CHAPTER XXV

TABLE OF IMPORTANT ANIMAL PARASITE DISEASES

PROTOZOAL DISEASES

-----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Parasite | Defin. | Inter- | Important | Transmission and | host | mediate | reservoir | pathogenicity | | host | of virus | -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Entamoeba |Man. |Not |Man-carrier|Cysts in food or water. histolytica. | | required.| stage | Flies may act as | | | (feces). | carriers. Ingestive. | | | | Amoebic dysentery. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Balantidium coli.|Man |Not |Man-carrier|Transmission probably | (hogs).| required.| stage | same as for E. | | | (hogs). | histolytica. Found | | | | in those having care | | | | of hogs. Ingestive. | | | | Balantidium dysentery. | | | | Anaemia. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Lamblia (Giardia)|Man |Not |Man-carrier|Transmission probably intestinalis. | (mice | required.| stage | same as for E. | and | | (mice and | histolytica. Rat | rats). | | rats). | feces on human food | | | | important. Ingestive. | | | | Lamblia dysentery. | | | | Giardiasis. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Spiroschaudinnia |Louse |Man.(*) |Man |Cyclical development in (Spironema) | (P. | | (blood). | louse. Bite puncture recurrentis, | vesti- | | | contaminated by carteri, etc. | menti).| | | crushed louse. (louse group.) | | | | Relapsing fever. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Spiroschaudinnia |Tick |Man.(*) |Man |Excretions of tick (Spironema) |(species| | (blood). | contaminating duttoni, novyi. |of | | | tick-bite. Tick (Tick group.) |Ornith- | | | fevers. Relapsing |dorus or| | | fever. |Argas). | | | -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Treponema |Man. |Not |Man. |T. pallidum. Usually (pallidum and | | required.| | venereal. Syphilis. pertenue). | | | | T. pertenue. Flies or | | | | contact. Yaws. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Leptospira |Man |Not |Rat. |Common infection of ictero- | (rat). | required.| | rats. Present in haemorrhagiae. | | | | blood. Excreted in | | | | urine. Ingestion. | | | | Weil’s disease. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Leptospira |Mosquito|Man. |Man |Cyclical development icteroides. |(Stego- | | (blood). | in mosquito--12 |myia | | | days. Inoculative. |calopus)| | | Yellow fever. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+-----------------------

PROTOZOAL DISEASES (Continued)

-----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Parasite | Defin. | Inter- |Important | Transmission and | host | mediate |reservoir | pathogenicity | | host |of virus | -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Leptospira |Man |Not |Rat. |Man inoculated by morsus-muris. | (rat). | required.| | bite of infected rat. | | | | Rat bite fever. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Trypanosoma |Fly |Man. |Man--game |Cyclical development gambiense |(Glossina| | animals? | in tsetse fly. and rhodesiense.|species)| | (blood). | Inoculative. Sleeping | | | | sickness. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Schizotrypanum |Lamus |Man. |Man. |Cyclical development cruzi. |megistus| | | in bug. Inoculative. | | | | Brazilian | | | | trypanosomiasis. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Leishmania |Not |Man. |Man. |L. donovani—Bed bug? (donovani, | surely | | | kala-azar. L. infantum infantum, and | known. | | | —dog flea? infantile tropica). | | | | leishmaniasis. L. | | | | tropicum--biting | | | | insects? Oriental | | | | sore; American | | | | leishmaniasis. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Plasmodium |Mosquito|Man (with |Man (blood)|Cyclical development malariae, |(Anoph- | schiz- | (with | in mosquito—12 vivax and | eline | onts). | gametes). | days. Inoculative. falciparum. |species)| | | Malaria. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Rickettsia |Man. |Louse (P. |Man (blood)|Cyclical development in prowazeki. | | vesti- | | louse. Bite puncture | | menti). | | inoculated by | | | | louse feces. Typhus | | | | fever. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Dermacentroxenus |Man |Tick |Goats and |Excretions of tick rickettsi. |(goats, |(Dermacen-| rodents. | contaminating |rodents,|tor ander-| | tick-bite. Rocky | etc.). |soni). D. | | Mountain fever. | | venustus.| | -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------------------- Bartonella |Man. |Unknown. |Man (blood)|Transmission unknown. bacilliformis. | | | | Species of | | | | Phlebotomus suggested. | | | | Oroya fever. -----------------+--------+----------+-----------+-----------------------

NOTE.—(*) Some authorities give man as definitive host of Spiroschaudinnia (Spironema). Diseases often classified as filterable virus ones of protozoal affinity are (1) Dengue. Cause unknown. Transmitted by Stegomyia species. (2) Pappataci fever. Cause unknown. Transmitted by Phlebotomus species. Other protozoal diseases are (1) Tsutsugamushi. Probably a protozoan. Transmitted by Kedani mite. (2) Trench fever. Probably Rickettsia. Transmitted by louse.

