CHAPTER IV
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SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF NORMANDY DURING THE TENTH CENTURY. Original kindred of Englishmen, Danes, and Normans 148–149 Danes in England become Englishmen, in Gaul, Frenchmen 149–151
§ 1. _General Effects of the Scandinavian Settlements in Gaul._ Analogy between the settlements of Rolf and Guthrum 151 Results of the Norman settlement on general history; character of the Normans 151–154 Effects on French history; position of Gaul; struggle between Paris and Laon decided by the Normans 154–155 Origin of Modern France 155–156 888 Division of the Empire; Eastern and Western Franks 156 830–888 Growing importance of Paris; Odo the first Parisian King 156–159
§ 2. _Settlement and Reign of Rolf._ 911–927. The Danish ravages within the Empire compared with those in England 159–163 Various Danish settlements in Gaul; exceptional importance of that at Rouen 163–164 876–911? Character of Rolf; his earlier exploits 164–166 911 Rolf in possession of Rouen; his defeat at Chartres 166 912 Peace of Clair-on-Epte; analogy with that of Wedmore 166–167 The Kingdom strengthened by the cession 167–168 Rolf’s homage to Charles; extent of his grant 168–170 Internal condition of Normandy; probable position of the two races; vestiges of the Danish language 171–173 Normandy not an absolute Monarchy 173–174 922–927 Rolf supports the Karlings against Robert and Rudolf 174–176 927? 932? Abdication and death of Rolf 176 924 His acquisition of the Bessin; its importance 176–179
§ 3. _Reign of William Longsword._ 927–943. Religion of Rolf; birth and education of his son William 179–181 931 Breton revolt 182–183 Relations between Æthelstan and the Continent; Alan of Britanny takes refuge in England 183–186 936 Alan restored; the Côtentin and the Channel Islands become Norman; their subsequent history 186–189 932 Danish and Christian parties; revolt and submission of the Danish party 189–190 William’s position between the two; Danish education of his son Richard 190–192 Part played by William in French history; condition of Gaul 192–196 926–933 William’s fidelity to Charles the Simple; he does homage to Rudolf after his death 196–197 936 Election of Lewis; influence of Æthelstan 198–200 Reign and character of Lewis; true character of the later Karlings 200–201 939–940 Affairs of Montreuil and Lotharingia; intervention of Æthelstan and Otto 201–205 942–943 Council of Attigny; murder of William Longsword 205–206
§ 4. _Reign of Richard the Fearless._ 943–996. 943 Accession of Richard; his minority and doubtful legitimacy 206–208 942–973 Events of the year 943; influence of Germany in French affairs 208–210 943 New Danish settlement; apostasy of Richard; the Christians seek French help 210–211 Lewis defeats the Danes and recovers Richard 212 Norman version 213–214 944–945 Lewis in Normandy; his defeat and capture by Harold Blaatand 214–219 945–946 Lewis imprisoned by Hugh; intervention of Eadmund and Otto; release of Lewis and renewal of his Kingship 219–221 Commendation of Richard to Hugh of Paris 221–222 The alliance between Normandy and Paris determines the fall of the Karlings 223 946 War of the three Kings against the two Dukes; defeat of Otto before Rouen 224–226 947–954 Series of Synods; progress and death of Lewis 227–230 954–986 Reign of Lothar; the old generation dies off 230–231 956–960 Relations between Hugh Capet and Richard 232 962 Theobald of Chartres; his enmity towards Richard 233–234 Second intervention of Harold? 234–235 Policy of Hugh Capet; general peace between Ducal and Royal France 236 973–980 Changed relations between France and Germany on the death of Otto the Great 236–238 986–991 Reign of Lewis the Fifth; his death; election of Hugh Capet; permanence of his dynasty; position of Rheims as crowning-place 239–240 987–991 Robert associated with his father in the Kingdom; struggle with Charles of Lotharingia 240–241 Permanent establishment of the Parisian dynasty; effects of the change 241–242 Lotharingia finally becomes German under Carolingian Dukes 242–243
§ 5. _Comparison between France, England, and Normandy._ Influence of the Normans on the Capetian revolution; their settlement made Gaul French 243–245 Relations between Normandy and France fixed by the Capetian Revolution 245–246 Contrast between England and France 247–249 Position of the later Karlings; power of the Crown not immediately increased by the change of dynasty 249–251 Growth of the doctrine of nobility 252–253 996 Last days and death of Richard 254–255
§ 6. _Early Years of Richard the Good._ 996–997. Aristocratic feelings of Richard 255–256 997 Revolt of the Peasants; their political organization; the revolt crushed by Rudolf of Ivry 256–258
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