C.

CADU´COUS, _a._ Falling off early.

CÆ´CAL, _a._ Pertaining to the cæca.

CÆ´CUM, _n._; pl. _cæca_. (Pronounced _see´cum_.) Intestinal cul-de-sac at junction of smaller and larger intestines, usually present paired in birds; sometimes a foot long. (Also written _cœcum_, _cœca_.)

CAL´AMUS, _n._ Quill; the dry, hard, horny portion of the stem of a feather below the web, hollow or partly pithy, and translucent. Calamus + rhachis = scapus. (145.)

CALCA´NEAL, _a._ Pertaining to the back upper portion of the tarso-metatarsus (tarsus of ordinary language).

CALCA´NEUM, _n._ Heel; back upper part of tarso-metatarsus. Same as _talus_. (107.) One of the tibial condyles is by some regarded as the homologue of the calcaneum.

CAL´CAR, _n._ Spur; sharp horn-covered bone-cored process on the shank of many birds; also, similar horny process on the metacarpal bone.

CALCARAT´US, _a._ Spurred.

CALCA´REOUS, _a._ Chalky. A cormorant’s egg is covered with _calcareous_ substance.

CALCIF´IC, _a._ Calcifying; an epithet of that portion of the oviduct where the egg-shell is formed.

CALIG´ULA, _n._ Same as BOOT (which see).

CAL´LUS, _n._ New bony matter joining a fracture.

CALYPTE´RIA, _n. pl._ Tail-coverts; the smaller feathers underlying or overlying the base of the tail. (Little used.) See CRISSUM and TECTRICES CAUDÆ. (71.)

CA´LYX, _n._ Pedicellated ovarian capsule of two membranes with lax tissue and vessels, rupturing at a point called the _stigma_ to discharge the ovum, then collapsing and becoming absorbed.

CAMPTE´RIUM, _n._ Front and outer border of wing as far as the bone extends. (Little used.) (95.)

CANALIC´ULUM, _n._ Little groove.

CAN´CELLATED, _a._ Denoting bony network.

CAN´THUS, _n._; pl. _canthi_. Corner of eye where the lids meet; commissural point of eyelids. _Canthi_ are anterior and posterior.

CAP, _n._ PILEUS (which see). (30.)

CAP´ILLARY, _a._ or _n._ Of hair-like slenderness. The smallest bloodvessels are the capillaries.

CAPIS´TRATE, _a._ Hooded or cowled.

CAPIS´TRUM, _n._ Hood or cowl; front of head all around bill. (38.)

CAP´ITATE, _a._ Said of a feather having enlarged extremity.

CAPIT´ULUM, _n._ Head of a rib.

CAP´SULAR, _a._ Denoting certain ligaments that completely invest a joint.

CA´PUT, _n._; gen. _capitis_, pl. _capita_. Head. (9, 29.)

CAR´DIAC, _a._ Pertaining to the heart.

CARI´NA, _n._ Keel; under ridge, as if a keel.

CAR´INATE, _a._ Keeled; ridged beneath as if keeled; having a keel, as the sternum of most birds.

CAR´INATE (_birds_), _n._ Those possessing a keeled sternum; the group _Carinatæ_ as contrasted with _Ratitæ_.

CAR´NEOUS, _a._ Fleshy.

CARNIV´OROUS, _a._ Flesh-eating.

CAROT´ID (_artery_), _a._ for _n._ The principal bloodvessel of the neck, single in most birds, sometimes paired as in mammalia.

CAR´PAL, _a._ Pertaining to the wrist.

CAR´PAL AN´GLE, _n._ Prominence formed at the wrist-joint when the wing is closed. It is practically an important point regionally, since the universally used measurement, “length of wing,” is from this point to the end of the longest quill.

CAR´PUS, _n._ The wrist; especially its bones.

CAR´TILAGE, _n._ A whitish, hard, and solid, but elastic, flexible, and soluble, substance of the body, permanent, or becoming osseous by deposition of bone-earth. It occurs in the windpipe, in many joints, and elsewhere.

