M.
MAC´ERATED, _a._ Soaked to softness.
MAC´ULA, _n._ A spot.
MAC´ULATE, _a._ Spotted.
MAG´NUM, _a._ for _n._ One of the carpal bones.
MA´LA, _n._ Basal portion of outside of lower jaw, usually feathered. (Sometimes used for corresponding portion of upper jaw; the site and boundary of _mala_ and _gena_ are not well determined, and vary with writers. Both lie on side of head, back of bill, and under lore, eye, and ear.) (26.)
MA´LAR RE´GION. Same as _mala_.
MALLEO´LUS, _n._; pl. _malleoli_. The enlarged articular surface of the bottom of the tibia; in birds formed by confluence of the two proximal tarsal ossicles.
MAL´LEUS, _n._ A bone of the inner ear of mammalia, held by high authority as probably homologous with the OS QUADRATUM (which see).
MAM´MA, _n._ Teat.
MAM´MARY, _a._ Pertaining to the teats, or function of lactation.
MAN´DIBLE, MANDIB´ULA, _n._ Jaw. Properly the _under_ jaw, the upper jaw being _maxilla_. (11.)
MANDIB´ULAR, _a._ Pertaining to the under jaw. (_Maxillary_ relates to the upper jaw.)
MANDUCA´TION, _n._ Mastication.
MANDU´CATORY, _a._ Pertaining to mastication.
MANTLE, _n._ (61.) See STRAGULUM and PALLIUM.
MANU´BRIUM STER´NI, _n._ (Literally “handle.”) Process of breast-bone on front border at root of keel.
MAN´US, _n._ Hand; all of the wing, excepting the feathers, which lies beyond the wrist; the metacarpus and digits, with associate soft parts. It corresponds with _pes_.
MAR´BLING, _n._ Fine spotting and streaking intermixed; variegation like marble. The markings are more distinct than in clouding or _nebulation_.
MAR´GINAL FRINGE, _n._ See LOMA. (135.)
MAR´GO, _n._ Margin. _Margo mentalis_, inner boundary of the forks of the mandible. _Margo malaris_, boundary of the base of the mala.
MARSU´PIUM, _n._ Vascular, erectile, membranous organ in the back chamber of the eye of birds, supposed to aid in accommodation of vision. Also called _pecten_.
MASSE´TER, _n._ One of the muscles that effect mastication.
MAS´TAX, _n._ “Side of the forepart of head, adjacent to the base of the bill.” (37.) (Little used, and undistinguished from _lore_.)
MAS´TOID, _a._ Name of a process of the temporal bone.
MA´TRIX, _n._ Mould. Tissue or organ containing something and determining its form or other condition.
MAXIL´LA, _n._ Jaw, especially the upper jaw, or _maxilla superior_; the _maxilla inferior_ being especially called _mandibula_. (10.)
MAX´ILLAR, MAX´ILLARY, _a._ Pertaining to the upper jaw. _Maxillary bone_, the cheek-bone; in birds an inconsiderable bone of the bill itself, not of the cheek.
MAX´ILLO-PAL´ATINE (_bone_), _n._ Certain paired bone of the upper jaw in the palate.
MEA´TUS, _n._ Passage or canal. _Meatus auditorius_, ear-passage.
ME´DIAN, _a._ Lying in the middle line. Opposed to _lateral_.
MEDIASTI´NUM, _n._ One of the thoracic partitions.
MEDUL´LA, _n._ Marrow. _Medulla spinalis_, spinal cord. _Medulla oblongata_, tract of nerve matter between cerebellum and spinal cord proper.
MEL´ANISM, _n._ State of coloration resulting from excess of black or dark pigment; a frequent condition of hawks.
MELANIS´TIC, MELANOT´IC, _a._ Affected with melanism.
MEM´BRANA PUTAM´INIS, _n._ The lining membrane of the egg-shell, formed of dense modified albumen.
MEM´BRANE, _n._ Thin soft sheet of various structure covering a part or organ. _Cerebral_ or _spinal membrane_. See MENINGES. _Nictitating membrane_, the third or inner eyelid of birds, which sweeps across the ball. Soft skinny covering of the bill of many birds is said to be _membranous_. Webbing of the toes is the interdigital _membrane_. _Loma_ is a fringed _membrane_.
MEM´BRUM, _n._; pl. _membra_. Any limb, or other peripheral part, as a bill, as distinguished from body proper or _truncus_.
MENIN´GES, _n._ _pl._ Envelopes of the brain or spinal cord; especially the _dura mater_ and _pia mater_. (The singular, _meninx_, is scarcely used.)
MEN´TAL, _a._ Pertaining to the chin.
MEN´TUM, _n._ Chin; soft parts between the branches of the lower jaw.
MESENCEPH´ALON, _n._ A certain brain-tract, the second from behind.
MESENTER´IC, _a._ Pertaining to the mesentery.
MES´ENTERY, _n._ A fold of the peritoneum binding the intestines in place.
MESERA´IC, _a._ Same as MESENTERIC (which see).
ME´SIAL, _a._ In the middle; same as _median_.
MESO- (_in composition_). Middle; median.
MESOMET´RIUM, _n._ Partially muscular peritoneal fold supporting the oviduct.
MESORHI´NIUM, _n._ Portion of bill between the nostrils. (Little used.)
MESOSTER´NUM, _n._ Middle segment of the breast-bone.
METACAR´PAL, _a._ or _n._ Pertaining to the metacarpus; particularly the _metacarpal_ bone.
METACAR´PUS, _n._ Hand, exclusive of the fingers; segment of the wing between the carpus and the digits.
METAGNATH´OUS, _a._ Cross-billed; having the points of the mandibles passing each other on the right and left.
METATAR´SAL, _a._ Pertaining to the metatarsus; particularly the _metatarsal_ bone.
METATAR´SUS, _n._ Foot, exclusive of the toes; segment of the leg between the tarsus and the digits, commonly called _the shank_, and in descriptive ornithology usually known as the _tarsus_. The metatarsus, however, has a distal tarsal ossicle confluent with it, so that it is actually _tarso-metatarsus_. In birds, the metatarsus proper (exclusive of the confluent tarsal bone) consists of three parallel metatarsal bones, more or less completely confluent, and of the associated _accessory metatarsal_ bone which bears the hallux. Compare TARSUS.
METATAR´SUS HAL´LUCIS, _n._ The accessory metatarsal bone, as just said.
MID´DLE TOE, _n._ The third toe in order of reckoning, with few exceptions four-jointed. When the fourth toe is reversed, as in all zygodactyle birds except trogons, it becomes the _outer_ anterior toe; in trogons, and a few birds in which the true inner or second toe is wanting, it becomes the _inner_ anterior toe. It is never versatile. It rarely has only three joints, like the second toe. (128.)
MID´DLE WING-COV´ERTS, or ME´DIAN COV´ERTS. The series of upper coverts of the secondary set, situate in one or more rows between the greater and lesser coverts. They are usually recognized by their overlapping each other in the reverse direction (i.e. inner border of one overlapping outer border of the next one) from the others, whence they are sometimes called _tectrices perversæ_. (94.)
MIGRA´TION, _n._ Periodical (but sometimes irregular) journeyings, or change of abode, of birds at certain seasons, to secure food, climate, or other physical conditions of environment best suited to their wants. Migration is generally meridional (north-south), and believed by some to be mainly accomplished along a magnetic meridian; but it is often quite otherwise, influenced by topography, etc., or altogether capricious. In the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal migration is northward, the autumnal in the opposite direction.
MIME´SIS, _n._ Mimicry; mocking; simulated resemblance in voice, shape, color, etc.
MIMET´IC, _a._ Imitative; given to mimicry. _Mimetic analogy_, simulated resemblance in superficial respects, such as many insects bear to the twigs or leaves they rest upon.
MIR´ROR, _n._ See SPECULUM. (82.)
MOL´ECULE, _n._ Embryo part of the impregnated ovum. See CICATRICULUM.
MOL´LIPILOSE, _a._ Softly downy.
MONOG´AMOUS, _a._ Pairing; mating with a single one of the opposite sex. Birds of which the male assists in incubation and care of the young are called _doubly monogamous_.
MONOG´AMY, _n._ The paired state.
MONOMOR´PHIC, _a._ Of the same or essentially similar type of structure. Opposed to _polymorphic_.
MONOTO´KOUS, _a._ Uniparous; laying a single egg.
MON´STER, _n._ Any malformed animal.
MORPHOL´OGY, _n._ The science of form. The doctrine of the laws of form. Structure itself, considered as to its principles; e.g. the _morphology_ of the odontoid process of the axis is centrum of the atlas, the _morphological_ interpretation of the tibial condyles is tarsal ossicles. The segment called metatarsus is, _morphologically_, tarso-metatarsus. Homology rests upon morphology; analogy is generally predicable upon teleology.
MOR´SUS DIABOL´ICUS, _n._ An epithet of the infundibuliform orifice of the oviduct which takes in the ova.
