Part 3

Cannon gun canon law or rule canyon gorge cannot denial of power can not affirmation of power canvas cloth {41} canvass to solicit capital chief, money, stock capitol building caster vial castor rodent censer incense-pan censor critic cere to wax sear to burn the surface seer prophet sere dry, withered claimant one who claims clamant beseeching complement fulness compliment praise conveyer one who conveys conveyor contrivance for conveying objects coquet to trifle in love coquette flirt council deliberative body counsel to advise consular pertaining to a counsel councilor member of a council counselor adviser corespondent one who answers jointly with another correspondent one who corresponds by letter

Depositary receiver depository place of deposit discreet prudent discrete distinct dyeing coloring dying expiring

Emigrant one who moves out of a country immigrant one who moves into a country emigration moving out immigration moving in empirical experimentative empyrical combustible principle of coal {42}

Faker cheat, swindler fakir Oriental religious ascetic farther as applied to distance further signifying additional

Galipot resin or pitch gallipot medicine pot gantlet “running the gantlet” gauntlet glove grisly horrible grizzly grayish

Hoard accumulate horde troop

Immanent inherent imminent impending impassible incapable of emotion impassable not passable incipient commencing insipient stupid, foolish indict charge with crime indite compose, write indiscreet imprudent indiscrete compact intension stretching intention determination

Lessen to reduce lesson something to be studied

Maize corn maze labyrinth marten animal martin bird meat flesh meet to join, proper mete to measure miner digger minor under age mucous slimy mucus viscid fluid {43}

O wish, imprecation oh! an exclamation

Panel sunken plane with raised margins pannel rustic saddle parol oral declaration parole word of honor passable admitting passage passible unfeeling pendant ornament pendent hanging premices first-fruits premises property principal adjective principle noun prophecy prediction prophesy to foretell

Rabbet groove in edge of boards rabbit small animal resin semi-liquid exudation of the pine rosin solid product of turpentine rigger a fitter of ships’ rigging rigor muscular rigidity riot tumult ryot tiller of the soil

Saver one who saves savor flavor subtle sly, artful suttle net weight sheath scabbard sheathe to cover sleight artful trick slight small

Theocracy government by direction of God theocrasy mixture of worship of different gods ton measure of weight tun large cask {44}

Vertical perpendicular verticle axis, hinge

Wheal raised mark, a welt wheel rotating disk

{45}

COMPOUND WORDS

The general theory of compounding is that when two words are used together with but a single meaning, the hyphen is employed if the emphasis of pronunciation falls upon the first word, but omitted if it is the second word which requires the emphasis. Practice, however, has shown that this theory is not sufficiently specific in its expression to guide the student who is desirous of making consistent use of the hyphen, and recourse to the various dictionaries adds to his confusion because of the many variations. Good usage, therefore, becomes his only refuge, and the rules which are formulated and collated here are based wholly upon what appears to the present writer to come within this definition. Many words originally compounded or written as two words are now written as one; on the other hand, modern usage now compounds or breaks into two words many words which were originally written as one.

¶ In general, hyphens should always be omitted when the meaning can be equally well expressed by using the same words separately. {46}

Use the hyphen:

1. With the prefix _mid_, except in cases of words in common use: e.g., _mid-channel_, but _midsummer_, _midday_, etc.

2. When two or more words (except proper names which form a unity in themselves) are combined, preceding a noun: e.g., _the well-known financier_, _up-to-date equipment_, _go-as-you-please race_; but _a quaint old English tea-room_.

In applying this rule be careful not to hyphenate adjectives and

## participles with adverbs which end in _ly_, nor with combinations such

as those referred to when following a noun or qualifying a predicate: e.g., _possessed of highly developed intelligence_, _a lawyer well thought of in his own city_.

3. In such words as _attorney-general_, _vice-president_, _rear-admiral_, etc.; but not in _viceroy_, _vicegerent_, etc.

4. Compounds of color: e.g., _olive-green_, _silver-gray_, _lemon-yellow_, _red-hot_, etc. But in simple cases of adjective and noun, as _brownish yellow_ or _yellowish white_ the words are not compounded.

