Chapter XVIII

., on Homer and the "Cyclic" Poems, I fear that I have not succeeded in understanding Mr. Murray's view of the subject. The fault of misapprehension is not perhaps entirely without excuse. Generally speaking, I give the erroneous impression that Mr. Murray thinks the _Iliad later_ than what are usually called the "Cyclic" poems on the themes connected with Troy. He certainly says that passages in the Iliad "seem to be derived from the Cypria, the Little Iliad, and the Sack of Ilion, the so-called Aethiopis...."[1]

He also says: "In its actual working up, however, our _Iliad_ has reached a further stage of development than the ordinary run of poetic chronicles, if I may use the term." Moreover, "we happen to know that there was an old chronicle poem which both contained a catalogue of the ships[2] and also narrated at length the assembling of the fleet at Aulis--the so-called _Cypria_ or Cyprian verses. Our Catalogue has in all probability been taken from there."[3] Here we are told that our Iliad derives some passages and the Catalogue from an old chronicle poem, the Cypria, and from several other named epics, "the Little Iliad, and the Sack of Ilion, the so-called Aethiopis," while, "in actual working up, our Iliad has reached a further stage of development than the ordinary run of poetic chronicles...." It was natural that, on hearing how the Iliad borrowed from an old chronicle poem, the Cypria, I should think that the _Cypria_ was regarded as an old chronicle poem _complete in itself_ before it was borrowed from by the _Iliad_. The chronicle poem of events so mythical and remote could not resemble a monastic chronicle in receiving additions from contemporary history. This remark also applies to the other poems with names, _Sack of Ilion,_ and so on, and with contents which must be definitely known, if it be known that the _Iliad_ borrowed from them, or seems to have borrowed from them. One could not but be convinced, then, that these old _books_ which lent, were supposed to be earlier finished than the book, the _Iliad,_ which borrowed from them. But Mr. Murray also said, and here the prospect wavers: "The truth is that these various books or masses of tradition were growing up side by side for centuries. All the great books were growing up together, and passages could be repeated from any one to any other."[4]

Now a _book_ is one thing--a book with a name, such as _Cypria_, is not equivalent to "a mass of tradition," which is another thing. To take an example, we have _The Wallace_ of Blind Harry (_circ_. 1460), a book about as long as the _Odyssey_. Harry's materials were "a mass of tradition," including, it is believed, popular ballads, concerning events then remote by a century and a half. We cannot call the mass of tradition "a _book_ which was growing up"; nor can we call the mass of tradition about the Graeco-Trojan affairs before the tenth year of the siege, _a book_. There is no _book_ till the _Cypria_ is made, and the _Cypria_ cannot be borrowed from before it is made. A poet who relies on the _mass of tradition_ is not borrowing from a _book,_ any more than Harry was borrowing from a book (his use of an alleged book by Wallace's chaplain, John Blair, is another question). Manifestly incidents from a mass of tradition about Thebes, about the Greek and Trojan affairs before the war, and so on, may be introduced into an epic about the actual siege of Troy. That is all very natural and probable. But if a poem, with a definite name and a definite scope, the _Iliad_, borrow passages from another poem with a definite scope and name, the _Cypria_ or others, then the poem that lends is the earlier, and the poem that borrows is the later. It was the use by Mr. Murray of these definite names of poems, _Cypria, Little Iliad, Aethiopis_, and so on, with his assertion that another book, the _Iliad_, borrows passages from them, which led me to suppose that the lending poems were, in his opinion, _complete_ (in one form or another) when the _Iliad_ borrowed from them. Here I misinterpreted him.

Had Mr. Murray written: "Other passages," in the _Iliad_, "seem to be derived from the masses of tradition about matters previous to and later than the opening and end of the _Iliad_--masses of tradition which in time became the topics of the _Cypria_, the _Little Iliad_, the _Aethiopis_," then I should have understood and agreed with him. The true view of the case, Mr. Murray's own view, seems to be this: there might be actual Greek books (probably not definitely _named_ till a later age), and these books might, like the _Chanson de Roland_, be _remaniés_; might be modernised, and might receive additions; and another book, that which we call the _Iliad_, might exist, and, like the _Chanson de Roland_ (in the _Roncevaux_ poem) might receive additions, the facts, in some cases, being taken from the other books, which were undergoing similar vicissitudes.

This is not my own view of what occurred, but it is a thinkable state of things, and I regret that I did not understand Mr. Murray's position.

At the same time, if one found in a _chanson_ of the thirteenth century matter borrowed from the conclusion of _Roncevaux_ (the _remaniement_ of the _Chanson de Roland_), one could not say that it was borrowed from _Roland_, a substantive earlier poem, in a metre not that of _Roncevaux_.

There is a sense in which all early Greek epics might be said to borrow passages from each other. The statement would, however, I think, be misleading. The fact would be more correctly expressed by saying that the epics probably (like our own traditional ballads certainly) employ a common set of formulae to express habitual and often repeated

## actions and events--dawn, night-fall, feasts, preparations of food,

arming, arraying a host, greeting a guest, falling in battle, and other constantly recurring circumstances.

"They hadna sailed a league, a league, A league but barely three."

"They hadna walked in the bonny greenwood, Na an hour but barely are."

The formula for the death of lovers--

"The one was buried in Mary kirk, The other in Mary quire," etc.,

is of constant recurrence.

The murderer always

"takes out a little penknife That hung low by his gare,"

or--

"Lifts up a gilt dagger Hung low down by his knee."

The mother or lady, awaiting her son or lover, always

"Looks over tower and town,"

or--

"Looks over Castle Doune."

After a death it is always

"Bells were rung and mass was sung."

"'A grave, a grave,' Lord Bernard cryd, 'To put these lovers in.'"

"'A bed, a bed,' Clark Saunders cried, 'A bed for you and me.'"

Motherwell, who wrote without Homer in his mind, seems to state the case of the ballads very clearly. "There is not an action, not an occurrence of any sort, but what has its appropriate phraseology; and to enumerate all these would, in effect, be to give the principal portion of all our ancient ballads. For in all cases where there is an identity of interest, of circumstance, of action, each ballad varies not from the established mode of clothing these in language.... They were the general outlines of every class of human incidents...."

