Part 12

Even in his literary interests Hertzberg found an adversary in the ungrateful king, for Frederick William, to give one instance, made it so difficult for him to use the archives that in the end Hertzberg entirely gave up the attempt. He found, however, some recompense for all his disillusionment and discouragement in learning, and, Wilhelm von Humboldt excepted, he was the most learned of all the Prussian ministers. As a member of the Berlin Academy especially, and, from 1786 onwards, as its curator, Hertzberg carried on a great and valuable activity in the world of learning. His yearly reports dealt with history, statistics and political science. The most interesting is that of 1784: _Sur la forme des gouvernements, et quelle est la meilleure_. This is directed exclusively against the absolute system (following Montesquieu), upholds a limited monarchy, and is in favour of extending to the peasants the right to be represented in the diet. He spoke for the last time in 1793 on Frederick the Great and the advantages of monarchy. After 1783 these discourses caused a great sensation, since Hertzberg introduced into them a review of the financial situation, which in the days of absolutism seemed an unprecedented innovation. Besides this, Hertzberg exerted himself as an academician to change the strongly French character of the Academy and make it into a truly German institution. He showed a keen interest in the old German language and literature. A special "German deputation" was set aside at the Academy and entrusted with the drawing up of a German grammar and dictionary. He also stood in very close relations with many of the German poets of the time, and especially with Daniel Schubart. Among the German historians in whom he took a great interest, he had the greatest esteem for Pufendorf. He was equally concerned in the improvement of the state of education. In 1780 he boldly took up the defence of German literature, which had been disparaged by Frederick the Great in his famous writing _De la litterature allemande_.

Hertzberg's frank and honourable nature little fitted him to be a successful diplomatist; but the course of history has justified many of his aims and ideals, and in Prussia his memory is honoured. He died at Berlin on the 22nd of May 1795.

AUTHORITIES.--(1) By Hertzberg himself: The _Memoires de l'Academie_ from 1780 on contain Hertzberg's discourses. The most noteworthy of them were printed in 1787. Here too is to be found: _Histoire de la dissertation [du roi] sur la litterature allemande_; see also _Recueil des deductions, &c., qui ont ete rediges ... pour la cour de Prusse par le ministre_ (3 vols., 1789-1795); and an "Autobiographical Sketch" published by Hopke in Schmidt's _Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaft_, i. (1843). (2) Works dealing specially with Hertzberg: Mirabeau, _Histoire secrete de la cour de Berlin_ (1788); P. F. Weddigen, _Hertzbergs Leben_ (Bremen, 1797); E. L. Posselt, _Hertzbergs Leben_ (Tubingen, 1798); H. Lehmann, in _Neustettiner Programm_ (1862); E. Fischer, in _Staatsanzeiger_ (1873); M. Duncker, in _Historische Zeitschrift_ (1877); Paul Bailleu, in _Historische Zeitschrift_ (1879); and _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_ (1880); H. Petrich, _Pommersche Lebensbilder_ i. (1880); G. Dressler, _Friedrich II. und Hertzberg in ihrer Stellung zu den hollandischen Wirren_, Breslauer Dissertation (1882); K. Krauel, _Hertzberg als Minister Friedrich Wilhelms II_. (Berlin, 1899); F. K. Wittichen, in _Historische Vierteljahrschrift_, 9 (1906); A. Th. Preuss, _Ewald Friedrich, Graf von Hertzberg_ (Berlin, 1909). (3) General works: F. K. Wittichen, _Preussen und England, 1785-1788_ (Heidelberg, 1902); F. Luckwaldt, _Die englisch-preussische Allianz von 1788 in den Forschungen zur brandenburgisch-preussischen Geschichte_, Bd. 15, and in the _Delbruckfestschrift_ (Berlin, 1908); L. Sevin, _System der preussischen Geheimpolitik_ 1790-1791 (Heidelberger Dissertation, 1903); P. Wittichen, _Die polnische Politik Preussens 1788-1790_ (Berlin, 1899); F. Andreae, _Preussische und russische Politik in Polen_ 1787-1789 (Berliner Dissertation, 1905); also W. Wenck, _Deutschland vor 100 Jahren_ (2 vols., 1887, 1890); A. Harnack, _Geschichte der preussischen Akademie_ (4 vols., 1899); Consentius, _Preussische Jahrbucher_ (1904); J. Hashagen, "Hertzbergs Verhaltnis zur deutschen Literatur," in _Zeitschrift fur deutsche Philologie_ for 1903. (J. Hn.)