5. In nouns which stand in objective relation to each other, one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb: e.g., _I am your well-wisher_, _He is a large property-holder_, _hero-worship_, but not in _bookkeeper_, _bookmaker_, _copyholder_, _dressmaker_, _lawgiver_, _proofreader_, {47} _taxpayer_, and similar common short compounds.[8]

[8] See page 50, Sec. 5.

6. In compounds of fellow: e.g., _play-fellow_, _fellow-creatures_, etc.; but _bedfellow_.

7. In compounds of _father_, _mother_, _brother_, _sister_, _daughter_, _parent_, and _foster_: e.g., _father-feeling_, _mother-country_, _brother-love_, _sister-empire_, _foster-father_, _great-grandfather_, etc.; but _fatherland_, _fatherhead_, _grandfather_.

8. In compounds of _world_ and _life_: e.g., _life-story_, _world-influence_, etc.; but _lifetime_.

9. In compounds of _master_: e.g., _master-painter_, etc.; but _masterpiece_.

10. In compounds of _god_: e.g., _sun-god_, _rain-god_, etc.; but _godson_.

11. When _half_ or _quarter_, etc., is combined with a noun: e.g., _half-circle_, _half-title_, _quarter-mile_, etc.; but _quartermaster_, _headquarters_, etc.

12. In compounds of _self_: e.g., _self-esteem_, _self-respecting_, etc., but not in _selfhood_, _selfish_, _selfsame_, or _oneself_.

13. In connecting _ex_, _vice_, _general_, _elect_, etc., constituting parts of titles, with the chief noun: e.g., _ex-Governor Draper_, _Governor-elect Wilson_, etc.

14. In compounds of _by_: e.g., _by-laws_, _by-products_, etc.

15. In connection with prefixes _co_, _pre_, and _re_ when followed by words beginning with the same vowel as that in which they terminate, but not when followed by a {48} different vowel or a consonant: e.g., _co-operation_, but _coeducation_; _pre-empted_, but _prearranged_; _re-elected_, but _recast._ Exceptions: combinations with proper names, long or unusual formations, and words where the hyphen defines the meaning: e.g., _re-creation_ and _recreation_, _re-form_ and _reform_, _re-collect_ and _recollect_, _pre-Raphaelite_.

16. In writing ordinal numbers when compounded with such words as _first-rate_, _second-hand_, etc.

17. In connection with the word _quasi_ prefixed to a noun or to an adjective: e.g., _quasi-corporation_, _quasi-compliant_, etc.

18. In connection with the Latin prepositions _extra_, _infra_, _semi_, _supra_, and _ultra_: e.g., _extra-hazardous_ but _extraordinary_; _ultra-conservative_ but _Ultramontane_.

19. In spelling out fractional numbers involving more than two words: e.g., _The supply is three-quarters exhausted_; but, _This leaves twenty-five hundredths_.

20. In compounding numerals of one syllable with self-explanatory words of various meanings: e.g., _three-legged_, _four-footed_, _one-armed_, etc.

Also in combining numerals with nouns, to form an adjective: e.g. _twelve-inch rule_, _hundred-yard dash_, _two-horse team_, etc.

21. In compounding a noun in the possessive case with another noun: e.g., _jews’-harp_, _crow’s-nest_, etc. {49}

22. In some compounds with _tree_: e.g., _apple-tree_; but _whippletree_, _crosstree_, etc.

23. In compounding personal epithets: e.g., _hard-headed_, _bow-legged_, etc.

24. Use the hyphen in the following words:

after-years bas-relief birth-rate blood-feud blood-relations common-sense cross-examine cross-reference cross-section death-rate feast-day folk-song food-stuff fountain-head guinea-pig horse-power page-proof pay-roll poor-law post-office sea-level sense-perception son-in-law subject-matter man-of-war object-lesson thought-process title-page wave-length well-being well-nigh will-power

Do not use the hyphen:

1. When writing points of the compass: e.g., _northeast_, _southwest_; but _north-northeast_, etc.

2. In words ending in _like_, unless compounded with nouns containing more than one syllable (except when ending in _l_): e.g., _childlike_, _lifelike_; but _business-like_, _bell-like_, etc.

