189; latest eruptive rocks of, ii. 101 Sicily, i. 26 Sidlaw Hills, i. 286, 294, 303 Sills, vitreous margins of, i. 18; tectonic relations of, 77, 83, 451; origin of name, 83; differentiation (segregation) in, 81, 450; ii. 476; ordinary stratigraphical position of, i. 85; considered as parts of incompleted volcanoes, 86; metamorphism by, 87, 94, 451; ii. 299, 303, 310; conditions for injection of, i. 97, 98, 99, 458; columnar structure of, ii. 187, 291, 301, 306, 308, 319; amygdaloidal structure in, 299, 312; banding of, 309; split by later sills, 310, 316; extreme subdivision of, 311; slaggy surface in some, 312; give off veins, 313; double and multiple, 318, 434; connection with vents, 322 ---- pre-Cambrian, i. 118, 124; Cambrian, 155, 170, 171; Silurian, 187, 195, 206, 216, 237, 249; Devonian, 261; Old Red Sandstone, 277, 291, 321, 335, 343, 345; Carboniferous, 408, 446, 472; ii. 2, 21, 30, 48; Permian, 64, 66; of Midlands, 102, 103; Tertiary, (1) Basic, 298; (2) Acid, 366, 430 Silurian system, i. 173; vegetation of, 174; geography of, 263; volcanoes of, 175; classification of, 175; two volcanic series of, 177 ---- volcanoes in Shropshire, i. 189; in Scotland, 191; at Builth, 203; in Pembrokeshire, 205; in Caernarvonshire, 207; in the Berwyn Hills, 218; in Anglesey, 219; in the Lake District, 227; in Gloucestershire, 238; in Ireland, 239, 254 Skae, H. M., i. 294, 299, 306, 375; ii. 57 Skiddaw, i. 228; granite of, 236 ---- Slate, i. 229 Skomer Island, i. 207 Skye, spherulitic dykes and sills of, i. 20; ophitic structure from, 20; basalt-terraces of, 24; metamorphism by granophyre of, 95, 96; volcanic scenery of, 103, 105; dykes of, ii. 123, 124, 129, 139, 140, 146, 150, 152, 154, 160, 162, 164, 165, 173, 269; bedded basalts of, 192, 249, 269; tuffs of, 251; connection of dykes and superficial lavas in, 269; vents in, 280; sills of, 304; gabbro bosses of, i. 116; ii. 334; acid bosses of, 379; acid sills of, 431; acid dykes of, 437; pitchstone veins of, 445; subsidence of, 447 Slaggy structure, i. 16, 33, 59, 282, 327, 339; ii. 98, 187 Slane, volcanic rocks near, i. 244 Slate-tuffs, i. 180, 213, 234 Slemish a volcanic neck, ii. 271 Slieve Foye, ii. 421 ---- Gallion, ii. 200 ---- Gullion, ii. 422 Small Isles, basalt-plateau of, ii. 215; vents of, 288; sills of, 318; acid bosses of, 403; acid sills of, 431 Small, Mr. E. W., i. 207 Smaragdite found in volcanic vents, i. 62 Snowdon, volcanic rocks of, i. 20, 42, 47, 102, 175, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 226 Soda-felsites, i. 183, 196, 247 Solfataric action, i. 71; ii. 185, 205, 388 Sollas, Prof., i. 96; ii. 175, 293, 415, 421, 422 Solway, Carboniferous volcanic plateau of, i. 375, 385, 413 Somerset, volcanic rocks of, ii. 32 Somma, denudation of, i. 3, 100 Spheroidal structure of dolerite, i. 456 Spherulitic structure, i. 19, 20, 95, 120, 130, 155, 162, 184, 211, 232, 235, 346; ii. 369, 381, 392, 432, 435, 437, 441, 446 Spilosite, i. 262 Springs, mineral, connected with volcanic action, i. 390, 445 St. Abb's Head, i. 338 Staffa, i. 25; first notice of, ii. 109; columnar basalts of, 186, 188, 210; basalt conglomerate of, 195 Staffordshire, latest eruptive rocks of, ii. 101, 103 St. Andrews, old volcanoes near, ii. 71, 73, 87 St. David's, Cambrian volcanic rocks of, i. 145 ---- Head, i. 205 Steam in