HERTZEN, ALEXANDER (1812-1870), Russian author, was born at Moscow, a very short time before the occupation of that city by the French. His father, Ivan Yakovlef, after a personal interview with Napoleon, was allowed to leave, when the invaders arrived, as the bearer of a letter from the French to the Russian emperor. His family attended him to the Russian lines. Then the mother of the infant Alexander (a young German Protestant of Jewish extraction from Stuttgart, according to A. von Wurzbach), only seventeen years old, and quite unable to speak Russian, was forced to seek shelter for some time in a peasant's hut. A year later the family returned to Moscow, where Hertzen passed his youth--remaining there, after completing his studies at the university, till 1834, when he was arrested and tried on a charge of having assisted, with some other youths, at a festival during which verses by Sokolovsky, of a nature uncomplimentary to the emperor, were sung. The special commission appointed to try the youthful culprits found him guilty, and in 1835 he was banished to Viatka. There he remained till the visit to that city of the hereditary grand-duke (afterwards Alexander II.), accompanied by the poet Joukofsky, led to his being allowed to quit Viatka for Vladimir, where he was appointed editor of the official gazette of that city. In 1840 he obtained a post in the ministry of the interior at St Petersburg; but in consequence of having spoken too frankly about a death due to a police officer's violence, he was sent to Novgorod, where he led an official life, with the title of "state councillor," till 1842. In 1846 his father died, leaving him by his will a very large property. Early in 1847 he left Russia, never to return. From Italy, on hearing of the revolution of 1848, he hastened to Paris, whence he afterwards went to Switzerland. In 1852 he quitted Geneva for London, where he settled for some years. In 1864 he returned to Geneva, and after some time went to Paris, where he died on the 21st of January 1870.

His literary career began in 1842 with the publication of an essay, in Russian, on _Dilettantism in Science_, under the pseudonym of "Iskander," the Turkish form of his Christian name--convicts, even when pardoned, not being allowed in those days to publish under their own names. His second work, also in Russian, was his _Letters on the Study of Nature_ (1845-1846). In 1847 appeared, his novel _Kto Vinovat?_ (Whose Fault?), and about the same time were published in Russian periodicals the stories which were afterwards collected and printed in London in 1854, under the title of _Prervannuie Razskazui_ (Interrupted Tales). In 1850 two works appeared, translated from the Russian manuscript, _Vom anderen Ufer_ (From another Shore) and _Lettres de France et d'Italie_. In French appeared also his essay _Du Developpement des idees revolutionnaires en Russie_, and his _Memoirs_, which, after being printed in Russian, were translated under the title of _Le Monde russe et la Revolution_ (3 vols., 1860-1862), and were in part translated into English as _My Exile to Siberia_ (2 vols., 1855). From a literary point of view his most important work is _Kto Vinovat?_ a story describing how the domestic happiness of a young tutor, who marries the unacknowledged daughter of a Russian sensualist of the old type, dull, ignorant and genial, is troubled by a Russian sensualist of the new school, intelligent, accomplished and callous, without there being any possibility of saying who is most to be blamed for the tragic termination. But it was as a political writer that Hertzen gained the vast reputation which he at one time enjoyed. Having founded in London his "Free Russian Press," of the fortunes of which, during ten years, he gave an interesting account in a book published (in Russian) in 1863, he issued from it a great number of Russian works, all levelled against the system of government prevailing in Russia. Some of these were essays, such as his _Baptized Property_, an attack on serfdom; others were periodical publications, the _Polyarnaya Zvyezda_ (or Polar Star), the _Kolokol_ (or Bell), and the _Golosa iz Rossii_ (or Voices from Russia). The _Kolokol_ soon obtained an immense circulation, and exercised an extraordinary influence. For three years, it is true, the founders of the "Free Press" went on printing, "not only without selling a single copy, but scarcely being able to get a single copy introduced into Russia"; so that when at last a bookseller bought ten shillings' worth of _Baptized Property_, the half-sovereign was set aside by the surprised editors in a special place of honour. But the death of the emperor Nicholas in 1855 produced an entire change. Hertzen's writings, and the journals he edited, were smuggled wholesale into Russia, and their words resounded throughout that country, as well as all over Europe. Their influence became overwhelming. Evil deeds long hidden, evil-doers who had long prospered, were suddenly dragged into light and disgrace. His bold and vigorous language aptly expressed the thoughts which had long been secretly stirring Russian minds, and were now beginning to find a timid utterance at home. For some years his influence in Russia was a living force, the circulation of his writings was a vocation zealously pursued. Stories tell how on one occasion a merchant, who had bought several cases of sardines at Nijni-Novgorod, found that they contained forbidden print instead of fish, and at another time a supposititious copy of the _Kolokol_ was printed for the emperor's special use, in which a telling attack upon a leading statesman, which had appeared in the genuine number, was omitted. At length the sweeping changes introduced by Alexander II. greatly diminished the need for and appreciation of Hertzen's assistance in the work of reform. The freedom he had demanded for the serfs was granted, the law-courts he had so long denounced were remodelled, trial by jury was established, liberty was to a great extent conceded to the press. It became clear that Hertzen's occupation was gone. When the Polish insurrection of 1863 broke out, and he pleaded the insurgents' cause, his reputation in Russia received its death-blow. From that time it was only with the revolutionary party that he was in full accord.

