chapter 11._
ÆAKIDS (Æacids).
The supposed descendants of the demi-god Æakus, whose grandson was Achilles. (See MYRMIDONS.) Miltiades, the hero of Marathon, and Pyrrhus, the warrior King of Epirus, were among those claiming to belong to the royal race of Eakids.
ÆDHILING.
See ETHEL.
ÆDILES, Roman.
See ROME: B. C. 494-492.
ÆDUI. ARVERNI. ALLOBROGES.
"The two most powerful nations in Gallia were the Ædui [or Hædui] and the Arverni. The Ædui occupied that part which lies between the upper valley of the Loire and the Saone, which river was part of the boundary between them and the Sequani. The Loire separated the Ædui from the Bituriges, whose chief town was Avaricum on the site of Bourges. At this time [B. C.121] the Arverni, the rivals of the Ædui, were seeking the supremacy in Gallia. The Arverni occupied the mountainous country of Auvergne in the centre of France and the fertile valley of the Elaver (Allier) nearly as far as the junction of the Allier and the Loire. … They were on friendly terms with the Allobroges, a powerful nation east of the Rhone, who occupied the country between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère). … In order to break the formidable combination of the Arverni and the Allobroges, the Romans made use of the Ædui, who were the enemies both of the Allobroges and the Arverni. … A treaty was made either at this time or somewhat earlier between the Ædui and the Roman senate, who conferred on their new Gallic friends the honourable title of brothers and kinsmen. This fraternizing was a piece of political cant which the Romans practiced when it was useful."
_G. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, volume 1, chapter 21._
See, also, GAULS.
Ægæ.
See EDESSA (MACEDONIA).
ÆGATIAN ISLES, Naval Battle of the (B. C. 241).
See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.
ÆGEAN, The.
"The Ægean, or White Sea, … as distinguished from the Euxine."
_E. A. Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, page 413, and foot-note._
ÆGIALEA. ÆGIALEANS.
The original name of the northern coast of Peloponnesus, and its inhabitants.
See GREECE: THE MIGRATIONS.
ÆGIKOREIS.
See PHYLÆ.
ÆGINA.
A small rocky island in the Saronic gulf, between Attica and Argolis. First colonized by Achæans it was afterwards occupied by Dorians (see GREECE: THE MIGRATIONS) and was unfriendly to Athens. During the sixth century B. C. it rose to great power and commercial importance, and became for a time the most brilliant center of Greek art. At the period of the Persian war, Ægina was "the first maritime power in Greece." But the Æginetans were at that time engaged in war with Athens, as the allies of Thebes, and rather than forego their enmity, they offered submission to the Persian king. The Athenians thereupon appealed to Sparta, as the head of Greece, to interfere, and the Æginetans were compelled to give hostages to Athens for their fidelity to the Hellenic cause. (See GREECE: B. C. 492-491.) They purged themselves to a great extent of their intended treason by the extraordinary valor with which they fought at Salamis. But the sudden pre-eminence to which Athens rose cast a blighting shadow upon Ægina, and in 429 B. C. it lost its independence, the Athenians taking possession of their discomfited rival.
_C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, volume 1, chapter 14._
Also in _G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, volume 4, chapter 36._
See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 489-480.
ÆGINA: B. C. 458-456. Alliance with Corinth in war with Athens and Megara. Defeat and subjugation.
See GREECE: B. C. 458-456.
ÆGINA: B. C. 431. Expulsion of the Æginetans from their island by the Athenians. Their settlement at Thyrea.
See GREECE: B. C. 431-429.
ÆGINA: B. C. 210. Desolation by the Romans.
The first appearance of the Romans in Greece, when they entered the country as the allies of the Ætolians, was signalized by the barbarous destruction of Ægina. The city having been taken, B. C. 210, its entire population was reduced to slavery by the Romans and the land and buildings of the city were sold to Attalus, king of Pergamus.
_E. A. Freeman, History of Federal Government, chapter 8, section 2._
ÆGINETAN TALENT.
See TALENT.
ÆGITIUM, Battle of (B. C. 426).
A reverse experienced by the Athenian General, Demosthenes, in his invasion of Ætolia, during the Peloponnesian War.
_Thucydides, History, book 3, section 97._
ÆGOSPOTAMI (Aigospotamoi), Battle of.
See GREECE: B. C. 405.
ÆLFRED.
See ALFRED.
ÆLIA CAPITOLINA. The new name given to Jerusalem by Hadrian.
See JEWS: A. D. 130-134.
ÆLIAN AND FUFIAN LAWS, The.
