Part 5

Several kinds of liquid having been poured into a vessel through one mouth, it is required that through the same pipe they shall flow out separately at pleasure. Let A B (fig. 22) be a vessel closed at the neck by the partition C D; and let there be in it several vertical partitions, extending to the partition C D and making as many chambers as we wish to pour in liquids. Suppose, for the present, that these are two in number, and let the partition be E F. In the partition C D pierce fine holes, as in a sieve, opening into each chamber, and air holes, G, H, close to the partition, also opening into the chambers: again, at the bottom let there be small tubes, K, L, communicating with the chambers and opening into the common pipe M. If, having first closed the vents G, H, and the pipe M, we pour one of the liquids through the mouth of the vessel, it will enter into neither chamber, as the air has no means of escape: but if one of the vents be opened, the liquid will pass into that chamber to which the vent belongs; and if, after closing this vent again, we pour in the other liquid and set free the other vent, the liquid will pass into the other chamber. Now let all the vents and the sieve-like holes be closed, and, on opening the pipe M, no discharge can take place until one of the vents be opened; when, the air having found an entrance, the liquid contained in that chamber will flow out. If this vent be closed and the other opened, the same result will follow.

23. _A Flow of Wine from one Vessel, produced by Water being poured into another._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

If of two vessels standing on a pedestal one be full of wine and the other empty, whatever quantity of water be poured into the empty vessel, as much wine shall flow from the other. The following is the construction. On any pedestal, A B (fig. 23) let there be two vessels, C D, E F, having their mouths closed by the partitions G H, K L. Let the tube M N X O pass through the pedestal and bend upwards into the vessels, reaching very nearly to the partitions at M and O. In E F place a bent siphon, P R S, the bend being near the vessel’s mouth, and one leg, shaped like a water-pipe, passing outside. Through the partition G H let a funnel, T U, descend almost to the bottom of the vessel, its tube being soldered into the partition. Into the vessel E F pour wine through a hole, Q, which must afterwards be carefully closed again. Now, if we pour water into the vessel C D through the funnel, the contained air will be forced out, and pass through the tube M N X O into E F, and, in its turn, force out the wine contained in E F: and this will happen as often as we pour in the water. It is evident that the air forced out has an equal bulk with the water poured in, and that it will force out as much wine. If no bent siphon be used, but merely a pipe at S, the effect will be the same, unless the force of the water be too great for the pipe.

24. _A Pipe from which flows Wine-and-Water in varying proportions._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

Let there be an empty vessel, and another containing wine: whatever quantity of water we pour into the empty vessel, the same quantity of wine and water mixed may be drawn off through a pipe in any proportion we please; such, for instance, that there may be two parts of water to one of wine. Let A B (fig. 24) be an empty vessel, either a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped: by the side of this, and on the same base, place another vessel, C D, perfectly air-tight, and, like A B, either a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped; but the base of A B must be twice as great as that of C D, as the water is to be the double of the wine. Near C D place another air-tight vessel, E F, into which the wine is to be poured; and between the vessels C D, E F, let a tube run, G H K, perforating and soldered into their coverings. In E F let there be a bent siphon, L M N, the inner leg of which must reach almost to the bottom of the vessel, leaving only a passage for the water, and the other, being bent within the vessel, lead into the next vessel, O X. From this vessel let the tube P R lead through the vessels, or be carried under the pedestal on which they stand, that it may readily pass near the bottom of the vessel A B. Let another tube, T S, connect the vessels A B, C D, and near the bottom of A B place a small pipe, U, which with P R must be included in a larger pipe, Q W, provided with a cock by means of which it may be opened or shut at pleasure. When these preparations have been made, close the pipe Q W, and pour water into the vessel A B; a part, viz. one half, will pass into C D, through the tube S T, and the water which falls into C D will force out a mass of air equal to itself through G H K into the vessel E F; in like manner this air will force an equal quantity of wine into the vessel O X through L M N. Now, if we open the pipe Q W, the water poured into the vessel A B and the wine carried out of O X through the tube P R will flow through it together: and thus what was proposed will be done. The vessels will be empty again when, the mixed liquid having been all discharged, the air enters them through the tube P R.

