Chapter XXIV

.

[53] _Ibid._

[54] See Coffey, George, _Archæological Evidence for the Intercourse of Gaul with Ireland before the First Century_ in _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1910, pp. 96–106; Greene, Alice S., _Trade Routes of Ireland_ in her _Old Irish World_, pp. 63–99.

[55] Meyer, Kuno, Article, _Gauls in Ireland_ in _Eriu_, IV., p. 208.

[56] Warren, J. B., _Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_, p. 35.

[57] Healy, John, _Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars_, pp. 29–39; Warren, J. B., _op. cit._ p. 35.

[58] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 32.

[59] Sigerson, George, _Bards of the Gael and Gall_, p. 45.

[60] Sigerson, George, _op. cit._ pp. 45–48.

[61] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 39, where St. Jerome is cited.

[62] Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 8.

[63] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 40.

[64] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 41.

[65] Meyer, Kuno, _op. cit._; also Warren, F. E., _Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_, p. 35.

[66] Article, _Ireland_ in the _Catholic Encyclopædia_, VIII., p. 117.

[67] _Op. cit._ VIII., p. 116.

[68] MacCaffrey, James, Article, _Rome and Ireland: Pre-Patrician Christianity_, in _Irish Theological Quarterly_, I., p. 53.

[69] Beada, _Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum_, Liber I., Cap. 13.

[70] For a discussion of the ancient use of the words _Scotia_ and _Scot_ see Skene’s _Celtic Scotland_, I., Introduction, p. 9.

[71] Bury, J. B., _Life of St. Patrick_, pp. 212–213.

[72] Bury, J. B., _op. cit._ p. 217.

[73] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 323.

[74] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, pp. 243–251.

[75] Plummer, Carolus, _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, I., Intro., 129–188.

[76] Hyde, Douglas, _op. cit._ pp. 134–135.

[77] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _Littérature Celtique_, I., 137.

[78] Todd, W. H., _Life of St. Patrick_, pp. 88, 89, contains a copy of _Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora_.

[79] Article on _Monasticism_ signed E. C. B. (E. C. Butler) in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, XVIII., p. 687.

[80] _Ibid._

[81] Healy, John, _Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars_, p. 93.

[82] Bund, Willis, _Celtic Church in Wales_, 1897, cited by G. P. Huddleston in Article on _Irish Monasticism_ in the _Catholic Encylopædia_, X., p. 473.

[83] See Bibliography, _Sources—Rules_.

[84] See Bibliography, _Lives of Irish Saints_.

[85] Warren, F. E., _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_, pp. 54–55.

[86] _Catholic Encyclopædia_, _op. cit._

[87] _Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora_, published in Todd, W. H., _Life of St. Patrick_, pp. 88–89.

[88] Bury, J. B., _op. cit._ p. 39 _seq._ Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 93.

[89] Plummer, Charles, _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, p. cxxiv.

[90] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ p. cxxv.

[91] _Ibid._

[92] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. cxxvi.

[93] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 199.

[94] Joyce, _Social History of Ireland_, I., 322.

[95] Todd, W. H., _op. cit._ p. 99; Healy, J. _op. cit._ pp. 107–108.

[96] Stokes, Whitley, _Felire of Aengus_, p. 118.

[97] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 323.

[98] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba_, pp. 276–298.

[99] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 61.

[100] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 321.

[101] _Op. cit._ I., 323.

[102] Nolan, Thomas, _Irish Universities and Culture_, p. 11.

[103] Conyngham, D. P., _Lives of Irish Saints and Martyrs_, pp. 537–544.

[104] Murray, Rev. L. P., Article in _Louth Archæological Journal_, I., pp. 22–36.

[105] In _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, VI., p. 106 _seq._ cited by Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 16.

[106] White, _Apologia_, p. 24 cited by Nolan, P., _op. cit._ p. 18.

[107] Stokes, Margaret, _Three Months in the Forests of France_, p. 254–5.

[108] Green, J. R., _The Making of England_, pp. 277–8.

[109] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 290–303.

[110] Todd, W. H., _Wars of the Gael and Gall_, Rolls Series, p. 39.

[111] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 49.

[112] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba_, pp. 276–298.

[113] Moran, Patrick, _Irish Saints in Great Britain_, 77 _seq._

[114] Edmonds, Columba, Article in _Glories of Ireland_, p. 21.