Motherwell adds that "something of the same sort, though in a less marked degree, may be discovered in the construction of the longer metrical romances."[5] When we look at Book viii. of the _Iliad_, we see that, in Mr. Leaf's words, "it has undoubtedly great spirit and movement," though "nearly one-third" of the lines "are found again in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_--sometimes with a slight difference."

For reasons connected with the study of ballad poetry I have made some imitations of the traditional ballads, and find that, though the stories I tell are new, yet they abound in ballad formulae: indeed, a ballad, if it is to resemble the traditional sort, cannot be made on other principles. Ancient Greek epic poetry, intended, like the ballads, to be recited, not to be read, preserved the old popular and traditional convention. Critics quarrel as to the parts of the epic in which the lines are "original" and the parts in which they are "borrowed." Of many of them we may say that they are neither borrowed nor original, but are parcels of the common epic stock.

I lately met with a curious example of the critical method of treating Homer applied in certain criticisms of Scottish ballads. One ballad, "Auld Maitland," was distributed, by the critic, between Hogg and Scott. In certain stanzas he found _Wiederholungen_ of lines in the English ballad of "Chevy Chase," and of others in Herd's version of "Otterburne" (1776). The verses in "Auld Maitland" which presented _these Wiederholungen_ were speculatively assigned to the Ettrick Shepherd; because, in a confessed interpolation by him of two lines, where only half a stanza was received from the recitation of "Auld Maitland," the words "Remember Percy" occur. In "Chevy Chase" we have "But trust me, Percy." Hogg was following "Chevy Chase." But in "Auld Maitland" we read, "King Edward rode, King Edward ran"; while in "Jamie Telfer" we have "The Scotts they rode, the Scotts they ran." Now _that_ line occurs in Scott's, and did not occur in Hogg's version of "Jamie Telfer." Moreover, Scott himself, the critic believes, wrote the part of "Jamie Telfer" where the Scotts ride and run. "If Hogg is responsible for the insertion of this line" ("King Edward rode, King Edward ran"), "he must have borrowed it from "Edom of Gordon," where we have "Sum they rode, and sum they ran."

_He must have borrowed it_! How like is all this to the higher criticism of Homeric _Wiederholungen_! In fact, ballad poetry and Homeric poetry have stocks of formulae open to every maker. Not to use them would be not to play the game.

Thus the criticism went on, and Scott's hand was detected exactly as Hogg's had been, by the occurrence, in "Auld Maitland," of ballad-formulae which also appear in ballads edited by Scott.

Enfin, "Auld Maitland" was declared to be, in the critic's opinion, in origin a composition of Hogg's, which he tried to palm off on Scott as traditional. Scott detected Hogg, entered into the plot, wrote stanzas and lines into the ballad, and palmed it off on the public.[6]

The critic happened not to know (or did not mention) the history of how the ballad was first heard by Laidlaw in the mouth of a servant girl; and how Laidlaw got a version in manuscript from Hogg, who heard a recitation by his uncle, Will o' Phawhope. The critic had never seen the extant original MS. sent by Hogg to Laidlaw, and given by Laidlaw to Scott. He had never, of course, collated that manuscript with the copy published by Scott. When we make the collation, we find that Scott neither rejected nor added a single stanza; that he made a necessary and successful emendation in one line; and that the few small verbal differences between Hogg's MS. and Scott's printed ballad may be accounted for by the fact that the copy printed from was that received from a recitation by Hogg's mother.

Thus the higher criticism, working on lines recognised as orthodox in Homeric circles, was absolutely erroneous from beginning to end. The critic was acute, ingenious, even brilliant, but he had scanty knowledge of the facts in the case. He had not consulted certain printed books germane to the matter; he had not consulted the ballad-manuscripts at Abbotsford, and the manuscript letters.

In Homeric criticism, alas! we have not the letters and manuscripts of the poet. But it is clear from the case of "Auld Maitland" that, in the absence of facts, our motto, in conjecture, should be--_Gang warily!_

[1] _R. G. E._ p. 165.

[2] As has been said, I am aware of no evidence for this statement.

[3] _R. G. E._ p. 164.

[4] _R. G. E._ p. 163.

[5] See Motherwell's essay on "The Origin and History of Scottish Ballad Literature," in his _Ancient and Modern Minstrelsy_.

[6] _Further Essays on the Border Ballads_. By Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. Fitzwilliam Elliot. 1910.

INDEX

(Figures in italics signify notes, r.--referred to)

