Part 10

The same result can be brought about without the aid of a stream of water in the following manner. Take once more a pedestal perfectly air-tight, A B C D (fig. 79), having a partition across the middle, E F. Let the tube from the mouth of the animal, G H K, lead into the pedestal, and another tube, L M N, pass through the surface A D and the partition E F. In the tube, L M N, perforate a hole, X, just above the partition E F, and let another tube, O P, fit into it closely, having a hole, R, corresponding with the hole X. To the tube O P attach a figure of Pan, or some other figure with a fierce look, and, when the figure is turned towards the animal, it shall not drink, as though frightened; when the figure turns away, it shall drink. Now, if we pour water into the compartment A D E F through a hole, G´, which must afterwards be carefully closed with wax or some other substance, it will be found that, if the holes R and X are made to coincide, the water which was poured in will pass into the compartment E B C F. As A D E F becomes empty, it will attract the air through the mouth of the figure, which will then drink when a cup is presented to it.

[Illustration: Fig. 79.]

[Illustration: Decorative floral border]

APPENDIX.

There are four MSS. of Hero contained in the British Museum. Two belong to the Harleian Collection: they are numbered 5605 and 5589, and are assigned, the first to the fifteenth, the second to the sixteenth century; they are distinguished in the table below by the letters _a_ and _b_. The others are among the Burney MSS., (108 and 81), and are both assigned to the sixteenth century: they are cited as _c_ and _d_. Of these MSS. the first and third, (_a_ and _c_), are by far the most trustworthy: they generally supply the clauses missing in the printed text, and often furnish emendations of passages otherwise corrupt. The other two agree, for the most part, with each other, and with the printed text, both in the omission of numerous clauses and in the grossest errors in individual words. It is thus rendered probable that the defects of the Paris edition are in great measure due, not to the Editors, but to the MS. followed.

In the following table of emendations made in the text of Hero as it appears in the _Veterum Mathematicorum Opera_, those only have been noticed which appeared curious or important. Many more have been passed over in which the correction was obvious even without the aid of any MS. The references are to the page and line of the Paris edition.