[115] Especially Skene, W., _Historians of Scotland_, VI., p. xlix. Also in _Celtic Scotland_, III.

[116] Warren, F. E., _Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_, p. 14.

[117] See, however, Green, J. R., _The Making of England_, p. 276 _seq._; Brooke, Stopford, _History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest_, Chap. I., II., III.; also _Cambridge History of English Literature_, I., Chap. II., pp. 13, 14, 15, 16.

[118] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 16.

[119] Warren, F. E., _ibid._; Sandys, _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 442; Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 12.

[120] Warren, F. E., _ibid._; Roger, _op. cit._ 400; also Hauck, Albert, _Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands_, I., pp. 282 _seq._

[121] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 16; Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in Apennines_, pp. 96–97.

[122] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 3.

[123] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ pp. 63–64; also Haddan and Stubbs’ _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents of Great Britain and Ireland_, I., p. 152.

[124] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 3.

[125] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 350.

[126] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, Bohn’s Edition, pp. 371–2.

[127] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 350.

[128] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. cxxiii.

[129] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 236–237.

[130] _Catholic Encyclopædia_, III., p. 404.

[131] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, Book III., Bohn’s Ed.; Bede, _op. cit._ Book III., 26–28, Book IV., 12, 21, 23; Plummer’s Edition cited by Roger, _op. cit._ 823–4.

[132] Roger, _ibid._

[133] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 236, 237.

[134] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 460.

[135] Green, J. R., _The Making of England_, p. 276.

[136] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 342.

[137] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ See table opposite p. 342.

[138] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 342, 343; Skene, W., _Celtic Scotland_, II., pp. 61, 62. The monastic organization here described applies especially to Iona, but may be considered as typical not only of Columban monasteries but of Irish monasteries in general.

[139] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 365; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 98.

[140] Skene, Wm., _Celtic Scotland_, II., p. 44.

[141] Skene, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 42.

[142] See _Annals of the Four Masters_, I., pp. 399, 410, 420, 442, 458, 470.

[143] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 389.

[144] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, V., p. 123.

[145] Todd, W. H., _Life of St. Patrick_, p. 16.

[146] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 381.

[147] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 104.

[148] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 381.

[149] Todd, W. H., _op. cit._ p. 160.

[150] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 104, 105.

[151] Healy, John, _ibid._; Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. cxiv.

[152] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, III., 13, 15, 29.

[153] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 318, 382.

[154] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 378, 379, 380.

[155] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, III., pp. 33, 39.

[156] The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St. Paul, Minnesota, entitled “_The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality_” whose thesis is cited here.

[157] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 382.

[158] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 94; Stokes, Whitley, _Tripartite Life of St. Patrick_, I., p. 236.

[159] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. xcviii.

[160] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 365.

[161] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 24, 143.

[162] Concannon, Helen, _The Life of St. Columban_, p. 145.

[163] Stokes, W., _op. cit._ p. 236; Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 357–361.

[164] Reeves, Wm., _ibid._; Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 94–96.

[165] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 17.

[166] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 17; Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I. l. 409.

[167] See Bibliography, _Rules_.

[168] _Op. cit. Lives of Saints_.

[169] Columbanus, _Regula Monachorum_, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen, _Life of St. Columban_, p. 68.

[170] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae_, p. 348.

[171] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 69.

[172] _Ibid._

[173] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 355.

[174] Concannon, Helen, _ibid._

[175] _Ibid._

[176] McAlister, R. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice_, p. 63.

[177] The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some give _six_, others _seven_; the Bangor usage was _eight_. See notes by R. I. Best on _Tractate on the Canonical Hours_ edited from the _Lebor Brecc_ in _Miscellany to Kuno Meyer_.

[178] See Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ pp. 58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.

[179] MacAlister, R. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise_, p. 63.

[180] See above _Means of Support_.

[181] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 75.

[182] Healy, J., _op. cit._ p. 104.

[183] Published in Skene’s _Celtic Scotland_, II., p. 509.

[184] Adamnan, _Vita S. Columbae_, Reeves Edition, p. 9.

[185] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., pp. 3–483 for _Glosses on Psalms_; O’Hanlon, John, _Lives of Irish Saints_, VI., p. 286 for story of St. Columba.

[186] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba_, pp. 20, 22, 36, 43, 49.

[187] Reeves, W., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[188] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 103.