volcanic action, i. 13, 15, 16, 71 Stecher, Dr., i. 421, 451; ii. 165 St. Kilda, dykes of, ii. 173, 416; gabbro of, 358; general account of geology of, 405; granophyre of, 408 Stocks, or bosses, i. 78, 88 Strahan, Mr. A., i. 171; ii. 10, 12, 23, 28, 32 Strathaird, ii. 123, 140, 164, 269 Strathbogie, i. 344; ii. 121 Strathmore, i. 304 Stromboli, i. 4 Sublimations, traces of ancient, i. 445 Submarine eruptions, i. 48 Sub-ophitic structure, i. 417 Subsidence and volcanic action, i. 295, 297, 444, 463; ii. 42, 205, 447, 470 Subterranean igneous injections, i. 77 (_see_ Bosses, Dykes, Sills) Suess, Prof. E., ii. 474 Sun-cracks, i. 342 Sweden, Archæan volcanic rocks of, i. 120 Syenite, ii. 366 Symes, Mr. R. G., i. 311, 343, 369; ii. 201, 428
Tate, G., ii. 3, 113 ---- R., ii. 204 Tatlock, Mr. R. R., i. 273, 278 Tawney, E. B., i. 157 Teall, Mr. J. J. H., i. 90, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 156, 192, 194, 200, 207, 210, 275, 277, 290, 311, 336, 338, 346, 407, 449; ii. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 32, 44, 113, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 144, 149, 292, 293, 329, 367, 368, 369 Teesdale, i. 228 Termier, M. P., ii. 375 Terrestrial volcanic eruptions, i. 50 Tertiary Volcanic Series, ii. 181 Subaerial character of eruptions, ii. 103, 198 Scenery of, ii. 255, 256, 349, 391, 405, 408 The Plateaux, ii. 183, 249; lavas of, 183, 218, 236, 256; thickness of individual sheets, 192, 206, 254, 257; lenticular character of lavas of, 193, 257; greatest depth of, 210, 211, 213, 260; tuffs and clays of, 194, 202, 204, 211, 222, 225, 251, 258, 277, 284, 287; non-volcanic fragments in, 196, 211, 213, 219; lignites of, 198, 203, 208, 213, 251; gravels and conglomerates of, 198, 212, 238, 256; coal of, 213, 251, 256, 287; leaf-beds of, 204, 212, 222, 225, 288; carbonaceous nature of the upper parts of intercalated sediments in, 223, 226, 227, 229, 232, 251, 288; evidence for intervals between the eruptions in, 203, 205, 208, 221, 228, 240, 245, 251, 254, 288; no evidence of great central vents in, 208, 214, 255, 258, 260, 267; faulted condition of, 200, 208, 209, 452; subsidences of, 205, 208, 209, 214, 447; ancient river channels of, 217, 228, 231, 234, 456; volcanic cones of, 202, 218, 230, 277, 281, 285; paralleled by the modern Icelandic eruptions, 260; vents of, 202, 218, 230, 270, 276 The Basic sills, ii. 298, 304 The Gabbro bosses, ii. 327, 349, 355, 358; history of the gabbro intrusions, 359 The Acid rocks, ii. 364; petrography of, 366; history of their investigation, 371; analogies with trachytes of Central France, 373; intruded at base of the gabbros or of the bedded basalts, 337, 353, 357, 431, 432, 444; bosses of Skye, 378; of Mull, 395; of Small Isles, 405; of St. Kilda, 405; of Arran, 418; of Carlingford, 420; of Slieve Foye, and Barnavave, 421; of Slieve Gullion, 422; of Antrim, 426; acid sills, 430; acid dykes and veins, 437 Metamorphism of the basalts, ii. 272, 276, 337, 339, 340, 347, 355, 356, 357, 358, 362, 378, 383, 386, 397, 399, 400, 404, 413 Texture, varieties of, in igneous rocks, i. 78, 449; ii. 5, 299, 360 Tholeiites, ii. 137, 158 Tholeiite type of basalt, i. 419, 421 Thornhill, volcanic rocks of, ii. 60 Thoroddsen, Th., ii. 