part iii

, pp. 487-625--cites (p. 622; cf. also p. 517) the geologist R. von Drasche thus: "Layers of tuff [or tufa--a volcanic rock formed of agglutinated volcanic earth or scoria] are also exposed (_Fragmente zu einer Geologie der Insel Luzón_, pp. 29-31) at many points between Aringay and Benguet, but these tuffs toward the interior, even at Galiano, are 'no longer earthy, but quite hard, crystalline, and sandstone like.'" This probably explains Martin's description of the hard ground.

Ariñgay is located on the northwestern coast of Luzón, at the mouth of Ariñgay River, in the province, of Unión.

[54] Bacacayes; see description of these weapons in _Vol_. XVI, p. 55, note 26.

[55] The distance from the end of the thumb to the end of the forefinger (both extended)--about equivalent to the English span.

[56] For the dress of the Igorrotes, see Sawyer's _Inhabitants of the Philippines_, pp. 254, 255, and the names of their various articles of dress, p. 264.

Concerning the Igorrotes, Bulletin No. I, of the _Census of the Philippine Islands: 1903_, "Population of the Philippines" (Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census: 1904) contains the following (p. 6): "Of the other wild tribes in the Philippine Islands, one of the most important is the Igorot, which inhabits the central Cordillera from the extreme north of Luzón south to the plains of Pangasinán and Nueva Ecija. Under this general name there are various subgroup designations, such as the Gaddans, Dadayags, or Mayoyao. Another branch of the Igorot tribe is the Kalinga, along the Cagayán river, near Ilagan, in the province of Isabela. To the westward, in the sub-province of Bontoc, is another branch of the Igorot people, who are said to be the most famous of the head-hunters. Another branch is the Tinguian, inhabiting the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto-Bontoc, and Abra."

[57] See Sawyer, _ut supra_, p. 263. The spear described is probably the _say-aug_. The sharp-pointed stakes are of bamboo, and are called _sayac_ or _dayac_.

[58] That is, the bones of the animals that they had killed for their feasts, and which they hung up in their houses as ornaments and display.

[59] See Becker's account of the gold-producing districts in Luzón, their geological conditions, and the native methods of mining (_Twenty-first Annual Report_ of U.S. Geological Survey,