Part 4

Ja. F. Mr. Ap. My. Je. Ju. Ag. S. O. N. D.

Sn. M. Tu. W. Th. F. St.

PROPER NAMES

1. Abbreviate _company_ in firm names: e.g., _John Brown & Co._

2. Spell out names of companies, railroads, etc., using the ampersand (&) only between proper names: e.g., _Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company_; _Norfolk & Western Railroad_; but _American Smelting and Refining Company_. If names of railroads are abbreviated, use no space between the letters: e.g., _N.Y._, _N.H. & H.R.R._

3. Abbreviate _United States_ when immediately associated with the name of an officer of the army or navy, as _Lieut. John Doe, U.S.A._; when it is the name of an organization of the army or navy, as _First Regiment U.S.V._; when preceding the name of a government vessel, as _U.S.S. Brooklyn_.

4. In referring to plays, specify act, scene, and line, also part if necessary: e.g., _2 Henry IV, I, ii, 1–7_.

5. Christian names should be spelled in full, as _John_, _George_, _Charles_, except in an {67} original signature, or when following copy in a quotation.

6. When necessary to abbreviate Christian names, use the forms _Dan._, _Edw._, _Sam._, _Thos._, etc. _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, and _Sam_ are not always abbreviations, and copy should be followed as regards period. Use the following list:

Alex. Alexander And. Andrew Anth. Anthony Ap. Appius Arch. Archibald Aug. August, Augustus

Benj. Benjamin

C. Caesar Caes. Aug. Caesar Augustus Cath. Catherine Chas. Charles

Dan. Daniel

Eben. Ebenezer Edm. Edmund Edw. Edward Eliz. Elizabeth Esd. Esdras Esth. Esther Ez. Ezra Ezek. Ezekiel

Ferd. Ferdinand Fran. Francis Fred. Frederic, Frederick

Geo. George

Herbt. Herbert Hos. Hosea {68}

Jas. James Jona. Jonathan Jos. Joseph Josh. Joshua

Matt. Matthew

Nath. Nathaniel

Pet. Peter Phil. Philip, Philander Philem. Philemon

Reg. Reginald Richd. Richard Robt. Robert

Sam. Samuel

Theo. Theodore Thos. Thomas Tim. Timothy

Wm. William

TITLES

1. In ordinary body matter use generally accepted abbreviations of titles when they are immediately prefixed to names.

2. Do not abbreviate a title used as part of a name: e.g., _Bishop Lawrence_, not _Bp. Lawrence_.

3. Such titles as _Mr._, _Mrs._, _Messrs._, _Gen._, _Dr._, _Hon._, _Rev._, when prefixed to names, may be abbreviated; but _Colonel_, _Major_, _Professor_, _President_, _ex-President_, etc., are better spelled in full. Compound titles, such as _Major-General_, _Lieutenant-Colonel_, _Rear-Admiral_, etc., should also be spelled and both {69} words capitalized. Where a person has been mentioned by name and title, and is afterward mentioned by title only, the title should be capitalized. Where initials of a name are used, abbreviate the title: e.g., _Col. T. G. Benson, of the Second Illinois Regiment, has returned from Havana. The Colonel’s friends gave him a warm reception_.

4. When the names of sovereigns of a country are mentioned only occasionally, such names may be given in full: e.g., _George the Fifth_, _Charles the First_. When such names occur frequently, they may be printed with roman numerals without a period: e.g., _George V_, _Charles I_

5. The following is a full list of the usual abbreviations:

A.B. or B.A. (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts Abp. Archbishop A.C. Archchancellor A.D. Archduke A.D.C. Aide-de-camp Adjt. Adjutant Adm. Admiral Admr. Administrator Admx., Admrx. Administratrix Adv. Advocate Agt. Agent Aldm. Alderman A.M. or M.A. (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts Amb. Ambassador A.P.A. American Protective Association Asst. Assistant A.T. Archtreasurer Atty. Attorney {70}

B.A. or A.B. Bachelor of Arts Bart. Baronet B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law B.D. (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity B.LL. (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws B.M. (_Baccalaureus Medicinae_) Bachelor of Medicine Bp. Bishop B.R. (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginae_) the King’s or Queen’s Bench Brig.-Gen. Brigadier-General Bro(s). Brother(s) B.S. Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery B.V. (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin

Cantab. (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge Capt. Captain Capt.-Gen. Captain-General Cash. Cashier C.B. Companion of the Bath C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas C.E. Civil Engineer C.J. Chief Justice C.M.G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George Col. Colonel Com. Commander, Commodore Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary Corp. Corporal C.S. Court of Sessions C.S. (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal

D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law D.D. Doctor of Divinity D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery Dea. Deacon Dep. Deputy D.F. Defender of the Faith D.M. Doctor of Music {71} Dr. Doctor D.Sc. Doctor of Science D.T. (_Doctor Theologiae_) Doctor of Divinity D.V.M. or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine E. (_after titles_) Edinburgh Esq. Esquire F.D. (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society Fr. Father F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society F.R.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Arts

G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath G.C.H. Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover G.C.M.G. Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George Gen. General Gov. Governor Govt. Government G.R. (_Georgius Rex_) King George

H.B.M. His or Her Britannic Majesty H.M. His or Her Majesty H.M.S. His or Her Majesty’s Service Hon. Honorable H.R. House of Representatives H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness H.S.H. His or Her Serene Highness

I.N.R.I. (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum_) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews Insp. Inspector Insp. Gen. Inspector General I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows {72}

J.A. Judge-Advocate J.P. Justice of the Peace J. Prob. Judge of the Probate Jr. or Jun. Junior

K. King K.A. Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia K.A.N. Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia K.B. King’s Bench; Knight of the Bath K.B.A. Knight of St. Bento d’Avis, in Portugal K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia K.C. King’s Council; Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath K.C.H. Knight Commander of Hanover K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of Order of St. Michael and St. George K.C.S. Knight of Charles III, in Spain K.E. Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark K.F. Knight of Ferdinand of Spain K.F.M. Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily K.G. Knight of the Garter K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece K.G.H. Knight of the Guelph of Hanover K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden K.H. Knight of Hanover K.J. Knight of St. Joachim K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor K.M. Knight of Malta K. Mess. King’s Messenger K.M.H. Knight of Merit, in Holstein K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria K.N.S. Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden K.P. Knight of St. Patrick {73} K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia K.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne of Russia K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit, in France K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando of Spain K.S.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples K.S.G. Knight of St. George of Russia K.S.H. Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria K.S.J. Knight of St. Janarius of Naples K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia K.S.M. & S.G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George of the Ionian Isles K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland K.S.S. Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils; Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia Kt. Knight K.T. Knight of the Thistle K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal K.W. Knight of William of the Netherlands K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland

L. (_after titles_) London L.C. Lord Chancellor L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice Leg. Legate Legis. Legislature Lieut. Lieutenant Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-General Litt.D. (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature LL.B. (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws LL.D. (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws

M. Monsieur M.A. Master of Arts Maj. Major Maj.-Gen. Major-General {74} M.B. (_Medicinae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine; (_Musicae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music M.C. Member of Congress M.D. (_Medicinae Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine Messrs. Messieurs Mgr. Manager; Monsignor Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary Mlle. Mademoiselle Mme. Madame M.P. Member of Parliament M.R. Master of the Rolls Mr. Mister or Master Mrs. Mistress Mus. Doc. Doctor of Music

Oxon. (_Oxonensis_) Oxford

P.C. (_Patres Conscripti_) Conscript Fathers; Senators; Privy Counsellor Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy Ph.G. Graduate in Pharmacy P.M. Postmaster P.M.G. Postmaster-General P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy Pres. President Prof. Professor Prov. Provost P.R.S. President of the Royal Society

Q. Queen Q.M. Quartermaster

R.A. Royal Academician R.E. Royal Engineers Reg. Prof. Regius Professor Rev. Reverend R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy R.N.O. (_Riddare af Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order of Polar Star {75} R.S.S. (_Regiae Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society Rt. Hon. Right Honorable Rt. Rev. Right Reverend Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful R.W. Right Worthy R.W.O. (_Riddare af Wasa Orden_) Knight of the Order of Wasa

Sec. Secretary Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation Serg. Sergeant Serg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major S.J. Society of Jesus S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court Sol. Solicitor Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General Sr., Sen. Senior S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.T.D. (_Sacrae Theologiae Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity S.T.P. (_Sacrae Theologiae Professor_) Professor of Divinity St. Saint, Street Supt. Superintendent