MUCIP´AROUS, _a._ Producing mucus.
MU´COUS MEM´BRANE, _n._ Lining of the alimentary and other interior tracts of the body, secreting mucus.
MU´CRO, _n._ A sharp spine.
MU´CRONATE, _a._ Spine-tipped, as the tail of a swift.
MU´CUS, _n._ Peculiar secretion of the mucous membrane.
MULTIF´IDUS, _a._ for _n._ A certain spinal muscle.
MULTIP´AROUS, _a._ Producing many young.
MUS´CLE, _n._ (_musculus_, pl. _musculi_). Organ of animal motion, consisting of contractile fibre, the shortening of which draws upon attached parts. With the muscular tissue is usually associated a fibrous ligament, the tendon or “leader.” Voluntary muscles have striped fibre, contracting at will of the animal; such are all those of the general system, moving the bones, effecting locomotion, mastication, etc. Involuntary muscles mostly have plain fibre contractile under special stimuli without obedience to the will; such are those of the intestines, etc.
MUS´CULAR, _a._ Pertaining to muscle; having muscle or composed of muscle; resulting from muscle: as, _muscular_ fibre, _muscular_ organ, _muscular_ exertion. Also, strong, vigorous: the falcon is a _muscular_ bird.
MU´TICUS, _a._ Unarmed; as, a toe without a claw, an unspurred tarsus. (133.)
MYELENCEPH´ALON, _n._ Whole cerebro-spinal column.
MY´ELON, _n._ The spinal cord.
MYOLEM´MA, _n._ Sheath of muscular fibre.
MYOL´OGY, _n._ Doctrine or description of the muscles.
MYX´A, _n._ End of the mandible, as far as the symphysis, corresponding to the dertrum of the maxilla. (25).
N.
NAN´US, _a._ or _n._ Dwarf; pigmy.
NAPE, _n._ (49.) See NUCHA.
NAR´IS, _n._; pl. _nares_. Nostril (always paired). (28½.) The _external nares_ open upon the bill, or its cere, in very various shape and position; the _internal nares_ open slit-wise upon the back part of the palate.
NA´SAL, _a._ Pertaining to the nostrils. _Nasal bones_, a pair at the root of the upper mandible.
NAS´CENT, _a._ About being born; beginning to grow or exist.
NATA´TION, _n._ Act of swimming.
NATATO´RES, _n. pl._ A group of swimming-birds.
NATATO´RIAL, _a._ Capable of swimming; belonging to swimming-birds.
NEARC´TIC, _a._ Indigenous to the northern portion of the Western Hemisphere.
NEBULA´TED, _a._ Clouded with various indistinct colors.
NECK, _n._ (47.) See COLLUM.
NEOGÆ´AN, _n._ Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere or “New World.”
NEOS´SINE, _n._ Substance of the “edible birds’-nests.”
NEOSSOL´OGY, _n._ Study of young birds.
NEOTROP´ICAL, _a._ Indigenous to the tropical portion of the Western Hemisphere.
NER´VINE, _n._ Nerve substance.
NEU´RAL, _a._ Pertaining to nerves. _Neural canal_, the tube of the backbone. _Neural spine_, the so-called spinous process of a vertebra. _Neural axis_, cerebro-spinal axis. _Neural arch_, see NEURAPOPHYSIS.
NEURAPOPH´YSIS, _n._ The laminate process of a vertebra, which, meeting its fellow at the neural spine, closes the canal for transmission of the spinal cord.
NEURILEM´MA, _n._ Sheath of nerve fibre.
NEUROL´OGY, _n._ Study of the nerves.
NIC´TITATING MEM´BRANE, _n._ The third or inner eyelid of birds.
NIDIFICA´TION, _n._ Nest-building; mode of nesting.
NI´DUS, _n._ Nest.
NI´SUS FORMATI´VUS, _n._ The formative tendency; the unknown law which determines the rudiment of an animal to take its proper shape, “each after its kind.” “Plastic force.”
NODE, NO´DUS, _n._ A swelling; hence, a joint, as bones usually enlarge at their articulating extremities. Compare INTERNODE.
NOMEN´CLATURE, _n._ The sum of the words or terms peculiar to any department of knowledge; as, ornithological _nomenclature_; in this sense equivalent to _terminology_. Also, the naming of objects according to some fixed principle; as, the binomial _nomenclature_. It is essential to the integrity of nomenclature that it should rest upon classification, or _taxonomy_.
NON-. Not. A frequent prefix in scientific literature, denoting negation, used much like _dis-_, _un-_, _in-_, etc.
NOS´TRIL, _n._ (28½.) See NARIS.
NOTÆ´UM, _n._ The entire upper part of a bird. (5.)
NO´THA, _a._ Spurious. By _ala notha_ has been meant the scapular, axillar, and tertiary feathers collectively, which are also called _parapterum_.
NO´TOCHORD, _n._ Primitive condition of the backbone.
NU´CHA, _n._ Nape; upper part of cervix, next to occiput. (49.)
NU´CHAL, _a._ Pertaining to the nape.
NU´CLEATED, _a._ Containing a special cell or cells.
NUCLEO´LUS, _n._ Cell or point within a nucleus.
NU´CLEUS, _n._ Special cell within another.
NU´TRIENT, _a._ Nourishing; nutritious.
NUTRI´TION, _n._ Repair of waste that ensues by decomposition in animal life, and promotion of growth, with supply of new assimilable material. Alimentation is the act of supply; aliment or nutriment the supply; nutrition the result of its assimilation.
O.
OARED (_foot_), _a._ Having the hind toe, as well as the others, full-webbed. See STEGANOPODOUS. (140.)
OBCOR´DATE, _a._ Inversely heart-shaped.
OBLIQUE´, _a._ Indirect; aslant. Also, name of certain abdominal muscles.
OB´LONG, _a._ Longer than broad.
OBO´VATE, _a._ Inversely ovate.
OBSCURE´, _a._ Dark; not evident; little known; faintly marked.
OB´SOLETE, _a._ Disused; little used. Also, synonymous with _obscure_, as _obsolete_ spots; also, synonymous with _imperfect_ or _rudimentary_: the hind toe of the petrel is _obsolete_.
OBTURA´TOR, _n._ A muscle, membrane, and foramen of the pelvis are respectively so called.
OBTUSE´, _a._ Blunt. Opposed to _acute_.
OCCIP´ITAL, _a._ or _n._ Pertaining to the hind-head; as, _occipital_ bone, _occipital_ region.
OC´CIPUT, _n._ The hind head. (33.)
OCEL´LUS, _n._ (Literally “little eye.”) Distinct rounded spot of color, like the “eyes” of a peacock’s tail.
OCH´REY, OCH´REOUS, _a._ Color of yellow ochre.
OC´REATE, _a._ Booted. See BOOT and CALIGULA.
OC´ULO-MO´TOR, _n._ A nerve of the eye-muscles.
OC´ULUS, _n._ Eye. (The adjective _ocular_ being applied chiefly to processes and results of sight, much like _visual_, rather than to physical attributes, the word _orbital_ is used for the latter instead.)
ODON´TOID (_process_), _a._ A part of the axis (second cervical vertebra) is so called.
ŒSOPH´AGUS, _n._ Gullet; tube conveying food from mouth to stomach.
OLEC´RANON, _n._ Upper back part of the ulna, not prominent in birds.
OLFAC´TORY, _a._ Pertaining to the sense of smell.
OLIGOMY´OID, _a._ Having few or imperfect syringeal muscles among _Passeres_.
OLIGOTO´KOUS, _a._ Producing few young.
OLIVA´CEOUS, _a._ Of a mixed green and brown color.
OMNIV´OROUS, _a._ Eating anything; feeding indiscriminately.
O´MOPLATE, _n._ Shoulder-blade. (_Omo-_, in composition, is a prefix referring to the shoulder.)
OM´PHALOS, _n._ Same as _umbilicus_, navel.
OÖLOG´ICAL, _a._ Pertaining to oölogy.
OÖL´OGY, _n._ Science of birds’ eggs.
OPER´CULUM, _n._ Lid or cover; flap. The nasal scale, or roofing of the external nostrils, is the _operculum naris_.
OPHTHAL´MIC, _a._ Pertaining to the eye. _Ophthalmic_ region is equivalent to orbital region.
OP´TIC, _a._ Pertaining to the eye, or to the sight. The _optic_ nerve issues from the brain and spreads into the retina.
O´RAL, _a._ Pertaining to the mouth.
ORBIC´ULAR, _a._ Circular.
OR´BIT, _n._ Eye-socket. Also, synonymous with _orbita_.
OR´BITA, _n._ Circumorbital region taken immediately around the eye-opening. (41.)
OR´BITAL, _a._ Pertaining to the orbit.
ORBI´TO-SPHE´NOID, _n._ Part of the sphenoid bone, forming a portion of the orbit.
OR´DER, OR´DO, _n._ In classification, a group pl. _ordines_, between family and class.