3. In compounds ending with _man_ or _woman_: e.g., _workman_, _needlewoman_, etc.

4. In phrases such as _by and by_, _by the bye_, _good morning_, _attorney at law_, _coat of arms_, etc.

5. In words ending in _boat_, _house_, _look_, _room_, _side_, _yard_, _shop_, _mill_, _field_, _work_, _chair_, _maker_, _holder_, _keeper_, _skin_, _store_, _book_, _fold_, _score_, _penny_, _pence_ when the prefixed noun {50} contains but a single syllable: e.g., _twofold_, _schoolroom_, _handbook_, _windmill_, _bookkeeper_, _workshop_, etc. Exceptions: _Court-house_ and _State House_.

When prefixed noun contains two syllables, use the hyphen: e.g., _bucket-shop_, _twenty-fold_, _ante-room_, _mason-work_, _paper-mill_, etc.[9]

When prefixed noun contains three or more syllables write as two separate words: e.g., _policy shop_.

6. In compounds of _bi_, _tri_, _semi_, or _demi_: e.g., _bimonthly_, _tricolor_, _semiannual_, _demijohn._ Exceptions: long or unusual formations: e.g., _bi-centennial_, etc.

7. In _today_,[10] _tonight_, _tomorrow_, _viewpoint_, or _standpoint_.

[9] See page 47, Sec. 5.

[10] _Cf._ the old English words _to-morn_, _to-year_, etc.

8. In connection with the negative prefixes _un_, _in_, and _a_: e.g., _unrepublican_, _inanimate_, etc., but the prefix _non_ requires the hyphen except in words which have become common: e.g., _non-conductor_, but _nonsense_.

9. In connection with the words _over_ and _under_ employed as prefixes: e.g., _overestimate_, _undersecretary_; but _over-soul_, _over-spiritual_, _under-man_.

10. In connection with the Latin prepositions _ante_, _anti_, _inter_, _intra_, _post_, _sub_, and _super_: e.g., _antedate_, _antidote_, _subtitle_, etc.; but _ante-room_, _anti-imperialistic_, _intra-atomic_. {51}

11. In spelling out a series of fractions: e.g., _I can secure you one, two, or three fifths_, not _one-_, _two-_, or _three-fifths_.

Nor in writing ordinary fractions: e.g., _one half_, _five eighths_, etc.

But another class of fractions require the hyphen: e.g., _twenty-fifth_, _twenty-two one-hundredths_.

12. In compounds ending with _holder_ or _monger_: e.g., _stockholder_, _ironmonger_.

13. In compounds beginning with _eye_: e.g., _eyeglass_, _eyebrow_, _eyelash_, _eyewitness_, etc.

14. In compounds with the word _school_: e.g., _schoolmates_, _schoolmaster_, etc. Exceptions: when made with a participle: e.g., _school-teaching_; or in combinations where separate words are more clear: e.g., _school committee_, _school children_, etc.

15. In compounds with _deutero_, _electro_, _pseudo_, _sulpho_, _thermo_, etc., unless the compound is unusual: e.g., _electrotype_, _pseudonym_, etc.

16. In compound adverbs: e.g., _meantime_, _moreover_, _forever_, _everywhere_, etc. But in phrases like _after a while_, _in the mean time_, _for ever and ever_, the words should be separated.

17. In words like _anybody_, _anyhow_, _anything_, _anyway_, _anywhere_, _somebody_, _somehow_, _something_, _sometime_, _somewhat_, _somewhere._ But _any one_ and _some one_ are written as separate words. {52}

DIVISION OF WORDS

The unnecessary division of a word should always be avoided. The whole word should be carried over whenever possible.

2. A word should be divided in accordance with its natural division in correct pronunciation, rather than according to derivation: e.g., _knowl-edge_, not _know-ledge_; but divide according to meaning and derivation as far as is compatible with good spacing and pronunciation: e.g., _dis-pleasure_, not _displeas-ure_.

3. A single consonant between two vowels should be joined with the first vowel if short, but with the latter if long: e.g., _riv-er_, _ri-val_; but avoid dividing words as short as these if possible.