[189] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ pp. 186–191.

[190] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[191] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.

[192] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[193] For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G., _Bards of the Gael and Gall_; Meyer, Kuno, _Old Irish Poetry_; Hull, Eleanor, _Poem Book of the Gael_.

[194] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 102, 103.

[195] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 102.

[196] Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’s _Irish Writers_, pp. i., ii. Also cited in Article _Dr. Johnson and Ireland_ in _Irish Monthly_, XLVI., 538, p. 211.

[197] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., 408.

[198] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, p. 241.

[199] Hull, Eleanor, _Text Book of Irish Literature_, I., 189.

[200] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., pp. 418, 419.

[201] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs_, I., p. 78.

[202] O’Donovan, John, _Tribes and Customs of Hy Many_, pp. 79, 167.

[203] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 417.

[204] See also _Catalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin_, pp. 285–402, 530–535; _The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature_, edited by R. I. Best, pp. 1–307.

[205] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 103, 107.

[206] _Op. cit._, pp. 79–80.

[207] Meyer, Kuno, _Old Irish Poetry_. See several examples; also _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, II., pp. 290, 293, 294, 296.

[208] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _Littérature Celtique_, I., 384.

[209] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 419; Hull, E., _op. cit._ I., 189.

[210] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 417.

[211] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs_, I., 92. _MS. Materials_, p. 50.

[212] The Irish word _fithcheal_ is usually translated _chess_.

[213] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, II., 349. Also pp. 153, 1616.

[214] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 426. For _Fosterage_, see II., p. 14.

[215] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 426.

[216] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 132.

[217] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 211.

[218] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore_.

[219] Plummer, C., _op. cit._ I., p. cxv.; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., 440, p. 251.

[220] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 10.

[221] _Op. cit._ pp. 24, 25.

[222] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _La Civilization des Celtes_, p. 109.

[223] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 14; Moran, Patrick, _Irish Saints in Great Britain_, pp. 248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de, _Les Moines d’Occident_, IV., p. 62.

[224] For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford, _History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest_, Chapters i., ii., iii. Also _Cambridge History of English Literature_, I., pp. 13–16.

[225] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 410.

[226] _Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie_, II., p. 137.

[227] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints_, line 4128.

[228] Plummer, C., _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, I., p. cxv.

[229] Todd, J. H., _Life of St. Patrick_. See _Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora_, printed on pp. 88, 89.

[230] _Book of Leinster_, p. 373; _Lebor Brec_, p. 23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley, _Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series_, 1880.

[231] Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 24.

[232] Petrie, George, _Christian Inscriptions_, II., p. xiv.

[233] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 413.

[234] Plummer, C., _op. cit._ I., xiv.

[235] _Epistolas_ in _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_, Epistola III.; _Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi_, I., p. 231.

[236] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, Bk. III., Chap. xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.

[237] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 530–532.

[238] Petrie, George, _Round Towers_, p. 355. O’Curry, E., _Manners & C._, p. 38.

[239] Moran, Patrick, _Irish Saints in Great Britain_, pp. 219–223.

[240] Published in _Eriu_, VIII. text, p. 67, translation p. 74.

[241] Hyde, Douglas, _op. cit._ p. 221.

[242] Roger, M. L., _Enseignement des lettres classiques_, p. 410.

[243] Moran, Patrick, _op. cit._ p. 253.

[244] Quoted from Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 32.

[245] Bede, _op. cit._ Book V., Chap. IX., X.

[246] Bede, _op. cit._ III., vii.

[247] Bede, _op. cit._ IV., ii.

[248] See Migne’s _Patrologia Latina_, Tomus 89, col. 3.

[249] Zimmer, _op. cit._ p. 42.

[250] Meyer, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 13.

[251] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 412.

[252] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 272, 273.

[253] Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 388, 1907.

[254] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 314.

[255] Published in Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, Tomus, 142; _Alcuini Epistola_, 3; Ussher, _Sylloge_: _Epistola 18_.

[256] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Article on _Colchu_ by T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp. 259, 260.

[257] _Dictionary of National Biography_, XI., _loc. cit._ pp. 259, 260.

[258] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 272–273.

[259] Plummer, Charles, _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, I., p. cxv.; Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 440.

[260] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore_, p. 173.

[261] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 437.

[262] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, I., p. 149; Healy, John, _Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars_, p. 435.

[263] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_,