Tr(s). Trustee(s) Treas. Treasurer

U.J.C. (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws

V.C. Vice-Chancellor V.D.M. (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word Vice-Pres. Vice-President Visc. Viscount

W.S. Writer to the Signet

{76}

6. COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS

A1 Highest class or grade Acct. Account Advt., Ad. Advertisement Agt. Agent Amt. Amount Anon. Anonymous Ans. Answer Art. Article Av., Ave. Avenue

Bal. Balance Bd. Bound Bdl. Bundle Bds. Boards Bldg. Building B.O. Buyer’s Option Bro(s). Brother; Brothers

Chap. Chapter C.I.F. Cost, insurance, freight Co. Company C.O.D. Cash on Delivery Cr. Creditor

Dept. Department Do. Ditto, the same Dr. Debtor

E.E. Errors excepted E.O.D. Every other day E. & O.E. Errors and omissions excepted Etc. (_Et cetera_) and so forth Ex., Exch. Exchange Exp. Express

Fgt. Freight F.O.B. Free on board

H. Hour H.P. Half pay, horse-power {77}

Incor. Incorporated Ins. Insurance

K.D. Knock down (_of furniture_, etc.)

L.P. Large paper

Memo. Memorandum Mfg. Manufacturing Mfr. Manufacturer Min. Minute

No. (_numero_) number

O.K. All right

Payt. Payment Pd. Paid Per an. (_Per annum_) by the year Per cent. (_Per centum_) by the hundred Pkg. Package Pl. Plate, plates Pref. Preface

Rd. Road Rem. Remarks Rep. Reports R.R. Railroad Ry. Railway

Ser. Series Sq. Square S.S. Steamship, steamer

T.F. Till forbidden

7. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS

Ala. Alabama Alaska Alaska Ariz. Arizona Ark. Arkansas Austral. Australasia {78}

B.A. British America Br. Col. British Columbia

Cal. California Can. Canada C.B. Cape Breton Colo. Colorado Conn. Connecticut C.W. Canada West (Ontario)

D.C. District of Columbia Del. Delaware Den. Denmark

E. East (London Postal District) East Isl. Eastern Islands E.C. East Central (London Postal District) E.I. East Indies Eng. England, English

Fin. Finland Fla. Florida

Ga. Georgia G.B. Great Britain Glas. Glasgow

H.I. Hawaiian Islands

Ia. Iowa Idaho Idaho Ill. Illinois Ind. Indiana Ind. Ter. Indian Territory (_now Oklahoma_) Ire. Ireland It. Italy

Jam. Jamaica Jap. Japan

Kan. Kansas Ky. Kentucky

La. Louisiana L.C. Lower Canada {79}

Man. Manitoba Mass. Massachusetts Md. Maryland Me. Maine Mex. Mexico Mich. Michigan Minn. Minnesota Miss. Mississippi Mo. Missouri Mont. Montana

N. North (London Postal District) N.A. North America N.B. New Brunswick; North Britain (Scotland) N.C. North Carolina N. Dak. North Dakota N.E. New England; Northeast (London Postal District) Neb. Nebraska Neth. Netherlands Nev. Nevada N.F. Newfoundland N.H. New Hampshire N.J. New Jersey N. Mex. New Mexico N.S. Nova Scotia N.W. Northwest (London Postal District) N.Y. New York N.Y.C. New York City N. Zeal. New Zealand

O. Ohio Okla. Oklahoma Ont. Ontario Ore. Oregon

Pa. Pennsylvania Pal. Palestine P.D. Postal District (London) {80} P.E.I. Prince Edward Island Per. Persia Phila. Philadelphia P.I. Philippine Islands Port. Portugal P.R. Porto Rico Prus. Prussia

Que. Quebec

R.A. Russian America (_now Alaska_) R.I. Rhode Island Russ. Russia

S. South (London Postal District) S.A. South America S.C. South Carolina Scot. Scotland Sc. Pen. Scandinavian Peninsula S. Dak. South Dakota S. E. Southeast (London Postal District) Sic. Sicily S. Isl. Sandwich Islands Soc. Isl. Society Islands S. lat. South latitude Sp. Spain Sw. Sweden Switz. Switzerland Syr. Syria