Abantes of Euboea, 14, 143. Abrahams, Miss E., cited on early Greek female costume, 87, 89, 90, 92. Achaean culture, quality of, 3-4, 7; architecture, 42; Homeric Epics the fruit of, 221; Northern character of, 262 _et sqq_. Achaeans, the, 2; probable conquests of, in Greece and Crete, 10-2, 13-4, 16; character of their invasion, 33; domestic life of, 37, 41-4; siege operations of, 47; in battle, 52-4; not under a vow during siege of Troy, 132. Achaeus, 139. Achilles, mutiny of, 24-5; shield of, 29; Wrath of, 35, 195, 202, 246-7; love of, for his mother, 36, 239, 247-8; relations of, with Agamemnon, 38, 54, 122, 123, 131, 195, 234, 235, 237-43, 247; relations of, with Hector, 45-6, 277, 279; and Patroclus, 45, 54, 105, 111, 123, 236, 239-42, 244, 248-9; merciful qualities of, 46, 47, 265; vengeance of, on Achaeans, 54, 235-43; quoted on death, 106; cult of, 126; tradition of, and Thersites, 133, 180-1; Homeric tradition and characterisation of, 167, 168, 169, 246-50; tradition of, in _Cypria_, 190, 209, 211; spear of, 205, 209; tradition of, in _Aethiopis_, 212-4; in _Iliou Persis_, 217; armour of, 225, 244-5; meeting of, and Aeneas, 251; r., 18, 28, 30, 98, 132, 163, 193. Acusilaus, 173. Adrastus, 17, 126, 158. Aegean culture, 2; arrival of, in Thessaly, 11; recollection of, in Homeric days, 20, 33; architecture, 42; armour and weapons, 48-9, 60-1; iron not used for weapons in, 96; vases, 97; jewellery, 99; burial customs, 106-7; traces of hero-worship in, (?) 113; religion, 116, 117; gold cups of Vaphio, 132. Aegeus, legends of, 175. Aegina, relics found in, 145-6. Aegisthus, warned by the gods, 37, 123. Aeneas, represents the "Orleans branch" at Troy, 17, 251; prominence of, in _Iliou Persis_, 216; protected by Apollo, 232. Aepytus, grave of, 109. Aeschylus, mentions purification by swine's blood, 29, 134-45; traditions used by, 188, 270; r., 37, 39. Aethra, un-Homeric traditions of, 155, 214-6. Agamemnon, the Over Lord, 15; character of, 24, 248, 250; relations of, with Achilles, 24-5, 38, 54, 95, 122, 123, 131, 234, 235, 237-43, 247; brings home Cassandra, 43; ferocity of, 46, 51-2, 265; proclaims purification, 133; Ionian hostility to, 160; un-Homeric traditions of, 142, 190, 192, 195, 202, 208, 210, 279; his camp wall, 227-30; arming of, 251; r., 102, 127, 230. Agrios, late story of, 180-1. Aias, quoted on blood-price, 29; shield and armour of, 31, 70-1; relations of, with Hector, 46, 53, 54. 185, 238; Ionian partiality for, 160, 189, 202; reference to, in Quintus Smyrnaeus, 192; cult of, 213; suicide of, 163, 216. Aietes, legends of, 165, 167, 174-5, 177; land of, variously located, 178-9. Alcinous, 42, 43. Allen, T. W., _197_, _201_, 258-9, 284. Althaea, 34, 36, 169. Amphimachus, 184, 185. Andromache, 34, 36, 45. Antenor, 43, 161. Antinous, shooting of, 101-2. Antiope, 174. Aphrodite, intrigues of, 43, 122; her scratched hand, 86, 90-1, 232-3; relations of, with Paris and Helen, 205-7; r., 211. Apollo, at siege of Troy, 47, 54; omniscient, 125; temple of, at Delphi, 130; purification of, 133, 268; defrauded, 102. Apollonius Rhodius, 20, 179. Archery, 49 50, 53, 55. Arctinus, 200, 212, 215. Areithous, tomb of, 109. Ares, Hymn to, 27; character of, 28; and Aphrodite, 40; speared by Athene, 232, 233; doings of, perplexing, 251. Argo, voyage of the, 164-5, 178-9. Ariadne, 88; dress of, in art, _94_, 95; and the Theseus legend, 154, 150, 212. Aristarchus, 281. Aristeia of Idomeneus, 251. Aristotle, cited on the poetic quality of the _Iliad_, 201-2; r., 281. Armour and Weapons, the Homeric, 48-9, 60-1, 65-80. Art. _See_ Aegean. Artemis, representations of, 115; Homeric conception of, 115-6; Orthia, rites of, 117; of Brauron, resemblance of, to Nemesis of Rhamnus, 207; connection between, and sacrifice of Iphigeneia, 210. Arthurian Romances referred to, 10, 12, 21, 24, 164, 182. Asa, cremation of, 108. Asius, 17, 231. Astyanax, murder of, 46, 216. Athamas, legends of, 164-5. Athene, guides the arrow of Pandarus, 76; costume of, in art, 83, 89-90; visits Nestor, 128-9; temples of, 130-1; patroness of Troy, 124; jealous, 162, 205-6; offended with the Achaeans, 216; gift of, to Diomedes, 232-3; abets the Trojans, 238; doings of, perplexing, 251; r., 36, 43, 121, 136. Athenian Recension, the alleged, 270-1, 273, 274-6, 280, 282, 284, 287-8. Athenians, genealogy of, according to Pausanias, 137-40; difference between, and Achaeans, 141; preferred Ionian traditions, 202. See Attica. Athens, would-be refuge of Achaean princes, 139, 160. Atridae, the, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 208. Attica, had no part in Achaean history, 23, 141-2; potters of, 146; gold workers, 147; legends and traditions of, 154-6, 157, 158-60, 202. Auge, grave of, 109. "Auld Maitland," criticism on, criticised, 293-4.

Bannockburn, battle of, cited, 57. Bellerophon, 17, 18, 161, 167, 168-9, 171, 173, 176. _Beowulf_, cited, 37, 105-6, 163, 203, 253, 267. Bérard, M., on the use of iron in early days, 98; on the topography of the Catalogue, 257-8. Bethe, Dr. Erich, his attempt to trace "tribal history," 183-5. Bird Myths, 157. _Bitter Withy, The_, Ballad of, 121. Blind Harry, his _Wallace_, cited, 203, 290. Blood-price, the, 29. Bounos, 174, 175. Brauronia, the, 117. Bride-price, custom of, 38-40. Briseis, Wrath of Achilles over, 195. 235, 242, 246-7; r., 36, Britain, method of war in early, 48. Bronze Age, the 3-4, 5, 107; the overlap, 96-104. _Brus_, the, 203. Brynhild, 34. Burial, methods of, in Minoan Age, 3; in Homeric Age, 4, 108-12; in Dipylon Age, 5; cremation recorded throughout the _Iliad_, 105-6; Aegean methods, 106-7; Jewish, 107-8; in Attic art, 147.