CARTILAG´INOUS, _a._ Like, containing, or consisting of, cartilage.

CAR´UNCLE, _n._ Small fleshy excrescence, particularly about the head, usually naked, and wrinkled, warty, or brightly colored.

CARUN´CULATE, _a._ Having caruncles.

CAU´DA, _n._ The tail. (69.) In descriptive ornithology, generally only the tail-feathers are meant. _Cauda navicularis_ = BOAT-SHAPED TAIL (which see).

CAU´DAD. Backwards; toward the tail.

CAU´DAL, _a._ Pertaining to the tail; as, _caudal_ vertebræ, or _caudal_ extremity; but we hardly say _caudal_ feathers.

CELL, _n._ Any closed sac containing fluid or other substance.

CEL´LULAR, _a._ Having cells; composed of cells.

CEN´TRE OF GRAV´ITY, _n._ Point of a body about which the whole is balanced, and which, if supported, supports the whole. In a flying bird the centre of gravity is below the middle of the body, so that the bird is naturally ballasted.

CEN´TRUM, _n._; pl. _centra_. Body of a vertebra.

CEPH´ALAD. Forwards; towards the head.

CEPHAL´IC, _a._ Pertaining to the head.

CEPHALO-CER´CAL (_axis_), _a._ Denoting the long axis of the body.

CE´RA, CERE, CERO´MA, _n._ Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous, often feathered, covering of base of bill of many birds, as parrots, hawks, and owls; differing thus in texture from the rest of the _rhamphotheca_, and usually also showing an evident line of demarcation. When present, the nostrils are always pierced in its substance,—at least at its edge.

CERATOHY´AL, _n._ A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.

CER´CAL, _a._ Pertaining to the tail. (Little used.)

CEREBEL´LAR, _a._ Pertaining to the cerebellum.

CEREBEL´LUM, _n._ Little brain; the hinder, lower, smaller mass of the brain, in birds striate transversely.

CER´EBRAL, _a._ Pertaining to the brain.

CER´EBRO-SPINAL (_axis or column_). The whole neural axis, or column of nerve-substance enclosed in the spinal canal and cranium.

CER´EBRUM, _n._ Brain proper, or larger brain, as distinguished from the _cerebellum_.

CERU´MEN, _n._ Ear-wax.

CER´VICAL, _a._ Pertaining to the hind-neck; as, a _cervical_ collar. Also, pertaining to the whole neck; as, _cervical_ vertebræ.

CER´VIX, _n._ Hind-neck; from occiput to interscapulium, including nape and scruff. (48.)

CHALAZ´Æ, _n. pl._ Twisted filaments of condensed albumen forming a thread at each pole of the yolk, steadying it by attachment to the lining membrane of the egg, and balancing it in such manner that the “tread” stays uppermost.

CHALAZIF´EROUS, _a._ Denoting the layers of condensed albumen which form the chalazæ.

CHAR´ACTER, _n._ Any material attribute susceptible of definition for use in description and classification. Also, a sum of such attributes; as, of passerine _character_.

CHAS´MA, _n._ Decussation of the optic nerve.

CHEEK, _n._ Outside of base of lower jaw; also, the corresponding region of upper jaw. Compare GENÆ and MALAR REGION. (26.) (The term is differently employed by various writers, and is at best not definite.)

CHIN, _n._ Space between forks of lower jaw; upper throat. See MENTUM. (46.)

CHO´ROID, _n._ Vascular black membrane of the eye, between retina and sclerotic. _Choroid plexus_, a certain fold of the _pia mater_.

CHYLE, _n._ A certain intestinal fluid resulting from digestion.

CHYME, _n._ A certain product of incompleted digestion.

CICATRIC´ULA, _n._ Dark spot on the surface of a fecundated yolk. See YOLK.

CIL´IATED, _a._ Bristly; furnished with bristles, or small bristle-like feathers; fringed.