OR´DINAL, _a._ Having the taxonomic rank or value of an order.
OR´GAN, _n._ Any individual part, or system of parts, of the body having a specific physiological function, considered with reference to its
## action, processes, or results. Eye, _organ_ of sight; wing, _organ_ of
flight; stomach, liver, _organs_ of digestion; muscles collectively, _organs_ of locomotion.
OR´GANISM, _n._ Any living body capable of separate existence.
OR´GASM, _n._ Immoderate excitement; said chiefly of sexual excitement, of which the _orgasm_ is the height. Erethism.
ORNITH´IC, _a._ Pertaining to birds.
ORNITHOCOP´ROLITE, _n._ Fossil bird-dung.
ORNITHOL´OGY, _n._ Science of birds.
ORNITHOT´OMY, _n._ Anatomy of birds.
OS, _n._; gen. _oris_; pl. _ora_. Mouth. _Cavum oris_, cavity of the mouth.
OS, _n._; gen. _ossis_; pl. _ossa_. Bone. Many or most names of individual bones are adjectives, used substantively, _os_ or _bone_ being understood; as, _hyoid_ or _hyoides_, _hyoid_ (bone) or (_os_) _hyoides_, etc. The _quadrate bone_ or _os quadratum_ is, as to its physical characters and office, not found in animals above birds; it hinges the lower jaw, pterygoid, and malar bones to the rest of the skull. It is regarded as the homologue of the mammalian _incus_ by some, by others as probably homologous with the mammalian _malleus_.
OS´CINE, _a._ Musical; capable of singing.
OS´CINES, _n. pl._ A group of singing-birds, possessing a complex vocal organ of numerous syringeal muscles, conferring musical ability. These are regarded as the highest or most perfectly developed of their class.
OS´SEOUS, _a._ Bony.
OS´SICLE, _n._ A small bone.
OSSIF´IC, _a._ Bony; rather, having power to ossify.
OS´SIFIED, _a._ Become bony; united by bone.
OS´SIFY. To form bone; to change into bone.
OSTEOLOG´ICAL, _a._ Pertaining to osteology.
OSTEOL´OGY, _n._ A description of bones. Also used to denote the osseous system, as myology, neurology, splanchnology, likewise are for their respective systems.
OS´TIUM, _n._ Doorway; entrance.
O´TIC, _a._ Pertaining to the ear.
O´TOCRANE, _n._ “Skull of the ear”; cavity containing essential organs of hearing.
OUTER COVERING. (142.) See INDUMENTUM and PTILOSIS.
OUTER WEB (of a feather). (150.) See POGONIUM EXTERNUM.
O´VAL, O´VATE, O´VOID, OVOID´AL, _a._ Egg-shaped; in a general sense, oblong and curvilinear. Distinctions which may subsist between these words are practically ignored among oölogical writers, who use them interchangeably for the oblong curvilinear shape when the curve is unequal at the opposite ends; the terms _elliptical_, _ellipsoidal_, being generally used to denote a curve equal at both ends. The transverse contour-line of an egg being always circular, the descriptive terms refer to the lengthwise contour, considered either as of a surface or a solid.
OVA´RIUM, _n._; pl. _ovaria_, O´VARY, _n._; pl. _ovaries_, Organ or tissue in which eggs originate; they subsequently acquire albuminous deposit, and, in birds, a calcareous shell, in the oviduct.
O´VIDUCT, _n._ Tube conveying eggs from ovary to cloaca.
OVIP´AROUS, _a._ Producing eggs which are developed after exclusion from the body. Opposed to _viviparous_.
OVIPOSI´TION, _n._ Act of laying eggs.
O´VISAC, _n._ Ovarian cavity in which an egg originates. Graafian vesicle.
OVULA´TION, _n._ Formation of eggs in, and discharge from, the ovary.
O´VUM, _n._; pl. _ova_. Egg. Sometimes synonymous with _embryo_.
P.
PAB´ULUM, _n._ Food; nourishment; aliment.
PADS. (123.) See TYLARI.
PALÆARC´TIC, _a._ Indigenous to the northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.
PALÆOGÆ´AN, _a._ Indigenous to the Eastern Hemisphere, or “Old World.”
PALÆORNITHOL´OGY, _n._ Science of fossil birds.
PAL´AMA, _n._ Webbing between the toes. (138.)
PAL´ATAL, PAL´ATINE, _a._ Pertaining to the palate; _palatine _ is said especially of certain bones.
PAL´ATE, _n._ Roof of mouth.
PAL´ATUM, _n._ The palate.
PA´LEA, _n._ Fleshy pendulous skin of the chin or throat; dewlap.
PAL´LIUM, _n._ Same as STRAGULUM (which see).
PAL´MAR, _a._ Pertaining to the under surface of the pinion.
PAL´MATE, PALMA´TED, PAL´MIPED, _a._ Web-footed; having the anterior toes full-webbed. Compare SEMIPALMATE and TOTIPALMATE.
PAL´MATE FOOT. (139.)
PAL´PEBRA, _n._ Eyelid.
PAL´PEBRAL, _a._ Pertaining to the eyelids.
PAL´PEBRATE, _a._ Having eyelids.
PALU´DICOLE, _a._ Marsh-inhabiting.
PAN´CREAS, _n._ A lobulated gland near the stomach, the secretion of which poured into the duodenum aids digestion by making an emulsion of fat.
PANCREAT´IC, _a._ Pertaining to the pancreas; as, _pancreatic_ fluid.
PAPIL´LA, _n._ Small fleshy nipple-like prominence.
PAP´ILLATE, PAP´ILLOSE, _a._ Having _papillæ_.
PAP´ULÆ, _n. pl._ Pimples.
PAP´ULOUS, _a._ Pimply.
PARADAC´TYLUM, _n._ Side of the toes, in any way distinguished from top or sole. (119.) (Little used.)
PARAGNATH´OUS, _a._ Having both mandibles of equal length, their tips meeting.
PARAPOPH´YSIS, _n._ Certain lateral process of a vertebra.
PARAP´TERUM, _n._ Of uncertain meaning, but has been applied to the scapular region or its feathers. (Little used.)
PARASIT´IC, _a._ Habitually making use of other birds’ nests.
PARATAR´SIUM, _n._ Side of the tarsus, in any way distinguished. (105.) (Little used.)
PARATO´NUM, _n._ Side of upper mandible when distinguished from the culmen. (Little used.)
PARAUCHE´NIUM, _n._ Side of neck. (54.) (Little used.)
PAREN´CHYMA, _n._ Essential substance of a _viscus_.
PARI´ETAL (_bones_), _a._ for _n._ Expanded bones forming part of the cranium.
PARI´ETES, _n._ Wall.
PAROCCIP´ITAL, _a._ for _n._ Certain lateral elements of the occipital bone.
PAROT´IC, _a._ About the ear. (45.)
PAROT´ID, _a._ or _n._ Pertaining to the ear. _Especially_, a salivary gland situate near the ear.
PAS´SERES, _n. pl._ A group of birds including sparrows and all the higher birds.
PAS´SERINE, _a._ Sparrow-like. Belonging to the group of _Passeres_.
PATEL´LA, _n._ Knee-pan; knee-cap. Sesamoid bone of knee-joint.
PAT´ENT, _a._ Open.
PATHOL´OGY, _n._ Physiology of disease.
PEC´TEN, _n._ Same as MARSUPIUM (which see).
PEC´TINATE, PEC´TINATED, _a._ Having tooth-like projections, like those of a comb.
PECTINA´TION, _n._ Comb-like toothing.
PEC´TORAL, _a._ Pertaining to the breast. The _pectoral_ muscles of birds, three in number, are the principal ones in point of bulk in most birds; they move the wing as a whole.
PEC´TUS, _n._ Breast. (62.) Anterior portion of lower part of trunk, between jugulum and abdomen; properly, the region overlying and containing the breast-bone, but generally restricted to the more forward _swelling_ portion of such region.
PE´DES, _n._; pl. of _pes_. Feet. (96.) Leg beyond the end of the tibia.
PED´ICEL, _n._ Narrow foot-stalk or stem by which an organ is attached. Same as _peduncle_.
PELAG´IC, _a._ Frequenting the high seas.
PEL´LICLE, _n._ Any very delicate membrane.
PEL´MA, _n._ The track; entire lower surface of the toes. (114.)
PEL´VIC, _a._ Pertaining to the pelvis.
PEL´VIS, _n._ Cavity of the body formed by the _ossa innominata_, _sacrum_, and _coccyx_; also, these bones collectively.
PE´NIAL, _a._ Pertaining to the penis.
PENICIL´LATE, _a._ Brushy-tipped.
PE´NIS, _n._ The male intromittent organ.
PEN´NA, _n._ A feather. Generally a contour-feather (_pluma_), as distinguished from a down-feather (_plumula_); _particularly_, a large stiff feather of the wing or tail, one of the _remiges_ or _rectrices_.