Calchas, prophecy of, 208-9; timidity, of, 210, 279. Calydonian Boar, Hunt of, 163, 166. Carians, the, 12, _13_, 17; civilisation and intermarriages of, 143-4. Cassandra, 43. Castor, un-Homeric legends of, 207-8, 215. Catalogue of the Ships, 14-5, 16, 218-9, 257-9, 289. Cauer, Herr, cited on uses of bronze and iron, 97, 98. Cerberus, 136. _Chansons de Geste_, cited, 10, 13, 21, 24, 26, 163, 182, 253, 255, 261; _Chanson de Roland_, 36, 203, 253, 254, 291; _Chancun de Willame, La_, 80, 255. Chariots, uses of, in Homeric war, 51, 52, 54-6, 58, 59, 69-70, 80. Charlemagne, romances of, 10, 12, 24, 26, 164, 166, 182. Chaucer, 35, 36. Cheiron the Centaur, 205. Chimaera, the, 169, 267. Chitons, tearing of, 47; controversy over period and style of 60-5; worn by women, 90, 91. _See also under_ Costume. Chlaina. _See_ Costume. Chryseis, 129, 210, 211. Chryses, 129, 130. Cicero, cited on the connection between Pisistratus and the Homeric poems, 282. Circe, story of her birth, 177; home of, variously located, 178-9; r., 42, 182. Cleisthenes, 126. Clemens Alexandrinus, 173. Clytaemnestra, 30; frailty of, 35, 123; reputed foster-mother of Iphigeneia, 210. Cnossos, palace of, 12, 16, 31, 101, 148. Codrids, the, 23. Colophon, horsemen of, 56. Corinth, legendary conncction of, with Argo, 173-6. Corinthus, 174, 175. Costume, "Late Minoan," 2; Homeric, 4; Third and Fourth Ages, 5; men's, 60-5, 68, 75; women's, 61, 74, 81-95. Cremation. _See under_ Burial. Crete, Minoan art in, 2, 20; Achaean settlement in, 12; the "true Cretans," 13; a dependency of Greek mainland, 15, 16; prehistoric, 272-3. Cyclic Poems, the, different in character and style from Homeric poems, 6-9, 46, 111, 133, 143, 150, 163, 168, 169-70, 187, 218-21, 263, 268; attitude of, towards Over Lord, 26-7; (_Little Iliad_, 66, 202, 214-5, 219); reference in, to sons of Theseus, 154; pretensions of, 160; story of Thersites in, 181-2 (_Cypria_, the, analysis of, 188-93, 198-212; date uncertain 195-6, 269, 272; the Catalogue, 258-9); what the poems are, 197; date of material and treatment, ?, 198, 199; writers of, mere imitators, 200; the Aethiopis, 212-4, 219; the Iliou Persis, 215-7, 219; relation of, and Homeric Poems according to Mr. Murray, 218-21, 289-91; not expurgated, 269, 270; legends of, preferred as subjects of art, 274; were they recited at Athens?, 288. Cyclops, the, 18. Cymri, wars of, 164. Cypassis. See Costume. Cypria. See Cyclic Poems. Cyprus, Phoenicians in, 20.

Danaans, the, 51. Dawkins, R. M., cited on Greek early female costume, 85, 87, 88, _90_, 94. Deidameia, 209. Deiphobus carried out of the fight, 231. Demeter, Hymn to, 117; mention of, in _Odyssey_, 118; mysteries of, 267. Demodocus, songs of, 30, 38, 124; his tale of the Wooden Horse, 215-6. Demophon, 154, 215. Dictys Cretensis, anti-Homeric traditions accepted by, 9, 190-3, 195, 196, 209, 211, 217. Dieuchidas, cited on connection of Solon and Homer, 281. Diogenes Laertius cited on Solon and the Athenian recitations, 282, 283, 287. Diomede, promises a sacrifice to Athene, 129; Ionian hostility to, 160; takes up the feud of Thersites, 180-1, 213; genealogy of, 181; conflicting traditions of, 190, 191, 193, 195, 231-3; the exchange of shields, 252; r., 15, 18, 46, 52, 158, 238. Dione, cited on the wounding of Hades, 136. Dionysus, traditions and rites of, 118-9; Homer's contempt for, 120; r., 231, 232, 267. Dipylon culture, characteristics of, 4-5, 147; female costume, 81-5; view of, as to future life, 111. Dolon, 230. Dümmler, Ferdinand cited on Hector's connection with Boeotia, 183.

Eëtion, buried in his armour, 47, 112, 248, 265. Egypt, relations between, and Crete, 3; known to Homer, 18-9. Eleusis, Mysteries of, 117, 120, 133, 275. Elpenor, burial of, 106, 112. Ephorus, 281, 282, 283. Ephyre, Eumelian tradition of, 171, 174-5. Epicaste, 34. Epicharmus attacks the character of Odysseus, 188-9. Epopeus, 174, 175. Erechtheus, worship of, 117, 214; marriage of his daughter, 139; tradition of, according to Euripides, 285-6. Eriphyle, 34. Eris, 205. Eteocles, 31, 158, 159. Eumaeus, kidnapped by Phoenicians, 19, 30; belts his chiton, 62; piety of, 124; r., 32, 103. Eumelus, methods and reputed works of, 170-9, 187, 219, 273. Euphorbus, his corslet, 73, 74-5; would have mutilated Menelaus, 265. Euripides, cited on the fate of Hector, 46; his version of the Tale of Thebes, 158; of Theseus, 158-9; of Odysseus, 188; of Palamedes, 192-3; of Ephigeneia, 211; of Polyxena, 217; his _Erechtheus_, 286; r., 138. Eurycleia, 129. Eurypylus, 163, 209, 241. Eurytus, his bow, 49; urn, 110. Eustathius, Bishop of Thessalonica, quoted on the quality of Homeric religion, 133-4. Evans, Arthur, cited on the François Vase, 8; on Homeric mention of bronze and iron, 99; on burial customs, 107; and on the Mycenaean sun-god, 114.

Fairies, Homeric, 132. Farnell, G. S., cited on Homer's Artemis, 116. Fibulae, 2, 4, 6, 64, 65, 84, 86-7, 91-3, 145, 148. Fitz-Alan Stewarts, fabulous genealogy of, 139, 140. Four Ages: First (Aegean or Minoan), 2-3, 7. Second (Homeric), 3-4, 6-7. Third (Dipylon), 4-5, 7. Fourth (Proto-Historic), 5, 6.

Games, periodical, not known in Homerian times, 30. Geography, confusion of early mythical, 179. Gezer, excavations at, 99. Ghost-worship ignored by Homer, 110, 117. Glam, burning of, 266, 267. Glaucus, his encounter with Diomede, 231-3; tells the tale of Bellerophon, 161, 171; r., 13, 17, 18, 46. Golden Ram, search for the fleece of, 165. Gold work in Attica, 147. Gorgias, 188. Greece, influence of Minoan culture in, 3; probable conquests in, by Achaeans, 10, 11, 12; relation of, to Crete, 15-6; relations between, and Egypt, 19; language or languages of prehistoric, 151-3; legendary history of, 168; prominent vices of, 189. Grettir, 266, 267. Grote, George, cited on Attica and the ancient epic poets of Greece, 154; cited on Athenian version of the Tale of Thebes, 158; uses Achacan legends, 182; his discovery of apparent discrepancies in conncction with Achilles, 234, 237-8, 239-43; on the Solonian laws, 270; Mr. Verrall on, 284. Gunnar, 266.