Page and | | Line of | | Paris | | edition. | Reading of Paris Text. | Reading adopted. ------------+--------------------------+---------------------------- 147 - 29 | συκίαν _a b d_. | σικύαν _c_. 150 - 10 | ἐκφανείας | ἐπιφανείας _a b c d_. — - 34 | τὴν—διαστολὴν | κατὰ τὴν—διαστολὴν _a_. 151 - 8 | μυκτῆρσιν _d_. | μυκτῆρσιν ἀέρος _a b c_. — - 51 | ὅσας | ὅσαι _a b c d_. 153 - 6 | βαθύτερον _d_. | βαρύτερον _a b c_. — - 23 | στεγνὸν _d_. | στενὸν _a c_. 155 - 3 | ἀντέχον _a c d_. | ἀντέχων _b_. 156 - 1 | πνυκτικὸς _a b_. | πνικτικὸς _c_. | | Commandine reads | | πνευματικὸς. — - 24 | ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ _c_. | ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ _a b d_. — - 26 | ἀντεπεξίοντος | ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπεξίοντος _a b_ | | _c d_. 159 - 17 | τὸ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ | τὸ ἐν ἀυτῷ ὑγρὸν _a c_. | (τὸ εν τῷ ὑγρον _b_.) | 161 - 2 | ἰσθμὸς | ἠθμὸς. This correction, | | adopted originally on the | | conjecture of Professor | | Malden, is supported by the | | variations of the MSS.; _a_ | | reads ἱθμος, _b_ ἡθμος. In | | like manner elsewhere read | | ἠθμοειδή, &c. for ἰσθμοειδή. — - 20 | ἐκκεκρυήσεται | οὐκ ἐκρυήσεται | (so all the MSS.) | 170 - 30 | ἐκείνοις | ἔκεινον _a b c_. 172 - 17 | κατέχοντος _c_. | κατέχοντες _a b_. — - 18 | ἐὰν δὲ ἄνω ὄντος | ἐὰν δὲ ἀνῶμεν ἔτι ἄνω ὄντος | | _a b c_. — - 30 | ἴσον, ἐὰν | ὅσον ἐὰν _a b c_. 173 - 20–24 | This passage is unintelligible as it stands. It should | be read (with _a b c_) as follows:— | | Ἐγχέωμεν οὖν καὶ εἰς τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν καὶ εἰς τὸν ΠΡ | κρατῆρα τὸν οἶνον ὥστε πλήρη εἶναι τὸν ΠΡ κρατῆρα, | καὶ τὴν ΜΝΞΟ βάσιν πεπληρῶσθαι ἄχρι τοῦ Η στομίου | τοῦ σωλῆνος· τούτου δὲ γενομένου, καὶ φραγέντος | τοῦ Ε, οὐ διὰ τοῦ ΚΛ σωλῆνος, &c. In the printed | text all the words from τὸν οἶνον to τὸν κρατῆρα | inclusive are omitted; so is the οὐ after φραγέντος. | In the translation the MSS. have been departed from | in reading “as high as the mouth of the tube G H,” | instead of “as high as the mouth G of the tube G H.” | The latter reading is clearly inconsistent with the | argument. 174 - 3 | εἰσχωρεῖ καὶ διὰ τοῦ | εἰσχωρεῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦ Υ | τρήματος | τρήματος _a b c_. — - 13 | ὁ Κ, ὁ κενὼν | ὁ Κ ἔνων _a b c_. 177 - 1 | ἀνακεκαμφθέντα ἀγγεῖα | ἀνακεκάμφθω εἰς τὰ ἀγγεῖα | | _c_. _a b_ have ἀνακεκάμφω. — - 24 | The printed text is here quite unintelligible. | We find (beginning of § 24 in translation) these | words:—ἔστω σμηρισμάτιον ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα λόγῳ· ἔστω | δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου διπλάσιον. The opening sentence | should be as follows: Ἀγγείου ὄντος κενοῦ καὶ ἑτέρου | οἶνον ἔχοντος, ὅσον ἐὰν ὕδωρ εἰς τὸ κενὸν ἀγγεῖον | ἐμβάλωμεν, τοσοῦτον διὰ κρουνοῦ ληψόμεθα κεκραμένον | ᾧ ἐὰν βουλώμεθα εἶναι λόγῳ· ἔστω δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ οἴνου | διπλάσιον. So _a c_: _b d_ agree with the text. 180 - 11 | Omit τρίτου with _a c_: _b d_ agree with the text | in retaining the word, which is unintelligible. 192 - 3 | ἐπιληφθέντα _b d_. | ἐπειληθέντα _c_. | | _a_ has ἐπειληφθέντα. 193 - 26 | ἀποδεδεμένοι | ἀποδεδομένοι _a b c d_. 195 - 7 | ἀποδεδόσθω | ἀποδεδέσθω _a b c d_. 197 - 6 | ἄνω _a b c d_. | κάτω, which is given in | | the margin of _d_, is | | necessary to the sense. 200 - 8 | Read ἐναρμοσθεὶς εἰς τὸ σφαίριον φερέτω εἰς τὴν χώνην, | καὶ ἐμβεβλήσθω εἰς τὸ σφαίριον ὕδωρ. So all the MSS. | In the text all from φερέτω to σφαίριον inclusive is | omitted. — - 14 | After ὑγρὸν add καὶ ἀναπληρώσει τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον. | So _a b c_. 202 - 20 | The last clause of § 50 (of the translation) is | unintelligible as it stands in the printed text. | For στρέφειν εἰς τὴν χώραν _a_ and _c_ give εἰς τὴν | σφαῖραν. In the translation σφαῖραν is preferred to | χώραν, and εἰς omitted. 205 - 10 } | Clauses of considerable length are missing in the 206 - 10 } | text from the usual cause. They are supplied in 185 - 11 } | the translation. 212 | The arrangement of the three plans for self-acting | lamps has been altered in conformity with _a_ and _c_; | _b_ and _d_, agreeing with the printed text. 216 - 26 | ἐκπίπτοντος | εἰσπίπτοντος _a_. 223 - 7 | ΓΔ (CD) | ΕΖ (EF): this change has | | been made on conjecture. — - 16 | Before ὥστε ἢ has been inserted, without support | from the MSS. The passage is otherwise | self-contradictory. 226 - 23 | διηνοιγμένον _a b c d_. | διενηνεγμένον? 227 - 21 | This passage is corrupt, but the MSS. give no light. 228 - 8 | ἐκτὸς | ἐντὸς _a b c d_. — - 41 | ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς _a b c d_.| τοῖς ἐν τοῖς αὐλοῖς? 229 - 30–40 | The reading of the text is evidently corrupt here, | but the MSS. do not supply means for correcting it: μίας | οὔσης may be a corruption of μενούσης; Hero speaks | elsewhere of a περόνη μένουσα. 232 - 14 | The text and all the MSS. read ὑπὸ; nevertheless ὑπὲρ | has been substituted in the translation. If the holes X | and R were _beneath_ the partition, the action of the | tubes would fail.

[Illustration: Decorative floral border]

INDEX.

Air (atmospheric), 1.

Adamant, 2.

Anvil, 2.

Archimedes, 9.

Air-pump (condensing), 23.

Altar, 26, 83.

Apple, 62.

Arrow, 62.

Air-engine, 95.

Bottle, 3.

Bitumen, 5.

Bronze, 7.

Beam, balance, 11.

Bar, 19.

Bird, 29.

Beam on an axis, 33.

Ball tap, 36.

Ball float, 43.

Beam, 44.

Bow, 62.

Boiler, 72, 101, 102, 103.

Buttons, 76.

Bellows, (substitute for), 105.

Bell-crank lever, 106.

Cupping-glasses, 4.

Coal-cinders, 5, 101, 102.

Cook’s ladle, 21.

Carpenters’ rule, 25.

Chain, 32.

Cork, 36.

Coin, 37.

Cock or tap, 41.

Cylinders, (bored bronze), 44.

Church organ, 105.

Dew, 5.

Divers, 8.

Door of temple, 33.

Dragon, 62.