PENNA´CEOUS, _a._ Denoting a perfect feather complete in all the parts a feather can have; distinguished from _plumulaceous_.
PEN´NIFORM, _a._ Noting a muscle whose fibres are arranged alongside of a central tendon, like the web of a feather.
PER´FORATE, _a._ Pierced through. (Said especially of the nostrils when without a _septum_.)
PERICAR´DIUM, _n._ Bag holding the heart.
PERICRA´NIUM, _n._ Soft parts enclosing the skull; especially the periosteum of the bones.
PERIOS´TEUM, _n._ Membranous investment of bone.
PERIPHERAL PARTS, _n. pl._ Superficial, as opposed to interior, parts.
PERIPH´ERY, _n._ Superficies; contour.
PERISTAL´TIC, _a._ Denoting the peculiar motion of the intestines by which their contents are urged onward; the _peristole_.
PERITONE´UM, _n._ Thin smooth serous membrane lining the belly, and investing most of the contained organs.
PERONE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the fibula.
PERONE´US, _a._ for _n._ Name of a fibular muscle.
PER´VIOUS, _a._ Open. Used synonymously with _perforate_ in respect of the nostrils, but better restricted to the opposite of impervious or closed (as to an _external_ opening).
PES, _n._; pl. _pedes_ (which see). Foot. (96.)
PES´SULUS, _n._ Cross-bone of the syrinx; bony bar across lower end of windpipe, at point of forking into the bronchi.
PETRO´SAL, _a._ (Used substantively.) Same as _petrous_.
PE´TROUS, _a._ Stony; hence, hard. The _petrous_ bone is an element of the temporal bone.
PHA´LANX, _n._; pl. _phalan´ges_. Commonly any bone of a finger or toe. Equivalent to internode or joint (not _articulation_). Properly in such application lacking the singular number, _phalanges_ being the row or series of the small digital bones, taken collectively. (120.)
PHARYNGE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the pharynx.
PHAR´YNX, _n._ Back compartment of the mouth, leading directly into the œsophagus.
PHREN´IC, _n._ Pertaining to the diaphragm.
PHYS´ICAL, _a._ Bodily; material. Opposed to _mental_ or _psychical_.
PHYSIOG´NOMY, _n._ Countenance, in respect to temper of mind; general appearance, in respect to habits.
PHYSIOL´OGY, _n._ Science of animal or vegetable economy; science of bodily functions, processes, operations. It is less comprehensive than _biology_, or the science of life, as it takes account only of material or physical, not psychical, offices.
PI´A MA´TER, _n._ Soft vascular membrane immediately investing the brain.
PI´CINE, _a._ Woodpecker-like.
PICTU´RA, _n._ Pattern of coloring.
PIG´MENT, _n._ Coloring-matter.
PIL´EUS (also written _pileum_), _n._ The cap; top of head from base of bill to nape. (30.)
PIN´EAL BODY, _n._ A small organ associated with the brain.
PIN´ION, _n._ Part of the wing beyond the wrist exclusive of the feathers; usually the metacarpus and phalanges; the hand bone. Not technically used synonymously with _quill_ or _wing_.
PIN´NATED, _a._ Having little wing-like tufts of feathers on the neck.
PIN´NIFORM, _a._ An epithet of the penguin’s wing; fin-like.
PISCIV´OROUS, _a._ Fish-eating.
PITU´ITARY, _a._ That secretes mucus. _Pituitary membrane_, the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. _Pituitary gland_, a certain appendage of the brain.
PLA´GA, _n._ Stripe of color.
PLAN´TA, _a._ Back of tarsus, homologically the _sole_. (106.)
PLAN´TAR, _a._ Pertaining to the sole. A certain muscle is the _plantaris_.
PLAN´TIGRADE, _a._ Walking on the back of the tarsus as well as on the soles of the toes. Many pygopodous birds are plantigrade.
PLAS´MA, _n._ Colorless fluid of the blood.
PLAS´TIC, _a._ That may be moulded. Forming or serving to form; _histogenetic_. _Plastic force._ See NISUS FORMATIVUS.
PLEU´RA, _n._ Membrane lining the thorax and investing the lungs.
PLEURAPOPH´YSIS, _n._ Segment of the hæmal arch next to the centrum. The vertebral rib of a bird is a _pleurapophysis_.
PLEX´US, _n._ Union in network of nerves, vessels, or fibres. Said especially of the anastomosis of nerves.
PLI´CA ALA´RIS, or PLI´CA PREALA´RIS, _n._ The feathered fold of skin on the front border of the wing stretched by an elastic tendon from the shoulder to the wrist, rendering the smooth straight anterior border of the wing. (_Plica alaris_ is rarely used for the fold or bend of the wing.)
PLI´CA INTERDIGITA´LIS, _n._ Webbing between the toes. Same as _palama_.
PLI´CÆ PRIMITI´VÆ, _n. pl._ Primitive folds; certain parallel lines observed in the early embryonal trace.
PLU´MA, _n._ A feather in general. Compare PENNA and PLUMULA. (1.) A feather of which the two webs are equal and alike is called _isopogonous_: otherwise _anisopogonous_.
PLU´MAGE, _n._ The feathers, collectively; PTILOSIS (which see).
PLUM´BEOUS, _a._ Having the color of tarnished lead; dull bluish-gray.
PLUM´IPED, _a._ Having the feet feathered.
PLU´MOSE, PLU´MOUS, _a._ Feathery; in general, having feathers; feathered. Compare PENNACEOUS and PLUMULACEOUS.
PLU´MULA, _n._ A down feather, lacking certain qualities and parts of a _penna_.
PLUMULA´CEOUS, _n._ Downy. Compare PENNACEOUS.
PNEUMAT´IC, _a._ Relating to the respiratory system; permeated with air.
PNEUMOGAS´TRIC, _a._ Pertaining to lungs and belly; a name of the most extensive cranial nerve.
PODARTH´RUM, _n._ Foot-joint; the articulation of the toes collectively with the metatarsus. (100.)
PO´DIUM, _n._ Foot. (Same as _pes_.) Generally used, however, for the _toes_ collectively without the shank. (112.)
PODOTHE´CA, _n._ Whole envelope of tarsus and toes. (101.)
POGO´NIUM, _n._; pl. _pogonia_. Web or vanes of a feather. (147.) _Pogonium externum_, outer web (farthest from middle line of the body). _Pogonium internum_, inner web. See PLUMA.
POL´LEX, _n._ Thumb. The joint which bears the alula is so called, though it is homologous with the index or second finger. _Spina pollicaris_, or _Tuberculum pollicare_, the horny spur on the wing of some birds.
POLYG´AMOUS, _a._ Mating with more than one female, like the domestic cock.
POLYMOR´PHIC, _n._ Of many forms; consisting of, or containing, several different types of structure: as, a _polymorphic group_.
POLYMY´OID, _a._ Having numerous syringeal muscles; noting a group equivalent to _Oscines_.
POLYNO´MIAL, _n._ or _a._ Name of more than two words. Consisting of several words. The _polynomial_ nomenclature is obsolete.
POLYTO´KOUS, _a._ Multiparous; producing many young.
PONS, _n._ Bridge. Certain parts of the brain.
POPLITE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the back of the knee.
POR´TAL CIRCULA´TION. Passage of blood from the capillaries of one organ to those of another, as is conspicuous in certain of the digestive viscera.
POSTAX´IAL, _a._ Situate on the external or posterior (ulnar or fibular) side of a limb.
POSTE´RIOR PORTION. (8.) See URÆUM.
POSTERIOR TOE. (125.) The hind-toe, or that one directed backward, is generally the hallux; often also the fourth or outer; rarely the second or inner. The hallux is generally meant by _posterior toe_.
POSTOR´BITAL, _a._ Situate behind the eye.
POW´DER-DOWN FEATH´ERS, _n. pl._ Peculiar imperfect feathers, in a matted patch, which grow continually, and as constantly break down, with a scurfy exfoliation, and pervaded with a greasy substance; they are especially conspicuous in the heron tribe, but are also found elsewhere.
PRÆAX´IAL, _a._ Situate on the internal or anterior (radial or tibial) side of a limb.
PRÆCO´CES, _n. pl._ An obsolete group of birds, able to run about and feed themselves at birth.
PRÆCO´CIAL, _n._ Belonging to the _Præcoces_; having the nature of _Præcoces_.
PRÆPEC´TUS, _n._ Fore-breast; region of the craw. Not well distinguished from _jugulum_.
PREMAX´ILLARY (_bone_), _a._ The foremost and principal bone of the upper jaw. _Intermaxillary_ is synonymous.
PREP´UCE, _n._ Foreskin. The homologous structure occurs in some birds. _Preputial_, pertaining to the foreskin.
PRESSIROS´TRAL, _a._ Having a bill like that of a plover. (Obsolete.)
PRESTER´NUM, _n._ Anterior segment of the breast-bone.