25. _A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is withdrawn._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

Let there be a vessel containing water, and a pipe in it provided with a key or cock, and let a figure float on the surface of the water; then if water, in any quantity, be drawn off through the pipe, wine shall flow from the figure in any given ratio to the water drawn off. Let A B (fig. 25) be the vessel of water, provided with a pipe, C, which admits of being closed; and on the surface of the water let a basin, D, float, in which is a perpendicular tube, E F, carved in the shape of some animal. Place near another vessel, G H, containing wine, in which is a bent siphon, K L M, one leg being within the vessel G H, and the other without, conducting into the tube E F. Now if we draw the wine through the lower mouth M, it will flow into the tube E F until the surface of the wine in the vessel G H and in the tube E F shall be at the same level. Let that level be in the line N X O P; and at the point P fix an open pipe, R. Hitherto there is no discharge of wine, but, if any quantity of water is drawn off through C, the basin D, and, with it, the tube E F will sink, and the surface of the wine [in the tube] will become lower than the surface N X; so that, the outer leg of the siphon being depressed, the wine will again pass on into the tube E F and run out through the pipe R. This will happen as often as we draw off water through the pipe C, the wine flowing in a fixed ratio to the water drawn off. The base of the vessel A B must bear the required proportion to the base of G H; and thus what was proposed is done.

26. _A Vessel from which Wine flows in proportion as Water is poured into another._

If it is required that the wine shall flow in a certain ratio to the water we pour _into_ the vessel, we must proceed as follows. As before let A B (fig. 26) be the vessel containing water, and G H that which contains wine, but let the tube E F be outside the vessel A B. In A B let a ball, D, float, from which a cord, passing over a pulley, S, is attached to the tube E F so as to suspend it; and let all else correspond with what was stated in the last paragraph. The result will be that, when water is poured into the vessel A B, the ball D rising will lower the tube E F, and the wine will flow again. This may be effected in a different manner by attaching the cord from the ball D, across the pulley S to another pulley, T and across that again to the siphon K L. It will be found now that, when the ball rises, the siphon K L M, being suspended by the cord, is lowered, so that, the outer leg having again become the longer, the wine will flow through the mouth M.

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

27. _The Fire-Engine._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

The siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows. Take two vessels of bronze, A B C D, E F G H, (fig. 27), having the inner surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston, (like the barrels of water-organs), K L, M N being the pistons fitted to the boxes. Let the cylinders communicate with each other by means of the tube X O D F, and be provided with valves, P, R, such as have been explained above, within the tube X O D F and opening outwards from the cylinders. In the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures, S, T, covered with polished hemispherical cups, V Q, W Y, through which insert spindles soldered to, or in some way connected with, the bases of the cylinders, and provided with shoulders at the extremities that the cups may not be forced off the spindles. To the centre of the pistons fasten the vertical rods S E, S E, and attach to these the beam A´ A´, working, at its centre, about the stationary pin D, and about the pins B, C, at the rods S E, S E. Let the vertical tube S´ E´ communicate with the tube X O D F, branching into two arms at S´, and provided with small pipes through which to force up water, such as were explained above in the description of the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed air. Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions, be plunged into a vessel containing water, I J U Z, and the beam A´ A´ be made to work at its extremities A´, A´, which move alternately about the pin D, the pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube E´ S´ and the revolving mouth M´. For when the piston M N ascends it opens the aperture T, as the cup W Y rises, and shuts the valve R; but when it descends it shuts T and opens R, through which the water is driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston, K L, is the same. Now the small pipe M´, which waves backward and forward, ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction, unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions is a tedious and difficult process. In order, therefore, that the water may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube E´ S´ consist of two tubes, fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be attached to the tube X O D F, and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at S´; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round, by the inclination of the mouthpiece M´ the stream of water can be forced to any spot we please. The upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower, to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letter L, soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a ring which encircles the lower.

28. _An Automaton which drinks at certain times only, on a Liquid being presented to it._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