CIL´IUM, _n._; pl. _cilia_. Bristly or hair-like feather, about the mouth and eyes especially. See VIBRISSA and SETA.

CINE´REOUS, _a._ Of an ashy color.

CIRCUM- (_in composition_). Around; about: as, _circumanal_, _circumorbital_, _circumaural_,—around the anus, orbit, ear, etc.

CIRCUMDUC´TION, _n._ Movement of a limb by which, if completed, a cone is described.

CIRRH´OUS, _a._ Tufted.

CLASS, _n._ Fundamental division of animals: the _class_ of Birds; the _class Aves_.

CLASSIFICA´TION, _n._ Systematic arrangement.

CLAV´ICLE, _n._ Collar-bone. In birds, the two clavicles usually unite to form the furculum, merry-thought or wish-bone.

CLAVIC´ULAR, _a._ Pertaining to the clavicles.

CLAW, _n._ (121.)

CLAW-JOINT, _n._ (122.) See RHIZONYCHIUM.

CLIT´ORIS, _n._ Erectile venereal organ of the female, homologue of the male penis, present in some birds.

CLOA´CA, _n._ Enlarged lower end of straight gut, receptacle of products of genito-urinary system and refuse of digestion.

CLUTCH, _n._ Nest-complement of eggs.

CNE´MIAL, _a._ Pertaining to the crus or shin. Equivalent to _crural_.

CNEMID´IUM, _n._ End of crus, naked in most wading birds.

COCCYGE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the tail, especially to its bones; synonymous with _caudal_.

COC´CYX, _n._ The tail, as to its bones collectively. _Os coccygis._ Any one of the tail-bones, or coccygeal vertebræ.

COCH´LEA, _n._ A certain portion of the inner ear.

CŒ´CUM, _n._; pl. _cœca_. See CÆCUM.

CŒ´LIAC, _a._ Pertaining to certain of the abdominal viscera. Little used, excepting as the name of a certain artery, the _cœliac axis_.

COI´TUS, _n._ Sexual intercourse.

COL´LAR, _n._ Ring of color around neck. See TORQUES. (55.)

COL´LUM, _n._ Neck; part of body between and connecting head and trunk. (47.)

COLORA´TION, _n._ Coloring; pattern or mode of coloring, or the colors collectively.

COLUMEL´LA, _n._ Bone or cartilage of the inner ear of _Sauropsida_, answering to the _stapes_ of mammalia.

COMB, _n._ Erect fleshy lengthwise process, or caruncle, on top of head, as in the domestic cock.

COMMIS´SURAL POINT. Point where the apposed edges of the mandibles meet and join; corner of the mouth. Equivalent to angle of the mouth, _angulus oris_.

COM´MISSURE, _n._ (Lat. _con_ and _mitto_, to put or lay together.) Line of closure of the two mandibles; track or trace of their apposed edges when the jaws are closed. Often improperly used to signify the _opening between_ the mandibles; but this is _apertura oris_, _gape_, _rictus_. _Commissure_ is the whole _rima oris_, outline of the mouth, when such outline of upper and under jaw is made one in closure of the mouth.

COMPLEX´US, _n._ Name of a certain cervical muscle.

COMPRESSED´, _a._ Narrowed sidewise; higher than wide. The opposite of _depressed_.

COMPRESSED´ (_tail_), _a._ Folded together, as in the barnyard cock. = _Cauda compressa_.

CONA´RIUM, _n._ Same as PINEAL BODY (which see).

CON´CAVE, _a._ Hollowed, as the inner side of a curved line or inner face of a curved surface. Opposite of _convex_.

CON´DYLE, _n._ Articular eminence of bone in hinge-joints.

CON´FLUENT, _a._ Run together; grown together; coalesced.

CONIROS´TRAL, _a._ Having a conical bill, like a sparrow’s.

CONJUNCTI´VA, _n._ Vascular membrane lining the eyelids and reflected over the front of the eyeball.