In 1873 a collection of his works in French was commenced in Paris. A volume of posthumous works, in Russian, was published at Geneva in 1870. His _Memoirs_ supply the principal information about his life, a sketch of which appears also in A. von Wurzbach's _Zeitgenossen_, pt. 7 (Vienna, 1871). See also the _Revue des deux mondes_ for July 15 and Sept. 1, 1854. _Kto Vinovat?_ has been translated into German under the title of _Wer ist schuld?_ in Wolffsohn's _Russlands Novellendichter_, vol. iii. The title of _My Exile in Siberia_ is misleading; he was never in that country. (W. R. S.-R.)

HERULI, a Teutonic tribe which figures prominently in the history of the migration period. The name does not occur in writings of the first two centuries A.D. Where the original home of the Heruli was situated is never clearly stated. Jordanes says that they had been expelled from their territories by the Danes, from which it may be inferred that they belonged either to what is now the kingdom of Denmark, or the southern portion of the Jutish peninsula. They are mentioned first in the reign of Gallienus (260-268), when we find them together with the Goths ravaging the coasts of the Black Sea and the Aegean. Shortly afterwards, in A.D. 289, they appear in the region about the mouth of the Rhine. During the 4th century they frequently served together with the Batavi in the Roman armies. In the 5th century we again hear of piratical incursions by the Heruli in the western seas. At the same time they had a kingdom in central Europe, apparently in or round the basin of the Elbe. Together with the Thuringi and Warni they were called upon by Theodoric the Ostrogoth about the beginning of the 6th century to form an alliance with him against the Frankish king Clovis, but very shortly afterwards they were completely overthrown in war by the Langobardi. A portion of them migrated to Sweden, where they settled among the Gotar, while others crossed the Danube and entered the Roman service, where they are frequently mentioned later in connexion with the Gothic wars. After the middle of the 6th century, however, their name completely disappears. It is curious that in English, Frankish and Scandinavian works they are never mentioned, and there can be little doubt that they were known, especially among the western Teutonic peoples, by some other name. Probably they are identical either with the North Suabi or with the Iuti. The name Heruli itself is identified by many with the A.S. _eorlas_ (nobles), O.S. _erlos_ (men), the singular of which (_erilaz_) frequently occurs in the earliest Northern inscriptions, apparently as a title of honour. The Heruli remained heathen until the overthrow of their kingdom, and retained many striking primitive customs. When threatened with death by disease or old age, they were required to call in an executioner, who stabbed them on the pyre. Suttee was also customary. They were entirely devoted to warfare and served not only in the Roman armies, but also in those of all the surrounding nations. They disdained the use of helmets and coats of mail, and protected themselves only with shields.

See Georgius Syncellus; Mamertinus _Paneg. Maximi_; Ammianus Marcellinus; Zosimus i. 39; Idatius, _Chronica_; Jordanes, _De origine Getarum_; Procopius, esp. _Bellum Goticum_, ii. 14 f.; _Bellum Persicum_, ii. 25; Paulus Diaconus, _Hist. Langobardorum_, i. 20; K. Zeuss, _Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme_, pp. 476 ff. (Munich, 1837). (F. G. M. B.)