PRI´MARY, _n._; pl. _primaries_. Any one of the (usually ten, often nine, rarely eleven) large stiff quills growing upon the pinion or hand-bone, as distinguished from the secondaries which grow upon the forearm. They form the tip of the wing, and much of its surface.
PRI´MARY WING-COVERTS, _n. pl._ Those overlying the bases of the primaries.
PROCE´RES or PRO´CERI, _n. pl._ Same as RATITÆ (which see).
PROLIG´EROUS, _a._ See YOLK.
PRONA´TION, _n._ A particular movement of the radius upon the ulna, by which the hand turns over,—in birds it is very slight, if it occur at all. The reverse movement is termed _supination_. The muscles effecting it are _pronators_ and _supinators_.
PROÖT´IC, _a._ for _n._ An element of the auditory capsule.
PROSENCEPH´ALON, _n._ A certain tract of the brain, the third from behind.
PRO´TOPLASM, _n._ Primitive common embryonic tissue, out of which different organs and parts are formed.
PROTOVER´TEBRÆ, _n. pl._ First trace of the backbones.
PROTRAC´TILE, PROTRU´SILE, _a._ Susceptible of being thrust forward or out, as the tongue of most woodpeckers.
PROVENTRIC´ULUS, _n._ Part of gullet, usually enlarged, next to gizzard, having solvent glands for digestion. It is the true _stomach_ of a bird, as distinguished from the gizzard or grinding stomach.
PROX´IMAL, _a._ Proximate; nearest or next to any centre or axis. Opposed to _distal_ or _terminal_.
PSILOPÆ´DES, _n. pl._ A group of psilopædic birds, further distinguished by being born weak and helpless, fed and reared in the nest. The term _gymnopædes_ is synonymous.
PSILOPÆ´DIC, _a._ Having down growing only from the future pterylæ, as the precursor of the future plumage, to which it is subsequently affixed for a while and then falls off.
PSO´AS, _n._ Name of certain pelvic muscles.
PTERAPOPH´YSIS, _n._ Certain process of cranial bones.
PTER´NA, _n._ Heel-pad. (115.)
PTERO´MATA, _n. pl._ (This word is of uncertain meaning.) (89 ?)
PTER´YGOID (_bone_), _n._ A slender bone connecting the quadrate with the palatine.
PTER´YLA, _n._; pl. _pterylæ_. Area or _tract_ on the skin where feathers grow.
PTERYLOG´RAPHY, _n._ A description of the plumage, especially with reference to the distribution of the feathers on the skin.
PTERYLO´SIS, _n._ Plumage, considered with reference to its distribution on the skin.
PTI´LA, _n._ (This word is of uncertain meaning.) (86 ?)
PTILOPÆ´DES, _n. pl._ Ptilopædic birds. Such are generally able to run about at birth, or at least to feed themselves. _Dasypædes_ is synonymous.
PTILOPÆ´DIC, _a._ Clothed at birth with floccus, which sprouts not only from the future pterylæ, but also from apteria.
PTILO´SIS, _n._ Plumage. (3.)
PU´BIC, _a._ Pertaining to the pubis.
PU´BIS, _n._ The most anterior bone of the pelvis. In birds the _ossa pubis_ or _pubes_ are separate, there being no pubic symphysis, and directed more or less backward.
PUL´LUS, _n._ A chick; young bird, before its first complete plumage.
PUL´MONARY, _a._ Pertaining to the lungs; relating to respiration.
PUL´SUS, PULSE, _n._ Beating of the arteries.
PUNC´TATE, _a._ Dotted; pitted; studded with points.
PUNC´TUM SA´LIENS, _n._ First trace of the embryonic heart.
PUPIL´LA, _n._ Central black disc circumscribed by the iris; the pupil (a _hole_, not a substance).
PUPIL´LARY, _a._ Pertaining to the pupil.
PYGOP´ODES, _n. pl._ A group of birds distinguished by the far backward position, and deep burial, in common integument, of the legs.
PYGOP´ODOUS, _a._ Belonging to _Pygopodes_, or having the character of that group.
PY´GOSTYLE, _n._ Last coccygeal vertebra, of peculiar size and shape in recent birds; also called the _vomer_.
PYLOR´IC, _a._ Pertaining to the pylorus.
PYLO´RUS, _n._ Opening from gizzard into duodenum; _especially_, valve guarding this orifice.
PYR´IFORM, _a._ Pear-shaped.
Q.
QUADRAN´GULAR, _a._ Four-edged or four-angled.
QUAD´RATE, _a._ Squared.
QUAD´RATE BONE, _n._ See OS QUADRATUM. A peculiarly shaped bone interposed between the lower jaw and the rest of the skull.
QUADRILAT´ERAL, _a._ Four-sided.
QUADRILOC´ULAR, _a._ Four-chambered, as the heart of higher vertebrates is.
QUAR´RY, _n._ Prey of raptorial birds.
QUILL, _n._ See PENNA. (2, 75, 76, 145.)
QUI´NARY, _a._ Noting a certain absurd system of classification which presumes that there are _five_ types, or sets of objects, in every natural group.
QUIN´CUNX, _n._ Set of five, arranged thus, ⁙
R.
RA´DIAL, _a._ Pertaining to the radius.
RA´DII, _n. pl._ Barbs of a main feather.
RA´DII ACCESSO´RII, _n. pl._ Barbs of the supplementary feather.
RADIO´LI, _n. pl._ BARBULES (which see).
RADIO´LI ACCESSO´RII, _n. pl._ Barbules of the supplementary feather, aftershaft or hypoptilum.
RA´DIUS, _n._ Outer bone of forearm.
RA´MUS, _n._; pl. _rami_. Branch or fork. Gnathidea.
RAPH´E, _n._ Line of separation of two parts of an organ when prominent or otherwise distinguished.
RAPTO´RIAL, _a._ Pertaining to birds of prey.
RATI´TÆ, _n. pl._ Birds with flat sternum, as ostriches, emus or cassowaries, and the apteryx.
RAU´COUS, _a._ Hoarse-voiced.
REC´TRIX, _n._; pl. _rectrices_. Quills of the tail. (70.) (The singular is little used.)
REC´TUM, _n._ Lower straight gut.
REC´TUS, _a._ Name of certain muscles.
RECURVED´, _a._ Bent regularly and gradually upward.
REFLECT´ED, _a._ Turned backward.
REFLEC´TION, _n._ Play of color changing in different lights.
REG´IMEN, _n._ Diet.
RE´GIO, RE´GION, _n._ Portion of the body in any way distinguished; dorsal _region_; cervical _region_.
RE´MEX, _n._; pl. _remiges_. Quill of the wing. (75, 76.) (Little used in the singular.)
RE´NAL, _a._ Pertaining to the kidneys.
RE´TE, _n._ Same as _plexus_.
RETIC´ULATE, _a._ Marked with network of lines.
RETICULA´TION, _n._ Network; mosaic.
RET´INA, _n._ Expansion of the optic nerve within the eye, upon which images of objects are impressed.
RETRAC´TILE, _a._ Susceptible of being drawn back and driven forward as a hawk’s claw.
RETRORSE´, _a._ Directed backward.
RHACH´IS, _n._; pl. _rhachides_. Scapus exclusive of calamus; shaft of a feather, bearing the webs, without the hollow horny barrel. (146.) Also, the spinal column.
RHAMPHOTHE´CA, _n._ Covering of the whole bill. (12.)
RHI´NAL, _a._ Pertaining to the nose.
RHINENCEPH´ALON, _n._ Foremost tract of the brain, the fourth from behind.
RHINOTHE´CA, _n._ Covering of the upper mandible. (13.)
RHIZONYCH´IUM, _n._ Terminal bone of a toe bearing a claw. (122.) (Little used.)
RHOM´BOID, _a._ Lozenge-shaped. Name of a muscle of the shoulder-blade.
RIC´TUS, _n._ Gape of the mouth.
RIDGE, _n._ CULMEN (which see). (20.)
RI´MA, _n._ Outline of a slit-like opening.
RI´MA GLOT´TIDIS, _n._ Opening of the glottis.
RI´MA ORIS, n. Equivalent to COMMISSURE (which see).
ROS´TRUM, _n._ Bill; beak; projecting forepart of head of birds; of two jaws, upper and lower, consisting of a frame of certain bones over which is stretched unfeathered skinny or horny membrane, the rhamphotheca. (9.)
ROUND´ED (_tail_), _a._ Having the central feathers longest, the rest successively gradually and slightly shorter. A tail is _double-rounded_ when, with central feathers shorter than the next, the rest are graduated as before.
RU´DIMENT, _n._ A beginning.
RUDIMEN´TARY, _a._ Undeveloped; imperfectly elaborated; existing only in its beginnings.
RUFF, _n._ Set of lengthened or otherwise modified or peculiarly colored feathers around the throat or whole neck.
RU´GA, _n._ Ridge or raised fold; wrinkle.
RUGOSE´ or RU´GOUS, _a._ Wrinkled.
RUMP, n. UROPYGIUM (which see). (60.)