4. When two consonants come together between two vowels the consonants should be divided: e.g., _mil-lion_, _struc-ture_.

5. When three consonants come together between two vowels the first of which is short, all which can be pronounced together go with the last syllable: e.g., _han-dle_, _chil-dren_, _frus-trate_, etc.

6. Whenever practicable, and always when the pronunciation of a word is peculiar, the division should come upon the vowel: e.g., _pro-duct_, _colo-nel_, _sepa-rate_, _peo-ple_, _pro-gress_. {53}

Exceptions: words ending in _-able_ and _-ible_, which should carry the vowel over into the next line.

7. The letters _c_ and _g_ must never be separated from the vowels _e_, _i_, and _y_ upon which their soft sound depends: e.g., _re-li-gion_, _ca-pa-ci-ty_, etc.

8. _X_ must never begin a syllable, _j_ must never end one, and _q_ must not be separated from _u_, which invariably follows it.

9. When used as terminations, _ing_, _en_, _ed_, _er_, _est_, and the plural _es_ are considered as syllables, except when the preceding consonant is doubled, or when they follow _c_ or _g_ soft: e.g., _speak-ing_, _tak-en_, _long-er_; but _lat-ter_, _for-cing_, _ran-ging_.

10. Two-letter divisions should always be avoided. These words should never be divided: _eleven_, _heaven_, _power_, _faster_, _finer_, _houses_, _given_, _flower_, _prayer_, _soften_, _liken_, _verses_, _listen_, _often_, _voyage_, _nothing_, _even_, etc.

11. When a derivative word ends in _t_, the _t_ is carried over when the accent changes: e.g., _instinc-tive_ (instinct); but not otherwise: e.g., _construct-ive_ (construct).

12. More than two divisions in successive lines should be avoided.

13. A division at the end of the last full line of a paragraph should be avoided.

14. A word of four letters is not divisible. Dividing words of five or six letters should be avoided if possible. {54}

15. An amount that is stated in figures should not be divided.

16. A word in the past tense, pronounced as one syllable, should not be divided: e.g., _beamed_.

17. The separation of two initials of a person’s name, or such combination as B.C., A.M., should be avoided.

18. A divided word that will appear on the last line of one page and the top line of the next page is to be avoided.

19. Separating a divisional mark (_a_) or (_b_) from the matter to which it pertains should be avoided.

20. Adjectives ending in _-ical_ should be divided upon the _i_: e.g., _musi-cal_, not _music-al_ or _mu-sical_.

21. Word endings _-tion_, _-sion_, _-tial_, _-cial_, _-tive_, etc., are treated as one syllable.

22. In compound words additional hyphens should be avoided: e.g., _music-lesson_, not _music-les-son_.

Keep prefixes, roots, suffixes, etc., as distinct as possible.

NOTE. Division of words in French, Italian, German, and Spanish, may be found in De Vinne’s “Correct Composition,” pp. 434–446. {55}

INDENTION AND PARAGRAPHING

In prose manuscript, each paragraph should be written with _regular_ indention.

2. When paragraphs are numbered, the figure should be written where the capital letter of the first word would otherwise be placed.

3. In poetry, lines which overrun should be written with _reverse_ indention.

4. When poetry is quoted in a prose composition, it should begin on a new line. If the continuation of the prose writing does not call for a new paragraph, the next line of prose text begins without indention.

5. When a prose quotation is introduced, it should be treated as in Rule 4 if it contains more than a single sentence; otherwise it is “run in,” with the proper quotation-marks and punctuation.

6. There are different forms of indention in typography which are used for different purposes, viz.:

«Irregular indention.»— For this form of indention there are no specified rules, and it is used principally in certain styles of poetry and in display work. {56}

«En échelon indention» is largely used for display in posters and advertisements. It consists in the diagonal arrangement of words, thus:

CARPETS

CHAIRS

TABLES

STOVES

«Hanging indention», which makes the first line of full width and indents all the following lines one or more ems on the left, as shown in these four lines.