HELMINTHIC DISEASES—TREMATODES

-------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Parasite | Defin. |Intermediate |Important | Transmission and | host | host |reservoir | pathogenicity | | |of virus | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Clonorchis |Man |1st, snail |Man. |Not definitely known. sinensis. | (cats, | (Melania | | Eating raw fish. |dogs and| libertina)? | | Ingestive. Human liver | hogs). | and 2d, fish| | fluke disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Opisthorchis |Man |1st, mollusc.|Cats and |Man infected by eating felineus. | (cats | 2d, fish. | dogs. | raw fish. Ingestive. | and | | | Liver fluke | dogs). | | | disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Fasciolopsis |Man |Possibly 1st,|Hog. |Not definitely known. buski. | (pig). | mollusc. | | Intestinal | | Cercariae | | Distomiasis. | | encyst on | | | | grass. | | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Heterophyes |Man |1st, probably|Dogs and |Not definitely known. heterophyes.| (dogs | mollusc. | cats. | Intestinal Distomiasis. | and | 2d, probably| | | cats). | fish. | | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Paragonimus |Man |1st, snail. |Cats, dogs |Eating raw crabs ringeri. | (dogs, | 2d, crab. | and hogs. | containing cercariae. |cats and| | | Ingestive. Lung fluke | hogs). | | | disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Schistosoma |Man. |Snail |Man |Bathing or drinking haematobium.| | (Bullinus). | (urine). | water containing | | | | cercariae. Penetrative. | | | | Vesical bilharziasis. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Schistosoma |Man. |Snail |Man (feces)|Bathing or drinking mansoni. | | (Planorbis).| | water containing | | | | cercariae. Penetrative. | | | | Rectal bilharziasis. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Schistosoma |Man. |Snail |Man (feces)|Bathing or drinking japonicum. | |(Blanifordia)| domesticated | water containing | | | animals). | cercariae. Penetrative. | | | | Katayama disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+-----------------------

NOTE.—Rare trematodes of man are (1) Fasciola hepatica. Chiefly disease of sheep. Cercariae from snail (Limnea) encyst on grass. (2) Dicrocoelium lanceatum. Chiefly disease of cattle. (3) Heterophyes nocens. A very small intestinal fluke of man. (4) Metagonimus yokogawai. Another very small intestinal fluke of man. Intermediate hosts: mollusc and gold fish. (5) Echinostoma ilocanum. A rare intestinal fluke of the Philippines. (6) Two genera of Paramphistomidae—Cladorchis and Gastrodiscus. Intestinal flukes.

HELMINTHIC DISEASES (Continued). NEMATODES

-------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Parasite | Defin. |Intermediate |Important | Transmission and | host | host |reservoir | pathogenicity | | |of virus | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Filaria |Man. |Mosquito |Man |Indirect in mosquito. bancrofti. | | (various | infected | Mature larva | | species). | (blood). | penetrates skin. | | | | Elephantiasis, etc. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Loa loa |Man. |Fly. Species |Man |Probably indirect (F. loa). | | of Chrysops | infected | (cyclical) in Chrysops. | | (mangrove | (blood). | Probably inoculative. | | flies). | | Ocular filariasis, etc. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Acantho- |Man. |Not |Man |Transmission by cheilonema | | definitely | infected | mosquitoes and ticks perstans (F.| | known. | (blood). | suggested. No perstans). | | | | pathogenicity. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Dracunculus |Man. |Species of |Man |Larvae enter cyclops. medinensis. | | cyclops. | infected | Infected cyclops in | | | (subcuta- | drinking water. | | | neous | Ingestive. Guinea | | | tissue). | worm infection. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Onchocerca |Man. |Not |Man |Possibly Glossina. volvulus (F.| | definitely | (blood?). | Subcutaneous tumor volvulus). | | known. | | and lymphangitis. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Strongyloides|Man. |Not required.|Man (feces)|Parasitic filariform stercoralis.| | | | larva penetrates skin. | | | | Pathogenicity doubtful. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Necator |Man. |Not required.|Man (feces)|Encysted strongyloid americanus | | | | larvae penetrate skin. and | | | | Ancylostomiasis. Ancylostoma | | | | duodenale. | | | | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------ Trichinella |Man (rat|Hog (man and |Hog |Encysted larva in raw spiralis. | and | rat). | (muscle). | or insufficiently | hog). | | | cooked pork. Ingestive. | | | | Trichinosis. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+------------------------