S.
SAC´RAL, _a._ Pertaining to the sacrum.
SAC´RUM, _n._ A compound bone of the spine, composed of several anchylosed vertebræ of the pelvic region, with which the iliac bones are sutured.
SAC´RO-COCCYGE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the sacrum considered as comprising also several coccygeal vertebræ.
SAG´ITTATE, _a._ Arrow-head shaped; an elongated cordate figure with pointed lobes.
SALI´VA, _n._ Spittle.
SAL´IVARY GLANDS. Organs secreting saliva.
SAL´TATORY, _a._ Progressing by leaps. Opposed to _ambulatory_ or _gradient_.
SAN´GUIS, _n._ Blood.
SAPHE´NA, _n._ Principal vein of the leg.
SARCOLEM´MA, _n._ Same as _myolemma_.
SARTOR´IUS, _a._ Name of a certain muscle of the leg.
SAUROP´SIDA, _n._ A primary group of vertebrata, comprising birds and reptiles.
SAURU´RÆ, _n. pl._ Name of a certain primary group of _Aves_ formed for the reception of the _Archæopteryx_.
SCAB´ROUS, _a._ Scabby; scurfy; scaly. Said of a surface roughened as if in such manner.
SCANSO´RIAL, _a._ Capable of climbing, as a woodpecker.
SCAPHOLUN´AR, _n._ One of the carpals or wrist-bones.
SCAP´ULA, _n._ Shoulder-blade.
SCAP´ULAR, _a._ Pertaining to the shoulder-blade; as, _scapular_ region.
SCAP´ULAR, _n._ Any feather of a series growing on the pteryla humeralis, in an oblique line across the humerus. _Scapulars_ is generally said, the plural designating these feathers collectively; they are also called _scapularies_. (80.) The scapulars fill up what would otherwise be an interval between the inner border of the wing and the body. Illiger’s word, _parapterum_, seems to designate them, but is also used in an entirely different sense.
SCA´PUS, _n._ Entire stem of a feather; calamus + rachis. (144.)
SCHIZOGNATH´OUS, _a._ Having the palate bones separated.
SCHIZORHI´NAL, _a._ Having the nasal bones separated.
SCI´ATIC, _n._ Same as _ischiatic_; pertaining to the ischia.
SCIS´SION, _n._ A cutting apart; fissuration.
SCIS´SOR-SHAPED (_tail_), _a._ Deeply forficate.
SCLEROT´IC, _n._ Dense opaque fibrous membrane forming most of the eyeball.
SCOL´LOPED, _a_. Lobed. (137.)
SCOLO´PACINE, _a._ Snipe-like.
SCRO´TUM, _n._ Bag holding testicles.
SCUTEL´LATE, _a._ Provided with scutella.
SCUTEL´LATE TARSUS. (110.)
SCUTEL´LUM, _n._; pl. _scutella_. Scale. Any one of the divisions into which the podotheca may be broken up by regular lines of impression; especially such divisions when large and in regular vertical series; various smaller divisions being called _reticulations_. _Scutella_ occur especially on the anterior face of the tarsus and top of the toes; often also on the back of the tarsus; sometimes they completely encircle the tarsus. When thus large, some ornithologists call them _scuta_; then using _scutella_ for the smaller irregular reticulations. _Scutella_ are sometimes obsolete. (Commonly, but erroneously, written _scutellæ_.) (109.)
SCU´TIFORM, _a._ Scalelike.
SCU´TUM, _n._; pl. _scuta_. See SCUTELLUM.
SEC´ONDARY COV´ERTS. The smaller wing-feathers growing from the forearm and its region, overlying the bases of the secondary quills. (89.)
SEC´ONDARY QUILLS or SEC´ONDARIES. Quills growing upon the forearm.
SEG´MENT, _n._ A portion specially distinguished. The tarsus is a _segment_ of the leg.
SEGMENTA´TION, _n._ Division into parts. Particularly applied to a process which takes place in the vitellus or yolk during incubation.
SEL´LA TUR´CICA, _n._ A certain part of the sphenoid bone.
SE´MEN, _n._ The male fluid, containing spermatozoa.
SEMI- (_in composition_). Half.
SEMILU´NAR, _a._ Crescentic.
SEMIMEMBRANO´SUS, _n._ A certain muscle of the thigh.
SEM´INAL, _a._ Pertaining to the male generative fluid.
SEMINIF´EROUS, _a._ Secreting or conveying semen.
SEMIPAL´MATE, _a._ Half webbed; having a basal membrane between the front toes not reaching to their ends.
SEM´IPLUME, _n._ Feather with pennaceous stem and plumulaceous web.
SEMITENDINO´SUS, _n._ A certain muscle of the thigh.
SE´NILE, _a._ Aged; pertaining to old age.
SENSE, _n._ Faculty of apprehending external impressions; as, _sense_ of sight, hearing.
SEN´SORY, _a._ Relating to the senses.
SEP´TUM, _n._ A partition. Same as _Dissepiment_.
SE´ROUS, _a._ Thin, watery (of fluids).
SER´RATE, _a._ Toothed, like a saw.
SERRA´TUS, _a._ for _n._ A muscle of the trunk.
SE´RUM, _n._ Watery portion of animal fluids, especially of the blood.
SES´AMOID (_bone_), _n._ A small rotund bone situate in the substance of a tendon about a joint.
SES´SILE, _a._ Seated; i.e. without a stem or peduncle.
SETA´CEOUS, _a._ Bristly; bristled.
SE´TÆ, _n. pl._ Bristles.
SE´TIFORM, _a._ Bristle-like.
SEX´UAL, _a._ Pertaining to sex.
SEX´US, _n._ Sex.
SHAFT, _n._ (146.)
SHANK, _n._ Properly, the _shin_ or tibial segment of the leg. In case of birds oftener used, but incorrectly, for the tarsus (tarso-metatarsus).
SHIN, _n._ (98.)
SHOULDER, _n._ (68.)
SIB´ILANT, _a._ Hissing.
SIDE-NECK, _n._ (64.)
SIDE OF TARSUS, _n._ (105.)
SIDE OF TOES, _n._ (119.)
SIG´MOID, _a._ S-shaped. Several parts are so called.
SIGN, SIG´NUM, _n._ Any character or other arbitrary abbreviation of a word or term.
Prominent among those used in ornithology are: ♂, _male_; ♀, _female_; ⚪, juv. _young_, _juvenis_; ad., _adult_; hornot., _hornotine_; pull., _pullus_, _chick_; sen. or sr., _senior_, _senex_, _old_; pt., _plumage_; nupt. temp., _in the breeding season_; æst., _summer_; hyem., _winter_; vern., _spring_; aut., _autumnal_; mus., _museum_; coll., _collection_, _cabinet_; syn., _synonym_; =, _equal to_; >, _more than_; <, _less than_; +, _plus_; ×, _in a different sense_; v., _vide_, _see_; cf., _confer_, _consult_; i.e. or h.e., _that is_; l. c., _loco citato_, _in the place just cited_; op. cit., _the work cited_; h. l., _hoc loco_, _here_; auct., auctt., _author_, _authors_; script., _writer_; p., _page_; vol. or t., _volume_, _tome_; pl. or tb., _plate_, _tabula_; f., or fig., _figure_; infra, _below_ (reference); supra, _above_; qu., _query_; ?, _query_; !, _certainty, from autopsy_; err., _error_; corr., _corrigenda_; add., _addenda_; descr., _description_; id., _the same_ (person); ib. or ibid., _there_ (in the same place); quid? _what_ (may it be)? sc., _scilicet_, to wit; viz., _videlicet_, namely; excl., _exclusive of_; n., _nova_, _novum_, _new_; var., _variety_; sp., _species_; gen., _genus_; fam., _family_; ord., _order_; n. sp., n. g., _new species_, _genus_. Authors’ names are constantly abbreviated, with the first one, two, or three, or other most characteristic letters.
SINCIP´ITAL, _a._ Pertaining to the sinciput.
SIN´CIPUT, _n._ Anterior half of pileus, from bill to vertex. (32.)
SINIS´TRAD, _a._ Toward the left.
SINISTRAL, _a._ On the left side.
SI´NUS, _n._ Name of numerous and various cavities of the body.
SKEL´ETON, _n._ Sum of the bones of a body. It generally means only the _endoskeleton_ proper, or internal bony framework of the body, as distinguished from _exoskeleton_ or _dermoskeleton_.
SOLE, _n._ (106.)
SOLES OF TOES, _n._ (118.)
SO´LEUS, _n._ A muscle of the leg.
SPAT´ULATE, _a._ Spoon-shaped; contracted near the end, where enlarged.
SPE´CIES, _n._ Aggregate of individuals related by genetic succession without notable change of physical characters.
SPECIF´IC, _a._ Of, or relating to, a species; as, _specific_ name, _specific_ character.
SPEC´ULUM, _n._ Mirror; brightly colored area on the secondaries, especially of ducks.
