Chapter VII

.

[351] _Poetae Aevi Caroli_, III., p. 691. Ozanam, F., _Documents Inedits_.

[352] Roger, M., _L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques_, p. 229.

[353] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 262; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 237.

[354] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ I., p. xxiii., II., p. xvii., pp. 46–48; Thurneysen, _Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie_, III., p. 52, _seq._

[355] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 14, 140, 192, 229.

[356] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 262.

[357] Roger, M., _op. cit._ pp. 262–3, footnotes.

[358] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., p. xiv.; Stokes, Whitley, _Tripartite Life of St. Patrick_, II., p. 269; Roger, M., _l.c._ p. 266.

[359] Chap. III.

[360] _Studies_ (Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St. Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whose _Life of St. Columban_ is the best that has been published.

[361] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _Littérature Celtique_, I., p. 373.

[362] De Jubainville, _op. cit._ I., pp. 373–375; Sigerson, _op. cit._ p. 407.

[363] Gundlach, _Mon. Ger. Epistolae_, III., Notes on _Epistolae Columbani_.

[364] Esposito, Mario, Articles _Hiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries_, Art. in _Archivium Hibernicum_, III., p. 2; _The Latin Writers of Mediæval Ireland_, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp. 519–529; Art. in _Irish Theological Quarterly_, IV., pp. 181–185.

[365] Published under the title _Peronna Scottorum_ in _Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich_, 1900, p. 490.

[366] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tomus, 89, col. 96; _Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi_.

[367] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 260.

[368] Nolan, Thomas P., _Irish Universities and Culture_, p. 13.

[369] Ker, W. P., _The Dark Ages_, p. 319.

[370] Jonas, _Vita Columbani_ in Krusch _Script. rer. Merov._, IV., p. 71; cited by Roger, _op. cit._ p. 411.

[371] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 412.

[372] Turner, Wm., Article _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_ in _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 387.

[373] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ XIII., p. 389. This article by Turner in the _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., pp. 283 _seq._ and 567 _seq._ is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.

[374] Manitius, Max, _Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters_, Teil I., München, 1911; Roger, M., _op. cit._ 1905; Esposito, Mario, _Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages_, Article in _Studies_, Dublin, 1912.

[375] Quoted by Traube in _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 58; see Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville, _op. cit._ I., p. 379.

[376] Roger takes this view _op. cit._ p. 229; cf. Gougaud, Dom. _Les Chrétientés Celtiques_, p. 251.

[377] _Amra Coluim Cille_ in the _Irish Liber Hymnorum_, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.

[378] Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 26.

[379] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, p. 158.

[380] Reeves, Wm., _ibid._

[381] _Sitzungsberichte_ of the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.

[382] Meyer, Kuno, _op. cit._ p. 27.

[383] Note in a Würzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer in _Pelagius in Ireland_, p. 5.

[384] Keller, F., _Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich_, II., 61.

[385] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.

[386] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, II., p. xiv.

[387] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., pp. 159, 158, 169.

[388] See Giles, _Aldhelmi Opera_, p. 94.

[389] Bede, _op. cit._ Liber IV., Ch. I.

[390] Ed. Stokes, Whitley, _Three Irish Glosses_, London, 1862.

[391] In _Duil Dromma Ceta_ (Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).

[392] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, p. 420.

[393] The celebrated _Vocabularius S. Galli_ written in 780 A.D. in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, p. 71.

[394] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 68.

[395] Sandys, J. E., _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 463.

[396] Meyer, Kuno, _Triads of Ireland_, p. xiv.

[397] _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_, Epistolae, III., p. 318.

[398] Flood, J. M., _Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars_, p. 92.

[399] Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61.+

[400] _Ibid._

[401] Zimmer, _op. cit._ p. 126.

[402] For further details see Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61. Also Norden, _Die Antike Kunstprosa_, p. 666, Note 1.

[403] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _op. cit._ I., p. 397.

[404] Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 287.

[405] Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube, _op. cit._ p. 65.

[406] Concannon, Helen, _Life of St. Columban_, p. 287.