Tenn. Tennessee Tex. Texas

U.C. Upper Canada (Ontario) U.K. United Kingdom U.S. United States U.S.A. United States of America Utah Utah

V. Victoria Va. Virginia Vt. Vermont {81}

W. Welsh, West; West (London Postal District) Wash. Washington W.C. West Central (London Postal District) W.I. West Indies W. lon. West longitude W. Va. West Virginia Wis. Wisconsin Wyo. Wyoming

8. MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS

A.C. (_Ante Christum_) before Christ A.D. (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord Ad lib. (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure Adj. Adjective Adv. Adverb Aet. (_Aetatis_) of age, aged A.H. (_Anno Hegirae_) in the year of the Hegira Alt. Altitude A.M. (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world; (_Ante Meridiem_) before noon An. (_Anno_) in the year An. A.C. (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ Anat. Anatomy Anc. Ancient Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon Anom. Anomalous Anon. Anonymous Ap. Apostle Apo. Apogee Apoc. Apocalypse, Apocrypha A.R. (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign Arch. Architecture A.R.R. (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king Arr. Arrival Art. Article {82} Assoc., Assn. Association Astrol. Astrology Astron. Astronomy A.U.C. (_anno urbis conditae_) in the year of the building of the city (Rome) Auth. Ver. or A.V. Authorized Version (of the Bible) Av. Average Ave. Avenue

B. (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born B.C. Before Christ Boul. Boulevard B.V. (_Bene Vale_) Farewell

C. Cape Caet. par. (_Caeteris paribus_) other things being equal Cap. (_Caput_) Chapter C. or Cent. Centigrade Cf. (_confer_) compare Ch. Child or children C.H. Court House Chap. Chapter Circ. Circle(s) Cit. Citizen Col. Column Coll. College Comp. Companion; comparative Cong. Congress C.Q.D. Marconi distress signal

D.B. Domesday Book D.C. (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again Dec. Declination Deg. Degree(s) Del. (_Delineavit_) he drew it Dem. Democrat D.G. (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_) thanks to God D.V. (_Deo volente_) God willing {83}

E. East; Eagle(s) Ea. Each E.B. English Bible (common) Ed. Editor, Edition E.E. Errors excepted E.g. (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example Elec. Electricity E.N.E. East-northeast Ent. Entomology E.S.E. East-southeast Et al. (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others Etc. (_Et caetera_) and so forth Et seq. (_Et sequentia_) the following Ex. Example Exc. Exception

F., Fahr. Fahrenheit (thermometer) Fec. (_Fecit_) he made it Fem. or f. Feminine Fig.(s) Figure(s) Finn. Finnish Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s) For. Foreign Ft. Fort

Gent. Gentleman Ger. German Goth. Gothic Gr. Greek

H. Husband Hdkf. Handkerchief H.e. (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is Hist. History, Historical H.J.S. (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried H.M.P. (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument H.R.I.P. (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace H.S. (_Hic situs_) here lies {84}

Ibid., Ib. (_Ibidem_) in the same place Id. (_Idem_) the same I.e. (_Id est_) that is I.H.S. First letters of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, Greek for _Jesus_[12] Illus. Illustrated Imp. Imperative (mood) Incog. (_Incognito_) unknown Indef. Indefinite Indic. Indicative (mood) Infin. Infinitive (mood) In lim. (_In limine_) at the outset In loc. (_In loco_) in the place Inst. (_Instante_) the current month Int. Interest Interj. Interjection In trans. (_In transitu_) on the passage Ion. Ionic Ir. Irish Irreg. Irregular Isl. Island Ital. Italic Itin. Itinerary

J.H.S. See I.H.S. Jour. Journal

Lat. Latin, latitude L.c. (_Loco citato_) in the place cited L.l. (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted Lon. or Long. Longitude L.S. (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal LXX The Septuagint

M. (_Meridies_) noon M. Married Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda Mgr. Manager Misc. Miscellaneous Mo.(s) Month, months {85} M.S. (_Memoriae sacrum_) sacred to the memory MS. (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript MSS. Manuscripts Mt. Mount, _Mont_ Myth. Mythology