SPERM, _n._ The secretion of the testicles; same as _semen_.
SPERMAT´IC, _a._ Pertaining to semen, or to the organs concerned in its production and emission.
SPERMATOZO´A, _n. pl._ Essence of the male seed.
SPHE´NOID (_bone_), _n._ A compound bone of the skull, constituting much of the second cranial segment.
SPHENOID´AL, _n._ Relating to the sphenoid.
SPHINC´TER, _n._ An annular muscle constricting or closing a natural orifice; especially, _sphincter ani_.
SPI´NAL, _a._ Relating to the backbone.
SPINA´LIS, _a._ for _n._ Name of a certain muscle of the back.
SPINE, _n._ Backbone. Also, any sharp projecting point of bone or horn.
SPINOSE´ or SPI´NOUS, _a._ Sometimes said of a mucronate feather.
SPLANCH´NIC, _a._ Visceral.
SPLANCHNOL´OGY, _n._ Science or study of the viscera.
SPLEEN, _n._ A deep red, soft, spongy, ductless and extremely vascular, abdominal organ of uncertain function.
SPLE´NIAL, _a._ Name of a certain element of the mandible.
SPLE´NIUS, _a._ for _n._ A certain cervical muscle.
SPUR, _n._ (108.)
SPU´RIOUS, _a._ False; bastard; imperfect; rudimentary.
SPU´RIOUS QUILL, _n._ The first primary, when rudimentary or very short.
SPU´RIOUS WING, _n._ Feathers growing on the so-called thumb of birds.
SQUAM´OUS, _a._ Scaly.
STA´PES, _n._ One of the auditory ossicles; the stirrup-bone, becoming the _columella_ in _Sauropsida_.
STEGANOP´ODOUS, _a._ Having all four toes full-webbed. (141.)
STEL´LATE, _a._ Starred.
STEM, _n._ (144.) See SCAPUS.
STER´ILE, _a._ Unfruitful; infecund; barren; noting the condition of the female corresponding to impotence of the male.
STER´NAL, _a._ Relating to the breast-bone.
STER´NUM, _n._ Breast-bone.
STETHIÆ´UM, _n._ Entire anterior half of a bird. (7.) (Little used.)
STIG´MA, _n._ See CALYX.
STIP´ULA, _n._ Newly sprouted feather.
STO´MA, _n._ Mouth.
STRAG´ULUM, _n._ Mantle; back and folded wings taken together. Same as _pallium_. (61.) (Little used.)
STRA´TUM, _n._ Layer.
STREAK, _n._ Lengthwise color-mark; not so strong, firm, or large as _stripe_.
STRI´A, _n._; pl. _striæ_. Stripe; streak.
STRI´ATE, _a._ Striped; streaked.
STRI´DENT, _a._ Shrill.
STRIG´INE, _a._ Owl-like; belonging to the _Strigidæ_.
STRIPE, _n._ A long, strong, sharp streak.
STRO´MA, _n._ Essential texture of any organ.
STRU´THIOUS, _a._ Ostrich-like.
STY´LOID or STY´LIFORM, _a._ Shaped like a peg or pin.
SUB- (_in composition_). Under; less than; not quite; somewhat; slightly so. _Sub-_ diminishes the force, point, or extent of application of a term.
SUB-BA´SAL, _a._ Near the base.
SUB-CLASS, _n._ An intermediate group often recognized between class and order, of less taxonomic value than the former.
SUBCLA´VIAN, _a._ Beneath the clavicle.
SUBFAM´ILY, _n._ A group between a family and a genus.
SUBGE´NUS, _n._ A group between a genus and a species. (Often used; of extremely indefinite value.)
SUBMAX´ILLARY, _a._ or _n._ Under the jaw. Also, equivalent to inferior maxillary or _mandible_.
SUBSCAP´ULAR, _a._ or _n._ Under the shoulder-blade; name of a muscle.
SUBTYP´ICAL, _a._ Not quite true to the type; deviating somewhat; slightly aberrant. It expresses a condition between _typical_ and _aberrant_.
SUB´ULATE, _a._ Awl-shaped.
SUFFRA´GO, _n._ The tibio-tarsal joint; the heel-joint. (103.)
SUFFU´SION, _n._ A “running” shade of color.
SUL´CATE, _a._ Grooved or channelled.
SUL´CUS, _n._ A groove or channel.
SU´PER- (_in composition_). Over; above; beyond; more than. The opposite qualification of _sub-_.
SUPERCIL´IARY, _a._ Pertaining to region of eyebrow, as a streak of color over the eye.
SUPERCIL´IUM, _n._ Eyebrow. (43.)
SUPER-FAM´ILY, _n._ A group containing one or more families, yet not of ordinal rank.
SUPERFIC´IES, _n._ The exterior in general.
SUPE´RIOR, _a._ Lying over, above, or uppermost.
SUPEROCCIP´ITAL, _a._ for _n._ The superior element of the occipital bone.
SUPER-OR´DER, _n._ A group containing one or more orders, yet not of the taxonomic rank of a class. (N. B. Super-genus is a word not yet used.)
SUPINA´TOR, _n._ Name of a muscle that effects, or tends to effect, the reverse movement of _pronation_ (which see).
SUPRA- (_in composition_). Same as _super-_.
SUPRACIL´IARY, _a._ See SUPRAORBITAL.
SUPRA-OCCIP´ITAL, _a._ for _n._ Superior element of the occipital bone.
SUPRAOR´BITAL, _a._ Situate over the orbit.
SUPRA-RENAL (_body_), _a._ for _n._ See ADRENAL.
SURAN´GULAR, _a._ Name of a certain element of the mandible.
SUR´SUM. Over; above.
SU´TURE, _n._ A kind of immovable articulation.
SYM´BOL, _n._ See SIGN.
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM (_of nerves_). That portion of the nervous system not belonging to the cerebro-spinal axis.
SYM´PHYSIS, _n._ A growing together; as, _symphysis pubis_, _symphysis menti_.
SYNARTHRO´SIS, _n._ Same as _suture_.
SYNCHONDRO´SIS, _n._ Cartilaginous union or articulation.
SYNDAC´TYLE or SYNDAC´TYLOUS, _a._ Having two toes immovably coherent for a considerable distance.
SYNGNE´SIOUS (_foot_), _a._ Same as _syndactyle_ foot.
SYN´ONYM, _n._; pl. _syn´onyms_ or _synon´yma_. A different word of the same or similar meaning. _Archæopteryx macrurus_, Owen, is a synonym of _Arch. lithographica_, Meyer. _Synonym_ is the converse of _homonym_, which is the same word, of different meanings. Thus, _Sylvicola_, Swainson, a bird, is a _homonym_ of _Sylvicola_, Humphreys, a mollusk. (Also written _synonyme_.)
SYNON´YMOUS, _a._ Expressing the same meaning in different terms. (_Synonymical_ is also written, but rarely.) (Also written _synonomous_.)
SYNON´YMY, _n._ A collection of synonyms. In this sense, _synonymy_ is a burden and a disgrace to ornithology. Also, in the abstract, expression of the same meaning by different words. (Also written _synonomy_.)
SYNO´VIA, _n._ The peculiar glairy fluid which lubricates joints. So, _synovial_ fluid; _synovial_ membrane.
SYN´THESIS, _n._ Act of putting together this and that fact or observation, whence to deduce a generalization; opposed to _analysis_. Also, merely _composition_.
SYRINGE´AL, _a._ Pertaining to the lower larynx.
SY´RINX, _n._ The lower larynx, situate at the bottom of the trachea, at the fork of the bronchi. The vocal organ of birds.
SYS´TOLE, _n._ Contraction of the heart, urging on the blood. Opposed to _diastole_ (which see).
T.
TAC´TILE, _a._ Pertaining to the sense of touch.
TAIL, _n._ (69.) See CAUDA.
TAIL-COV´ERTS, _n. pl._ (71.) See CALYPTERIA.
TAIL-FEATHERS, _n. pl._ (70.) See RECTRICES.
TA´LUS, _n._ Same as CALCANEUS (which see).
TAR´SAL, _a._ Relating to the tarsus, or tarso-metatarsus.
TAR´SO-METATAR´SUS, _n._ The morphologically correct term for the segment, commonly called the _tarsus_ in descriptive ornithology,—that bone reaching from the tibia to the toes, and which is really nearly all metatarsus, but has at its top one of the small tarsal bones confluent with it, so that in itself it comprehends part of tarsus as well as all of metatarsus.
TAR´SUS, _n._ The ankle-bones, collectively. In birds, there are no persistently separate tarsal bones, since the two proximal ones are confluent with the extremity of the tibia, forming its so-called malleoli, and the distal one anchyloses with the metatarsus, leaving the tarsal joint between them, as in reptiles, not between the tarsal bones and the tibia, as in mammalia. But, in descriptive ornithology, the whole segment between the tibia and the toes, commonly called the shank, is usually called _tarsus_. See, also, TARSO-METATARSUS and METATARSUS. (103½.) (N. B. In the foregoing “Explanation,” etc., the word _tarsus_ is defined as used in descriptions, not in its morphologically correct sense.)