Earth, 1.

Extinguisher, 33.

Engine, (steam-), 72.

Fire, 1.

Force, 3.

Funnel, 29.

Fir-cone, 70.

Flagon, 86.

Finger-organ, keys, 105.

Glass, 3, 68, 74, 75, 76, 79, 95.

Globe, 7, 20.

Groove, 17.

Hammer, 2.

Heat, 2.

Horn-shavings, 3.

Handle, 17.

Hinges, 25.

Holy water, 49.

Hercules, 62.

Hot-air blast, 100, 101.

Iron, 10.

Jar, 22.

Kettle-drum, 32.

Key, 41.

Light, 9.

Libation, 26.

Lathe for turning, 32.

Lead, 36.

Lamp-wick, 52.

Lever-beam, 94.

Metal plate, 7.

Marine torpedo, 10.

Nut, (substitute for), 17.

Oil, 6.

Owl, 30.

Oven, 94.

Organ-pipes, 105.

Pores, 9.

Priest, 26, 83.

Priestess, 26.

Pulley and rope, 32.

Piston, turned, (metallic), 44.

Piston-rods, 44.

Pan, 47.

Pinion, (toothed), 52.

Poised cup, 66.

Quicksilver, 58.

Rod, 32.

Rack, (toothed), 52.

Racks, 109.

Sand, 2.

Sponge, 3.

Smoke, 5.

Steam, 5, 68, 69, 72, 100.

Sulphur, 5.

Sun, 5.

Sun’s rays, 9.

Suction, 11.

Solder, 17.

Sliding-frame, 17.

Screw, 17.

Sieve, 19.

Spout, 73.

Syringe, 80.

Serpent, 83.

Steel-yards, 87.

Shrine, 93.

Spur wheels, 93.

Sparrow, 104.

Springs, 106.

Sectors, (toothed), 109.

Tube, 7.

Tin, 8.

Trumpet, (mouthpiece and bell), 32.

Three-way cock, 51.

Trigger, 62.

Thyrsus, 70.

Turn-table, 95.

Triton, 103.

Tuning-pipe, 104.

Tappet-wheel, 108.

Universal joint, 45.

Vacuum, 1.

Vent, 21.

Valve, (circular slide), 23.

Valve, (clack), 24.

Valve, (suspended), 37.

Valve, (spindle), 44.

Valve, (plane slide), 105.

Water-clocks, 1, 87.

Water, 1.

Wind, 2.

Wine, 19.

Weight, 32.

Wheels, 49.

Wine-skin, 55.

Washing-basin, 55.

Water-jet, 65.

Whistle, 70.

Wheel and axle, 93.

Wind-mill, 108.

[Illustration: Shield with initials W.C. being held by a lion]

[Illustration: Sketch of a boat with sails]

SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF STEAM NAVIGATION.

FROM AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS.

BY BENNET WOODCROFT.

PROFESSOR OF MACHINERY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON.

_With Seventeen Lithographic Plates and Woodcuts._ Fcap. 4to. 12_s._ cloth.

Although much has been written and published on the subject of Steam Navigation, the merits of the several inventions by which it has been brought into practical operation have not in all cases been faithfully recorded, or duly assigned to their respective authors.

This defect is intended to be supplied in the following sketch; first, by a chronological enumeration of the several projectors, whether subjects of Great Britain or Foreigners; and secondly, by presenting to the reader a clear and impartial statement of what has been accomplished by each, viewed either as an original inventor, or as having been instrumental in promoting the means by which Steam Navigation has reached its present state of excellence.

The pretensions of the several inventors are accordingly arranged in the order of time, and at such length as the limits of the work will admit.

Those who have explained the nature and principles of their inventions are afforded the advantages derivable from such explanations by quotations from their own writings; while other inventors or patentees, who have not availed themselves of this mode of giving publicity to a description of the means by which they have endeavoured to supersede prior inventions, or to extend their utility, have the benefit of such remarks as have been elicited by the writings of their own countrymen.

The sketch accordingly commences by detailing facts which demonstrate that the use of the Paddle-wheel as an instrument for propelling boats or vessels is of great antiquity, preceding by ages the first suggestion of the application of steam as a motive power for that purpose.

This is succeeded by a recapitulation of the early projects for propelling vessels by the aid of the steam-engine, and of the various modifications proposed or practically adopted at subsequent periods; thus placing before the reader the means of forming a just estimate of the pretensions of the several projectors to be ranked as _the real authors of the present system of Steam Navigation_.

In conclusion, some of the instruments denominated Screw Propellers are duly noticed, with authentic statements of the results of various experiments in which they were applied, and remarks on those generally in use in Europe and in the United States of America. It will be obvious that the facts thus detailed were widely scattered, and in some few instances difficult of access: they have consequently been collected and arranged from many sources, and the compilation is now submitted as forming a book of reference which may be found not only useful, but interesting to those who seek for information as to the origin and progress of Steam Navigation.—_Preface._

LONDON: TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY, IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1848.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg xix: ‘which’ replaced by ‘the’ to match the title of the section. 117: ‘Spunge’ replaced by ‘Sponge’.