CHAPTER VI
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THE DANISH KINGS IN ENGLAND. 1017–1042. Character of the Reigns of Cnut and his Sons 401–404
§ 1. _The Reign of Cnut in England._ 1017–1035. 1016–1017 Witenagemót of London; Cnut chosen King 405 Outlawry of the two Eadwigs; fate of the Ætheling 406 Fourfold division of England; Cnut’s preference for Wessex 406–407 First appearance of Earl Godwine; his first Earldom 408–410 1017 Cnut marries Ælfgifu-Emma; his relations with Ælfgifu of Northampton and her sons 410–412 Banishments and executions 412–415 Execution and character of Eadric 415–418 Leofwine succeeds Eadric in Mercia 418 1018 Danegeld paid; Cnut sends home most of his ships 418–419 Witenagemót of Oxford; renewal of Eadgar’s Law 419–422 1019 Cnut visits Denmark 422 Exploits of Godwine; his marriage with Gytha 422–424 1020 Cnut returns to England; Witenagemót at Cirencester; banishment of Æthelweard 424–425 Godwine Earl of the West-Saxons 425–426 Consecration of the church on Assandun; import of the ceremony 426–428 Later policy of Cnut; Danes make way for Englishmen 428 1021 Banishment of Thurkill 428–429 1023 Thurkill viceroy of Denmark 429 1023–1030 Banishment of Eric; banishment and death of Hakon 429–430 1025 Ulf put to death 431 Character and position of Cnut 432–434 1027 His letter from Rome 434 1028–1035 His Laws 434–436 Personal traditions of Cnut; his ecclesiastical foundations 437–443
§ 2. _The Foreign Relations of Cnut._ 1018–1035. Unparalleled peace of Cnut’s reign 443–444 The Housecarls; Cnut’s military legislation 444–446 Cnut’s foreign policy; affairs of Wales 446–447 Affairs of Northumberland and Scotland; succession of the Northumbrian Earls 448 1018 Malcolm defeats Eadwulf at Carham 448–449 1028? Affairs of Cumberland; submission of Duncan 449–450 1031 Submission of Scotland; homage of three Kings 450–451 1015 Cnut’s northern wars; loss of Norway 452–453 1015–1028 Reign of Saint Olaf in Norway 453–454 1025 Cnut’s defeat at the Helga 454 1028 Cnut chosen King of all Norway 454 Cnut’s friendly relations with the Empire; he recovers the frontier of the Eider 455–456 996–1031 Affairs of Normandy; friendly relations between Normandy and France 456–458 Affairs of Britanny and Chartres 458–460 1013? Story of Olaf and Lacman 460–463 Foreign expeditions and conquests of the Normans 463–464 1024 Burgundian War 464 1018 Norman exploits in Spain 464–465 1016–1090 Conquest of Apulia and Sicily; its bearing on that of England 465–467 1026 Unbroken peace between Richard and Cnut; death of Richard 467 1026–1028 Reign of Richard the Third 468 1028–1031 Accession of Robert; he restores various expelled princes 468–470 1026 Relations between Cnut and Robert; marriage of Robert and Estrith 471–473 1028–1035 Robert’s intervention on behalf of the Æthelings; his attempted invasion of England 473–477 1035 Pilgrimage of Robert; death of Robert and Cnut 477–479
§ 3. _The Reign of Harold the son of Cnut._ 1035–1040. Extent and partition of Cnut’s Empire 479–481 1036 Swegen expelled from Norway 481 1035–1036 Candidature of Harold and Harthacnut; Witenagemót at Oxford; division of the Kingdom 481–488 1035–1037 Emma and Godwine Regents for Harthacnut in Wessex 488–489 1036 Attempt of the Ætheling Ælfred; conflicting versions of the story 489–493 Estimate of the evidence; real position of Ælfred; real question as to the conduct of Godwine 493–497 Inconsistency of the ordinary story 497–498 Evidence and suspicion against Godwine; his probable innocence 498–501 Dissatisfaction in Wessex at the absence of Harthacnut 501–502 1037 Harthacnut deposed and Harold chosen King over all England 503 He banishes Emma 503 His reign and character 504–506 1039 Welsh inroad and death of Eadwine 506 1040 Duncan besieges Durham and is defeated by the citizens 507–508 1039 Preparations of Harthacnut 508 1040 Death of Harold 509
§ 4. _The Reign of Harthacnut._ 1040–1042. 1040 Election of Harthacnut; his landing and coronation 509–511 His character; he lays on a Danegeld and digs up Harold’s body 511–513 1040–1041 His second Danegeld 513 Accusation, trial, and acquittal of Godwine 514–517 1041 The Danegeld levied by the Housecarls; tumult at Worcester 517–520 Worcester burned and the shire ravaged 521–522 Harthacnut recalls Eadward 522–524 Succession of the Northumbrian Earls; Ealdred, Eadwulf, Siward; Siward murders Eadwulf by the connivance of Harthacnut and obtains the whole Earldom 524–527 Harthacnut sells the See of Durham to Eadred 527 1042 War with Magnus; defeat of Swegen Estrithson 528 Death of Harthacnut; marriage of Tofig and Gytha; first foundation of Waltham 528–530 Election of Eadward 530 Summary 530–532
APPENDIX.