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 278 Thrust-planes, i. 229 Time in geological history, ii. 107, 461, 465 Timmins, J. H., i. 133 Tinto, i. 278, 288, 329 Titterstone Clee Hill, ii. 101 Toadstones of Derbyshire, i. 359; ii. 8 Topley, W., i. 147; ii. 3, 5, 7 Torridonian rocks, i. 111, 112, 113, 120; ii. 350 Tortworth, volcanic rocks at, i. 238 Tourmakeady, volcanic rocks of Bala age at, i. 251 Townson, R., i. 363 Trachyte, i. 183, 230, 246, 273, 276 (analysis), 379 (analysis), 386, 403, 407, 421; ii. 36, 47, 96, 138, 152, 184, 236 Traill, Mr. W., ii. 175, 421, 422 Traprain Law, i. 372, 380, 403, 405 Traquair, Dr. R. H., i. 266 Tremadoc group, i. 144, 177 Trevelyan, W. C., ii. 3 Triassic eruptive rocks, i. 29; geography, ii. 108 Trichites, i. 19; ii. 136 Troctolite, ii. 332 Tuffs, i. 31; association of, 33; composition of, 34; alternations of, 34, 61; blending of, with non-volcanic sediment, 35, 437; fossiliferous, 36; without lava, 36; necks of, 58; relation of, to lavas, 61; metamorphism of, ii. 224 ---- pre-Cambrian, i, 125, 135; Cambrian, 147, 151, 155, 163, 165, 167; Silurian, 178, 189, 190, 195, 205, 209, 212, 213, 222, 224, 229, 232, 241, 245, 246, 254, 255; Devonian, 262; Old Red Sandstone, 279, 281, 289, 337, 339, 351; Carboniferous, 381, 384, 387, 399, 422, 427, 429, 432, 436, 466; ii. 11, 18, 24, 36; Permian, 57, 58; Tertiary, 194, 197, 202, 204, 211, 222 Tyrol, Triassic eruptive rocks of, i. 29 Tyrone, Old Red Sandstone of, i. 314
Ulster, Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks of, i. 314 Ultra-basic rocks, i. 14, 118, 377, 417 Unconformability, deceptive case of, i. 163 Urgneiss, i. 110 Uriconian volcanic rocks, i. 129 Ussher, Mr. W. A. E., i. 260, 262; ii. 35, 95 Utah, laccolites of, i. 86; volcanic regions of, ii. 115, 267
Valleys, tendency of vents to appear in, i. 272, 368, 376; ii. 61, 65, 96 Vapours, action of volcanic, i. 13, 15, 16, 17, 31, 57, 72, 78, 97, 99, 180, 289, 426 Variolitic structure, i. 21, 206, 235 Veins, intrusive, i. 66, 77, 79, 98, 426, 429; ii. 311, 313, 400, 410, 432, 437 Velay, volcanic rocks of, i. 26, 27, 29, 60; ii. 271, 373, 375 Vents, volcanic, i. 53; ground-plans of, 54; size of, 55; filled with non-volcanic detritus, 57; ejected crystals found in, 62; agglomerates of, 62; ii. 13, 28, 47, 61, 69, 276, 280, 284, 288, 289; stratification in, i. 63; ii. 80; metamorphism in, i. 67, 71; metamorphism of rocks around, 72, 349, 350, 352, 399, 404, 432; ii. 76, 272, 280; connection of, with geological structure-lines, i. 68; occurrence of, in lines and in groups, 69; double and multiple, 69; possible indications of length of activity of, 72; inward dip of strata around, 73, 352; ii. 76, 295; stages in history of, i. 74; tendency of, to rise in lines of valley, 272, 368, 376; ii. 61, 65, 96, 468; criteria for the relative ages of, 270; connection of, with later eruptive bosses, 280, 384, 399, 400 ---- Silurian, i. 209, 214, 234; Old Red Sandstone, 272, 287, 298, 305, 323, 328, 337; Carboniferous, 394, 399, 400, 404, 406, 424, 465; ii. 13, 28, 47; Permian, 61, 69; Tertiary, 202, 270, 294, 400 Vesicular structure of lavas, i. 15; ii. 187 Vesuvius, denudation of, i. 3; as an active volcano, 4; as a type of volcano, 10, 39, 53, 100; ii. 108, 115, 261, 266 Vicary, Mr. W., ii. 95 Vogesite, i. 277, 293 Volcanello Island, i. 70 Volcanic action, permanent traces of, i. 4; of present time