NOTE.—Ascaris, Trichuris and Oxyuris do not require intermediate host. With Ascaris and Trichuris, larva gradually develops in egg passed in faeces. Infection by ingestion of embryo-containing eggs. Embryo-containing eggs contaminate fingers from crushing female Oxyuris in perineal region.

HELMINTHIC DISEASES. CESTODES

-------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Parasite | Defin. |Intermediate |Important | Transmission and | host | host |reservoir | pathogenicity | | |of virus | -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Dibothrio- |Man. |1st, cyclops?|Man |Eating raw fish cephalus | | 2d, fish. | (feces), | containing pleocercoid latus. | | | dog and | larvae. Broad Russian | | | cats. | tapeworm disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Hymenolepis |Man. |Not required.|Children |Man intermediate and nana. | | | (feces). | definitive host. | | | | Ingestive. Dwarf | | | | tapeworm disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Taenia |Man. |Cattle (ox). |Man (feces)|Eating insufficiently saginata. | | | | cooked beef containing | | | | cysticerci. Ingestive. | | | | Beef tapeworm | | | | disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Taenia |Man. |Hog. |Man (feces)|Eating insufficiently solium. | | | | cooked pork containing | | | | cysticerci. Ingestion. | | | | Pork tapeworm | | | | disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+----------------------- Taenia |Dog. |Man, sheep |Dog (feces)|Dogs infected at echinococcus.| | and hogs. | | abattoir. Hydatid | | | | disease. -------------+--------+-------------+-----------+-----------------------

NOTE.—Rare cestodes of man are (1) Dipylidium caninum. A parasite of the dog with louse or flea as intermediate host. (2) Hymenolepis diminuta. A parasite of rats. Intermediate host in insects. (3) Species of Davainea. Intermediate host possibly cockroach. These cestodes are probably accidental parasites of man.

ARTHROPODAN DISEASES

--------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Parasite | Life history | Disease and manifestations | | and remarks --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Linguatula |Adult in nasal cavity of |Porocephaliasis. Man may serrata | dogs, etc. Eggs in nasal | harbor adult or larva. Larvae (Lingua- | mucus contaminate grass. | usually in lungs or liver tulidae). | Rabbits, cattle infected. | and do not seem to cause | Larvae in liver, lungs. | symptoms. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Porocephalus |Adults in lungs of snakes. |Porocephaliasis. Larvae wander armillatus | Eggs contaminate water | in abdominal cavity or lungs (Lingua- | or food. Larvae in liver, | in which latter they produce tulidae). | lungs, etc., of lions, | a chronic bronchitis which | monkeys, man, etc. | may resemble phthisis. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Demodex |All stages passed within |Demodectic acariasis. Causes a folliculorum | hair follicles or | resistant itch in dogs. In (Demodicidae).| sebaceous cysts especially| man, may invade eyelids or | about nose. Adult may | meibomian glands, and has | wander. | been reported as causing | | various forms of dermatitis. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Sarcoptes |Female lives in burrow of |Scabies. Burrows show as scabei | skin giving off eggs which| blackish lines, especially (Sarcoptidae).| hatch into larvae. | between fingers, flexor | | surfaces of arms and penis. | | Itching worse at night. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Pediculoides |Female lives on wheat straw|Grain itch. The mites leave ventricosus | worm or grain moth. Larval| wheat straw or grain and (Tarson- | mites develop inside | attack harvesters or those emidae). | mother. | sleeping on straw mattresses. | | Attack upper trunk, neck and | | arms. Erythematous or | | vesicular eruption with | | constitutional symptoms. ---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------ Microtrombidium|Adults live in fields or |Autumnal erythema. The larval pusillum | woods. The larval mite | mites known as red bug or (Trombidoidae).| lives on grasshoppers or | jigger attack man causing a | small rodents. | severe itch. ---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------ Dermanyssus |Mites live in chicken |Poultryman’s itch. The mites gallinae | houses and feed on fowls. | attack man producing (Gamasidae). | | eczematous dermatitis on | | backs of hands and forearms. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Dermacentor |Adults live on cattle, |Tick paralysis. The bite of venustus | sheep, etc. May bite man. |this tick or Ixodes holocyclus (Ixodidae). | | may produce paralysis in | | sheep. An ascending type of | | paralysis due to tick bites | | has been several times noted | | in man, chiefly in children. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Pediculus |Adults live on clothing or |Pediculosis—Phthiriasis. humanus | hair and feed on man. | Produce skin irritation with (Insecta, | | later on pigmentation Pediculidae).| | (Vagabondismus). --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Dermatophilus |Impregnated female |Sandflea or chigoe penetrans. | penetrates skin of man or | infestation. Site of penetr- (Sarco- | animals, especially toes | ation shows as black spot psyllidae). | and feet. | with whitish induration | | surrounding it. Apt to form | | ulcers. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------