TAR´SUS, BACK OF. (106.) See PLANTA TARSI.
TAR´SUS, BOOTED. (111.) See BOOT.
TAXIDER´MY, _a._ Art of preparing and preserving skins so as to represent the appearance of the living animal.
TAXONOM´IC, _a._ Classificatory.
TAXON´OMY, _n._ Classification; rational arrangement according to some scientific principle. Biotaxy.
TEC´TRICES, _n. pl._ Coverts; the smaller feathers, either of wing or tail, but especially of the former; tail-coverts being calypteria. (72, 73, 83.)
TEC´TRICES ALÆ, _n. pl._ Wing-coverts.
TEC´TRICES CAUDÆ, _n. pl._ Tail-coverts.
TEC´TRICES INFERIO´RES, _n. pl._ Under coverts. (73.)
TEC´TRICES PERVER´SÆ, _n. pl._ Median upper wing-coverts, of the secondary set.
TEC´TRICES SUPERIO´RES, _n. pl._ Upper coverts. (72.)
TEG´MINA, _n. pl._ Same as _tectrices_.
TEG´UMENT, _n._ Same as _integument_.
TELEOLOG´ICAL, _a._ Relating to teleology.
TELEOL´OGY, _n._ Doctrine of final causes; science of adaptation of means to ends.
TEM´PLES, _n. pl._ (44.) See TEMPORA.
TEM´PORA, _n. pl._ Temples; portion of sides of head between eyes and ears. (Scarcely used.)
TEN´DO or TEN´DON, _n._ Fibrous cord or band of attachment of muscle to bone or other parts; a “leader.” _Tendo achillis_, hamstring.
TENUIROS´TRAL, _a._ Slender-billed.
TERATOL´OGY, _n._ Science of monsters.
TE´RES or TE´RETE, _a._ Cylindrical and tapering; fusiform. Also, name of a muscle.
TER´GUM, _n._ Lower back, between interscapilium and uropygium. (Not well distinguished, and little used.) (59.)
TER´MINAL, _a._ At the end.
TERMINOLOG´ICAL, _a._ Relating to terminology.
TERMINOL´OGY, _n._ Science of calling things by their right names according to some determined principle. Nomenclature.
TER´TIALS, TER´TIARIES, _n. pl._ Large inner quills of wing growing from humerus or elbow. The two or three longer inner true secondaries (which see) are often incorrectly called tertials, especially when distinguished by size, shape or color from the rest of the secondaries. (76.)
TES´TIS, _n._; pl. _testes_. Testicles; male organs secreting spermatozoa.
TETRADAC´TYLE, _a._ Four-toed.
THAL´AMUS, _n._ A certain tract of the brain.
THE´CA, _n._ Sheath.
THE´NAR, _a._ Palmar; plantar.
THE´ORY, _n._ Scientific speculation. Philosophical explanation. Result of inference from established principles.
THERMOG´ENOUS, _a._ Heat-producing, as all vital processes are.
THIGH, _n._ Segment of leg between hip and knee. (97.)
THORAC´IC, _a._ Pertaining to the chest.
THO´RAX, _n._ The chest; segment of the body enclosed by ribs, sternum, and certain vertebræ, containing heart and lungs.
THROAT, _n._ See GULA. (52.)
THUMB, _n._ In birds, the so-called thumb, upon which the alula, or bastard wing, grows, is homologically the index-finger. Penguins lack this segment.
THYROHY´AL, _n._ An element of the hyoid bone.
THY´ROID, _a._ Shield-shaped. Name of principal laryngeal cartilage.
THY´ROID CAR´TILAGE. One of those forming the larynx.
TIB´IA, _n._ Principal and inner bone of leg between knee and heel; the shin-bone.
TIB´IAL, _a._ Pertaining to the tibia.
TOE, TOES, _n._ (116.)
TOMIUM, _n._; pl. _tomia_. The cutting edge of the bill. There is a superior or maxillary _tomium_, and an inferior or mandibular _tomium_; each is double (i.e. right and left); together they are the tomia, mutually apposed when the mouth is shut.
TOP OF TOES. (117.) See ACRODACTYLUM.
TOR´QUATE, _a._ Ringed; collared.
TOR´QUES, _n._ Ring or collar of color or of feathers otherwise distinguished. Lewis’s woodpecker has a cervical _torques_ both in color and texture of the feathers.
TOTIPAL´MATE, _a._ Having all four toes webbed. Same as _steganopodous_.
TRACH´EA, _n._ Windpipe.
TRANSVERSE´, _a._ Crosswise; in direction at right angle with longitudinal axis of the body.
TREAD (_of the cock_), _n._ Cicatriculum; molecule. See YOLK.
TRI- (_in composition_). Thrice; treble.
TRI´CEPS, _n._ A certain extensor muscle of wing and leg.
TRIDAC´TYLE, _a._ Three-toed.
TRIGEM´IMUS, _a._ for _n._ A certain cranial nerve.
TRIHE´DRAL, _a._ Three-sided.
TRIV´IAL, _a._ Said of a _specific_ name. Opposed to _generic_.
TROCHAN´TER, _n._ Prominence at top of femur.
TROCH´LEA, _n._ A pulley; smooth bony surface over which a tendon plays.
TRUN´CATE, _a._ Cut squarely off.
TRUN´CUS, _n._ Trunk; body without its members. (56.)
TUBER´CULUM, _n._ Tubercle; a little lump or elevation.
TU´NIC, _n._ Enveloping membrane of various organs.
TU´NICA ALBUGIN´EA, _n._ Dense whitish membranous investment of the testicles.
TUR´BINAL, _a._ Scroll-like; name of certain bones of nasal passages.
TYLAR´I, _n. pl._ Pads under the toes. (123.)
TYM´PANIC (_bone_), _a._ for _n._ Same as OS QUADRATUM (which see).
TYM´PANUM, _n._ Ear-drum. Also, the naked inflatable air-sacs on the sides of the neck of grouse, an enlargement of the ordinary cervical reservoirs of air which communicate with the bronchi.
TYPE, _n._ Way; plan; mode. Also, sign or symbol. The _type_, or _typical form_, of a group is that which exhibits a given set of characters most perfectly. But the _type_ of a genus is usually the species, if any, from which the generic characters were especially drawn up, without reference to such qualification; while, furthermore, the _type_ of a species, in current acceptation, is merely the specimen from which the species was originally described, even though it may very inadequately represent such species.
TYP´ICAL, _a._ Of most usual structure; adhering strictly to a given plan of structure. (But compare TYPE.)
U.
UL´NA, _n._ Inner or posterior bone of forearm.
UL´NAR, _a._ Pertaining to the ulna.
UMBIL´ICAL, _a._ Relating to the umbilicus.
UMBIL´ICATE, _a._ Pitted, as if with an umbilicus.
UMBILI´CUS, _n._ Navel. Pitted scar, indicating point of entrance of placental vessels into the fœtus. Also, any similar pit or depression, as that on the scape of a feather at junction of rhachis and calamus.
UNARMED TOE. Toe bearing no claw. See DIGITUS MUTICUS. (133.)
UN´CIFORM, _a._ Hooked.
UNDER JAW. See MANDIBULUM.
UNDER PARTS. See GASTRÆUM.
UNDER TAIL-COVERTS. (13.) See CRISSUM.
UNDER WING-COVERTS. (84.) See TECTRICES.
UNDULA´TION, _n._ Wavy color-marks.
UNGUIC´ULATE, _a._ Clawed.
UNGUIS, _n._; pl. _ungues_. Claw.
UNIP´AROUS, _a._ Producing but one young. Same as _monotokous_.
UPPER BACK. (58.) See INTERSCAPILIUM.
UPPER JAW. (10.) See MAXILLA.
UPPER PARTS. (5.) See NOTÆUM.
UPPER TAIL-COVERTS. (72.) See CALYPTERIA.
UPPER WING-COVERTS. (84.) See TECTRICES.
URÆ´UM, _n._ Hinder half of a bird. (8.) (Little used.)
URE´A, _n._ A certain component of urine.
URE´TER, _n._ Tube conveying urine from kidney to cloaca.
URE´THRA, _n._ Groove in penis for direction of the discharge.
U´RINARY BLADDER, _n._ A certain compartment of the cloaca, in some birds, is so named.
U´RINE, _n._ Liquid excretion of the kidneys, in birds voided more or less mixed with the fæces.
URO-GEN´ITAL or GEN´ITO-U´RINARY, _a._ Said of organs common to the two offices implied in the words, or of such organs regarded as associate parts.
UROHY´AL, _n._ Median backward process of the hyoid bone.
UROPYG´IUM, _n._ Rump. (60.)
U´TERUS, _n._ Womb. Wanting in birds; but a lower tract of the oviduct where the eggshell is formed has been loosely so called.