N. Noun; note(s) Nat. National Naut. Nautical N.B. (_Nota Bene_) note well Nem. con. or (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine nem. diss. dissentiente_) none opposing N.l. (_Non liquet_) it does not appear N. lat. North latitude N.N.E. North-northeast N.N.W. North-northwest Nom. Nominative Nol. pros. (_Nolle prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted N.S. New Style (_after 1752_) N.T. New Testament N.u. name(s) unknown N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary N.W. Northwest

Ob. (_Obiit_) he or she died Obj. Objective (case) Obs. Obsolete O.F. Odd Fellow(s) Olym. Olympiad O.H.M.S. On His Majesty’s Service Op. Opposite O.S. Old Style (_before 1752_) O.T. Old Testament

P. or pp. Page or pages Par. or ¶ Paragraph Par. Pas. Parallel Passage(s) Parl. Parliament Part. Participle {86}

## Partic. Particle

Pass. Passive (voice) Pen. Peninsula Pent. Pentecost Perf. Perfect (tense) Pers. Person Pers. pron. Personal Pronoun Persp. Perspective Phil. Philosophy Pinx. (_Pinxit_) he painted it Pl. Plate(s) Plur. Plural Plup. Pluperfect Plff. Plaintiff P.M. (_Post meridiem_) afternoon to midnight P.O. Post-office Pop. Population Posit. Positive P.p. Past participle P.P.C. (_Pour prendre congé_) to take leave P. pr. Participle present Pro tem. (_Pro tempore_) for the time being P.R. (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people Pret. Preterite tense Pron. Pronoun Pr. p. Present participle Pref. Preface P.S. Privy Seal P.T.O. Please turn over Pt. Point Pub. Publisher Pub. Doc. Public Document(s)

Q. Question Q.B. Queen’s Bench Q.C. Queen’s College; Queen’s Council Q.d. (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said Q.E. (_Quod est_) which is {87} Q.E.D. (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved Q.E.F. (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done Q.l. (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please Q. Mess. Queen’s Messenger Qm. (_Quomodo_) by what means, how Q.p. or q. pl. (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please Qr. Quarter Q.s. (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity Q.v. (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will Q.v. (_Quod vide_) which see Qy. Query

R., Reaum Reaumur (thermometer) R. (_Regina_) Queen; (_Rex_) King Rem. Remark(s) R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery R. E. Royal Engineers Recd. Received Rect. Rector Ref. Reformation; Reformed Ref. Ch. Reformed Church Ref. Reference Regr. Registrar Regt. Regiment Rel. pron. Relative Pronoun Rep. Representative Repub. Republican R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy Ro. (_Recto_) right-hand page Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic R.P. (_Res Publica_) Republic Ru. Runic

S. Solo (_in Italian music_); South S. SS. Section(s), Saint(s) S.a. (_Secundum artem_) according to art {88} Sax. Saxon S.C. (_Senatus consultum_) a decree of the Senate S.C (_in law_) same case Sch. Schooner(s) Schol. (_Scholium_) a note Sci. Science Sculp. (_Sculpsit_) he engraved S.E. Southeast Sen. Senate; Senator Seq. or sq. (_Sequente_) and in what follows Seqq. or sqq. (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places) Ser. Series Shak. Shakspere Sing. Singular (number) S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court S. lat. South latitude S.O.S. Marconi distress signal S.P. (_Sine prole_) without issue Sp. gr. Specific gravity S.P.Q.R. (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman People S.R.I. (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) the Holy Roman Empire S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.S. Sunday School S.S.E. South-southeast S.S.W. South-southwest St. Saint; street Stat. Statute(s) Ster. Sterling Subj. Subjunctive Subst. Substantive Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic Super. Superfine Superl. Superlative S.W. Southwest {89}

T. Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra, after a solo Ter. Territory Term. Termination Theor. Theorem Tr. Translator; transpose

Um. Unmarried Univ. University U.S.A. United States Army U.S.M. United States Mail U.S.N. United States Navy U.S.S. United States Ship U.s. (_Ut supra_) as above

Vat. Vatican V.a. Verb active V. aux. Verb auxiliary V. def. Verb defective V. dep. Verb deponent Ven. Venerable V.g. (_Verbi gratiâ_) for example V. imp. Verb impersonal V. in Verb intransitive V. irr. Verb irregular V. n. Verb neuter Vo. (_Verso_) left-hand page Voc. Vocative Vol. Volume V. r. Verb reflexive V. tr. Verb transitive V. Vulgate (Version)

W. West; wife W. lon. West longitude W.N.W. West-northwest W.S.W. West-southwest

Xmas Christmas

Zoöl. Zoölogy

[12] Erroneously _Jesus hominum Salvator_.