Hades, wounding of, 136. Haghia Triada, seal impressions of, 63, 73, 79. Hall, H. R., cited on Phoenician commerce, 19. Hallstatt, cemetery of, 96. Hammurabi, Laws of, 39. Harrison, Miss Jane E., cited, 275. Hector, relations of, with Helen, 35, 36; relations of, with Achilles, 45-6, 111, 120, 235, 241, 264-5, 277; and Patroclus, 45, 108, 265; relations of, with Aias, 46, 185, 238; his prowess in battle, 51-4; reputed connection of, with Boeotia, 183-6; offers Polyxena to Achilles, 217; r., 43, 112, 212. Helbig, Herr, cited on different uses of bronze and iron, 97, 98, 100; cited on Homeric cremation, 107; cited on anti-Minoan stories, 156. Helen, has been in Egypt, 18; occupations of, 30, 33; immortal charm of, 34-5; blamed by the Trojan women, 35, 37; and Paris, 35, 206-7; un-Homeric traditions of, 190, 214-5; parentage of, according to Cypria, 206; reputed to be mother of Iphigeneia, 210; r., 36. Helios, 174, 177, 179. Helle, legends of, 163-4. Hellen, sons of, 139 140. Hephaestus, demands the return of the bride-price, 37-8; domestic misfortunes of, 122; and spear and armour of Achilles, 205, 244. Hera, Homeric description of, 36, 43, 121; her peplos, 93; jealousy of, 122, 162, 205-6; favours the Argo, 178; in battle, 232. Heracles, a bowman, 49; feud of, with Neleus, 135-6, 168; Homeric tradition of, 162; presumed older poem on, 172; r., 161. Hermione (daughter of Helen), 35. Herodotus, cited on changes in Athenian female costume, 90; on purification by blood, 134; cited on the origin of the Ionians, 138, 142, 143; cited on Pelasgian speech, 151-2; on body-snatching, 183; on relations of _Cypria_ and _Iliad_, 200; r., 119, 281. Hero-worship, in historic Greece, 125-6; un-Homeric, 127; few traces of, in early Northern literature, 266, 267. Hesiod, on uses of bronze and iron, 103; his myth of Cronos, 116; his view of Minos, 156; legends known to, 168-9; school of, 170; in agreement with Homer on birth of Circe and Aietes, 177; geography of, 178,179; non-Homeric stratum of his poetry, 272, 273, 274-5; r., 22, 159. Heyne, C. G., cited, 240, 241. Hill-Tout, Mr., cited on use of corslets and shields, 80. Hipparchus, alleged founder of Homeric recitations at Athens, 270-1, 283, 286-7. Hippemolgoi, the, 18. Hippias, 271. Hippolochus mutilated, 265. Hipponax, 63. Hogarth, David George, excavations of, 148; cited on Ionian civilisation, 149. Hogg, James, part of "Auld Maitland" speculatively assigned to, 293-4. Homer, reality of Homeric civilisation, 1-2, 3-4, 5-9; epoch of his heroes indefinite, 10; omits mention of Achacan conquests in Crete, 10-11, 12; his account of Crete in _Odyssey_, 13; and attitude towards Asians, 13, 17-8; his view of the dependency of Crete, 15-6; ignores Ionian traditions, 10, 158, 187, 218, 221; ancestry, 20; his system of land tenure, 21-4, 26-7; a lover of peace, 28-9; purification by swine's blood unknown to, 29-30, 129, 133, 135, 198; interested in the "folk," 31-2; in touch with Aegean culture, 33; his chivalrous treatment of women, 34-7; on family life and morality, 41-4; customs of, war and weapons, 45-50; his tactics, 51-5; criticism of his battles, 56-9; on men's dress and armour, 60-79; female costume, 81-95; his age one of "overlap," 96, 104; cremation and cairn-burial, 105-12; religion and ethics of, 107, 110, 111, 115-7, 120-7, 128; makes scanty mention of temples, 130-1; not superstitious, 132-3; his conception of the Ionians, 137, 142-3; ignorant of the Theseus myth, 155; his view of Minos, 155-6; individuality of his minor characters, 161; his knowledge of "Sagas" and _Märchen_, 161-3; and treatment of material, 163-71; did not borrow from Eumelus, 172, 174, 177-9; his story of Bellerophon, 176; in accord with Hesiod on parentage of Circe, 177; geographical knowledge of, not extensive, 179; his casual mention of Thersites, 180-2; cult of heroes unknown to, 185, 194; his tradition of Odysseus, 188-9, 190; Palamedes apparently unknown to, 190, 193, 198; disagreement of critics over authenticity of his works, 200-8; his characterisation of Achilles, 246-50; of Agamemnon, 250; perfection of form in his poetry, 254-5; only one mention of writing in, 261; rejects all _märchenhaft_, 264; ferocity in, not expurgated, 264-5; did not sing for "groundlings," 277; reputed connection of Pisistratus with his poems, 281, 286; effect of, on the Athenians 286. Hoplites, 55, 56. Horse, the Wooden, 47, 163, 215-6. Hypsipyle is loved by Jason, 96, 179.

Idas, 207, 208. Idomeneus of Cnossos, 14; prowess of, 15, 53; his Achaean descent, 16; his trophies, 47; his genealogy, 156. _Iliad_, manner of, Achaean, 12, 221; the _Catalogue_, 13-7; tenure of property in, 22; treatment of women in, 35, 36; domestic relations, 43; account of battle in, 51-4; untouched by Ionian hands, 59, 150; false passage in, 103; cremation customary in, 105; other funeral rites, 112; Dionysus, 118-9; Ionians once mentioned in, 138; geographical knowledge not extensive in, 179, 198; character of Odysseus, 188; no mention of Palamedes, 194, 195; later or earlier than the _Cypria_?, 195-6, 200; asserted not to be the work of one man, 201; Aristotle's criticism of, 201-2; tradition of Castor and Polydeuces in, 208; material possibly obtained from, for the _Cypria_, 211-2; multiplex authorship of, a foregone conclusion with sundry critics, 223-4; Miss Stawell on, 244-6, 244; Verrall on, 226-8, 245; Leaf, 230, 231, 233, 241, 244; Grote, 234-43; ferocity prevalent in, 265; Mr. Murray considers the body of, to be Ionian, 271-3; author's general conclusions on, 246-50; possibly alien passages in, 250-1; who were the purgers?, 263. _Iliad_, the _Little_. See Cyclic Poems. Imbrios, mutilated, 265. Infanticide, female, 40, 44. Ino, ill-treats her step-children, 34, 164; r., 127. Ion, descent of, 139; buried in Attica, 140. Ionian, civilisation, different from Homeric, 6-9, 144, 148-9; --colonists apparently unknown to Homer, 12; --land tenure in early settlements, 23; --poets, their treatment of women, 37; --historical warfare, 56; --poets, anachronisms of, 60-3, 70; --art, 148-9, 150. Ionians, who were they?, 137-8; their fabulous genealogy, 138-9, 140; difference between, and Achaeans, 141; Homeric conception of, 142-3; intermarriages and religious observances of, 143-4; in Attica, 147; mixed traditions of, 154, 157; have no Homeric traditions, 158; attempts of, to attach themselves to the great traditions, 158-9, 160, 195; degradation of Odysseus traceable to, 189-90, 193; could not purge what they themselves practised, 268. Iphigeneia, various legends of, 157, 193, 210-11, 221, 279. Iphitus, murder of, 135, 136. Ireland, early civilisation in, 21-2; heroic, ceremonial observances in, 31; method of war in, in late Celtic times, 48. Iron, early and later uses of, 3, 4, 5, 21, 96-104, 107. Isocrates, boasts of Theseus, 158-9; cited on the public recitation of Homer, 282-3, 285. Itylus, 157.