[407] Michelet, _Histoire de France_, I., p. 121.

[408] Healy, John, Art. in _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, 1880, p. 16.

[409] Mullinger, H. B., _The Schools of Charles the Great_, p. 118.

[410] Newman, John H., _Idea of a University_, p. 485.

[411] Renan, E., in _Sur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age_, cited by Flood, J. M. in _Ireland: its Saints and Scholars_, p. 7.

[412] Baluze, _Miscellanea_, V., p. 54, cited by Mullinger, _op. cit._ p. 119.

[413] Mullinger, _op. cit._ p. 119.

[414] Mullinger, _ibid._

[415] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _History of Irish Music_, p. 4.

[416] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 571.

[417] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_.

[418] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_.

[419] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _History of Irish Music_.

[420] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _op. cit._ p. 20.

[421] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I.; Flood, W. H., _op. cit._ p. 10.

[422] Quoted in _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, 1883, p. 510.

[423] Keller, F., _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, VIII., p. 218.

[424] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 572.

[425] Wood-Martin, W. G., _Pagan Ireland_, illustrations; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., 675, 582.

[426] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 576, 582.

[427] Bollandists, _Acta Sanctorum_, p. 595; Lanigan, _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_, II., p. 464; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., p. 572.

[428] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ pp. 7, 8.

[429] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ p. 12.

[430] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 73.

[431] Zimmer, H., _ibid._

[432] Matthew, _History of Music_, cited by Flood, _op. cit._ p. 15.

[433] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 76.

[434] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 77.

[435] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ p. 15.

[436] Flood, W. H. G., Article _Irish Music in Glories of Ireland_, p. 71.

[437] Schubiger, _Die Sängerschule St. Gallen_, p. 33; Flood, W. H. G., _History of Irish Music_, pp. 16–19; Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 573.

[438] Flood, W. H. G., Article _Irish Music_ in _Glories of Ireland_, p. 771.

[439] See _Liber Hymnorum_, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., 298 _seq._

[440] Flood, W. H. G., Art. in _Glories of Ireland_, p. 72.

[441] Turner, Wm., _History of Philosophy_, p. 247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)

[442] Flood, W. H. G., _History of Irish Music_, pp. 19, 20.

[443] See Coffey, George, _Bronze Age in Ireland_, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp. 48, 49, 50.

[444] McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.), _Irish Art_, p. 7.

[445] McKenna, James E., _op. cit._ pp. 8, 9.

[446] Sullivan, Sir Edward, _The Book of Kells_, Introduction, p. 1.

[447] Westwood, John, _Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria_, quoted by McKenna, James E., _op. cit._ pp. 20–21.

[448] Coffey, George, _Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland_, pp. 9, 10.

[449] Quoted by McKenna, James F., _op. cit._ p. 20, 21.

[450] Hartley, _Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society_, N.S., IV., 1885.

[451] See _Ireland: Industrial and Agricultural_, pp. 19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.

[452] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 561; Coffey, G., _Bronze Age_. Illustration.

[453] Stokes, Wm., _Life of Petrie_, Chap. vii.

[454] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 561.

[455] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 560–563.

[456] Coffey, G., _Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland_. Illustration.

[457] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 560.

[458] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 567.

[459] MacAlister, R. A. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice_ (890–923 A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.

[460] Abelson, Paul, _The Seven Liberal Arts_, p. 64.

[461] Text in Migne, _Latin Patrology_, Vol. 90, Col. 294–578.

[462] Text in Migne, _Latin Patrology_, Vol. 107, Col. 669–727.

[463] See Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 90.

[464] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 100; Turner, Wm., _Hist. of Phil._, p. 257.

[465] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 104.

[466] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ pp. 103–104.

[467] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ pp. 113–114.

[468] _De Nuptiis_, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp. 194–254.

[469] Text in Migne, Vol. 70, c. 1212–1216.

[470] Text in Migne, Vol. 82, c. 161–163.

[471] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. I., p. 93.