ARTHROPODAN DISEASES (Continued)

--------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Parasite | Life history | Disease and manifestations | | and remarks --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Dermatobia |Eggs of fly become attached|A cutaneous myiasis. Larva at cyaniventris | to mosquitoes or ticks. | first club shaped (ver (Oestridae: | These latter bite man and | macaque), later worm shaped Bot Flies). | larva penetrates skin. | (torcel). Larva causes a | | swelling with black opening. | | May invade eye. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Hypoderma |Larvae of this or other |Creeping eruption. Larva lineata | flies burrow under skin. | migrans. The burrows make (Oestridae). | | zig-zag lines on face or | | soles of feet. Causes | | itching. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Chrysomyia |Fly deposits eggs in |Screw worm infection. Nasal macellaria, | nostrils. Larvae wander to| myiasis. Larvae in their and C. dux | nasal sinuses. May invade | wandering destroy tissues of Muscidae). | aural canal. | nasal cavities, or of ear, Oestrus ovis | | and may cause death. May (Oestridae). | | infest wounds or vagina. C. | | macellaria causes American | | nasal myiasis, C. dux causes | | Indian nasal myiasis and O. | | ovis causes African nasal | | myiasis. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Ochromyia |An African fly, which |Larvae bore under skin, (Cordylobia) | deposits eggs on children | causing boil-like lesions anthropophaga| and animals. | with central opening. Larvae (Muscidae). | | mature in two weeks. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Auchmeromyia |An African fly deposits |Congo floor maggot. The bite luteola | eggs on floors of native | is not painful. (Muscidae). | huts. Larvae bite man. | --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Calliphora |Blow and bluebottle flies, |Larvae may be cause of obscure vomitoria | depositing eggs on tainted| abdominal conditions; may be and Lucilia | meats. Larvae may be found| found in nasal cavities, caesar and L.| in feces. | causing serious symptoms, or serricata | | in ear. (Muscidae). | | --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Musca |Eggs presumably deposited |Larvae have been found in male domestica | near genitalia or ear. | urethra and in the ear. (Muscidae). | | --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Sarcophaga |Viviparous. Larvae are |Larvae gain access to wounds, carnaria | deposited on decaying | nasal cavities, etc., at (Sarcoph- | flesh (wounds, orifices | times causing death. Commonly agidae). | of body). | found in intestinal myiases. | | May occur in vagina. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Anthomyia |Larvae deposited in body |Occasionally reported as found pluvialis | orifices. | in ear. (Anthomyidae).| | --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------ Fannia |Eggs deposited near |Symptoms of urinary irritation canicularis | external genitalia and | or obstruction. Has been (Anthomyidae).| larva penetrates urethra. | found in gastro-intestinal | | tract. --------------+---------------------------+------------------------------

SECTION V

INFECTIOUS GRANULOMATA OF THE TROPICS

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