«Half-diamond indention» was used largely by early printers, particularly by Aldus, not only for title-pages, but also for chapter endings. It consists in arranging all lines right and left thus

«Lozenge indention» requires an arrangement of the lines in this manner:

IT IS ALWAYS A TROUBLESOME THING TO ACCOMPLISH AS IT TAKES MUCH EXPERIMENTING TO GAIN RESULTS

BLOCKED INDENTION CALLS FOR AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORDS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE LINES ARE ALL OF EQUAL LENGTH

{57}

PARAGRAPHING

Indention and Display are the methods employed in typography to secure clearness and to add distinction to the printed page, but clearness in the body of the text is dependent upon the skill of the writer in properly dividing his composition into paragraphs. Just as correct punctuation assists the reader in his understanding of a sentence, so does correct paragraphing add to the understanding of the composition as a whole. The following rules may be formulated, based upon the practice of the most careful writers:

1. A sentence which continues the topic of the sentence which precedes it rather than introduces a new topic should never begin a paragraph.

2. Each paragraph should possess a single central topic, to which all the statements in the paragraph should relate. The introduction of a single statement not so related to the central topic violates the unity.

3. A sentence or short passage may be detached from the paragraph to which it properly belongs if the writer wishes particularly to emphasize it.

4. For ease in reading, a passage which exceeds three hundred words in length may be broken into two paragraphs, even though no new topic has been developed.

5. Any digression from the central topic, or any change in the viewpoint in {58} considering the central topic, demands a new paragraph.

6. Coherence in a paragraph requires a natural and logical order of development.

7. Smoothness of diction in a paragraph calls for the intelligent use of proper connective words between closely related sentences. A common fault, however, is the incorrect use of such words as _and_ or _but_ between sentences which are not closely related.

8. In developing the paragraph, emphasis is secured by a careful consideration of the relative values of the ideas expressed, giving to each idea space proportionate to its importance to the whole. This secures the proper climax.

9. The paragraph, like the composition itself, should possess clearness, unity, coherence, and emphasis. It is a group of related sentences, developing a central topic. Its length depends upon the length of the composition and upon the number of topics to be discussed. {59}

SPACING

Each line should be spaced evenly throughout.

2. The spaces in a line should never vary more than the difference between a _three to em_ space and an _en_ quad.[11]

[11] See page 60.

3. Uniformity in appearance shows excellence in printing. To have one line thin-spaced and the next wide-spaced is in bad taste. Even in narrow measure this inequality can be avoided with proper care.

4. In fonts of type where ends of hyphens and dashes touch the adjoining letters, hair-spaces should be used. Also use hair-spaces before colons, semicolons, interrogation-points, exclamation-marks, and inside quotation-marks.

5. No space should be left between superior letters, or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters; or between letters forming products.

6. No space should be left between the abbreviations A.D. and B.C., A.M. and P.M., between titles, such as _LL.D._, _Ph.D._, etc., or between the abbreviations of States, such {60} as _N.Y._, _R.I._, _N.H._, etc., except in a wide-spaced line.

7. Scripture references should be spaced as follows: _II Sam. 1 : 2–6; 2 : 8–12._

8. No space should be left between the symbols $ and £ and the succeeding figures.

9. An indention of one or more ems should be allowed at the end of the last line of a paragraph.

10. The same space should be left on each side of short words, such as _a_, _an_, etc.

11. It is poor typography to thin-space or wide-space a line in order to avoid a turn-over.

12. Beginning and ending a line with the same word in wide measure should be avoided, but not at the expense of good spacing.

13. The kerned letters _f_ and _j_ require a hair-space before them when they begin a line. When kerned letters end a line a hair-space is necessary after them to prevent breaking off in printing.

14. Should wide spacing be necessary, it should occur where it will be least noticed; viz., between words ending or beginning with tall letters.

15. This is an en dash: – This is an em dash: — This is a 2 em dash: —— This is a 3 em dash: ———

{61}

16. This line is hair-spaced. This line is spaced with 5-em spaces. This line is spaced with 4-em spaces. This line is spaced with 3-em spaces. This line is spaced with en quads. This line is spaced with em quads.