elucidates that of the past, 5; submarine, 5; transient effects of, 8; chief factors in, 10; explosive energy of, 13, 99; uniformity of, in geological time, 13, ii. 470; metamorphism by, i. 67, 71; underground phases of, 77; proofs of gradual quiescence of, 155, 157, 166; connected with subsidence, 295, 297; ii. 205, 444, 463, 470; repetition of, in the same region, i. 368, 375, 377; ii. 42, 69, 94, 467; developed along continental borders, 466; persistence of, in Britain, i. 7; ii. 466; connection of, with lines of geological structure, 468; connection of, with terrestrial disturbance, 469; gradual decline of, during Palæozoic time, 471; quiescence of, during Mesozoic time, 472 Volcanic cycles, i. 27, 92 ---- products, general characters of, i. 14; persistent uniformity of, 30, 46; thickest mass of, in Britain, 229 (_see_ Agglomerate, Lava, Tuff) Volcano, Island of, i. 4, 24 Volcanoes, their influence on mythology, i. 1, 2; denudation of, 3; number of extinct, 4; ancient, of Britain, 6; influence on scenery, 8, 100, 102; defined, 10; types of, 10, 39; ii. 471; determination of relative dates of, i. 46; their geographical condition in old times, how ascertained, 48; parasitic, 69; contemporaneous denudation of, 73, 100; connected with granite, 89; incompleted, 86, 93, 99 Vom Rath, G., ii. 474
Wacke, i. 157 Walcott, Mr., i. 30 Wales, pre-Cambrian rocks of, i. 126, 142; early geological work in, 142; Cambrian volcanoes of, 145, 159; volcanic scenery of, 176; Silurian volcanoes of, 176, 202, 205, 207, 218, 219; Old Red Sandstone of, 257, 259 Waller, Mr. T. H., i. 171, 278 Ward, J. C., i. 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237; ii. 23 Warwickshire, Cambrian rocks of, i. 137, 171 Waterford, volcanic region of, i. 247 Watts, Mr. W. W., i. 131, 132, 135, 137, 189, 190, 191, 243, 276, 278, 336, 347, 417, 421, 423; ii. 40, 42, 43, 45, 57, 96, 184, 204, 224, 272, 424, 425 Weaver, T., i. 238 Wenlock group, i. 175; volcanic rocks of, 552 Wernerian School, ii. 109 West Lothian, volcanic rocks of, i. 47, 55, 415, 433, 437 Whin Sill of England, i. 83, 85, 97, 449; ii. 2 Whitehurst, J., ii. 9, 109 White trap, i. 96, 426, 449, 456; ii. 65, 87, 103, 165, 252 Williams, Mr. G. J., i. 179, 185, 186, 188 Williamson, W. C., i. 392 Wilson, Mr. J. S. Grant, i. 148, 149, 153, 276, 344, 375, 379, 380; ii. 137, 164 Wilson, Mr. A., ii. 49 Winch, N. T., ii. 113, 147 Witham, H. T. M., ii. 113, 238 Wood, N., ii. 113 Woods, Mr. H., i. 204 Woodward, Dr. Henry, ii. 449 Woodward, Mr. H. B., ii. 32, 435, 453 Worcestershire, latest eruptive rocks of, ii. 101 Worth, Mr. R. N., ii. 99 Wrekin, i. 130 Wright, J. R., ii. 102 Wunsch, E., i. 369, 392 Würtemberg, puys of, i. 46 Wyoming, lava-fields of, ii. 115
Yates, J., i. 171 Yellowstone Park, volcanic phenomena of, i. 29, 31 Y-foel-frâs, i. 209, 214 Y Glyder-Fach, i. 209 Yoredale group, ii. 9, 13, 17 Young, Mr. John, i. 369, 392 Young, Prof. John, i. 294, 308
Zircon, found in volcanic vents, i. 62 Zirkel, Prof., ii. 327, 329, 334, 356, 364, 370, 372, 379, 430
THE END
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Transcriber Note
Minor typos were corrected. A paragraph break was inserted in the last paragraph on pages 271 and 334 to accommodate placement of illustrations. To prevent images from splitting paragraphs, some text was moved.