Jardanus (river), 13. Jason, loves Hypsipyle, 96, 179; legends of, 165-7, 175-6. Jehoram, King, not cremated, 108.

Kalewala, the Finnish, 165, 166. Kirchhoff, Herr, cited on Homeric mention of iron, 100. Kuhnert, Herr Ernst, on quality of Homer's poetry, 169.

Laertes, 43. Laestrygones, 18. Laid law, William, 294. Land Tenure, Homeric, 21-3; in Ionian colonies, 23. Langside, battle of, 53. Laocoon,215. Laomedon, 162. Layard. Sir A. H., cited on Greek armour and costume, 67, 74, 91, 92, 93. Leaf, Walter, cited on Homeric fighting, 58; on Homeric armour, 70, 76; on costume of Mycenaean women, 83-4; on archaic female costume, 94; on false passage in the _Iliad_, 103; on Demeter and Diogenes, 118; on the "chiton trailers," 138; on Theseus myth, 155, 214; on Panyassis, 172; on Thersites, 181; on character of the Cyclic Poems, 200; on the Catalogue, _219_, 258; on the unity of the _Odyssey_, 224; on the camp wall, 230; on certain alleged contradictions, 231, 233, 241; on Thetis, 244; on Book VIII. of the _Iliad_, 292-3. Lemnos, adventures of the Argonauts in, 179. Leonymus, 213. Lesches, 200. Locrians, archery of the, 53, 55, 137. Lom, Ian, 28. Lucretius, his theory of ghosts, 110. Lycians, the, intermarriages of Greeks with, 17, 144. Lycurgus, legends of, 118-9, 231; worshipped by the Spartans, 126; connection of, with the Homeric Recitations, 282, 283, 285, 286. Lynceus, 207, 208.

Mabinogion, the Welsh, 166. MacAllister, R.A.S., result of his excavations at Gezer, 99. Mackenzie, Dr., on Homeric armour, 73. Mahaffy, J. P., on the Attic standard of morality, 188-9. Marathon, 174; Bull of, 175. Marriage, adelphic, 276. Medea, r., 34, 180; un-Homeric legends of, 165-7, 173-75 not mentioned by Homer, 177; Eumelian account of, 178. Meges, reared by Theano, 161. Melanippus, worship of, 126. Melanthius, 102; fate of, 278. Meleager, the "golden-haired," r., 14, 16, 25, 34; gifts offered to, for his services, 21; war between, and the Couretes, 28; family feud of, 43; Homeric tradition of his fate, 161, 169; Thersites insulted by, 180. Melissa, 112. Memnon, 163; Ionian tradition of, 213. Menelaus, his home, 31; chivalrous character of, 37, 46, 248, 250; affection of Agamemnon for, 43; aids Odysseus, 52; arrow-smitten, 76, 77, 278; Ionian hostility to, 160; un-Homeric traditions of, 190, 207, 208; r., 15, 16, 71, 127, 265. Menestheus, 137, 138. Milton, John, 14, 253, 255. Mimnermus, cited on Aia, 178. Minos, Idomeneus descended from, 14, 16; blood-sacrifices said to have been abolished by, 113; Homeric view of, 155-6; un-Homeric legends of, 167; his bull, 175; fate of, obscure, 279; r., 154 Minotaur, the, 15, 156, 175. Momus, advice of, 204-5. Monro, D. Binning, cited on Homeric use of iron, 100-2, 104; on pollution and purification, 133; on non-reference to Aethra, 155; on the Cyclic Poems, _197_, 198-9; on Homer's ignorance of Taurus, 210; on the Athenian Recitations, 282-4, 285. Mülder, Herr, his criticism of Homeric battles, 56, 58-59. Mure, Col., 226. Murray, G. G. A., cited on bride-price, 39; female infanticide, _44_; on Hector, 46; on Homeric battles, 56-57, _57-8_; on Homeric armour, 70, _71_, _73_; on Homeric mention of iron, 104; on cremation, 107, _109_; on sacrificial rites, 129, _130_; suggests a difference in date between portions of the _Iliad_, _131_; on the Cyclic Poems, 150, 200; on the Ionian Colonists, 144; thinks Homer borrowed from "Eumelus," 171, _172_; on reluctance of scholars to admit the possibility of Homer having borrowed, 176-77; on Thersites, 180; on Hector's connection with Boeotia, 183, 184; on the quality of the _Iliad_, 203; on the presumed date of the Homeric Epics, 218, 219-21; his theory of expurgation, 252, 260-8, 288;

## particular passages from, quoted and discussed, 268-80, 289-91.

Mycenaean, shields, 5; --culture, 7; --tombs, 32; --palaces, 33; --daggers, 48; --arrow points, 50; --Warrior Vase, 56, 62; --battles, 56, 57; --female costume, 83-4; --gods and goddesses, 113, 114. Myres, J. L., cited on Greek female costume, 94; on Pelasgian question, 153.