CON´NATE, _a._ Born or produced together; originally united; joined from the beginning. _Connation_ is earlier and more intimate or complete union than _confluence_.

CONTINU´ITY, _n._ Part of a thing between its ends in any way distinguished.

CON´TOUR FEATH´ERS, _n._ The general plumage of perfect feathers, lying external and determining the superficial shape of a bird. Distinguished from _down feathers_.

COR´ACOID (_bone_), _n._ Large stout bone connecting shoulder with sternum.

COR´DATE, COR´DIFORM, _a._ Heart-shaped.

CORIA´CEOUS, _a._ Denoting integument of dense, tough, leathery texture.

CO´RIUM, _n._ Same as CUTIS (which see).

COR´NEA, _n._ Transparent portion of the eyeball.

COR´NEOUS, _a._ Horny.

COR´NIPLUME, _a._ Tuft of feathers on head, erected like a horn.

COR´NU, _n._ Horn.

CORO´NA, _n._ Top of head. Equivalent to cap or pileus. Vertex is the highest point of corona.

COR´ONATE, _a._ Having coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished.

COR´PUS, _n._ Body, as a whole.

COR´PUS CALLO´SUM, _n._ Mass of transverse white fibres, connecting the cerebral hemispheres; wanting in birds.

COR´TICAL, _a._ External, as opposed to _medullary_.

COS´TAL, _a._ Pertaining to the ribs.

COSTIF´EROUS, _a._ Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.

COT´YLE, _n._ Same as ACETABULUM.

COX´A, _n._ Hip.

CRA´NIAL, _a._ Pertaining to the skull.

CRA´NIUM, _n._ Skull.

CREST, CRIS´TA, _n._ Any lengthened feathers of top or sides of head.

CRIB´RIFORM, _a._ Sieve-like.

CRI´COID, _a._ Name of a certain laryngeal cartilage.

CRIS´SUM, _n._ Properly, the under tail-coverts collectively. Oftener used to designate the circumanal plumage. (66.)

CRO´TAPHYTE (_depression_). A concavity on the outside of the skull on each side behind, filled with muscle; temporal fossa.

CROWN, _n._ Pileus; top of head, especially the vertex.

CRU´CIAL, CRU´CIFORM, _a._ In the shape of a cross. The _crucial test_ is one experimentally conclusive.

CRURÆ´US, _n._ Name of a certain muscle of the thigh.

CRU´RAL, _a._ Pertaining to the crus, or shin.

CRUS, _n._ The shin; segment of the leg between the thigh and ankle, represented by the tibia.

CRYS´TALLINE (_lens_), _a._ See LENS.

CU´BIT, _n._ The forearm.

CU´BITAL, _a._ Pertaining to the forearm.

CU´CULLATE, _a._ Hooded.

CUL-DE-SAC, _n._ “Bottom of a bag”; closed end of a cavity.

CUL´MEN, _n._ Ridge of upper mandible; highest median lengthwise line of the bill. (20.)

CUL´MINAL, _a._ Pertaining to the culmen.

CULTRIROS´TRAL, _a._ Having the bill shaped like a heron’s.

CUN´EATE, CUN´EIFORM, _a._ Wedge-shaped. A cuneate tail has the middle feathers longest, the rest successively regularly shortened.

CUN´EIFORM (_bone_), _n._ One of the wrist-bones.

CURSO´RIAL, _a._ Running; pertaining or belonging to an obsolete group, _Cursores_ or runners.

CUS´PIDATE, _a._ Pointed as a spear-head.

CUTA´NEOUS, _a._ Pertaining to the skin. Same as _dermal_.

CU´TICLE, _n._ Scarf-skin; outermost layer of skin, which continually exfoliates.

CU´TIS, _n._ Skin; the true skin, as distinguished from cuticle and subcutaneous tissue. _Corium_ and _derma_ are synonymous.

CYST, _n._ Sac holding pathological products.