HERVAS Y PANDURO, LORENZO (1735-1809), Spanish philologist, was born at Horcajo (Cuenca) on the 10th of May 1735. He joined the Jesuits on the 29th of September 1745 and in course of time became successively professor of philosophy and humanities at the seminaries of Madrid and Murcia. When the Jesuit order was banished from Spain in 1767, Hervas settled at Forli, and devoted himself to the first part of his _Idea dell' Universo_ (22 vols., 1778-1792). Returning to Spain in 1798, he published his famous _Catalogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas_ (6 vols., 1800-1805), in which he collected the philological peculiarities of three hundred languages and drew up grammars of forty languages. In 1802 he was appointed librarian of the Quirinal Palace in Rome, where he died on the 24th of August 1809. Max Muller credits him with having anticipated Humboldt, and with making "one of the most brilliant discoveries in the history of the science of language" by establishing the relation between the Malay and Polynesian family of speech.

HERVEY, JAMES (1714-1758), English divine, was born at Hardingstone, near Northampton, on the 26th of February 1714, and was educated at the grammar school of Northampton, and at Lincoln College, Oxford. Here he came under the influence of John Wesley and the Oxford methodists; ultimately, however, while retaining his regard for the men and his sympathy with their religious aims, he adopted a thoroughly Calvinistic creed, and resolved to remain in the Anglican Church. Having taken orders in 1737, he held several curacies, and in 1752 succeeded his father in the family livings of Weston Favell and Collingtree. He was never robust, but was a good parish priest and a zealous writer. His style is often bombastic, but he displays a rare appreciation of natural beauty, and his simple piety made him many friends. His earliest work, _Meditations and Contemplations_, said to have been modelled on Robert Boyle's _Occasional Reflexions on various Subjects_, within fourteen years passed through as many editions. _Theron and Aspasio, or a series of Letters upon the most important and interesting Subjects_, which appeared in 1755, and was equally well received, called forth some adverse criticism even from Calvinists, on account of tendencies which were considered to lead to antinomianism, and was strongly objected to by Wesley in his _Preservative against unsettled Notions in Religion_. Besides carrying into England the theological disputes to which the _Marrow of Modern Divinity_ had given rise in Scotland, it also led to what is known as the Sandemanian controversy as to the nature of saving faith. Hervey died on the 25th of December 1758.

A "new and complete" edition of his _Works_, with a memoir, appeared in 1797. See also _Collection of the Letters of James Hervey, to which is prefixed an account of his Life and Death_, by Dr Birch (1760).

HERVEY DE SAINT DENYS, MARIE JEAN LEON, MARQUIS D' (1823-1892), French Orientalist and man of letters, was born in Paris in 1823. He devoted himself to the study of Chinese, and in 1851 published his _Recherches sur l'agriculture et l'horticulture des Chinois_, in which he dealt with the plants and animals that might be acclimatized in the West. At the Paris Exhibition of 1867 he acted as commissioner for the Chinese exhibits; in 1874 he succeeded Stanislas Julien in the chair of Chinese at the College de France; and in 1878 he was elected a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et de Belles-Lettres. His works include _Poesies de l'epoque des T'ang_ (1862), translated from the Chinese; _Ethnographie des peuples etrangers a la Chine_, translated from Ma-Touan-Lin (1876-1883); _Li-Sao_ (1870), from the Chinese; _Memoires sur les doctrines religieuse; de Confucius et de l'ecole des lettres_ (1887); and translations of some Chinese stories not of classical interest but valuable for the light they throw on oriental custom. Hervey de Saint Denys also translated some works from the Spanish, and wrote a history of the Spanish drama. He died in Paris on the 2nd of November 1892.