{62}

ITALIC

The first italic types were designed and used by Aldus Manutius, the celebrated Italian printer, of the fifteenth century. It is said that the style was suggested by the handwriting of Petrarch. In the first fonts only the lower case letters were italic, the capitals being roman; but this irregularity soon gave way to the more regular style of italic capitals and lower case.

1. Italic is not used for the text of a book, but it is permissible for the preface, extracts, etc.

2. For poetry and other matter of a literary character italic has a decorative effect.

3. Italic is used for emphasis in roman composition and vice versa.

4. Italic is used frequently for subheads, running-heads, and side-heads, as well as for important paragraphs or extracts.

5. Italic is often used instead of roman-quoted for the titles of books, magazines, newspapers, and names of ships.

6. Signatures or credits are often placed in italic at the end of an article.

7. Foreign words and phrases are often required to be set in italic, but there are many which are now so familiar to English readers {63} that they are kept in the ordinary text. The following is a list of the most familiar words:

à propos ad valorem addenda aide-de-camp alias alibi alma mater anno domini ante-bellum beau idéal billet-doux bon-ton bona fide bravo café canto carte blanche chapeau chaperon chargé d’affaires chiaroscuro cicerone contra corrigenda data débris début depot diarrhœa diatum dilettante dramatis personæ ennui entrepôt erratum et cetera facsimile fête finis gratis hoi polloi imprimatur innuendo literati mandamus manœuvre mignonette naïve ollapodrida onus paterfamilias patois per annum per capita per cent. per centum per se post-mortem pro rata protégé quondam régime rendezvous rôle savant seraglio sobriquet ultimatum verbatim vice vice versa viva voce

8. The following expressions, which are not as a rule so well known, should be italicized:

_ab ovo_ _ancien régime_ _bête noire_ _comme il faut_ _de quoi vivre_ _de trop_ _en passant_ _fait accompli_ _grand monde_ _hors de combat_ _inter alia_ _jeu d’esprit_ _locum tenens_ _mise en scène_ _noblesse oblige_ _raison d’être_ _sans cérémonie_ _tour de force_

{64}

9. Italic is used in the following words, phrases, and abbreviations employed in literary and legal references: e.g., _ibid_, _idem_, _loc. cit._, _op. cit._, _ad loc._, _s.v._, _supra_, _infra_, _passim_, _vide_, _circa_ (_ca._). Exceptions: cf., i.e., e.g., v. (versus), viz., etc., which are always roman.

10. Punctuation marks which are placed after italicized words should be italic.

Italic is used:

1. For the names of plaintiff and defendant in the citation of legal causes.

2. In algebraic, geometric, and similar matter to designate unknown quantities, lines, etc.

3. For _s._ and _d._ (_shilling_ and _pence_) following the figures: e.g., 1_s._ 6_d._

4. For specific names in Botany, Zoölogy, and Geology.

5. In medical matter roman is used instead of italic for scientific terms.

6. For names of stars or constellations in astronomical matter.

7. In resolutions for the word _Resolved_.

In MS. one line drawn beneath a word or sentence signifies that it is to be put in italic. {65}

ABBREVIATIONS

DATES

Dates are not usually abbreviated in writing or in regular text matter; but when necessary the following rules may be followed:

1. Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; e.g., _June 3_, not _June 3d_ or _3rd_. If a date is spelled out, the rule is as follows: e.g., _June the third_, not _June three_.

2. Do not use _ult._, _inst._, or _prox._, but always name the month: e.g., _Oct. 25_, not _25th ult._, _Nov. 10_, not _10th inst._

3. Use generally accepted abbreviations for the names of months when the day of the month is also given, and prefer dates in order of day, month, and year: e.g., _7 Jan., 1912_. When the name of the month is used alone or followed only by the year, do not abbreviate: e.g., _February, 1912_, not _Feb., 1912_.

4. For ordinary purposes use these as the generally accepted abbreviations for the months and days of the week:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

5. In tables and wherever matter must be _greatly_ condensed use the Dewey dates, {66} which are the briefest possible without ambiguity, in the order of (_a_) day of week, (_b_) day of month, (_c_) month, (_d_) year. These abbreviations are not desirable except in tabular matter.