Naber, Herr, cited, 98. Nausicaa Homeric presentment of, 34, 37, 83. Nausithous, a builder of temples, 130; founder of Phaeacia, 170. Neleidae, the, 140, 159. Nelius, Attic legend of, 23; feud of, with Heracles, 135-6, 168; r., 34. Nemesis of Rhamnus, a non-Achaean goddess, 199, 212, 221; conflicting traditions of, 206-7. Neoptolemus, prowess of, at Troy, 216. Nephele, legends of, 163-4. Nestor, his tales of ancient fights, 10-1, 28, 58, 59, 161; cited on the Achaean attitude towards the Over Lord, 25-6; his house, 31; visited by Athene, 128-9; feud of, with Heracles, 135-6, 168; garrulity of, 208; mentions the camp wall, 229, 230; and the interchange of shields, 252; site of his city of Pylos, 257-8; r., 43, 97. 215. Njal, offers a bride-price, 38.

Odysseus, Egypt known to, 18, 28; skilled in arts of peace, 30; his house and family life, 30-1, 41-2, 43; and the bow of Eurytus, 49, 135; in battle, 52; his tunic, 62; fibula, 64-5; shield of, 70; his use of bronze and iron, 98; story of the removal of the weapons and the wooers, 100-4; in Hades, 123; song for the staunching of his blood, 133; and purification of Achilles, 133, 180; Ionian hostility to, 160, 202, 216; relations of, with Circe, 178; Homeric tradition of, contrasted with others, 183-93, 195, 208, 211, 217, 250-51; feud of, with kin of the wooers, 252; seeks for arrow-poison, 278; r., 15, 17, 22, 25, 32, 35, 112, 129, 130, 181. _Odyssey_, manner of, Achaean, 12, 221; account of Crete in, 13, 22; mention of Egypt and Phoenicians in, 18-9; the Over Lord, 25; treatment of women in, 35, 36-7; family life in, 41-2; mention of iron weapons in, 100-1, 102-3; funeral rites, 112; Demeter mentioned in, 118; ethical aspect of the gods in, 123-5, 127; Ionian traits not present in, 150; Minos in, 156; geographical knowledge not extensive in, 179, 198; element of _Märchen_ in, 187; character of Odysseus, 188-9; legend of Castor and Polydeuces, 208; more critically dissected in Germany than in England, 224; doubtful passages in, 251-2; who were the purgers?, 263; mention of poisoned arrows in, 278. Oedipus, curses his sons, 31; burial of, 159; r., 139. Oenomaus, tomb of, 109. Oiax, avenges Palamedes, 192-3. Orestes, bones of, carried to Sparta, 126; purification of, 135; takes refuge in Athens, 139. "Overlap," ages of, 96, 97, 102. Over Lord, the Homeric, 23-7.

Palamedes, inventor of alphabetic writing, 26, 194; not mentioned by Homer, 160, 193, 198, 199, 208; Ionian tradition of, 189-2; Athenian, 192-3; probably a Culture Hero, 194-6, 220; Ionian legends of, never intruded into _Iliad_, 211, 212, 218; r., 202. Pandarus, ill fame of, 17; an archer, 49, 50, 278; shoots at Menelaus, 76; daughter of, 157. Panyassis, presumable source of his legends, 172. Paris, and Helen, 35, 37, 207; taunted for his use of the bow, 50; Choice of, 162, 205; wounds Achilles, 162, 217; r., 71. Paris, M. Gaston, cited on the _Chanson de Roland_, 253, 254. Patroclus, relations of, with Achilles, 45, 54, 105, 111, 123, 236-42, 244, 248-9; relations of, with Hector, 45, 108, 265; scales the walls of Troy, 47; burial of, 111, 112; r., 36, 213. 227, 245. Pausanias, cited on the bronze corslet, 66; cited on graves and urns, 109-10; on the places of nativity of Zeus, 115; and the fabled genealogy of the Athenians, 138-9; cited on death of Meleager, 169; on a Eumelian "History of Corinth," 172, 173, 174; does not cite Eumelus for Bellerophon, 176; disagrees with his account of Medea, 178; antiquarian traditions preserved in, 272, 273; and legends of human sacrifice, 279; r., 127, 159, 183, 206, 207, 210, 213. Pegasus, legends of, 176. Pelasgians, r., 11, 12, 16, 141, 151-3. Peleus, 25, 205. Peneleus, ferocity of, 265. Penelope, domestic life of, 30; attitude of, towards Helen, 35, 37; her bride-price, 38-9; in _Telegonia_, 182. Penthesilea, slain by Achilles, 180, 212. Peplos, description of, 84. _See also_ Costume, women's. Perdrizet, cited on Greek female costume, 94. Periclymenus, fairy story of, 136, 168. Periphetes of Mycenae, 184, 185. Phaedra, 156. Pheidias, 115, 117, 206. Pherecydes, cited, 180, 211. Philoctetes, bitten by a serpent, 15, 211; favoured by Attic poets, 189, 202; arrows of, 214; ringing back of, 216; r., 26, 160, 163. Philostratus, cited on Polyxena, 217. Phoenicians, 19, 20, 30. Phoenix, warning of, to Achilles, 25, 238, 243-4; not properly introduced in Book IX., 250-1; r., 36, 43, 161. Phorcys, his corslet, 66. Phrixus, legends of, 164-5, 279. _Pictorial Atlas of Iliad and Odyssey, Engelmann and Anderson's_, illustrations in, cited, 74-5, 77. Pindar, follows Ionian traditions, 26; on Pegasus, 176; adopts Eumelian account of Medea, 178; belittles Odysseus, 189; does not reject _märchenhaft_, 264. Pins, long, use of, in female costume, 84, 86-7, 90, 91. Pinza cited on Homeric female costume, 91, 93. Pisistratus (Nestor's son) sacrifices to Athene, 129; (Athenian) alleged founder of Homeric recitations at Athens, 270; reputed connection of, with Homeric poems, 281-3, 284, 286. Plato, cited on purification by blood, 134; cited on the Homeric view of Minos, 155; his reference to Palamedes, and Aias, 192, 194. Polydamus, advice of, to Trojans in battle, 52-3. Polydeuces, un-Homeric legends of, 207-8, 215. Polygnotus, his decoration of the Lesche, 66, 274. Polynices, 31; burial of, 158-9. ? Polyxena, traditions of, 195-6, 216-7. Poseidon, r., 18, 34, 162; rallies the Achaeans, 52, 53, 59; wreaks his grudge on Odysseus, 124; and Periclymenus, 136, 168; patron of Ionian league of cities, 144; doings of, perplexing, 251. Priam, attitude of, towards Helen, 35; pays no bride-price, 38; excusable petulance of, 43; attitude of, towards Aeneas, 216, 251; Achilles' reception of, 239, 249; r., 131, 192. Proclus, Epitome of, cited, 204, 205, 214. Protesilaus, 54, 137, 211. Purification by swine's blood unknown to Homer but familiar to Ionians, 29, 30, 133-4, 135-6, 198, 212-3; no Northern example of, 266, 267.