HERVEY OF ICKWORTH, JOHN HERVEY, BARON (1696-1743), English statesman and writer, eldest son of John, 1st earl of Bristol, by his second marriage, was born on the 13th of October 1696. He was educated at Westminster school and at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1715. In 1716 his father sent him to Paris, and thence to Hanover to pay his court to George I. He was a frequent visitor at the court of the prince and princess of Wales at Richmond, and in 1720 he married Mary Lepell, who was one of the princess's ladies-in-waiting, and a great court beauty. In 1723 he received the courtesy title of Lord Hervey on the death of his half-brother Carr, and in 1725 he was elected M.P. for Bury St Edmunds. He had been at one time on very friendly terms with Frederick, prince of Wales, but from 1731 he quarrelled with him, apparently because they were rivals in the favour of Anne Vane. These differences probably account for the scathing picture he draws of the prince's callous conduct. Hervey had been hesitating between William Pulteney (afterwards earl of Bath) and Walpole, but in 1730 he definitely took sides with Walpole, of whom he was thenceforward a faithful adherent. He was assumed by Pulteney to be the author of _Sedition and Defamation display'd with a Dedication to the patrons of The Craftsman_ (1731). Pulteney, who, up to this time, had been a firm friend of Hervey, replied with _A Proper Reply to a late Scurrilous Libel_, and the quarrel resulted in a duel from which Hervey narrowly escaped with his life. Hervey is said to have denied the authorship of both the pamphlet and its dedication, but a note on the MS. at Ickworth, apparently in his own hand, states that he wrote the latter. He was able to render valuable service to Walpole from his influence over the queen. Through him the minister governed Queen Caroline and indirectly George II. Hervey was vice-chamberlain in the royal household and a member of the privy council. In 1733 he was called to the House of Lords by writ in virtue of his father's barony. In spite of repeated requests he received no further preferment until after 1740, when he became lord privy seal. After the fall of Sir Robert Walpole he was dismissed (July 1742) from his office. An excellent political pamphlet, _Miscellaneous Thoughts on the present Posture of Foreign and Domestic Affairs_, shows that he still retained his mental vigour, but he was liable to epilepsy, and his weak appearance and rigid diet were a constant source of ridicule to his enemies. He died on the 5th of August 1743. He predeceased his father, but three of his sons became successively earls of Bristol.

Hervey wrote detailed and brutally frank memoirs of the court of George II. from 1727 to 1737. He gave a most unflattering account of the king, and of Frederick, prince of Wales, and their family squabbles. For the queen and her daughter, Princess Caroline, he had a genuine respect and attachment, and the princess's affection for him was commonly said to be the reason for the close retirement in which she lived after his death. The MS. of Hervey's memoirs was preserved by the family, but his son, Augustus John, 3rd earl of Bristol, left strict injunctions that they should not be published until after the death of George III. In 1848 they were published under the editorship of J. W. Croker, but the MS. had been subjected to a certain amount of mutilation before it came into his hands. Croker also softened in some cases the plainspokenness of the original. Hervey's bitter account of court life and intrigues resembles in many points the memoirs of Horace Walpole, and the two books corroborate one another in many statements that might otherwise have been received with suspicion.

Until the publication of the _Memoirs_ Hervey was chiefly known as the object of savage satire on the part of Pope, in whose works he figured as Lord Fanny, Sporus, Adonis and Narcissus. The quarrel is generally put down to Pope's jealousy of Hervey's friendship with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. In the first of the _Imitations of Horace_, addressed to William Fortescue, "Lord Fanny" and "Sappho" were generally identified with Hervey and Lady Mary, although Pope denied the personal intention. Hervey had already been attacked in the _Dunciad_ and the _Bathos_, and he now retaliated. There is no doubt that he had a share in the _Verses to the Imitator of Horace_ (1732) and it is possible that he was the sole author. In the _Letter from a nobleman at Hampton Court to a Doctor of Divinity_ (1733), he scoffed at Pope's deformity and humble birth. Pope's reply was a _Letter to a Noble Lord_, dated November 1733, and the portrait of Sporus in the _Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot_ (1735), which forms the prologue to the satires. Many of the insinuations and insults contained in it are borrowed from Pulteney's libel. The malicious caricature of Sporus does Hervey great injustice, and he is not much better treated by Horace Walpole, who in reporting his death in a letter (14th of August 1743) to Horace Mann, said he had outlived his last inch of character. Nevertheless his writings prove him to have been a man of real ability, condemned by Walpole's tactics and distrust of able men to spend his life in court intrigue, the weapons of which, it must be owned, he used with the utmost adroitness. His wife Lady Hervey [Molly Lepell] (1700-1768), of whom an account is to be found in Lady Louisa Stuart's _Anecdotes_, was a warm partisan of the Stuarts. She retained her wit and charm throughout her life, and has the distinction of being the recipient of English verses by Voltaire.

See Hervey's _Memoirs of the Court of George II._, edited by J. W. Croker (1848); and an article by G. F. Russell Barker in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._ (vol. xxvi., 1891). Besides the _Memoirs_ he wrote numerous political pamphlets, and some occasional verses.