"The Ælian and Fufian laws (leges Ælia and Fufia) the age of which, unfortunately we cannot accurately determine. … enacted that a popular assembly [at Rome] might be dissolved, or, in other words, the acceptance of any proposed law prevented, if a magistrate announced to the president of the assembly that it was his intention to choose the same time for watching the heavens. Such an announcement (obnuntiatio) was held to be a sufficient cause for interrupting an assembly."
_W. Ihne, History of Rome, book 6, chapter 16._
ÆMILIAN WAY, The.
"M. Æmilius Lepidus, Consul for the year 180 B. C. … constructed the great road which bore his name. The Æmilian Way led from Ariminum through the new colony of Bononia to Placentia, being a continuation of the Flaminian Way, or great north road, made by C. Flaminius in 220 B. C. from Rome to Ariminum. At the same epoch, Flaminius the son, being the colleague of Lepidus, made a branch road from Bononia across the Appenines to Arretium."
_H. G. Liddell, History of Rome, book 5, chapter 41._
ÆMILIANUS, Roman Emperor, A. D. 253.
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ÆOLIANS, The.
"The collective stock of Greek nationalities falls, according to the view of those ancient writers who laboured most to obtain an exact knowledge of ethnographic relationships, into three main divisions, Æolians, Dorians and Ionians. … All the other inhabitants of Greece [not Dorians and Ionians] and of the islands included in it, are comprised under the common name of Æolians—a name unknown as yet to Homer, and which was incontestably applied to a great diversity of peoples, among which it is certain that no such homogeneity of race is to be assumed as existed among the lonians and Dorians. Among the two former races, though even these were scarcely in any quarter completely unmixed, there was incontestably to be found a single original stock, to which others had merely been attached, and as it were engrafted, whereas, among the peoples assigned to the Æolians, no such original stock is recognizable, but on the contrary, as great a difference is found between the several members of this race as between Dorians and lonians, and of the so-called Æolians, some stood nearer to the former, others to the latter. … A thorough and careful investigation might well lead to the conclusion that the Greek people was divided not into three, but into two main races, one of which we may call Ionian, the other Dorian, while of the so-called Æolians some, and probably the greater number, belonged to the former, the rest to the latter."
_G. F. Schöman, Antiquity of Greece: The State, part 1, chapter 2._
In Greek myth, Æolus, the fancied progenitor of the Æolians, appears as one of the three sons of Hellen. "Æolus is represented as having reigned in Thessaly: his seven sons were Kretheus, Sisyphus, Athamas, Salmoneus, Deion, Magnes and Perieres: his five daughters, Canace, Alcyone, Peisidike, Calyce and Permede. The fables of this race seem to be distinguished by a constant introduction of the God Poseidon, as well as by an unusual prevalence of haughty and presumptuous attributes among the Æolid heroes, leading them to affront the gods by pretences of equality, and sometimes even by defiance."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 1, chapter 6._
See, also, THESSALY, DORIANS AND IONIANS, and ASIA MINOR: THE GREEK COLONIES.
ÆQUIANS, The.
See OSCANS; also LATIUM; and ROME; B. C. 458.
ÆRARIANS.
Roman citizens who had no political rights.
See CENSORS, ROMAN.
ÆRARIUM, The.
See FISCUS.
ÆSOPUS INDIANS.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
ÆSTII, or ÆSTYI, The.
"At this point [beyond the Suiones] the Suevic Sea [the Baltic], on its eastern shore, washes the tribes of the Æstii, whose rites and fashions and styles of dress are those of the Suevi, while their language is more like the British. They worship the mother of the gods and wear as a religious symbol the device of a wild boar. … They often use clubs, iron weapons but seldom. They are more patient in cultivating corn and other produce than might be expected from the general indolence of the Germans. But they also search the deep and are the only people who gather amber, which they call glesum."—"The Æstii occupied that part of Prussia which is to the north-east of the Vistula. … The name still survives in the form Estonia."
_Tacitus, Germany, translated by Church and Brodribb, with note._
See, also, PRUSSIAN LANGUAGE, THE OLD.
ÆSYMNETÆ, An.
Among the Greeks, an expedient "which seems to have been tried not unfrequently in early times, tor preserving or restoring tranquility, was to invest an individual with absolute power, under a peculiar title, which soon became obsolete: that of æsymnetæ. At Cuma, indeed, and in other cities, this was the title of an ordinary magistracy, probably of that which succeeded the hereditary monarchy; but when applied to an extraordinary office, it was equivalent to the title of protector or dictator."
_C. Thirlwall, History of Greece,