[472] Maguire, Eugene, _Life of Adamnan_, p. 95.

[473] Chap. V., p. 69, Text and translation in _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1883, pp. 219–252.

[474] See MacAlister, R. A. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise_, where a copy of this map will be found.

[475] See Mullinger, J. B., _The Schools of Charles the Great_, p. 120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.

[476] The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.

[477] Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.

[478] Lecky, _Rationalism in Europe_, III., p. 5.

[479] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, p. 62; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 369.

[480] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 569–571.

[481] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 571.

[482] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, pp. 62–63.

[483] _Annals of the Four Masters_, I., sub anno 784 A.D.

[484] Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.

[485] _Dictionary of National Biography_, XV., pp. 48–49.

[486] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 283.

[487] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50.

[488] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, pp. 55–56.

[489] Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, Vol. XIII., p. 396.

[490] Turner, Wm. _op. cit._ p. 396.

[491] _Poetae Aevi Carolini_, III., p. 691.

[492] In the _Valenciennes Codex_, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner, _ibid._

[493] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 395.

[494] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tom. 105, p. 477.

[495] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 383.

[496] Turner, W., _op. cit._ p. 392.

[497] Pertz, _Monumenta Germaniae Historica_, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.

[498] Stokes, Margaret, _ibid._

[499] _Poetae Caroli_, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.

[500] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 392.

[501] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 11.

[502] Entitled _Dungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias_.

[503] Cited by Lanigan in _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_, III., Chap. XX.

[504] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 391.

[505] Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, p. 213.

[506] For list see Miss Stokes, _op. cit._ pp. 296–297.

[507] Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.

[508] See Stokes, Margaret, _op. cit._ p. 216 for contents.

[509] About 90 of his poems are published by Traube, _Poetae Aev. Carl._

[510] See his tract _Artem Euticii Grammatici_ in Traube’s _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.

[511] Montfaucon, _Pal. Graeca_, p. 235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.

[512] First published by Cardinal Mai in _Specilegium Romanus_; also by Traube in _Quellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters_; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, München, 1906, pp. 203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, München, 1906, p. 106.

[513] Turner, Book Review in _Cath. Univ. Bulletin_, xiii., p. 149.

[514] _Ibid._

[515] Traube, _O Roma Nobilis_; Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 397.

[516] Baemker in _Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie_, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p. 222; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 578.

[517] De Wülf, M., _History of Mediæval Philosophy_, p. 246.

[518] The Council of Eperny (846 A.D.) speaks of _Hospitalia Scottorum_, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”; _Mon. Ger. Leg._ I., 390; Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 15.

[519] Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.

[520] Flood, F. M., _Ireland: its Schools and Scholars_, pp. 94–95.

[521] Flood, F. M., _op. cit._ p. 95, where the above is quoted.

[522] Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.

[523] In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art. _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_, _op. cit._ XIII., 256.

[524] Mullinger, J. B., _op. cit._ p. 171.

[525] De Wülf, Maurice, _History of Mediæval Philosophy_, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p. 167.

[526] Turner, Wm., _History of Philosophy_, p. 257.

[527] De Wülf, M., _op. cit._ pp. 167–168.

[528] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 256.

[529] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ Tom. 122, _De Predestinatione_, I., 1.

[530] Erdman, _History of Philosophy_, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol. I., p. 292.

[531] _De Divisione Naturae_, I., p. 69.

[532] _Ibid._, IV., p. 9.

[533] Turner, Wm., _loc. cit._ p. 249.

[534] _Ibid._

[535] Poole, Reginald Lane, _Illustration in the History of Mediæval Thought_. See _Excurus on Visit to Greece_, Legend Examined, pp. 311–313.

[536] For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s booklet _Irish University and Culture_ in the Catholic Truth Society Series.

[537] Poole, Reginald Lane, _op. cit._ p. 14.

[538] Turner, Wm., Article _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_ in _Catholic University Bulletin_, Vol. XIII., pp. 579–580.

[539] Zimmer H., _The Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 130.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Early Irish Monastic Schools, by Hugh Graham