{90}

9. SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS

OLD TESTAMENT (O. T.)

Gen. Exod. Lev. Num. Deut. Josh. Judg. Ruth I and II Sam. I and II Kings I and II Chron. Ezra Neh. Esth. Job Ps. (Pss.) Prov. Eccles. Song of Sol. (or Cant.) Isa. Jer. Lam. Ezek. Dan. Hos. Joel Amos Obad. Jonah Mic. Nah. Hab. Zeph. Hag. Zech. Mal.

NEW TESTAMENT (N. T.)

Matt. Mark Luke John Acts Rom. I and II Cor. Gal. Eph. Phil. Col. I and II Thess. I and II Tim. Titus Philem. Heb. Jas. I and II Pet. I, II, and III John Jude Rev.

APOCRYPHA

I and II Esd. Tob. = Tobit Jud. = Judith Rest of Esther Wisd. of Sol. Eccles. Bar. Song of Three Children Sus. Bel and Dragon Pr. of Man. I, II, II, and IV Macc.

10. MONETARY SIGNS

$ Dollar or dollars cts. Cents gn. Guinea £ (_English_) Pound or pounds ∠ or s. Shilling or shillings {91} d. (_Denarius_) penny or pence fr. Franc or francs c. (_French_) Centime or centimes m. Mark or marks pf. Pfennig or pfennigs cr. (_Austrian_) Crown or crowns hr. Heller or hellers rub. Ruble or rubles kop. Kopec or kopecs kr. (_Danish_) Crown or crowns öro, öre Oro or öre £ (_Italian_) Lira or lire c. (_Italian_) Centesimo or centesimi

11. MATHEMATICAL SIGNS

+ Plus − Minus ± Plus or minus ∓ Minus or plus × Multiplied by[13] ÷ Divided by = Equal to ≠ Not equal to ≡ Identical with ≢ Not identical with ≅ Congruent to ＞ Greater than ＜ Less than ≏ The difference between ≎ Is equivalent to ∫ Integration ∶ and ∷ Proportion ∝ Varies as ≐ Approaches as a limit

∞ Infinity ∴ Therefore {92} ∵ Because ⋯ Continuation √ The radical sign ⊥ Perpendicular to [∟5] Factorial sign ∥ Parallel ⌒ Arc of circle ° Degree of circle ′ Minute of circle ″ Second of circle ∠ ⦠ Angle ∟ Right angle □ Square ▭ Rectangle ▱ Parallelogram △ Triangle

[13] This is also indicated algebraically by a dot, as, _a_ · _b_

12. MEDICAL SIGNS

āā (ἀνά) of each ℞ (_Recipe_) take ℥, ℥i Ounce, one ounce ℥ss Half an ounce ℥iss One ounce and a half ℥ij Two ounces Ʒ Drachm ℈ Scruple ○ (_Octavius_) Pint ℥ Fluid ounce Ʒ Fluid drachm _m._ Minim or drop

{93}

NUMERALS

According to Astle, the combination of Greek numerical characters was not well known to the Latins before the thirteenth century, although Greek numerical characters were frequently used in France and Germany in episcopal letters, and continued to the eleventh century. But of all the Greek ciphers the episemon βαῦ was most in use with the Latins; it gradually assumed the form of _G_ with a tail, for so it appears in a Latin inscription of the year 296. It is found to have been used in the fifth century in Latin MSS. It was reckoned for 6, and this value has been evinced by such a number of monumental proofs, that there is no room to give it any other. Some of the learned, with even Mabillon, have been mistaken in estimating it as 5, but in a posthumous work he acknowledges his error.

Those authors were led into this error by the medals of the Emperor Justinian having the episemon for 5; but it is a certain fact that the coiners had been mistaken and confounded it with the tailed _U_, for the episemon was still in use in the fourth century, and among the Latins was estimated as 6, but {94} under a form somewhat different. Whenever it appears in other monuments of the western nations of Europe of that very century and the following, it is rarely used to express any number except 5.

The Etruscans also used their letters for indicating numbers by writing them from right to left, and the ancient Danes copied the example in the application of their letters.