NOTE A. The use of the word “English” 533 B. The Bretwaldadom and the Imperial Titles 548 C. The Early Relations between England and the Continent 565 D. The Relations of Charles the Great with Mercia and Northumberland 569 E. The Changes in Nomenclature produced by the Danish Settlement 570 F. Æthelred and Æthelflæd of Mercia 573 G. The Commendation of 924 575 H. The Grant of Cumberland 580 I. The Cession of Lothian 582 K. Ealdormen and Kings 589 L. Origin of the word _King_ 593 M. King of England or King of the English? 594 N. Commendation 597 O. Growth of the Thegnhood 599 P. Grants of Folkland 600 Q. The Constitution of the Witenagemót 601 R. The Right of the Witan to depose the King 604 S. The Election of Kings 608 T. Names of Kingdoms and Nations 609 V. Notices of Language in the Tenth Century 617 W. The Vassalage of Normandy 620 X. Danish Marriages 624 Y. The Election of Lewis 626 Z. The Death of William Longsword 628 AA. Leading Men in England at the Death of Eadgar 633 BB. The Election of Eadward the Martyr 638 CC. The two Ælfrics 639 DD. The Treaty with Olaf and Justin 641 EE. The Relations of Æthelred with Normandy 642 FF. Æthelred’s Invasion of Cumberland 646 GG. The Massacre of Saint Brice 648 HH. Ulfcytel of East-Anglia 653 II. The Rise of Eadric 654 KK. The Succession of the Northumbrian Earls 659 LL. The Assessment of 1008 661 MM. Wulfnoth of Sussex 663 NN. Thurkill the Dane 666 OO. Wulfric Spot 671 PP. The Taking of Canterbury and the Martyrdom of Ælfheah 673 QQ. The Kingship and Death of Swegen 678 RR. The Sermon of Wulfstan or Lupus 683 SS. The Children of Æthelred 685 TT. The Elections of Cnut and Eadmund 689 VV. The War of Cnut and Eadmund 694 WW. The Conference of Cnut and Eadmund 705 XX. The Death of Eadmund 711 YY. The two Eadwigs 717 ZZ. The Origin of Earl Godwine 719 AAA. The West-Saxon Earldom 731 BBB. The Marriage of Cnut and Emma 733 CCC. The Family of Leofwine of Mercia 737 DDD. The Death of Eadric 740 EEE. The Exploits and Marriage of Godwine 743 FFF. Wyrtgeorn King of the Wends 747 GGG. The Death of Ulf 749 HHH. The Pilgrimage of Cnut 751 III. The Laws of Cnut 753 KKK. The Housecarls 755 LLL. Cnut’s Relations with Scotland 759 MMM. The Battle at the Helga 765 NNN. Cnut’s Relations with the Empire 766 OOO. Ælfred the Giant 770 PPP. Cnut’s Relations with Normandy 771 QQQ. The Division of Cnut’s Dominions 774 RRR. The Candidature of Harold and Harthacnut 775 SSS. The Death of the Ætheling Ælfred 779 TTT. The Burial of Harold the First 787 VVV. The Trial and Acquittal of Godwine 789 WWW. The Origin of Earl Siward 791 XXX. Tofig the Proud 792 YYY. Events after the Death of Harthacnut 794
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