In any place provided with running water make a figure of some animal in bronze or any other material: when a cup is offered to it, the animal shall drink with a loud noise so as to present the appearance of thirst. The following is the construction. A B (fig. 28) is a vessel into which a stream of running water, C, falls. In A B place a bent siphon or inclosed diabetes, D E F, one leg of which must project below the bottom of the vessel. Underneath this let there be an air-tight pedestal, G H K L, also containing a bent siphon, M N X. Below the orifice F place a funnel, O P, the tube of which must descend into the pedestal leaving a passage for the water between its extremity and the bottom. Let the mouth of the animal be at R, from which a concealed tube, R S T, must run along one of the feet, or some other part, into the pedestal. When the vessel A B is filled, the water will overflow and run into the funnel, filling the pedestal G H K L and emptying the vessel A B; in like manner, when the pedestal is full, the water will overflow through the siphon M N X and empty the pedestal; and, as this becomes empty, the air will enter through the mouth R to fill up the void that is left. If, then, we apply a drinking vessel at R, the liquid will be violently attracted and sucked down instead of the air, until the pedestal within has become empty. Then the vessel A B is again filled and emptied, and the same will take place as before. In order that the cup may be applied at the right time, that is, when the water is being drawn off from the pedestal, let something be contrived that will move when struck by water from the discharge through the siphon M N X. When this is seen to move, apply the drinking cup.

29. _An Automaton which may be made to drink at any time, on a Liquid being presented to it._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

There is another way in which, by the aid of running water, the animal may be made to drink on the revolution of a carved figure of Pan. Let A B C D (fig. 29) be a pedestal, air-tight on every side, and divided into two chambers by a partition. On the surface place the animal, and let the tube E F G pass through its mouth. Within the pedestal, in the lower chamber, let there be a bent siphon, H K L, the lower leg projecting from the bottom: and let a funnel, M N, pass through the middle of the partition, its tube reaching nearly to the bottom. On the pedestal A B C D place another pedestal, O X, on which the figure of Pan, P R, is to stand, having attached to it the rod S which projects below into the pedestal. To S let the tube T U be fastened, at the end of which is the cup U Q, attached to and communicating with the tube. Let the tube be of such a length that, when the figure P R turns round, the cup U Q will be directly above the funnel M N. On the pedestal, and communicating with it, and directly above the funnel M N, place the cup W Y. Let the stream Z, (which must be greater than the discharge through the siphon H K L), flow into W Y: the liquid will pass through M N into the lower part of the pedestal, the contained air passing out through E F G: and now the pedestal will continue full as the influx is greater than the discharge. But, when we turn the figure P R round, the cup U Q will intercept the stream Z, which will pass elsewhere through the tube T U, and, as the water no longer flows into the lower chamber of the pedestal, the siphon H K L will empty it, and the air will enter through E F G. Thus, when the cup is applied, the animal will drink as before.

30. _An Automaton which will drink any quantity that may be presented to it._

[Illustration: Diagram of apparatus as described in text]

The animal may be made to drink without the aid of running water, or of any thing to move the figure of Pan. Let A B C D (fig. 30) be a pedestal, and E the mouth of the animal, through the breast and hinder foot or tail of which a tube, E F G, is inserted, leading from the mouth E to the interior of the pedestal. The pedestal having been first firmly fixed, let a hole, E, so fine as to be scarcely discernible, be bored in the tube E F G which passes through the animal, in a line with the extremity G. Now if we fill the siphon E F G with water through some pipe above it, the mouth of which is applied to E, the siphon will continue full since its two orifices lie in the same level. If, therefore, a drinking vessel be brought to the mouth E, and a portion of the mouth immersed in it, it will be found that the leg of the siphon towards G has become the longer, so that it will attract the water, and the water attracted is carried into the pedestal A B C D. In this construction it is not necessary that A B C D should be air-tight.

31. _A Wheel in a Temple, which, on being turned, liberates purifying Water._

In the porticoes of Egyptian temples revolving wheels of bronze are placed for those who enter to turn round, from an opinion that bronze purifies. There are also vessels of lustral water, from which the worshippers may sprinkle themselves. Let it then be required so to construct a wheel that, on turning it round, water shall flow from it to sprinkle the worshippers as we have described. Behind the entrance-pillar let a vessel of water, A B C D (fig. 31), be concealed, having a hole, E, perforated in its base. Underneath the base let a small tube, F G H K, be fastened, having also a hole bored opposite the orifice in the base, and within this place another tube, L M, soldered to the tube F G H K at L, and opposite the orifice having in like manner a hole, S: between these two pipes let another pipe, N X O R, be closely fitted, with a hole at P opposite to E. Now, if the several holes are in one line, when water is poured into the vessel A B C D it will flow out through the pipe L M; but, if the pipe N X O R is made to revolve so as to change the position of the hole P, the discharge will cease. Attach the wheel to the pipe N X O R, and, if it is repeatedly made to revolve, water will flow out.

32. _A Vessel containing different Wines, any one of which may be liberated by placing a certain Weight in a Cup._