Quintus Smyrnaeus, 215, 276.

Reichel Dr., his criticism of Homeric armour cited, 65, 68-70, 72-3, 76, 80. Rhadamanthus, 16, 156. Ridgeway, William, his theory of Homer, 102, 136; his theory of prehistoric language in Greece, 151, 152-3. _Roncevaux_, the, 291. _Ruined City_ (Anglo-Saxon poem), 33.

Sacrifice, human, 210-1, 216-8, 272, 279. Sacrificial rites, Homeric treatment of, 128-30, 131. "Saga," growth of, 166-7. Saint Aignan, patron of Orleans, 126. Sainte-Beuve, cited on the Odyssey, 252. Sarpedon, 13, 17. Saul, King, treatment of his corpse, 108. "Schiltrom," formed by Achaeans in battle, 53; cavalry powerless against, 55. Scholiast, the, cited, 204-5, 213, 241, 244. Scotland, method of war in, in Roman times, 48; Highland clans in action, 52; fabulous genealogy of kings, 138-9. Scott, Sir Walter, works of, r., 41-2, 162, 293-4. Semele, mother of Dionysus, 118-9. Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, 41, 194, 274; _Macbeth_, 233, 234; his method of construction compared with Homer's, 254, 255; _King Lear_, 277. Shewan, Mr., cited on Nestor and Thrasymedes, 252. Sicyon, 174. Sidney, Sir Philip, his Arcadia cited, 254, 277. Sinon, 214, 276. Sisyphus, 17, 123. Solon, 90; connection of, with the Athenian Recension of Homer, 270, 281, 283, 286, 287. Sophocles, r., 37; on Hector, 46; his _Oedipous_, 159; belittles Odysseus, 188, 189. Spata, relics found in tombs of, 145-6. Stasinus, 200, 205. Stawell, Miss F. Melian, her "_Homer and the Iliad_" cited, 72, 77, 224-6, 234, 236, 244. Stesichorus, 210, 213, 217. Stichios, 138, 184. Studniczka F. K., cited, 83, 87, 183.

Tantalus, punishment of, 123. _Telegonia_, the _dénouement of_, 182. Telemachus, quoted on the marriage of Penelope, 39; bidden to hide the weapons, 100, 102, 103; un-Homeric traditions of, 182, 208; journey of, to Pylos, 257; r., 31, 42, 128. Telephus, un-Homeric legend of, 209, 220. Teucer, 43, 49. Theano, wifely tenderness of, 36, 43, 161; sacrifices to Athene, 131, 161. Thebans, the, show the tomb of Hector, 183. Thebes, wealth of, 18-9; Tale of, Athenian version, 158-9. Themis, 205, 206. Theocritus, 276. Thersites, un-Homeric traditions of, 133, 180-2, 189, 198, 212-3. Theseus, prowess of, not dwelt upon by Homer, 15, _16_; un-Homeric legends of, 154-5, 157-9, 199-200, 210, 214-5, 216, 221; Ionian legends of, never introduced into _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, 218. Thesmophoria, 117. Thessaly, civilisation in, dissimilar from Southern Greece, 10-11. Thetis, maternal love of, 34, 36; prayer of, 54, 195, 235, 236; advice of, to Achilles, 132; un-Homeric legends of, 168, 205, 211, 213; and the armour of Achilles, 244-5; love of Achilles for, 247-8. Thrasymedes, 129, 252. Thucydides, cited on the Ionian Migration, 143; on the deaths of Hipparchus and Aristogeiton, 271; on the history of Pisistratus, 281, 284, 287. Tirynthian art, female costume, in, 81-6. Tityus, punishment of, 123. Tlepolemos of Rhodes, 14. Tribal History, attempt to extract, from names of heroes in _Iliad_, 182-3, 185, 180. Troy, siege of, 45-9, 51-4, 58-9, 132, 162-3. Tyro, punishment of, 34, 42. Tyrtaeus, 286. Tzetzes, on the parentage of Iphigeneia, 210; on Polyxena, 217.

Vases: Black Figure, 5, 6, 48, 67, 74, 75. François, the, 86-90, 93. Panathenaic, 79. Red Figure, 5, 67, 74, 75, 77. Tirynthian, 67. Warrior, the, 56. Verrall, A. W., on Mr. Lang's defence of Homeric unity, 226-8; a reply to, 229-31; on the "multiple authorship," 245; on the Athenian Recitations, 274; on the customary manner of criticising Homer, 284-8. Virgil, r., 9, 160, 192, 193, 214, 215-6, 261. _Volsunga Saga_, 36, 253.

Wace, Mr., cited on Greek female costume, 94. Walters, H. B., cited on the François Vase, 86, 90; on Ionic female costume, 94. Waterloo, battle of, cited, 55, 57. Weapons. See Armour. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, cited on the relation of Homer to the mass of ancient epic poetry, 200-1, 203; on the _Cypria_, 219. Wolf, C. W. F. A., his criticism of the Homeric Poems, 41, 222, 223, 224, 246, 250, 281, 284. Wooers, the, 100, 101, 103, 104, 111, 129, 132, 133, 252. Writing, in Minoan Age, 3.

Xuthus marries the daughter of Erechtheus, 139-40.

Zedekiah, King, cremation of, 108. Zerelia, result of excavations at, 11. Zeus, and Minos, 16, 155, 156; Homeric conception of, 43, 116, 118, 120-1, 122, 124, 162, 174; prayer of Thetis to, 54, 235; birth-myth of, 115; promises of, fulfilled, 123, 235-6, 237; un-Homeric conceptions of, 190, 195, 204, 206, 209, 211. Zulus, belief of, in incarnations of the dead, 275.

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

The original book contained several unpaired double quotation marks. It was not clear where the missing quotation marks belonged, so no attempt was made to add them.